메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 19, 2002, Pages

Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models

Author keywords

Aerosol microphysics; Cloud condensation nuclei; General circulation model; Sulfate

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FOSSIL FUELS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; NUCLEATION; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; SALTS; SIZE DETERMINATION; SULFATE MINERALS;

EID: 32144459823     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (163)

References (109)
  • 1
    • 0033503961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model
    • Adams, P. J., J. H. Seinfeld, and D. M. Koch, Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13,791-13,823, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104
    • Adams, P.J.1    Seinfeld, J.H.2    Koch, D.M.3
  • 2
    • 0035045898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system
    • Adams, P. J., J. H. Seinfeld, D. Koch, L. Mickley, and D. Jacob, General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1097-1111, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 1097-1111
    • Adams, P.J.1    Seinfeld, J.H.2    Koch, D.3    Mickley, L.4    Jacob, D.5
  • 3
    • 0024812929 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness
    • Albrecht, B. A., Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Albrecht, B.A.1
  • 4
    • 0033569081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of aircraft as a source of particles to the upper troposphere
    • Anderson, B. E., et al., An assessment of aircraft as a source of particles to the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3069-3072, 1999.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 3069-3072
    • Anderson, B.E.1
  • 5
    • 0033788295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry
    • Barth, M. C., P. J. Rasch, J. T. Kiehl, C. M. Benkovitz, and S. E. Schwartz, Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1387-1415, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 1387-1415
    • Barth, M.C.1    Rasch, P.J.2    Kiehl, J.T.3    Benkovitz, C.M.4    Schwartz, S.E.5
  • 6
    • 0032551823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1)
    • Bates, T. S., V. N. Kasputin, P. K. Quinn, D. S. Covert, D. J. Coffman, C. Mari, P. A. Durkee, W. DeBruyn, and E. Saltzman, Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,369-16,384, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103
    • Bates, T.S.1    Kasputin, V.N.2    Quinn, P.K.3    Covert, D.S.4    Coffman, D.J.5    Mari, C.6    Durkee, P.A.7    Debruyn, W.8    Saltzman, E.9
  • 9
    • 0020964169 scopus 로고
    • Origin of Aitken particles in remote regions of the southern hemisphere
    • Bigg, E. K., J. L. Gras, and C. Evans, Origin of Aitken particles in remote regions of the southern hemisphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 203-214, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.1 , pp. 203-214
    • Bigg, E.K.1    Gras, J.L.2    Evans, C.3
  • 10
    • 0029478428 scopus 로고
    • The regional particulate matter model, 1, Model description and preliminary results
    • Binkowski, F. S., and U. Shankar, The regional particulate matter model, 1, Model description and preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,191-26,209, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Binkowski, F.S.1    Shankar, U.2
  • 11
    • 0029507078 scopus 로고
    • GCM estimate of the indirect aerosol forcing using satellite-retrieved cloud droplet effective radii
    • Boucher, O., GCM estimate of the indirect aerosol forcing using satellite-retrieved cloud droplet effective radii, J. Clim., 8, 1403-1409, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Clim. , vol.8 , pp. 1403-1409
    • Boucher, O.1
  • 12
    • 0029476116 scopus 로고
    • The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect
    • Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann, The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect, Tellus, Ser. B, 47, 281-300, 1995.
    • (1995) Tellus, Ser. B , vol.47 , pp. 281-300
    • Boucher, O.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 16
    • 0029541193 scopus 로고
    • Effects of anthropogenic sulfate on cloud drop nucleation and optical properties
    • Chuang, C. C., and J. E. Penner, Effects of anthropogenic sulfate on cloud drop nucleation and optical properties, Tellus, Ser. B, 47, 566-577, 1995.
    • (1995) Tellus, Ser. B , vol.47 , pp. 566-577
    • Chuang, C.C.1    Penner, J.E.2
  • 18
    • 0026613238 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric nuclei in the remote free-troposphere
    • Clarke, A. D., Atmospheric nuclei in the remote free-troposphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 479-488, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.14 , pp. 479-488
    • Clarke, A.D.1
  • 19
    • 0027873814 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric nuclei in the Pacific midtroposphere: Their nature, concentration, and evolution
    • Clarke, A. D., Atmospheric nuclei in the Pacific midtroposphere: Their nature, concentration, and evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20, 633-20,647, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98
    • Clarke, A.D.1
  • 20
    • 0000063356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle production in the remote marine atmosphere: Cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE 1
    • Clarke, A. D., J. L. Vamer, F. Eisele, R. L. Mauldin, D. Tanner, and M. Litchy, Particle production in the remote marine atmosphere: Cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE 1, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16, 397-16,409, 1998a.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103
    • Clarke, A.D.1    Vamer, J.L.2    Eisele, F.3    Mauldin, R.L.4    Tanner, D.5    Litchy, M.6
  • 21
    • 0032475809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle nucleation in the tropical boundary layer and its coupling to marine sulfur sources
    • Clarke, A. D., et al., Particle nucleation in the tropical boundary layer and its coupling to marine sulfur sources, Science, 282, 89-92, 1998b.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 89-92
    • Clarke, A.D.1
  • 23
    • 0033377065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle production near marine clouds: Sulfuric acid and predictions from classical binary nucleation
    • Clarke, A. D., V. N. Kasputin, F. L. Eisele, R. J. Weber, and P. H. McMurry, Particle production near marine clouds: Sulfuric acid and predictions from classical binary nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2425-2428, 1999b.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 2425-2428
    • Clarke, A.D.1    Kasputin, V.N.2    Eisele, F.L.3    Weber, R.J.4    McMurry, P.H.5
  • 24
    • 0028808998 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary study of the effect of ammonia on particle nucleation in the marine boundary layer
    • Coffman, D. J., and D. A. Hegg, A preliminary study of the effect of ammonia on particle nucleation in the marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7147-7160, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 7147-7160
    • Coffman, D.J.1    Hegg, D.A.2
  • 25
    • 0007655615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global black carbon aerosol model
    • Cooke, W. F., and J. J. N. Wilson, A global black carbon aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,395-19,409, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Cooke, W.F.1    Wilson, J.J.N.2
  • 26
    • 0029768515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical properties of marine boundary layer aerosol particles of the mid-Pacific in relation to sources and meteorological transport
    • Covert, D. S., V. N. Kasputin, T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn, Physical properties of marine boundary layer aerosol particles of the mid-Pacific in relation to sources and meteorological transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6919-6930, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 6919-6930
    • Covert, D.S.1    Kasputin, V.N.2    Bates, T.S.3    Quinn, P.K.4
  • 27
    • 0020906094 scopus 로고
    • Simple kinetic theory of Brownian diffusion in vapors and aerosols
    • edited by R. E. Meyer, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
    • Dahneke, B., Simple kinetic theory of Brownian diffusion in vapors and aerosols, in Theory of Dispersed Multiphase Flow, edited by R. E. Meyer, pp. 97-138, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1983.
    • (1983) Theory of Dispersed Multiphase Flow , pp. 97-138
    • Dahneke, B.1
  • 28
    • 0016871557 scopus 로고
    • Statistical aspects of the washout of poly-disperse aerosols
    • Dana, M. T., and J. M. Hales, Statistical aspects of the washout of poly-disperse aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 10, 45-50, 1976.
    • (1976) Atmos. Environ. , vol.10 , pp. 45-50
    • Dana, M.T.1    Hales, J.M.2
  • 29
    • 0000200471 scopus 로고
    • Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme
    • edited by K. A. Emanuel and D. J. Raymond, Am. Metebrol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
    • Del Genio, A. D., and M.-S. Yao, Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme, in The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Monogr. 46, edited by K. A. Emanuel and D. J. Raymond, pp. 181-184, Am. Metebrol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1993.
    • (1993) The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Monogr , vol.46 , pp. 181-184
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Yao, M.-S.2
  • 30
    • 0029751999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models
    • Del Genio, A., D. Yao, M.-S. Kovari, and W. Lo, A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models, J. Clim., 9, 270-304, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 270-304
    • Del Genio, A.1    Yao, D.2    Kovari, M.-S.3    Lo, W.4
  • 32
    • 0014828321 scopus 로고
    • On the source and composition of cloud condensation nuclei in the subsident air masses over the North Atlantic
    • Dinger, J. E., H. B. Howell, and T. A. Wojciechowski, On the source and composition of cloud condensation nuclei in the subsident air masses over the North Atlantic, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 791-797, 1970.
    • (1970) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 791-797
    • Dinger, J.E.1    Howell, H.B.2    Wojciechowski, T.A.3
  • 33
    • 36849118180 scopus 로고
    • Self-nucleation in the sulfuric acid-water system
    • Doyle, G. J., Self-nucleation in the sulfuric acid-water system, J. Chem. Phys., 35, 795-799, 1961.
    • (1961) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.35 , pp. 795-799
    • Doyle, G.J.1
  • 34
    • 0028599940 scopus 로고
    • Binary homogeneous nucleation - Temperature and relative humidity fluctuations, nonlinearity, and aspects of new particle production in the atmosphere
    • Easter, R. C., and L. K. Peters, Binary homogeneous nucleation - Temperature and relative humidity fluctuations, nonlinearity, and aspects of new particle production in the atmosphere, J. Appl Meteorol., 33, 775-784, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Appl Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 775-784
    • Easter, R.C.1    Peters, L.K.2
  • 35
    • 0029500764 scopus 로고
    • Climate response to indirect anthropogenic sulfate forcing
    • Erickson, D. J., R. J. Oglesby, and S. Marshall, Climate response to indirect anthropogenic sulfate forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2017-2020, 1995.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 2017-2020
    • Erickson, D.J.1    Oglesby, R.J.2    Marshall, S.3
  • 36
    • 0029415759 scopus 로고
    • Emission measurements of the Concorde supersonic aircraft in the lower stratosphere
    • Fahey, D. W., et al., Emission measurements of the Concorde supersonic aircraft in the lower stratosphere, Science, 270, 70-73, 1995.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 70-73
    • Fahey, D.W.1
  • 38
    • 0031415951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation
    • Feichter, J., U. Lohmann, and I. Schult, The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation, Clim. Dyn., 13, 235-246, 1997.
    • (1997) Clim. Dyn. , vol.13 , pp. 235-246
    • Feichter, J.1    Lohmann, U.2    Schult, I.3
  • 39
    • 0025742586 scopus 로고
    • Marine aerosols: A review
    • Fitzgerald, J., Marine aerosols: A review, Atmos. Environ., 25, 533-545, 1991.
    • (1991) Atmos. Environ. , vol.25 , pp. 533-545
    • Fitzgerald, J.1
  • 42
    • 0034961172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of aerosol indirect radiative forcing in MIRAGE
    • Ghan, S., R. Easter, J. Hudson, and F.-M. Bréon, Evaluation of aerosol indirect radiative forcing in MIRAGE, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5317-5334, 2001b.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 5317-5334
    • Ghan, S.1    Easter, R.2    Hudson, J.3    Bréon, F.-M.4
  • 43
    • 1342279531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling size-distributed sea salt aerosols in the atmosphere: An application using Canadian climate models
    • edited by S.-E. Gryning and N. Chaumerliac, Plenum, New York
    • Gong, S. L., L. A. Barrie, J.-P. Blanchet, and L. Spacek, Modeling size-distributed sea salt aerosols in the atmosphere: An application using Canadian climate models, in Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, vol. 12, edited by S.-E. Gryning and N. Chaumerliac, Plenum, New York, 1998.
    • (1998) Air Pollution Modeling and its Applications , vol.12
    • Gong, S.L.1    Barrie, L.A.2    Blanchet, J.-P.3    Spacek, L.4
  • 45
    • 0001736933 scopus 로고
    • Hydrates in supersaturated sulfuric acid-water vapor
    • Heist, R. H., and H. Reiss, Hydrates in supersaturated sulfuric acid-water vapor, J. Chem. Phys., 61, 573-581, 1974,
    • (1974) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.61 , pp. 573-581
    • Heist, R.H.1    Reiss, H.2
  • 46
    • 0001574124 scopus 로고
    • Vertical profiles of CCN at various geographical locations
    • Hoppel, W. A., J. E. Dinger, and R. E. Ruskin, Vertical profiles of CCN at various geographical locations, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1410-1419, 1973.
    • (1973) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 1410-1419
    • Hoppel, W.A.1    Dinger, J.E.2    Ruskin, R.E.3
  • 47
    • 0022190431 scopus 로고
    • Aerosol size distributions in air masses advecting off the East Coast of the United States
    • Hoppel, W. A., J. W. Fitzgerald, and R. E. Larson, Aerosol size distributions in air masses advecting off the East Coast of the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2365-2379, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.90 , pp. 2365-2379
    • Hoppel, W.A.1    Fitzgerald, J.W.2    Larson, R.E.3
  • 48
    • 0022923710 scopus 로고
    • Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer
    • Hoppel, W. A., G. M. Frick, and R. E. Larson, Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 125-128, 1986.
    • (1986) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.13 , pp. 125-128
    • Hoppel, W.A.1    Frick, G.M.2    Larson, R.E.3
  • 49
    • 0003550027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Third Assessment Report, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001.
    • (2001) Third Assessment Report
  • 50
    • 0000380284 scopus 로고
    • Nucleation rate in a binary mixture of sulfuric acid and water vapor
    • Jaecker-Voirol, A., and P. Mirabel, Nucleation rate in a binary mixture of sulfuric acid and water vapor, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 3518-3521, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Phys. Chem. , vol.92 , pp. 3518-3521
    • Jaecker-Voirol, A.1    Mirabel, P.2
  • 51
    • 0024472524 scopus 로고
    • Heteromolecular nucleation in the sulfuric acid-water system
    • Jaecker-Voirol, A., and P. Mirabel, Heteromolecular nucleation in the sulfuric acid-water system, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2053-2057, 1989.
    • (1989) Atmos. Environ. , vol.23 , pp. 2053-2057
    • Jaecker-Voirol, A.1    Mirabel, P.2
  • 52
    • 0027805340 scopus 로고
    • Tropospheric aerosols
    • edited by P. V. Hobbs, pp. 1-31, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
    • Jaenicke, R., Tropospheric aerosols, in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, edited by P. V. Hobbs, pp. 1-31, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993.
    • (1993) Aerosol-cloud-climate Interactions
    • Jaenicke, R.1
  • 53
    • 0033789266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human-activity-enhanced formation of organic aerosols by biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation
    • Kanakidou, M., K. Tsigaridis, F. J. Dentener, and P. J. Crutzen, Human-activity-enhanced formation of organic aerosols by biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9243-9254, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 9243-9254
    • Kanakidou, M.1    Tsigaridis, K.2    Dentener, F.J.3    Crutzen, P.J.4
  • 54
    • 0031463712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic aerosols
    • Kasibhatla, P., W. L. Chameides, and J. St. John, A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3737-3759, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 3737-3759
    • Kasibhatla, P.1    Chameides, W.L.2    John, J.St.3
  • 55
    • 0034494791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data sets and flux models
    • Kettle, A. J., and M. O. Andreae, Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data sets and flux models, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26,793-26,808, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Kettle, A.J.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 56
    • 0033792612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3
    • Kiehl, J. T., T. L. Schneider, P. J. Rasch, M. C. Barth, and J. Wong, Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1441 -1457, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 1441-1457
    • Kiehl, J.T.1    Schneider, T.L.2    Rasch, P.J.3    Barth, M.C.4    Wong, J.5
  • 57
    • 0031938302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional global model study of carbonyl sulfide in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere
    • Kjellstrom, E., A three-dimensional global model study of carbonyl sulfide in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 29, 151-177, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.29 , pp. 151-177
    • Kjellstrom, E.1
  • 58
    • 0033200882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of aircraft emissions to the atmospheric sulfur budget
    • Kjellstrom, E., J. Feichter, R. Sausen, and R. Hein, The contribution of aircraft emissions to the atmospheric sulfur budget, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3455-3465, 1999.
    • (1999) Atmos. Environ. , vol.33 , pp. 3455-3465
    • Kjellstrom, E.1    Feichter, J.2    Sausen, R.3    Hein, R.4
  • 59
    • 84921804982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model
    • Koch, D., D. Jacob, I. Tegen, D. Rind, and M. Chin, Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23, 799-23, 822, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104
    • Koch, D.1    Jacob, D.2    Tegen, I.3    Rind, D.4    Chin, M.5
  • 62
    • 0034594974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable sulphate clusters, as a source of new atmospheric particles
    • Kulmala, M., U. Pirjola, and J. M. Makela, Stable sulphate clusters, as a source of new atmospheric particles, Nature, 404, 66-69, 2000.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 66-69
    • Kulmala, M.1    Pirjola, U.2    Makela, J.M.3
  • 63
    • 0000848866 scopus 로고
    • Nucleation: Measurements, theory, and atmospheric applications
    • Laaksonen, A., V. Talanquer, and D. W. Oxtoby, Nucleation: Measurements, theory, and atmospheric applications, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 46, 489-524, 1995.
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. , vol.46 , pp. 489-524
    • Laaksonen, A.1    Talanquer, V.2    Oxtoby, D.W.3
  • 64
    • 0025919288 scopus 로고
    • A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle
    • Langner, J., and H. Rodhe, A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.13 , pp. 225-263
    • Langner, J.1    Rodhe, H.2
  • 67
    • 0034952935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of new particle formation over the northwest Atlantic using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with sulfur chemistry
    • Liu, X. H., D. A. Hegg, and M. T. Stoelinga, Numerical simulation of new particle formation over the northwest Atlantic using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with sulfur chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9697-9715, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 9697-9715
    • Liu, X.H.1    Hegg, D.A.2    Stoelinga, M.T.3
  • 68
    • 0031408833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM
    • Lohmann, U., and J. Feichter, Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,685-13,700, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2
  • 70
    • 33749357818 scopus 로고
    • Binary homogeneous nucleation as a mechanism for the formation of aerosols
    • Mirabel, P., and J. L. Katz, Binary homogeneous nucleation as a mechanism for the formation of aerosols, J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1138-1144, 1974.
    • (1974) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.60 , pp. 1138-1144
    • Mirabel, P.1    Katz, J.L.2
  • 72
    • 0032451765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isorropia: A new thermodynamic equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols
    • Nenes, A., C. Pilinis, and S. N. Pandis, Isorropia: A new thermodynamic equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols, Aquat. Geochem., 4, 123-152, 1998.
    • (1998) Aquat. Geochem. , vol.4 , pp. 123-152
    • Nenes, A.1    Pilinis, C.2    Pandis, S.N.3
  • 73
    • 0031838755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential for atmospheric mixing processes to enhance the binary nucleation rate
    • Nilsson, E. D., and M. Kulmala, The potential for atmospheric mixing processes to enhance the binary nucleation rate, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1381-1389, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 1381-1389
    • Nilsson, E.D.1    Kulmala, M.2
  • 74
    • 0033793242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol nucleation and size distribution
    • Nilsson, E. D., L. Pirjola, and M. Kulmala, The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol nucleation and size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,917-19,926, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Nilsson, E.D.1    Pirjola, L.2    Kulmala, M.3
  • 75
    • 0030617271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: A short review
    • O'Dowd, C., M. H. Smith, I. E. Consterdine, and J. A. Lowe, Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: A short review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73-80, 1997.
    • (1997) Atmos. Environ. , vol.31 , pp. 73-80
    • O'Dowd, C.1    Smith, M.H.2    Consterdine, I.E.3    Lowe, J.A.4
  • 76
    • 0000722530 scopus 로고
    • Global emissions and models of photochemically active compounds
    • edited by R. G. Prinn, Plenum, New York
    • Penner, J. E., C. S. Atherton, and T. E. Graedel, Global emissions and models of photochemically active compounds, in Global Atmospheric-Biospheric Chemistry, edited by R. G. Prinn, pp. 223-247, Plenum, New York, 1994.
    • (1994) Global Atmospheric-biospheric Chemistry , pp. 223-247
    • Penner, J.E.1    Atherton, C.S.2    Graedel, T.E.3
  • 77
    • 0345725989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jet engine exhaust aerosol characterization
    • Petzold, A., and F. P. Schröder, Jet engine exhaust aerosol characterization, Aerosol Set. Technol., 28, 62-76, 1998.
    • (1998) Aerosol Set. Technol. , vol.28 , pp. 62-76
    • Petzold, A.1    Schröder, F.P.2
  • 78
    • 0033610115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ observations and model calculations of black carbon emission by aircraft at cruise altitude
    • Petzold, A., A. Dopelheuer, C. A. Brock, and F. Schröder, In situ observations and model calculations of black carbon emission by aircraft at cruise altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,171-22,181, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104
    • Petzold, A.1    Dopelheuer, A.2    Brock, C.A.3    Schröder, F.4
  • 80
    • 0028162965 scopus 로고
    • Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer
    • Pincus, R., and M. Baker, Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer, Nature, 372, 250-252, 1994.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.372 , pp. 250-252
    • Pincus, R.1    Baker, M.2
  • 82
    • 0029412346 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of measured and calculated aerosol properties relevant to the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulfate aerosol on climate
    • Quinn, P. K., S. F. Marshall, T. S. Bates, D. S. Covert, and V. N. Kasputin, Comparison of measured and calculated aerosol properties relevant to the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulfate aerosol on climate, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8977-8991, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 8977-8991
    • Quinn, P.K.1    Marshall, S.F.2    Bates, T.S.3    Covert, D.S.4    Kasputin, V.N.5
  • 83
    • 0000130145 scopus 로고
    • Aerosol dynamics and its implication for the global aerosol climatology
    • edited by R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, John Wiley, New York
    • Raes, F., J. Wilson, and R. Van Dingenen, Aerosol dynamics and its implication for the global aerosol climatology, in Aerosol Forcing of Climate, edited by R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, pp. 153-169, John Wiley, New York, 1995.
    • (1995) Aerosol Forcing of Climate , pp. 153-169
    • Raes, F.1    Wilson, J.2    Van Dingenen, R.3
  • 84
    • 0031395884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of aerosols in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the subtropical northeast Atlantic: Discussion of processes determining their size distribution
    • Raes, F., R. Van Dingenen, E. Cuevas, P. F. J. Van Velthoven, and J. M. Prospero, Observations of aerosols in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the subtropical northeast Atlantic: Discussion of processes determining their size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,315-21,328, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102
    • Raes, F.1    Van Dingenen, R.2    Cuevas, E.3    Van Velthoven, P.F.J.4    Prospero, J.M.5
  • 85
    • 0033788039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3
    • Rasch, P. J., M. C. Barth, J. T. Kiehl, S. E. Schwartz, and C. M. Benkovitz, A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1367-1385, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 1367-1385
    • Rasch, P.J.1    Barth, M.C.2    Kiehl, J.T.3    Schwartz, S.E.4    Benkovitz, C.M.5
  • 86
    • 0345020417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global distribution of sulphate in the troposphere: A three-dimensional model study
    • Rested, K., I. S. A. Isaksen, and T. K. Berntsen, Global distribution of sulphate in the troposphere: A three-dimensional model study, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3593-3609, 1998.
    • (1998) Atmos. Environ. , vol.32 , pp. 3593-3609
    • Rested, K.1    Isaksen, I.S.A.2    Berntsen, T.K.3
  • 87
    • 0030460587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model development, 1, Horizontal and vertical transport in the troposphere
    • Rind, D., and J. Lerner, The use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model development, 1, Horizontal and vertical transport in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,667-12,683, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Rind, D.1    Lerner, J.2
  • 88
    • 0031719880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of global sulfate distribution and the influence on effective cloud drop radii with a coupled photochemistry-sulfur cycle model
    • Roelofs, G.-J., J. Lelieveld, and L. Ganzeveld, Simulation of global sulfate distribution and the influence on effective cloud drop radii with a coupled photochemistry-sulfur cycle model, Tellus. Ser. B, 50, 224-242, 1998.
    • (1998) Tellus. Ser. B , vol.50 , pp. 224-242
    • Roelofs, G.-J.1    Lelieveld, J.2    Ganzeveld, L.3
  • 89
    • 0032079752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size- And composition-resolved externally mixed aerosol model
    • Russell, L. M., and J. H. Seinfeld, Size- and composition-resolved externally mixed aerosol model, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 28, 403-416, 1998.
    • (1998) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.28 , pp. 403-416
    • Russell, L.M.1    Seinfeld, J.H.2
  • 90
    • 33751276036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol sources and transformation processes in the free troposphere and tropopause region at northern midlatitudes
    • doi: 10.1029/2000JD000194, in press
    • Schröder, F. P., B. Kärcher, A. Petzold, and M. Fiebig, Aerosol sources and transformation processes in the free troposphere and tropopause region at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi: 10.1029/2000JD000194, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Schröder, F.P.1    Kärcher, B.2    Petzold, A.3    Fiebig, M.4
  • 92
    • 0018930950 scopus 로고
    • Particle and gas deposition: A review
    • Sehmel, G. A., Particle and gas deposition: A review, Atmos. Environ., 14, 983-1011, 1980.
    • (1980) Atmos. Environ. , vol.14 , pp. 983-1011
    • Sehmel, G.A.1
  • 94
    • 0033785017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins
    • Takemura, T., H. Okamoto, Y. Maruyama, A. Numaguti, A. Higurashi, and T. Nakajima, Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,853-17,873, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Takemura, T.1    Okamoto, H.2    Maruyama, Y.3    Numaguti, A.4    Higurashi, A.5    Nakajima, T.6
  • 95
    • 0028583541 scopus 로고
    • Water activities, densities, and refractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance
    • Tang, I. N., and H. R. Munkelwitz, Water activities, densities, and refractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,801-18,808, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Tang, I.N.1    Munkelwitz, H.R.2
  • 96
    • 0028558088 scopus 로고
    • Modeling of mineral dust in the atmosphere: Sources, transport, and optical thickness
    • Tegen, I., and I. Fung, Modeling of mineral dust in the atmosphere: Sources, transport, and optical thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22,897-22,914, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Tegen, I.1    Fung, I.2
  • 97
    • 0030440051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of particle size distribution and its influence on the radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol
    • Tegen, I., and A. A. Lacis, Modeling of particle size distribution and its influence on the radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,237-19,244, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Tegen, I.1    Lacis, A.A.2
  • 98
    • 0007612183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results
    • Tegen, I., P. Hollrig, M. Chin, I. Fung, D. Jacob, and J. Penner, Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,895-23,915, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102
    • Tegen, I.1    Hollrig, P.2    Chin, M.3    Fung, I.4    Jacob, D.5    Penner, J.6
  • 99
    • 0034493697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in tropospheric aerosol loads and corresponding impact on direct radiative forcing between 1950 and 1990: A model study
    • Tegen, I., D. Koch, A. A. Lacis, and M. Sato, Trends in tropospheric aerosol loads and corresponding impact on direct radiative forcing between 1950 and 1990: A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26, 971-26,989, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Tegen, I.1    Koch, D.2    Lacis, A.A.3    Sato, M.4
  • 100
    • 0032030046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new source of tropospheric aerosols: Ion-ion recombination
    • Turco, R. P., J.-X. Zhao, and F. Yu, A new source of tropospheric aerosols: Ion-ion recombination, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 635-638, 1998.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 635-638
    • Turco, R.P.1    Zhao, J.-X.2    Yu, F.3
  • 101
    • 0016265165 scopus 로고
    • Pollution and the planetary albedo
    • Twomey, S., Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251 - 1256, 1974.
    • (1974) Atmos. Environ. , vol.8 , pp. 1251-1256
    • Twomey, S.1
  • 102
    • 0023582542 scopus 로고
    • An efficient numerical solution to the stochastic collection equation
    • Tzivion, S., G. Feingold, and Z. Levin, An efficient numerical solution to the stochastic collection equation, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3139-3149, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 3139-3149
    • Tzivion, S.1    Feingold, G.2    Levin, Z.3
  • 103
    • 0024899843 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of raindrop spectra, part II, Collisional collection/breakup and evaporation in a rainshaft
    • Tzivion, S., G. Feingold, and Z. Levin, The evolution of raindrop spectra, part II, Collisional collection/breakup and evaporation in a rainshaft, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3312-3327, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 3312-3327
    • Tzivion, S.1    Feingold, G.2    Levin, Z.3
  • 104
    • 0029543402 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for anthropogenic impact on number concentration and sulfate content of cloud-processed aerosol particles over the North Atlantic
    • Van Dingenen, R., F. Raes, and N. R. Jensen, Evidence for anthropogenic impact on number concentration and sulfate content of cloud-processed aerosol particles over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21, 057-21, 067, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Van Dingenen, R.1    Raes, F.2    Jensen, N.R.3
  • 106
    • 0017560348 scopus 로고
    • Some factors that affect the deposition rates of sulfur dioxide and similar gases on vegetation
    • Wesely, M. L., and B. B. Hicks, Some factors that affect the deposition rates of sulfur dioxide and similar gases on vegetation, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 27, 1110-1116, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , vol.27 , pp. 1110-1116
    • Wesely, M.L.1    Hicks, B.B.2
  • 107
    • 0028372609 scopus 로고
    • Modeling urban and regional aerosols, I, Model development
    • Wexler, A. S., F. W. Lurmann, and J. H. Seinfeld, Modeling urban and regional aerosols, I, Model development, Atmos. Environ., 28, 531-546, 1994.
    • (1994) Atmos. Environ. , vol.28 , pp. 531-546
    • Wexler, A.S.1    Lurmann, F.W.2    Seinfeld, J.H.3
  • 108
    • 0018102737 scopus 로고
    • The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols
    • Whitby, K. T., The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 135-159, 1978.
    • (1978) Atmos. Environ. , vol.12 , pp. 135-159
    • Whitby, K.T.1
  • 109
    • 0031835397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of clouds on aerosol and chemical species production and distribution, part III, Aerosol model description and sensitivity analysis
    • Zhang, Y. P., S. Kreidenweis, and G. R. Taylor, The effects of clouds on aerosol and chemical species production and distribution, part III, Aerosol model description and sensitivity analysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 921-939, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 921-939
    • Zhang, Y.P.1    Kreidenweis, S.2    Taylor, G.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.