The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 2593-2649

  McFiggans, G ^a   Artaxo, P ^b   Baltensperger, U ^c   Coe, H ^a   Facchini, M C ^d   Feingold, G ^e   Fuzzi, S ^d   Gysel, M ^a,c   Laaksonen, A ^f   Lohmann, U ^g   Mentel, T F ^h   Murphy, D M ^e   O'Dowd, C D ⁱ   Snider, J R ^j   Weingartner, E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^d INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE   (Italy)

^e NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^g Land Climate Dynamics Group   (Switzerland)

^h FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

ⁱ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^j UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL PROPERTY; CLIMATE FORCING; CLOUD DROPLET; RADIATIVE FORCING;

EID: 33745790060     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-2593-2006     Document Type: Article

References (364)

1. Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6837-6844, 2000.
2. Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: Parameterization of the influence of organic surfactants on aerosol activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, doi:10.1029/2003JD004043, 2004.
3. Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: Influence of slightly soluble organics on aerosol activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06206, doi:10.1029/2004JD005324, 2005.
4. Ackerman, A. S., and Toon, O. B., Taylor, J. P., Johnson, D. W., and Hobbs, P. V., and Ferek, R. J.: Effects of aerosols on cloud albedo: Evaluation of Twomey's parameterization of cloud susceptibility using measurements of ship tracks, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2684-2695, 2000.
5. Adams, P. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4370, doi:10.1029/2001JD001010, 2002.
6. Adams, P. J., and Seinfeld, J. H., Koch, D., Mickley, L., and Jacob, D.: General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 1097-1111, 2001.
7. Aklilu, Y. A. and Mozurkewich, M.: Determination of external and internal mixing of organic and inorganic aerosol components from hygroscopic properties of submicrometer particles during a field study in the Lower Fraser Valley, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 140-154, 2004.
8. Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989.
9. Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Allan, J. D., and Bower, K. N., Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Garforth, A. A., and Li, S. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Characterization of urban and rural organic particulate in the lower Fraser valley using two aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5745-5758, 2004.
10. Allan, J. D., and Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Williams, P. I., and Gallagher, M. W., Jimenez, J. L., McDonald, A. G., Nemitz, E., and Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Quantitative sampling using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer: 2. Measurements of fine particulate chemical composition in two UK cities, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4284, doi:10.1029/2002JD002359, 2003a.
11. Allan, J. D., and Jimenez, J. L., Williams, P. I., Alfarra, M. R., and Bower, K. N., Jayne, J. T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Quantitative sampling using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, 1. Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4283, doi:10.1029/2002JD002358, 2003b.
12. Allan, J. D., and Delia, A. E., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., and Alfarra, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Middlebrook, A. M., Drewnick, F., and Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnopf, D. R.: A generalised method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 909-922, 2004.
13. Alofs, D. J., and Trueblood, M. B., White, D. W., and Behr, V. L.: Nucleation experiments with monodisperse NaCl aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 1106-1117, 1979.
14. Anderson, T. L., and Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Knutti, R., Boucher, O., Rodhe, H., and Heintzenberg, J.: Climate forcing by aerosols - a hazy picture, Science, 300, 1103-1104, 2003.
15. Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Fischer, H., Freitas, S. R., and Gregoire, J. M., Hansel, A., Hoor, P., Kormann, R., Krejci, R., Lange, L., Lelieveld, J., Lindinger, W., Longo, K., Peters, W., de Reus, M., Scheeren, B., Dias, M., Strom, J., van Velthoven, P. F. J., and Williams, J.: Transport of biomass burning smoke to the upper troposphere by deep convection in the equatorial region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 951-954, 2001.
16. Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Brandao, C., Carswell, F. E., Ciccioli, P., da Costa, A. L., Culf, A. D., Esteves, J. L., Gash, J. H. C., Grace, J., Kabat, P., Lelieveld, J., Malhi, Y., Manzi, A. O., Meixner, F. X., Nobre, A. D., Nobre, C., Ruivo, M., Silva-Dias, M. A., Stefani, P., Valentini, R., von Jouanne, J., and Waterloo, M. J.: Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8066, doi:10.1029/2001JD000524, 2002.
17. Andreae, M. O., Rosenfeld, D., Artaxo, P., Costa, A. A., Frank, G. P., Longo, K. M., and Silva-Dias, M. A. F.: Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon, Science, 303, 1337-1342, 2004.
18. Ansari, A. S. and Pandis, S. N.: Water absorption by secondary organic aerosol and its effect an inorganic aerosol behavior, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 71-77, 2000.
19. Artaxo, P. and Hansson, H. C.: Size Distribution of Biogenic Aerosol-Particles from the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Environ., 29, 393-402, 1995.
20. Artaxo, P., and Fernandes, E. T., Martins, J. V., Yamasoe, M. A., and Hobbs, P. V., Maenhaut, W., Longo, K. M., and Castanho, A.: Large-scale aerosol source apportionment in Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31837-31847, 1998.
21. Artaxo, P., and Martins, J. V., Yamasoe, M. A., Procopio, A. S., and Pauliquevis, T. M., Andreae, M. O., Guyon, P., Gatti, L. V., and Leal, A. M. C.: Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 2002.
22. Baltensperger, U., Streit, N., Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., Prevot, A. S. H., van Dingenen, R., Virkkula, A., Putaud, J.-P., Even, A., ten Brink, H., Blatter, A., Neftel, A., and Gaggeler, H. W.: Urban and rural aerosol characterization of summer smog events during the PIPAPO field campaign in Milan, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 107(1-13), 8193, doi:10.1029/2001JD001292, 2002.
23. Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Dommen, J., Paulsen, D., and Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Fisseha, R., Gascho, A., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Prevot, A. S. H., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., and Zenobi, R.: Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, Faraday Discuss., 130, 265-278, 2005.
24. Bahreini, R., and Jimenez, J. L., Wang, J., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Aircraft-based aerosol size and composition measurements during ACE-Asia using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8645, 2003.
25. Barnes, G. T.: The Effects of Monolayers on the evaporation of liquids, Advances in Colloid Interface Science, 25, 89-200, 1986.
26. Bates, J. R.: A dynamical stabilizer in the climate system: a mechanism suggested by a simple model, Tellus, Series A, 51A, 349-372, 1999.
27. Berg, O. H., Swietlicki, E., Frank, G., Martinsson, B. G., and Cederfelt, S. I., Laj, P., Ricci, L., Berner, A., Dusek, U., Galambos, Z., Mesfin, N. S., Yuskiewicz, B., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F. and Orsini, D.: Comparison of observed and modeled hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 47-64, 1998a.
28. Berg, O. H., Swietlicki, E., and Krejci, R.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer over the Pacific and Southern Oceans during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16535-16545, 1998b.
29. Bianco, H. and Marmur, A.: The Dependence of the Surface-Tension of Surfactant Solutions on Drop Size, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 151, 517-522, 1992.
30. Bigg, E. K.: Discrepancy between observation and prediction of concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Res., 20, 82-86, 1986.
31. Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: Cloud-active particles over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32155-32166, 2001.
32. Bigg, E. K., Gras, J. L. and Evans, C.: Origin of Aitken Particles in Remote Regions of the Southern-Hemisphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 203-214, 1984.
33. Bigg, E. K., and Gras, J. L., and Mossop, D. J. C.: Wind-Produced Submicron Particles in the Marine Atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 36, 55-68, 1995.
34. Bilde, M. and Svenningsson, B.: CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56, 128-134, 2004.
35. Bilde, M., Svenningsson, B., Monster, J., and Rosenorn, T.: Evenodd alternation of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of C3-C9 dicarboxylic acid aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1371-1378, 2003.
36. Bond, T. C., and Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., and Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, 14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
37. Boucher, O. and Haywood, J.: On summing the components of radiative forcing of climate change, Climate Dynamics, 18, 297-302, 2001.
38. Boucher, O. and Lohmann, U.: The Sulfate-CCN-Cloud Albedo Effect - a Sensitivity Study with 2 General-Circulation Models, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 47, 281-300, 1995.
39. Boudries, H., and Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Alfarra, M. R., Allan, J., and Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Pryor, S. C., and Jimenez, J. L., Brook, J. R., Li, S., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chemical and physical processes controlling the distribution of aerosols in the Lower Fraser Valley, Canada, during the Pacific 2001 field campaign, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5759-5774, 2004.
40. Boy, M., Rannik, U., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., and Kulmala, M.: Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Long-term statistical analyses of aerosol relevant characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4667, doi:10.1029/2003JD003838, 2003
41. Brenguier, J.-L.: Introduction to Special Section: An experimental study of the aerosol indirect effect for validation of climate model parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8627, doi:10.1029/2003JD003849, 2003.
42. Brimblecombe, P. and Latif, M. T.: Rediscovering Atmospheric Surfactants, Environ. Chem., 1, 11-12, doi:10.1071/EN04044, 2004.
43. Broekhuizen, K., and Kumar, P. P., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Partially soluble organics as cloud condensation nuclei: Role of trace soluble and surface active species, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01107, doi:10.1029/2003GL018203, 2004.
44. Brooks, S. D., and DeMott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Water uptake by particles containing humic materials and mixtures of humic materials with ammonium sulfate, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1859-1868, 2004.
45. Burnet, F. and Brenguier, J.-L.: Comparison between Standard and Modified Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probes during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1516-1531, 2002.
46. Busch, B., Kandler, K., Schutz, L., and Neususs, C.: Hygroscopic properties and water-soluble volume fraction of atmospheric particles in the diameter range from 50nm to 3.8μm during LACE 98, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 8119, doi:10.1029/2000JD000228, 2002.
47. Cabada, J. C., Rees, S., Takahama, S., Khlystov, A., and Pandis, S. N., Davidson, C. I., and Robinson, A. L.: Mass size distributions and size resolved chemical composition of fine particulate matter at the Pittsburgh supersite, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3127-3141, 2004.
48. Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J. T., Ghertner, D. A., Herndon, S., Shi, Q., and Jimenez, J. L., Silva, P. J., Williams, P., Lanni, T., Drewnick, F., Demerjian, K. L., and Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chase studies of particulate emissions from in-use New York City vehicles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 555-573, 2004.
49. Cantrell, W., Shaw, G., Cass, G. R., Chowdhury, Z., and Hughes, L. S., Prather, K. A., Guazzotti, S. A., and Coffee, K. R.: Closure between aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei at Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28711-28718, 2001.
50. Carrico, C. M., and Kreidenweis, S. M., Malm, W. C., Day, D. E., Lee, T., Carrillo, J., McMeeking, G. R., and Collett, J. L.: Hygroscopic growth behavior of a carbon-dominated aerosol in Yosemite National Park, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1393-1404, 2005.
51. Carvalho, A., Pio, C., and Santos, C.: Water-soluble hydroxylated organic compounds in German and Finnish aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1775-1783, 2003.
52. Cavalli, F., and Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Emblico, L., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Mancinelli, V.: Size-segregated chemical composition of aerosol particle at Hyytiälä, Finland, submitted for publication in Report Series Aerosol Science, Finish Association for Aerosol Research, Helsinki, 2004a.
53. Cavalli, F., and Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Yoon, Y. J., O'Dowd, C. D., Putaud, J. P., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, d24215, doi:10.1029/2004JD005137, 2004b.
54. Chameides, W. L., Lou, C., Saylor, R., Streets, D., Huang, Y., Bergin, M., and Giorgi, F.: Correlation between model-calculated anthropogenic aerosols and satellite-derived cloud optical depths: Indication of indirect effect?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4085, doi:10.1029/JD000208, 2002.
55. Chan, M. N. and Chan, C. K.: Mass transfer effects in hygroscopic measurements of aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2703-2712, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/2703/2005/.
56. Chan, Y. C., and Simpson, R. W., McTainsh, G. H., Vowles, P. D., and Cohen, D. D., and Bailey, G. M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Brisbane (Australia) by receptor modelling, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3251-3268, 1999.
57. Charlson, R. J. and Pilat, J. H.: Climate: the influence of aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 1001-1002, 1969.
58. Charlson, R. J., and Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, 1987.
59. Charlson, R. J., and Seinfeld, J. H., Nenes, A., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Facchini, M. C.: Atmospheric science - Reshaping the theory of cloud formation, Science, 292, 2025-2026, 2001.
60. Chen, J. P.: Theory of Deliquescence and Modified Kohler Curves, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3505-3516, 1994.
61. Chen, L. Y., and Jeng, F. T., Chen, C. C., and Hsiao, T. C.: Hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric aerosol in Taipei, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2069-2075, 2003.
62. Chio, C.-P., Cheng, M.-T., and Wang, C.-F.: Source apportionment to PM10 in different air quality conditions for Taichung urban and coastal areas, Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6893-6905, 2004.
63. Chodes, N., Warner, J., and Gagin, A.: A determination of the condensation coefficient of water from the growth rate of small cloud droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1351-1357, 1974.
64. Chuang, P. Y.: Measurement of the timescale of hygroscopic growth for atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4282, doi:10.1029/2002JD002757, 2003.
65. Chuang, P. Y., and Charlson, R. J., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds, Nature, 390, 594-596, 1997.
66. Chuang, P. Y., Nenes, A., Smith, J. N., and Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Design of a CCN instrument for airborne measurement, J. Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 17, 1005-1019, 2000.
67. Chýlek, P. and Wong, J. G. D.: Erroneous use of the modified Köhler equation in cloud and aerosol physics application, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1473-1477, 1998.
68. Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxidation of isoprene, Science, 303, 1173-1176, 2004.
69. Clarke, A., Kapustin, V., Howell, S., Moore, K., Lienert, B., Masonis, S., Anderson, T., and Covert, D.: Sea-salt size distributions from breaking waves: Implications for marine aerosol production and optical extinction measurements during SEAS, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1362-1374, 2003.
70. Clarke, A. D., Eisele, F., Kapustin, V. N., Moore, K., Tanner, D., Mauldin, L., Litchy, M., Lienert, B., Carroll, M. A., and Albercook, G.: Nucleation in the equatorial free troposphere: Favorable environments during PEM-Tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 5735-5744, 1999.
71. 2O at tropospheric temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A., 102, 2137-2154, 1998.
72. Clegg, S. L., and Seinfeld, J. H., and Brimblecombe, P.: Thermodynamic modelling of aqueous aerosols containing electrolytes and dissolved organic compounds, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 713-738, 2001.
73. Cocker, D. R., and Whitlock, N. E., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Hygroscopic properties of Pasadena, California aerosol, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 637-647, 2001.
74. Coe, H. and Allan, J. D.: Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement, chap. 6, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., "Mass spectrometric and other methods for determination of the composition of aerosols", 2005.
75. Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J. P., and Bedos, C.: Extending Twomey's analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348-3357, 1998.
76. Conant, W. C., and VanReken, T. M., Rissman, T. A., Varutbangkul, V., Jonsson, H. H., Nenes, A., and Jimenez, J. L., Delia, A. E., Bahreini, R., Roberts, G. C., and Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure in warm cumulus, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D13), 13204, doi:10.1029/2003JD004324, 2004.
77. Collins, D. R., and Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Improved inversion of scanning DMA data, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 36, 1-9, 2002.
78. Covert, D. S. and Heintzenberg, J.: Measurement of the Degree of Internal External Mixing of Hygroscopic Compounds and Soot in Atmospheric Aerosols, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 347-352, 1984.
79. Covert, D. S. and Heintzenberg, J.: Size Distributions and Chemical-Properties of Aerosol at Ny Alesund, Svalbard, Atmos. Environ., Part a-General Topics, 27, 2989-2997, 1993.
80. Crutzen, P. and Ramanathan, V.: The parasol effect on climate, Science, 203, 1679-1680, 2003.
81. Cruz, C. N. and Pandis, S. N.: The effect of organic coatings on the cloud condensation nuclei activation of inorganic atmospheric aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13111-13123, 1998.
82. Cubison, M., Coe, H., and Gysel, M.: A modified hygroscopic tandem DMA and a data retrieval method based on optimal estimation, J. Aeros. Sci., 36, 846-865, 2005.
83. Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, J. T., Winkler, P., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. R., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Vesala, T. and Mozurkewich, M.: Mass accommodation coefficient of water vapor on liquid water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22111, doi:10.1029/2004GL020835, 2004.
84. Davidson, E. A. and Artaxo, P.: Globally significant changes in biological processes of the Amazon Basin: results of the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment, Global Change Biology, 10, 519-529, 2004.
85. De Bock, L. A., Joos, P. E., and Noone, K. J., Pockalny, R. A., and Van Grieken, R. E.: Single particle analysis of aerosols, observed in the marine boundary layer during the Monterey Area Ship Tracks Experiment (MAST), with respect to cloud droplet formation, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 299-329, 2000.
86. Decesari, S., and Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Tagliavini, E.: Characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol: A new approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1481-1489, 2000.
87. Decesari, S., and Facchini, M. C., Matta, E., Lettini, F., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Tagliavini, E., and Putaud, J. P.: Chemical features and seasonal variation of fine aerosol water-soluble organic compounds in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3691-3699, 2001.
88. Decesari, S., and Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Cavalli, F., and Fuzzi, S.: Solubility properties of surfactants in atmospheric aerosol and cloud/fog water samples, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 2003.
89. Decesari, S., and Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., McFiggans, G. B., Coe, H., and Bower, K. N.: The water-soluble organic component of size-segregated aerosol, cloud water and wet depositions from Jeju Island during ACE-Asia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 211-222, 2005.
90. Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Maenhaut, W., Chi, X., Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A., Rudich, Y., Claeys, M., Pashynska, V., Vas, G., Kourtchev, I., Vermeylen, R., Hoffer, A., Andreae, M. O., Tagliavini, E., Moretti, F., and Artaxo, P.: Characterization of the organic composition of aerosols from Rondônia, Brazil, during the LBA-SMOCC 2002 experiment and its representation through model compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 375-402, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/375/2006/.
91. Dick, W. D., and Ziemann, P. J., Huang, P. F., and McMurry, P. H.: Optical shape fraction measurements of submicrometre laboratory and atmospheric aerosols, Measurement Science & Technology, 9, 183-196, 1998.
92. Dick, W. D., Saxena, P., and McMurry, P. H.: Estimation of water uptake by organic compounds in submicron aerosols measured during the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1471-1479, 2000.
93. Drewnick, F., and Jayne, J. T., Canagaratna, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Demerjian, K. L.: Measurement of ambient aerosol composition during the PMTACS-NY 2001 using an aerosol mass spectrometer. Part II: Chemically speciated mass distributions, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 104-117, suppl. 1, 2004.
94. Drewnick, F., and Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J. L., and Demerjian, K. L., Borrmann, S., and Worsnop, D. R.: A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (ToF-AMS) - instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol Sci Technol., 39, 637-658, doi:10.1080/02786820500182040 2005.
95. Dusek, U., and Covert, D. S., Wiedensohler, A., Neususs, C., Weise, D., and Cantrell, W.: Cloud condensation nuclei spectra derived from size distributions and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol in coastal south-west Portugal during ACE-2, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 55, 35-53, 2003.
96. Ellison, G. B., and Tuck, A. F., and Vaida, V.: Atmospheric processing of organic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11633-11641, 1999.
97. Ervens, B., Feingold, G., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: The influence of water-soluble organic carbon on cloud drop number concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18211, doi:10.1029/2004JD005634, 2005.
98. Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H. C., Alsberg, T., and Zebuhr, Y.: Partitioning of the organic aerosol component between fog droplets and interstitial air, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26821-26832, 1999a.
99. Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R. J.: Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets, Nature, 401, 257-259, 1999b.
100. Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Loglio, G.: Surface tension of atmospheric wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets in relation to their organic carbon content and chemical composition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4853-4857, 2000.
101. Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R. J.: Comments on "Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute", J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1465-1467, 2001.
102. Falkovich, A. H., and Graber, E. R., Schkolnik, G., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., and Artaxo, P.: Low molecular weight organic acids in aerosol particles from Rondonia, Brazil, during the biomass-burning, transition and wet periods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 781-797, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/781/2005/.
103. Feichter, J., Lohmann, U., and Schult, I.: The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation, Climate Dynamics, 13, 235-246, 1997.
104. Feingold, G.: analysis of smoke impact on clouds in Brazilian biomass burning regions: An extension of Twomey's approach, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22907-22922, 2001.
105. Feingold, G.: Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1997, doi:10.1029/2003GL017967, 2003.
106. Feingold, G. and Chuang, P. Y.: Analysis of the influence of film-forming compounds on droplet growth: Implications for cloud microphysical processes and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2006-2018, 2002.
107. Feingold, G., Jiang, H., and Harrington, J. Y.: On smoke suppression of clouds in Amazonia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 2006-2018, doi:10.1029/2004GL021369, 2005.
108. Ferron, G. A., Karg, E., Busch, B., and Heyder, J.: Ambient particles at an urban, semi-urban and rural site in Central Europe: hygroscopic properties, Atmos. Environ., 39, 343-352, 2005.
109. Fischer, K. and Grassl, H.: Absorption by airborne and deposited particles in 8-13 micrometer range, Tellus, 27, 522-528, 1975.
110. Flynn, M. J., and Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Wobrock, W., Makela, J. M., Martinsson, B., Frank, G., Hansson, H. C., Karlsson, H. and Laj, P.: Modelling cloud processing of aerosol during the ACE-2 HILLCLOUD experiment, Tellus B, 52, 779-800, 2000.
111. 5, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1644-1644, 2003.
112. Formenti, P., and Andreae, M. O., Lange, L., Roberts, G., Cafmeyer, J., Rajta, I., Maenhaut, W., Holben, B. N., Artaxo, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Saharan dust in Brazil and Suriname during the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) - Cooperative LBA Regional Experiment (CLAIRE) in March 1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 14919-14934, 2001.
113. Fountoukis, C., and Nenes, A.: Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11212, doi:10.1029/2003JD004324, 2005.
114. Franze, T., and Weller, M. G., Niessner, R., and Poeschl, U.: Protein nitration by polluted air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1673-1678, 2005.
115. Fredenslund, A., R. J. and Prausnitz, J.: Group-Contribution Estimation of Activity-Coefficients in Nonideal Liquid-Mixtures, Aiche Journal, 21, 1086-1099, 1975.
116. Freud, E., Rosenfeld, D., Andreae, M. O., Costa, A., and Artaxo, P.: Robust relations between CCN and vertical evolution of cloud drop size distributions in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 10155-10195, 2005.
117. Fuzzi, S., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Matta, E., Mircea, M., and Tagliavini, E.: A simplified model of the water soluble organic component of atmospheric aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4079-4082, 2001.
118. Gaman, A. I., Kulmala, M., Vehkamaki, H., Napari, I., Mircea, M., Facchini, M. C., and Laaksonen, A.: Binary homogeneous nucleation in water-succinic acid and water-glutaric acid systems, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 282-291, 2004.
119. Gao, S., and Ng, N. L., Keywood, M., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Nenes, A., He, J. W., and Yoo, K. Y., Beauchamp, J. L., Hodyss, R. P., and Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Particle phase acidity and oligomer formation in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6582-6589, 2004.
120. Gerber, H. E., and Hoppel, W. A., and Wojciechowski, T.: Experimental verification of the theoretical relationship between size and critical supersaturation of salt nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1836-1841, 1977.
121. Ghan, S. J., and Leung, L. R., Easter, R. C., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 777-794, 1997.
122. Ghan, S. J., Guzman, G., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Competition between sea salt and sulfate particles as cloud condensation nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3340-3347, 1998.
123. Ghan, S. J., and Easter, R. C., Chapman, E., Abdul-Razzak, H., Zhang, Y., and Leung, L. R., Laulainen, N., Saylor, R., and Zaveri, R.: A physically-based estimate of radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5279-5293, 2001.
124. Giebl, H., Berner, A., Reischl, G., Puxbaum, H., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Hitzenberger, R.: CCN activation of oxalic and malonic acid test aerosols with the University of Vienna cloud condensation nuclei counter, J. Aerosol Sci., 33, 1623-1634, 2002.
125. Gill, P. S., and Graedel, T. E., and Weschler, C. J.: Organic Films on Atmospheric Aerosol-Particles, Fog Droplets, Cloud Droplets, Raindrops, and Snowflakes, Rev. Geophys., 21, 903-920, 1983.
126. Gilman, J. B., and Eliason, T. L., Fast, A., and Vaida, V.: Selectivity and stability of organic films at the air-aqueous interface, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 280, 234-243, 2004.
127. Gong, S. L. and Barrie, L. A.: Simulating the impact of sea salt on global nss sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4516, doi:10.1029/2002JD003181, 2003.
128. Gong, S. L., and Barrie, L. A., and Blanchet, J. P.: Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere. 1. Model development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 3805-3818, 1997.
129. Gorbunov, B. and Hamilton, R.: Water nucleation on aerosol particles containing both soluble and insoluble substances, J. Aeros. Sci., 28, 239-248, 1997.
130. Gorbunov, B., Hamilton, R., Clegg, N., and Toumi, R.: Water nucleation on aerosol particles containing both organic and soluble inorganic substances, Atmos. Res., 48, 271-283, 1998.
131. Graedel, T. E. and Weschler, C. J.: Chemistry within Aqueous Atmospheric Aerosols and Raindrops, Rev. Geophys., 19, 505-539, 1981.
132. Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Guyon, P., Roberts, G. C., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Koll, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia - 1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8047, doi:10.1029/2001JD000336, 2002.
133. Graham, B., Guyon, P., Maenhaut, W., Taylor, P. E., Ebert, M., Matthias-Maser, S., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Godoi, R. H. M., Artaxo, P., Meixner, F. X., Moura, M. A. L., Rocha, C., Van Grieken, R., Glovsky, M. M., Flagan, R. C., and Andreae, M. O.: Composition and diurnal variability of the natural Amazonian aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4765-4782, 2003a.
134. Graham, B., Guyon, P., Taylor, P. E., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Glovsky, M. M., and Flagan, R. C., and Andreae, M. O.: Organic compounds present in the natural Amazonian aerosol: Characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4766, doi:10.1029/2003JD003990, 2003b.
135. Guibert, S., and Snider, J. R., and Brenguier, J. L.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 1. Measurement validation for a closure study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8628, doi:10.1029/2002JD002678, 2003.
136. Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., Paulsen, D., Baltensperger, U., Galambos, I., and Kiss, G.: Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in atmospheric fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 35-50, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/35/2004/.
137. Hallberg, A., Wobrock, W., Flossmann, A. I., and Bower, K. N., Noone, K. J., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H. C., Wendisch, M., Berner, A., Kruisz, C., Laj, P., and Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Arends, B. G.: Microphysics of clouds: Model vs measurements, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2453-2462, 1997.
138. Hämeri, K., Vakeva, M., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Seidl, W., Becker, E., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Hygroscopic and CCN properties of aerosol particles in boreal forests, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 53, 359-379, 2001.
139. Hamilton, J. F., and Webb, P. J., Lewis, A. C., Hopkins, J. R., Smith, S., and Davy, P.: Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GCXGC-TOF/MS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1279-1290, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1279/2004/.
140. Hänel, G.: Academic Press, New York, the Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles as Functions of the Relative Humidity at Themodynamic Equilibrium with the Surrounding Moist Air, Adv. Geophys., 19, 73-188, 1976.
141. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Lacis, A., and Ruedy, R.: The missing climate forcing, Philos. T. Roy. Soc., 352, 231-240, 1997.
142. Haywood, J. M. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513-543, 2000.
143. Hegg, D. A.: Impact of gas-phase HNO3 and NH3 on microphysical processes in atmospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2201-2204, 2000.
144. Heintzenberg, J.: Fine particles in the global troposphere, A review, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 41, 149-160, 1989.
145. Heintzenberg, J. and Covert, D. S.: Chemically resolved submicrometric size distributions and external mixing of the Arctic haze aerosols, Tellus B, 39, 374-382, 1987.
146. Heintzenberg, J., and Covert, D. S., and Van Dingenen, R.: Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: a compilation and review, Tellus B, 52, 1104-1122, 2000.
147. Henning, S., Weingartner, E., Schmidt, S., Wendisch, M., and Gaggeler, H. W., and Baltensperger, U.: Size-dependent aerosol activation at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Tellus, 54B, 82-95, 2002.
148. Henning, S., Rosenorn, T., D'Anna, B., Gola, A. A., Svenningsson, B., and Bilde, M.: Cloud droplet activation and surface tension of mixtures of slightly soluble organics and inorganic salt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 575-582, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/575/2005/.
149. Hitzenberger, R., Berner, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Loflund, M., and Puxbaum, H.: Surface tension of Rax cloud water and its relation to the concentration of organic material, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4752, doi:10.1029/2002JD002506, 2002.
150. Hoppel, W. A., and Frick, G. M., and Fitzgerald, J. W.: Deducing droplet concentration and supersaturation in marine boundary layer clouds from surface aerosol measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26553-26565, 1996.
151. Howell, W. E.: The growth of cloud drops in uniformly cooled air, J. Meteorol., 6, 134-149, 1949.
152. Hudson, J. G.: An instantaneous CCN spectrometer, J. Atmos. Oceanogr. Techn., 6, 1055-1065, 1989.
153. Ion, A. C., Vermeylen, R., Kourtchev, I., Cafmeyer, J., Chi, X., Gelencsér, A., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Polar organic compounds in rural PM2.5 aerosols from K-puszta, Hungary, during a 2003 summer field campaign: sources and diurnal variations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1805-1814, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/1805/2005/.
154. Jacobson, M. C., and Hansson, H. C., Noone, K. J., and Charlson, R. J.: Organic atmospheric aerosols: Review and state of the science, Rev. Geophys., 38, 267-294, 2000.
155. Jaenicke, R.: Abundance of cellular material and proteins in the atmosphere, Science, 308(5718), 73-73, 2005.
156. Jayne, J. T., and Leard, D. C., Zhang, X. F., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., and Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 49-70, 2000.
157. Ji, Q., and Shaw, G. E., and Cantrell, W.: A new instrument for measuring cloud condensation nuclei: Cloud condensation nucleus "remover", J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 28013-28019, 1998.
158. Jimenez, J. L., and Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., and Flagan, R. C., and Zhang, X, Smith, K. A., Morris, J, and Davidovits, P.: Ambient Aerosol Sampling with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer., J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
159. Johnson, B. T., and Shine, K. P., and Forster, P. M.: The semi-direct aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 1407-1422, 2004.
160. Johnson, G. R., and Ristovski, Z. D., D'Anna, B., and Morawska, L.: The hygroscopic behavior of partially volatilized coastal marine aerosols using the VH-TDMA technique, J. Geophys. Res.-A., 110, D20203, doi:10.1029/2004JD005657, 2005.
161. Jones, A., and Roberts, D. L., and Slingo, A.: A Climate Model Study of Indirect Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols, Nature, 370, 450-453, 1994.
162. Jones, A., and Roberts, D. L., Woodage, M. J., and Johnson, C. E.: Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 20293-20310, 2001.
163. Kalberer, M., Paulsen, D., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Fisseha, R., Weingartner, E., Frankevich, V., Zenobi, R., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659-1662, 2004.
164. Kanakidou, M., and Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., and Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., and Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/1053/2005/.
165. Katrib, Y., and Martin, S. T., Hung, H. M., Rudich, Y., Zhang, H. Z., and Slowik, J. G., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T. and Worsnop, D.R.: Products and mechanisms of ozone reactions with oleic acid for aerosol particles having core-shell morphologies, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 6686-6695, 2004.
166. Katz, U. and Kocmond, W. C.: Investigation of Size-Supersaturation Relationship of Soluble Condensation Nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 160-165, 1973.
167. Kinne, S., Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Schulz, M., Timmreck, C., Ghan, S., Easter, R., Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Takemura, T., Tegen, I., Koch, D., Herzog, M., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Holben, B., Eck, T., Smirnov, A., Dubovik, O., Slutsker, I., Tanre, D., Torres, O., Mishchenko, M., Geogdzhayev, I., Chu, D. A., and Kaufman, Y.: Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite data, and AERONET ground data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4634, doi:10.1029/2001JD001253, 2003.
168. Kiss, G. and Hansson, H.-C.: Application of osmolality for the determination of water activity and the modelling of cloud formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 4, 7667-7689, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/4/7667/2004/.
169. Kiss, G., Varga, B., Gelencsér, A., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A., Alsberg, T., Persson, L., and Hansson, H. C., and Facchini, M. C.: Characterisation of polar organic compounds in fog water, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2193-2200, 2001.
170. Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., and Ganszky, I.: Characterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8339, doi:10.1029/2001JD000603, 2002.
171. Kiss, G., Tombácz, E., and Hansson, H.-C.: Surface tension effects of humic-like substances in the aqueous extract of tropospheric fine aerosol, J. Atmos. Chem., 50, 279-294, doi:10.1007/s10874-005-5079-5, 2005.
172. Kokkola, H., Romakkaniemi, S., and Laaksonen, A.: Kohler theory for a polydisperse droplet population in the presence of a soluble trace gas, and an application to stratospheric STS droplet growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2139-2146, 2003, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/2139/2003/.
173. Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005200, 2005.
174. Koren, I., and Kaufman, Y. J., Remer, L. A., and Martins, J. V.: Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation, Science, 303, 1342-1345, 2004.
175. Kreidenweis, S. M., and McInnes, L. M., and Brechtel, F. J.: Observations of aerosol volatility and elemental composition at Macquarie Island during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16511-16524, 1998.
176. Kristjansson, J. E.: Studies of the aerosol indirect effect from sulfate and black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4246, doi:10.1029/2001JD000887, 2002.
177. Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Korhonen, P., Vesala, T., Ahonen, T., and Barrett, J. C.: The Effect of Atmospheric Nitric-Acid Vapor on Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 22949-22958, 1993.
178. Kulmala, M., Korhonen, P., Vesala, T., Hansson, H. C., Noone, K., and Svenningsson, B.: The effect of hygroscopicity on cloud droplet formation, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 48, 347-360, 1996.
179. Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Charlson, R. J., and Korhonen, P.: Clouds without supersaturation, Nature, 388, 336-337, 1997.
180. Kulmala, M., Toivonen, A., Mattila, T., and Korhonen, P.: Variations of cloud droplet concentrations and the optical properties of clouds due to changing hygroscopicity: A model study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16183-16195, 1998.
181. Kuznetsova, M., Lee, C., and Aller, J.: Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols, Marine Chemistry, 96(3-4), 359-377, 2005.
182. Laaksonen, A.: The Composition Size Dependence of Aerosols Created by Dispersion of Surfactant Solutions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 159, 517-519, 1993.
183. Laaksonen, A., Hienola, J., Kulmala, M., and Arnold, F.: Supercooled cirrus cloud formation modified by nitric acid pollution of the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3009-3012, 1997.
184. Laaksonen, A., Korhonen, P., Kulmala, M., and Charlson, R. J.: Modification of the Köhler equation to include soluble trace gases and slightly soluble substances, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 853-862, 1998.
185. Laaksonen, A., Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., Winkler, P. M., and Wagner, P. E.: Commentary on cloud modelling and the mass accommodation coefficient of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 461-464, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/461/2005/.
186. Laktionov, A. G.: A constant-temperature method of determining the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 8, 672-677, 1972.
187. Lala, G. G. and Jiusto, J. E.: Automatic Light-Scattering Ccn Counter, J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 413-418, 1977.
188. Lance, S., Nenes, A., and Rissman, T. A.: Chemical and dynamical effects on cloud droplet number: Implications for estimates of the aerosol indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D22208, doi:10.1029/2004JD004596, 2004.
189. Langner, J. and Rodhe, H.: A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulphur cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263, 1991.
190. Leaitch, R. and Megaw, W. J.: The Diffusion Tube - a Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter for Use Below 0.3-Percent Supersaturation, J. Aerosol Sci., 13, 297-319, 1982.
191. Leaitch, W. R., and Banic, C. M., Isaac, G. A., Couture, M. D., Liu, P. S. K., Gultepe, I., and Li, S.-M.: Physical and chemical observations in marine stratus during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment: Factors controlling cloud droplet number concentrations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29123-29135, 1996.
192. Leaitch, W. R., and Bottenheim, J. W., Biesenthal, T. A., Li, S.-M., Liu, P., Asalain, K., Dryfhouft-Clark, H., and Hopper, F.: A case for gas-to-particle conversion in an eastern Canadian forest, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8095-8111, 1999.
193. Lee, S. H., and Murphy, D. M., Thomson, D. S., and Middlebrook, A. M.: Chemical components of single particles measured with Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) during the Atlanta SuperSite Project: Focus on organic/sulfate, lead, soot, and mineral particles Source, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D1), 4003, doi:10.1029/2000JD000011, 2002.
194. Li, Z. D., and Williams, A. L., and Rood, M. J.: Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1859-1866, 1998.
195. Liou, K. N. and Ou, S. C.: The role of cloud microphysical processes in climate - an assessment from a one-dimensional perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8599-8607, 1989.
196. Liousse, C., Penner, E., Chuang, C., Walton, J., Eddleman, H., and Cachier, H.: A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19411-19432, 1996.
197. Liu, B. Y. H. and Pui, D. Y. H.: Submicron Aerosol Standard and Primary, Absolute Calibration of Condensation Nuclei Counter, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 47, 155-171, 1974.
198. Liu, B. Y. H., Pui, D. Y. H., Whitby, K. T., and Kittelson, D. B., Kousaka, Y., and McKenzie, R. L.: Aerosol Mobility Chromatograph - New Detector for Sulfuric-Acid Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 99-104, 1978.
199. Liu, X., Hegg, D. A. and Stoelinga, M. T.: Numerical simulation of new particle formation over the northwest Atlantic using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with sulfur chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9697-9715, 2001.
200. Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715-737, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/715/2005/.
201. Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Chuang, C. C., and Penner, J. E.: Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 9169-9198, 1999.
202. Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Penner, J., and Leaitch, R.: Indirect effect of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols: A mechanistic treatment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 12193-12206, 2000.
203. Lohmann, U., Broekhuizen, K., Leaitch, R., Shantz, N., and Abbatt, J.: How efficient is cloud droplet formation of organic aerosols?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05108, doi:10.1029/2003GL018999, 2004.
204. Mace, K. A., and Duce, R. A., and Tindale, N. W.: Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol at Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11), 4338, doi:10.1029/2002JD003051, 2003a.
205. Mace, K. A., Kubilay, N., and Duce, R. A.: Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol in the eastern Mediterranean atmosphere: An association with atmospheric dust, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D10), 4320, doi:10.1029/2002JD002997, 2003b.
206. Mace, K. A., Artaxo, P., and Duce, R. A.: Water-soluble organic nitrogen in Amazon Basin aerosols during the dry (biomass burning) and wet seasons, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D16), 4512, doi:10.1029/2003JD003557, 2003c.
207. MacIntyr, F.: Top millimeter of ocean, Scientific American, 230, 5, 62, 1974.
208. Marcolli, C., and Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: Mixing of the organic aerosol fractions: Liquids as the thermodynamically stable phases, J. Phys. Chem.-Atmos., 108, 2216-2224, 2004.
209. Maria, S. F., and Russell, L. M., Turpin, B. J., and Porcja, R. J.: FTIR measurements of functional groups and organic mass in aerosol samples over the Caribbean, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5185-5196, 2002.
210. Maria, S. F., and Russell, L. M., Turpin, B. J., Porcja, R. J., and Campos, T. L., Weber, R. J., and Huebert, B. J.: Source signatures of carbon monoxide and organic functional groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) submicron aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8637, doi:10.1029/2003JD003703, 2003.
211. Maria, S. F., and Russell, L. M., Gilles, M. K., and Myneni, S. C. B.: Organic aerosol growth mechanisms and their climate-forcing implications, Science, 306, 1921-1924, 2004.
212. Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S. I., Swietlicki, E., and Berg, O. H., Zhou, J. C., Bower, K. N., Bradbury, C., Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., Wendisch, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Yuskiewicz, B. A.: Source signatures of carbon monoxide and organic functional groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) submicron aerosol types, Atmos. Res., 50, 289-315, 1999.
213. Mason, B. J.: The role of sea-salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2023-2032, part B, 2001.
214. Maßling, A., Wiedensohler, A., Busch, B., Neususs, C., Quinn, P., Bates, T., and Covert, D.: Hygroscopic properties of different aerosol types over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1377-1397, 2003, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/1377/2003/.
215. Matsumoto, K. and Uematsu, M.: Free amino acids in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific Ocean, Atmos. Environ., 39(11), 2163-2170, 2005.
216. Matta, E., and Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Putaud, J. P., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Mass closure on the chemical species in size-segregated atmospheric aerosol collected in an urban area of the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 623-637, 2003, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/623/2003/.
217. Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Guyon, P., Graham, B., Roberts, G., Andreae, M. O., Decesari, S., and Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Artaxo, P.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia. 2. Apportionment of the chemical composition and importance of the polyacidic fraction, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8091, doi:10.1029/2001JD000522, 2002.
218. McCormick, R. and Ludwig, J. H.: Climate Modification by Atmospheric Aerosols, Science, 156, 1358-1359, 1967.
219. McFiggans, G., and Alfarra, M. R., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Cubison, M., Topping, D. O., and Williams, P. I., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: Simplification of the representation of the organic component of atmospheric particulates, Faraday Discuss., 130, 1-22, doi:10.1039/b419435g, 2005.
220. McMurry, P. H. and Stolzenburg, M. R.: On the Sensitivity of Particle-Size to Relative-Humidity for Los-Angeles Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23, 497-507, 1989.
221. Medina, J. and Nenes, A.: Effects of film-forming compounds on the growth of giant cloud condensation nuclei: Implications for cloud microphysics and the aerosol indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20207, doi:10.1029/2004JD004666, 2004.
222. Menon, S., Del Genio, A. D., Koch, D., and Tselioudis, G.: GCM Simulations of the aerosol indirect effect: Sensitivity to cloud parameterization and aerosol burden, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 692-713, 2002.
223. Meskhidze, N., Nenes, A., Conant, W. C. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Evaluation of a new cloud droplet activation parameterization with in situ data from CRYSTAL-FACE and CSTRIPE, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16202, doi:10.1029/2004JD00573, 2005.
224. Middlebrook, A. M., and Thomson, D. S., and Murphy, D. M.: On the purity of laboratory generated sulfuric acid droplets and ambient particles studied by laser mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 293-307, 1997.
225. Middlebrook, A. M., and Murphy, D. M., and Thomson, D. S.: Observations of organic material in individual marine particles at Cape Grim during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16475-16483, 1998.
226. Miguel, A. G., and Cass, G. R., Glovsky, M. M., and Weiss, J.: Allergens in paved road dust and airborne particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(23), 4159-4168, 1999.
227. Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Niessner, R., and Poschl, U.: Interaction of aerosol particles composed of protein and salts with water vapor: hygroscopic growth and microstructural rearrangement, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 323-350, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/323/2004/.
228. Ming, Y. and Russell, L. M.: Thermodynamic equilibrium of organic-electrolyte mixtures in aerosol particles, Aiche Journal, 48, 1331-1348, 2002.
229. Ming, Y. and Russell, L. M.: Organic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D10206, doi:10.1029/2003JD004427, 2004.
230. Mircea, M., and Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R. J.: The influence of the organic aerosol component on CCN supersaturation spectra for different aerosol types, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 54, 74-81, 2002.
231. Mochida, M., Kitamori, Y., Kawamura, K., Nojiri, Y., and Suzuki, K.: Fatty acids in the marine atmosphere: Factors governing their concentrations and evaluation of organic films on sea-salt particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4325, doi:10.1029/2001JD001278, 2002.
232. Moise, T. and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of ozone by aerosol-associated unsaturated fatty acids: Kinetics, mechanism, and products, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106(27), 6469-6476, 2002.
233. Mordy, W. A.: Computations of the growth by condensation of a population of cloud droplets, Tellus, 11, 16-44, 1959.
234. Mozurkewich, M.: Aerosol growth and the condensation coefficient for water - a review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 5, 223-236, 1986.
235. Murphy, D. M.: Something in the air, Science, 307, 1888-1890, 2005.
236. Murphy, D. M., and Anderson, J. R., Quinn, P. K., McInnes, L. M., and Brechtel, F. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Posfai, M., and Thomson, D. S., and Buseck, P. R.: Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer, Nature, 392, 62-65, 1998.
237. Nenes, A., and Chuang, P. Y., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: A theoretical analysis of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) instruments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3449-3474, 2001a.
238. Nenes, A., Ghan, S., Abdul-Razzak, H., Chuang, P. Y., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Kinetic limitations on cloud droplet formation and impact on cloud albedo, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 53, 133-149, 2001b.
239. Nenes, A., and Charlson, R. J., Facchini, M. C., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1848, doi:10.1029/2002GL015295, 2002.
240. Nenes, A. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4415, doi:10.1029/2002JD002911, 2003.
241. Nessler, R., Bukowiecki, N., Henning, S., Weingartner, E., Calpini, B., and Baltensperger, U.: Simultaneous dry and ambient measurements of aerosol size distributions at the Jungfraujoch, Tellus, 55B, 808-819, 2003.
242. Noble, C. A. and Prather, K. A.: Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: A historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols, Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 19, 248-274, 2000.
243. O'Dowd, C. D., Smith, M. H., and Consterdine, I. E., and Lowe, J. A.: Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: A short review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73-80, 1997.
244. O'Dowd, C. D., Lowe, J. A., and Smith, M. H., and Kaye, A. D.: The relative importance of non-sea-salt sulphate and sea-salt aerosol to the marine cloud condensation nuclei population: An improved multi-component aerosol-cloud droplet parametrization, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., part B, 125, 1295-1313, 1999.
245. O'Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y. J., and Putaud, J. P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676-680, 2004.
246. Oliveira, D. J. and Vali, G.: Calibration of a photoelectric cloud condensation nucleus counter, Atmos. Res., 38, 237-248, 1995.
247. Otto, P., Georgii, H. W., and Bingemer, H.: A new three-stage continuous flow CCN-counter, Atmos. Res., 61, 299-310, 2002.
248. Pagels, J., Strand, M., Rissler, J., Szpila, A., Gudmundsson, A., Bohgard, M., Lillieblad, L., Sanati, M., and Swietlicki, E.: Characteristics of aerosol particles formed during grate combustion of moist forest residue, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1043-1059, 2003
249. Pakkanen, T. A., Loukkola, K., Korhonen, C. H., Aurela, M., Makela, T., Hillamo, R. E., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Kousa, A., and Maenhaut, W.: Sources and chemical composition of atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the Helsinki area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5381-5391, 2001.
250. Pashynska, V., Vermeylen, R., Vas, G., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Development of a gas chromatographic/ion trap mass spectrometric method for the determination of levoglucosan and saccharidic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. Application to urban aerosols, J. Mass Spectr., 37, 1249-1257, 2002.
251. Patris, N., Mihalopoulos, N., Baboukas, E. D., and Jouzel, J.: Isotopic composition of sulfur in size-resolved marine aerosols above the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14449-14457, 2000.
252. Peng, C., and Chan, M. N., and Chan, C.: The hygroscopic properties of dicarboxylic and multifunctional acids: Measurements and UNI-FAC predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4495-4501, 2001.
253. Peng, Y., Lohmann, U., and Leaitch, R.: Importance of vertical velocity variations in the cloud droplet nucleation process of marine stratus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21213, doi:10.1029/2004JD004922, 2005.
254. Petzold, A., Gysel, M., Vancassel, X., Hitzenberger, R., Puxbaum, H., Vrochticky, S., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Mirabel, P.: On the effects of organic matter and sulphur-containing compounds on the CCN activation of combustion particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3187-3203, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/3187/2005/.
255. Phinney, L. A., Lohmann, U., and Leaitch, W. R.: Limitations of using an equilibrium approximation in an aerosol activation parameterization, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4371, doi:10.1029/2002JD002391, 2003.
256. Pitchford, M. L. and McMurry, P. H.: Relationship between Measured Water-Vapor Growth and Chemistry of Atmospheric Aerosol for Grand-Canyon, Arizona, in Winter 1990, Atmos. Environ., 28, 827-839, 1994.
257. Poeschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, doi:10.1002/ange.200501122, 2005.
258. Procopio, A. S., and Remer, L. A., Artaxo, P., Kaufman, Y. J., and Holben, B. N.: Modeled spectral optical properties for smoke aerosols in Amazonia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2265, doi:10.1029/2003GL018063, 2003.
259. Procopio, A. S., Artaxo, P., Kaufman, Y. J., and Remer, L. A., Schafer, J. S., and Holben, B. N.: Multiyear analysis of amazonian biomass burning smoke radiative forcing of climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L03108, doi:10.1029/2003GL018646, 2004.
260. Pruppacher, H. and Klett, J.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library; v. 18, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht; London, includes bibliographical references and index Previous ed.: 1978 "With an introduction to cloud chemistry and cloud electricity.", 1997.
261. Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Mangoni, M., Virkkula, A., Raes, F., Maring, H., Prospero, J. M., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Hillamo, R., and Makela, T.: Chemical mass closure and assessment of the origin of the submicron aerosol in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere at Tenerife during ACE-2, Tellus Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 52, 141-168, 2000.
262. Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Dell'Acqua, A., Raes, F., Matta, E., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: Size-segregated aerosol mass closure and chemical composition in Monte Cimone (I) during MINATROC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 889-902, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/889/2004/.
263. Quaas, J., Boucher, O., and Bréon, F.-M.: Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom (LMDZ) general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D08205, doi:10.1029/2003JD004317, 2004.
264. Quinn, P. K., and Bates, T. S., Miller, T. L., Coffman, D. J., and Johnson, J. E., Harris, J. M., Ogren, J. A., Forbes, G., and Anderson, T. L., Covert, D. S., and Rood, M. J.: Surface submicron aerosol chemical composition: What fraction is not sulfate?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6785-6805, 2000.
265. Rader, D. J. and McMurry, P. H.: Application of the Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to Studies of Droplet Growth or Evaporation, J. Aerosol Sci., 17, 771-787, 1986.
266. Ramanathan, V.: Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 28371-28398, 2001.
267. Ramaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre, G., Nakajima, T., and Shi, G. Y., and Solomon, S.: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of working group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001.
268. Randles, C. A., and Russell, L. M., and Ramaswamy, V.: Hygroscopic and optical properties of organic sea salt aerosol and consequences for climate forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16108, doi:10.1029/2004GL020628, 2004.
269. Raymond, T. M. and Pandis, S. N.: Cloud activation of singlecomponent organic aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4787, doi:10.1029/2002JD002159, 2002.
270. Raymond, T. M. and Pandis, S. N.: Formation of cloud droplets by multicomponent organic particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4469, doi:10.1029/2003JD003503, 2003.
271. Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Roberts, G., and Andreae, M. O., Gatti, L. V., and Artaxo, P.: Physical properties of the submicrometer aerosol over the Amazon rain forest during the wet-to-dry season transition - comparison of modeled and measured CCN concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2119-2143, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/2119/2004/.
272. Rissman, T. A., Nenes, A., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemical amplification (or dampening) of the Twomey effect: Conditions derived from droplet activation theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 919-930, 2004.
273. Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 206-221, 2005.
274. Roberts, G. C., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: The chemistry and role of cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon Basin, J. Aerosol Sci., 31, S62-S63, 2000.
275. Roberts, G. C., and Andreae, M. O., Zhou, J., and Artaxo, P.: Cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon basin: "marine conditions over a continent?", Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2807-2810, 2001.
276. Roberts, G. C., Artaxo, P., Zhou, J. C., Swietlicki, E., and Andreae, M. O.: Sensitivity of CCN spectra on chemical and physical properties of aerosol: A case study from the Amazon Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8070-8088, 2002.
277. Rogers, R. R. and Yau, M. K.: A short course in cloud physics, vol. 113, International Series in Natural Philosophy, Butterworth-Heinemann, third edn., 1989.
278. Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., and Laaksonen, A.: Parameterization of the nitric acid effect on CCN activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 879-885, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/879/2005/.
279. Rood, M. J. and Williams, A. L.: Comments on "Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute" - Reply, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1468-1473, 2001.
280. Rotstayn, L. D. and Penner, J. E.: Indirect aerosol forcing, quasi forcing, and climate response, J. Climate, 14, 2960-2975, 2001.
281. Rupakheti, M. W., Leaitch, R., Lohmann, U., Hayden, K., Brickell, P., Lu, G., Li, S. M., Toom-Sauntry, D., Bottenheim, J. W., and Brook, J. R., Vet, R., Jayne, J. T. and Worsnop, D. R.: An intensive study of the size and composition of submicron atmospheric aerosols at a rural site in Ontario, Canada, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 722-736, 2005.
282. Russell, L. M.: Aerosol organic-mass-to-organic-carbon ratio measurements, Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 225, U817-U818, part 1, 2003.
283. Saathoff, H., and Naumann, K. H., Schnaiter, M., Schock, W., Mohler, O., Schurath, U., Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Coating of soot and (NH4)(2)SO4 particles by ozonolysis products of alpha-pinene, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1297-1321, 2003.
284. Santarpia, J. L., and Li, R. J., and Collins, D. R.: Direct measurement of the hydration state of ambient aerosol populations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18209, doi:10.1029/2004JD004653. 2004
285. Sardar, S. B., and Fine, P. M., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal and spatial variability of the size-resolved chemical composition of particulate matter (PM10) in the Los Angeles Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07S08, doi:10.1029/2004JD004627, 2005.
286. Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L. M.: Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 57-109, 1996.
287. Saxena, P., and Hildemann, L. M., McMurry, P. H., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organics Alter Hygroscopic Behavior of Atmospheric Particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 18755-18770, 1995.
288. Schkolnik, G., and Falkovich, A. H., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., and Artaxo, P.: New analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan, polyhydroxy compounds, and 2-methylerythritol and its application to smoke and rainwater samples, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2744-2752, 2005.
289. Schneider, J., Borrmann, S., Wollny, A. G., Blasner, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Oikonomou, K., Sciare, J., Teller, A., Levin, Z., and Worsnop, D. R.: Online mass spectrometric aerosol measurements during the MINOS campaign (Crete, August 2001), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 65-80, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/65/2004/.
290. Schulz, M., and Balkanski, Y. J., Guelle, W., and Dulac, F.: Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite-derived optical thickness, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 10579-10592, 1998.
291. Schwartz, S. E.: Uncertainty requirements in radiative forcing of climate change, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 54, 1351-1359, 2004.
292. Seidl, W.: Model for a surface film of fatty acids on rain water and aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4917-4932, 2000.
293. Seidl, W. and Hänel, G.: Surface-active substances on rainwater and atmospheric particles, Pure Appl. Geophys., 121, 1077-1093, 1983.
294. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chichester, air pollution to climate, 1998.
295. Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Peron, F., Dupuy, R., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Putaud, J. P., Cachier, H., and Ghermandi, G.: Mass balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the Puy de D(o)overcapme (France) in winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4333, doi:10.1029/2002JD002747, 2003.
296. Shantz, N. C., and Leaitch, W. R., and Caffrey, P. F.: Effect of organics of low solubility on the growth rate of cloud droplets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4168, doi:10.1029/2002JD002540, 2003.
297. Shaw, R. A. and Lamb, D.: Experimental determination of the thermal accommodation and condensation coefficients of water, J. Chem. Phys., 111, 10659-10663, 1999.
298. Shulman, M. L., and Jacobson, M. C., Carlson, R. J., Synovec, R. E., and Young, T. E.: Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 277-280, 1996.
299. Silva Dias, M. A. F., Rutledge, S., Kabat, P., Silva Dias, P. L., Nobre, C., Fisch, G., Dolman, A. J., Zipser, E., Garstang, M., Manzi, A., Fuentes, J. D., Rocha, H., Marengo, J., Plana-Fattori, A., Alvalá, L. S. R., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Gielow, R., and Gatti, L. V.: Clouds and rain processes in a biosphere atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8072-8092, doi:10.1029/2001JD000335, 2002.
300. Silva Dias, M. A. F., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Aerosols impact clouds in the Amazon Basin, GEWEX Newsletter, 14, 4-6, 2004.
301. Sinnarwalla, A. M. and Alofs, D. J.: A cloud nucleus counter with long available growth time, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 831-835, 1972.
302. Slauenwhite, D. E. and Johnson, B. D.: Bubble shattering: Differences in bubble formation in fresh water and seawater, J. Geophys. Res.-O, 104, 3265-3275, 1999.
303. Snider, J. R. and Brenguier, J. L.: Cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet measurements during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 828-842, 2000.
304. Snider, J. R., Guibert, S., Brenguier, J. L., and Putaud, J. P.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. Köhler and parcel theory closure studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8629, doi:10.1029/2002JD002692, 2003.
305. Sorjamaa, R., Svenningsson, B., Raatikainen, T., Henning, S., Bilde, M., and Laaksonen, A.: The role of surfactants in Kohler theory reconsidered, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2107-2117, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/2107/2004/.
306. Spracklen, D. V., and Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2227-2252, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/2227/2005/.
307. Squires, P. and Twomey, S.: A Comparison of Cloud Nucleus Measurements over Central North America and Caribbean Sea, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 401-404, 1966.
308. Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., and Boucher, O.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125-1156, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/1125/2005/.
309. Stolzenburg, M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: TDMAFIT user's manual, Tech. rep., University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Particle Technology Laboratory, Minneapolis, 1988.
310. Stratmann, F., Orsini, D., and Kauffeldt, T.: Inversion algorithm for TDMA measurements, J. Aeros. Sci., 28, S701-S702, 1997.
311. Stratmann, F., Kiselev, A., Wurzler, S., Wendisch, M., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J., Diehl, K., Wex, H., and Schmidt, S.: Laboratory studies and numerical simulations of cloud droplet formation under realistic supersaturation conditions, J. Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 21, 876-887, 2004.
312. Sullivan, A. P., and Weber, R. J., Clements, A. L., Turner, J. R., and Bae, M. S., and Schauer, J. J.: A method for on-line measurement of water-soluble organic carbon in ambient aerosol particles: Results from an urban site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13105, doi:10.1029/2004GL019681, 2004.
313. Svenningson, B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J., Noone, K. and Hallberg, A.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the Po Valley, Tellus B, 44, 556-569, 1992.
314. Svenningsson, B., and Hansson, H. C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K., Ogren, J., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol-particles and its influence on nucleation scavenging incloud - experimental results from Kleiner-Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 129-152, 1994.
315. Svenningsson, B., and Hansson, H. C., Martinsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Swietlicki, E., and Cederfelt, S. I., Wendisch, M., Bower, K. N., and Choularton, T. W., and Colvile, R. N.: Cloud droplet nucleation scavenging in relation to the size and hygroscopic behaviour of aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2463-2475, 1997.
316. Swietlicki, E., and Zhou, J. C., Berg, O. H., Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G., and Cederfelt, S. I., Dusek, U., Berner, A., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Yuskiewicz, B., and Bower, K. N.: A closure study of sub-micrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behaviour, Atmos. Res., 50, 205-240, 1999.
317. Swietlicki, E., and Zhou, J. C., Covert, D. S., Hameri, K., Busch, B., Vakeva, M., Dusek, U., Berg, O. H., Wiedensohler, A., Aalto, P., Makela, J., Martinsson, B. G., Papaspiropoulos, G., Mentes, B., Frank, G., and Stratmann, F.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the northeastern Atlantic during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 201-227, 2000.
318. Takemura, T., Nozawa, T., Emori, S., Nakajima, T. Y., and Nakajima, T.: Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, doi:10.1029/2004JD00502, 2005.
319. Tegen, I. and Fung, I.: Modeling of Mineral Dust in the Atmosphere - Sources, Transport, and Optical-Thickness, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99, 22897-22914, 1994.
320. Temesi, D., Molnar, A., Meszaros, E., Feczko, T., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., and Krivacsy, Z.: Size resolved chemical mass balance of aerosol particles over rural Hungary, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4347-4355, 2001.
321. Tervahattu, H., Juhanoja, J., Vaida, V., Tuck, A. F., and Niemi, J. V., Kupiainen, K., Kulmala, M., and Vehkamaki, H.: Fatty acids on continental sulfate aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06207, doi:10.1029/2004JD005400, 2005.
322. Tolocka, M. P., Jang, M., Ginter, J. M., and Cox, F. J., Kamens, R. M., and Johnston, M. V.: Formation of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1428-1434, 2004.
323. Topping, D., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Burgess, R., Allan, J., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K., and Choularton, T. W., Decesari, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Aerosol chemical characteristics from sampling conducted on the Island of Jeju, Korea during ACE Asia, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2111-2123, 2004.
324. Topping, D. O., and McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 1 - Inorganic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1205-1222, 2005a.
325. Topping, D. O., and McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 2 - Including organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1223-1242, 2005b.
326. Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H. J.: Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602-610, 2001.
327. Twomey, S.: The nuclei of natural cloud formation, Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration, Geofis. Pura Appl., 43, 243-249, 1959.
328. Twomey, S.: Pollution and Planetary Albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251-1256, 1974.
329. Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., and Putaud, J. P., Baltensperger, U., Charron, A., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H. C., and Harrison, R. M., Huglin, C., Jones, A. M., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Palmgren, F., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., ten Brink, H., Tunved, P., Torseth, K., Wehner, B., Weingartner, E., Wiedensohler, A., and Wahlin, P.: A European aerosol phenomenology-1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2561-2577, 2004.
330. Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., and Putaud, J. P., Virkkula, A., and Mangoni, M.: Processes determining the relationship between aerosol number and non-sea-salt sulfate mass concentrations in the clean and perturbed marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8027-8038, 1999.
331. VanReken, T. M., and Rissman, T. A., Roberts, G. C., Varutbangkul, V., Jonsson, H. H., and Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Toward aerosol/cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) closure during CRYSTAL-FACE, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4633, doi:10.1029/2003JD003582, 2003.
332. Varga, B., Kiss, G., Ganszky, I., Gelencser, A., and Krivacsy, Z.: Isolation of water-soluble organic matter from atmospheric aerosol, Talanta, 55, 561-572, 2001.
333. Virkkula, A., Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., and Hjorth, J.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol formed by oxidation of limonene, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3569-3579, 1999.
334. Vlasenko, A., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., Gaggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Generation of submicron Arizona test dust aerosol: Chemical and hygroscopic properties, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 452-460, 2005.
335. Voutilainen, A., Stratmann, F., and Kaipio, J. P.: A non-homogeneous regularization method for the estimation of narrow aerosol size distributions, J. Aeros. Sci., 31, 1433-1445, 2000.
336. Warner, J.: A reduction of rain associated with smoke from sugarcane fires - An inadvertent weather modification, J. Appl. Meteorol., 7, 247-251, 1968.
337. Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Burtscher, H.: Growth and structural change of combustion aerosols at high relative humidity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 12, 2982-2986, 1995.
338. Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 15, 2311-2327, 1997.
339. Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., and Baltensperger, U.: Seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10
340. Weingartner, E., Henning, S., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures, J. Aerosol. Sci., 32, S977-S978, 2001.
341. Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 1. New low-temperature H-TDMA instrument: Setup and first applications, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 55-62, 2002.
342. Weingartner, E., Sjögren, S., Cozic, J., Verheggen, B., Baltensperger, U., Alfarra, M. R., and Bower, K. N., Flynn, M. J., Gysel, M., and Coe, H.: Hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of aerosol particles at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, S135-S136, 2004.
343. Wieland, W.: Die Wasserdampfkondensation an natürlichem Aerosol bei geringen übersättigungen, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 7, 428-460, 1956.
344. Whitby, K. T.: The physical characteristics of sulphur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 135-159, 1978.
345. Williams, K. D., Jones, A., Roberts, D. L., and Senior, C. A., and Woodage, M. J.: The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol, Climate Dynamics, 17, 845-856, 2001.
346. Wilson, J., Cuvelier, C., and Raes, F.: The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol, A modelling study of global mixed aerosol fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 34081-34108, doi:10.1029/2000JD000198, 2001.
347. Winkler, P. M., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Vesala, T.: Mass and thermal accommodation during gas-liquid condensation of water, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 075701, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.075701, 2004.
348. Wise, M. E., Surratt, J. D., Curtis, D. B., Shilling, J. E., and Tolbert, M. A.: Hygroscopic growth of ammonium sulfate/dicarboxylic acids, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4638, doi:10.1029/2003JD003775, 2003.
349. Xiao, H. Y. and Liu, C. Q.: Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in TSP over Guiyang, SW China, 2003, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6297-6306, 2004.
350. Xiong, J. Q., and Zhong, M. H., Fang, C. P., Chen, L. C., and Lippmann, M.: Influence of organic films on the hygroscopicity of ultrafine sulfuric acid aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3536-3541, 1998.
351. Xue, H. W. and Feingold, G.: A modeling study of the effect of nitric acid on cloud properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18204, doi:10.1029/2004JD004750, 2004.
352. Yu, J. Z., Yang, H., Zhang, H. Y., and Lau, A. K. H.: Size distributions of water-soluble organic carbon in ambient aerosols and its size-resolved thermal characteristics, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1061-1071, 2004.
353. Yum, S. S., and Hudson, J. G., and Xie, Y. H.: Comparisons of cloud microphysics with cloud condensation nuclei spectra over the summertime Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16625-16636, 1998.
354. Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H. C., Rosman, K., and Zebuhr, Y.: Inorganic, organic and macromolecular components of fine aerosol in different areas of Europe in relation to their water solubility, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2733-2743, 1999.
355. Zhang, Q. and Anastasio, C.: Chemistry of fog waters in California's Central Valley - Part 3: concentrations and speciation of organic and inorganic nitrogen, Atmos. Environ., 35(32), 5629-5643, 2001.
356. Zhang, Q. and Anastasio, C.: Free and combined amino compounds in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and fog waters from Northern California, Atmos. Environ., 37(16), 2247-2258, 2003.
357. Zhang, X. Q., and McMurry, P. H., Hering, S. V., and Casuccio, G. S.: Mixing Characteristics and Water-Content of Submicron Aerosols Measured in Los-Angeles and at the Grand-Canyon, Atmos. Environ. Part a - General Topics, 27, 1593-1607, 1993.
358. Zhou, J. C., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., and Aalto, P. P., Hameri, K., Nilsson, E. D., and Leck, C.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the central Arctic Ocean during summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32111-32123, 2001.
359. Zhang, Q., Anastasio, C., and Jimemez-Cruz, M.: Water-soluble organic nitrogen in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) from northern California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D11), doi:10.1029/2001JD000870, 2002a.
360. Zhang, Y., and Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Impact of aerosol size representation on modeling aerosol-cloud interactions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4558, doi:10.1029/2001JD001549, 2002b.
361. Zhang, Q., and Stanier, C. O., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., and Pandis, S. N., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Insights into the Chemistry of Nucleation Bursts and New Particle Growth Events in Pittsburgh Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4797-4809, 2004.
362. Zhang, Q., and Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., and Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Deconvolution and quantification of hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols based on aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938-4952, doi:10.1021/es048568l, 2005.
363. Zhang, Q., and Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Hydrocarbon-like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols in Pittsburgh: Insights into Sources and Processes of Organic Aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3289-3311, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/3289/2005/.
364. Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C., and Artaxo P.: Submicrometer aerosol particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8055, doi:10.1029/2000JD000203, 2002.