The missing climate forcing

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 352, Issue 1350, 1997, Pages 231-240

  Hansen, J ^a   Sato, M ^a   Lacis, A ^a   Ruedy, R ^a  

^a NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE FORCING; CLOUD; RADIATIVE FORCING;

EID: 0030813796     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0018     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Borrmann, S., Solomon, S., Dye, J. E. & Luo, B. 1996 The potential of cirrus clouds for heterogeneous chlorine activation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2133-2136.
2. Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O. & Warren, S. G. 1987 Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature, Lond. 326, 665-661.
3. Charlson, R.J., Langner, J., Rodhe, H., Leovy, C.B. & Warren, S. G. 1991 Perturbation of the Northern Hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, Tellus 43AB, 152-163.
4. Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E ., Hales, J. M., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. A., Hansen, J. E. & Hofmann, D.J. 1992 Climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols, Science, Wash. 255, 423-130.
5. CLIMAP project members 1981 Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Geolog. Soc. Amer. map and chart series MC-36.
6. Grützen, P. J. 1994 Global tropospheric chemistry. In Low temperature chemistry of the atmosphere (ed. G. K. Moortgat et al.), pp. 465-498. Berlin: Springer.
7. Dickinson, R. E. 1985 Climate sensitivity. Adv. Geophys. 28A, 99-129.
8. Guilderson, T. P., Fairbanks, R. G. &. Rubenstone, J. L. 1994 Tropical temperature variations since 20000 years ago: modulating interhemispheric climate change. Science, Wash. 263, 663-665.
9. Hansen, J., Lacis, A., Rind, D., Russell, G., Stone, P., Fung, I., Ruedy, R. & Lerner, J. 1984 Climate sensitivity: analysis of feedback mechanisms. Geophys. Mono. 29, 130-163.
10. Hansen, J., Lacis, A., Ruedy, R., Sato, M. & Wilson, H. 1993 How sensitive is the world's climate? Nat, Geogr. Res. Explor. 9, 142-158.
11. Hansen, J., Rossow, W., Carlson, B., Lacis, A., Travis, L., Del Genio, A., Fung, I., Cairns, B., Mishchenko, M. & Sato, M. 1995a Low-cost long-term monitoring of global climate forcings and feedbacks, Clim. Change 31, 247-271.
12. Hansen, J., Sato, M. & Ruedy, R. 1995b Long-term changes of the diurnal temperature cycle: implications about mechanisms of global climate change. Atmos. Res. 37, 175-209.
13. Hansen, J., Wilson, H., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Shah, K. & Hansen, E. 1995c Satellite and surface temperature data at odds? Clim. Change 30, 103-117.
14. Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M. & Reynolds, R. 1996a Global surface air temperature in 1995: return to pre-Pinatubo level. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1665-1668.
15. Hansen, J. et al. 1996b A Pinatubo climate modeling investigation. In NATO ASI Subseries I Global environment change (ed. G. Fiocco, D. Fua & G. Visconti), pp. 233-272. Berlin : Springer-Verlag.
16. Hansen, J., Sato, M. & Ruedy, R. 1997a Radiative forcing and climate response. J. geophys. Res. (In the press.)
17. Hansen, J. et al. 1997b Forcings and chaos in intcrannual to decadal climate change. J. geophys. Res. (Submitted).
18. Hayes, J. D., Imbrie, J. & Shackleton, N. J. 1976 Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science, Wash. 194, 1121-1132.
19. Haywood, J. M. & Shine, K. P. 1995 The effect of anthropogenic sulphate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 603-606.
20. Hobbs, P. V., Reid, J. S., Kotchenruther, R. A. & Ferok, R. J. 1997 Optical parameters for smoke particles in Brazil and the direct radiative forcing of climate by smoke from biomass burning, Science, Wash. (Submitted).
21. Koffert, M. I. & Covey, C. 1992 Deriving global climate sensitivity from paleoclimate reconstructions. Nature, Lond. 360, 573-576.
22. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1996 Climate change 1995 (ed. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg & K. Maskell). 572 pp. Cambridge University Press.
23. Karl, T. R., Jones, P. D., Knight, R. W. et al. 1993 A new perspective on recent global warming. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 74, 1007-1023.
24. Karl, T. R., Knight, R. W., Kukla, G. & Gavin, G. 1995 Evidence for the radiative effects of anthropogenic sulphate aerosols in the observed climate record. In Aerosol forcing of climate (ed. R. Charlson & J. Heintzenberg), pp. 363-382. John Wiley & Sons.
25. Lacis, A., Hansen, J. & Sato, M. 1992 Climate forcing by stratospheric aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1607-1610.
26. Lean, J., Beer, J. & Bradley, R. 1995 Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: implications for climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 3195-3198.
27. Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Chuang, G., Walton, J.J. & Cachier, H. 1996 A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19411-19432.
28. Lorius, C., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Hansen, J. & Le Treut, H. 1990 The ice-core record: climate sensitivity and future greenhouse warming. Nature, Lond. 347, 139-145.
29. Manabe, S. & Stouffer, R.J. 1996 Low-frequency variability of surface air temperature in a 1000-year integration of a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface model. J. Climate 9, 376-393.
30. Mass, C. & Schneider, S. H. 1978 Statistical evidence on the influence of sunspots and volcanic dust on long-term temperature trends. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 1995-2004.
31. Matthews, E. 1983 Global vegetation and land-use: new high resolution data bases for climate studies. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 22, 474-487.
32. McCormick, M. P., Veiga, R. E. & Chu, W. P. 1992 Stratospheric ozone profile and total ozone trends derived from the SAGE I and SAGE II data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 269-272.
33. Minnis, P., Harrison, E. F., Stowe, L. L., Gibson, G. G., Denn, F. M., Doelling, D. R. & Smith, F. L. 1993 Radiative climate forcing by the Mount Pinatubo eruption. Science, Wash. 259, 1411-1415.
34. Mishchenko, M. I. & Travis, L. D. 1997 Satellite retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean using polarization as well as intensity of reflected sunlight. J. Geophys. Res. (In the press.)
35. Mitchell, J. F. B., Johns, T. C., Gregory, J. M. & Tett, S. F. B. 1995 Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature, Loud. 376, 501-504.
36. Mitchell, J. M. 1961 Recent secular changes of global temperature. Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 95, 235-250.
37. Ogren, J. A. 1995 A systematic approach to in situ observations of aerosol properties. In Aerosol forcing of climate (ed. R. Charlson & J. Heintzenberg), pp. 215-226. John Wiley & Sons.
38. Overpeck, J., Rind, D., Lacis, A. & Healy, R. 1996 Tropospheric aerosols and abrupt climatic change during glacial periods. Nature, Lond. 447-449.
39. Parker, D. E., Wilson, H., Jones, P. D., Christy, J. R. & Folland, G. K. 1996 The impact of Mount Pinatubo on worldwide temperatures. Internat. J. Climatol. 16, 487-497.
40. Penner, J. E., Dickinson, R. E. & O'Neill, C. A. 1992 Effects of aerosol from biomass burning on the global radiation budget. Science, Wash. 256, 1432-1434.
41. Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M. D. & Randel, W. J. 1996 Fingerprint of ozone depletion in the spatial and temporal pattern of recent lower-stratospheric cooling. Nature, Lond. 382, 616-618.
42. Reichardt, J., Ansmann, A., Serwazi, M., Weitkamp, C. & Michaelis, W. 1996 Unexpectedly low ozone concentration in midlatitude tropospheric ice clouds: a case study. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1929-1932.
43. Rind, D. & Peteet, D. 1985 Terrestrial conditions at the last glacial maximum and CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates: are they consistent? Quater. Res. 24, 1-22.
44. Sanier, B. D. et al. 1996 A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Nature, Lond. 382, 39-46.
45. Schrag, D. P., Hampt, G. H. & Murray, D. W. 1996 Pore fluid constraints on the temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of the glacial ocean. Science, Wash. 272, 1930-1932.
46. Self, S. & Rampino, M.R. 1988 The relationship between volcanic eruptions and climatic change : still a conundrum? Eos 69, 74-86.
47. Sokolik, I. N. & Toon, O. B. 1996 Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols. Nature, Lond. 381, 681-683.
48. Spencer, R. W. & Christy, J. R. 1993 Precision lower stratospheric temperature monitoring with the MSU. J. Climate 6, 1194-1204.
49. Tegen, I., Lacis, A. A. & Fung, I. 1996 The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature, Lond. 380, 419-422.