Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere 1. Model development

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 3805-3818

  Gong, S L ^a   Barrie, L A ^a   Blanchet, J P ^b  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC MODEL; MODEL; MODEL DEVELOPMENT; SALT PARTICLES; SEA SALT;

EID: 0030977644     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd02953     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Barrie, L. A., Snow formation and processes in the atmosphere that influence its chemical composition, Seasonal Snowpacks, edited by T. Davies et al., NATO ASI Ser., Ser. G28, 1-20, 1991.
2. Blanchard, D. C., Electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea, in Progress in Oceanography, vol. 1, edited by M. Sears, pp. 73-197. Pergamon, New York, 1963.
3. Blanchard, D. C., The production, distribution, and bacterial enrichment of the sea-salt aerosol, in Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles, edited by P. S. Liss and W. G. N. Slinn, pp. 407-454, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1983.
4. Blanchard, D. C., and A. H. Woodcock, Bubble formation and mod ification in the sea and its meteorological significance, Tellus, 9, 145-158, 1957.
5. Bolin, B., and H. Rodhe, A note on the concepts of age distribution and transit time in natural reservoirs, Tellus, 25, 305-308, 1973.
6. Burk, S. D., The generation, transport, and deposition of marine aerosols, a turbulent modeling study, in Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill, pp. 267-268, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
7. Dingle, A. N., and Y. Lee, An analysis on in-cloud scavenging, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 1295-1302, 1973.
8. Erickson, D. J., and R. A. Duce, On global flux of atmospheric sea salt, J. Geophs. Res., 93(C11), 14,079-14,088, 1988.
9. Exton, H. J., J. Latham, P. M. Park, M. H. Smith, and R. R. Allan, The production and dispersal of maritime aerosol, in Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill, pp. 175-193, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
10. Fairall, C. W., and K. L. Davidson, Dynamics and modeling of aerosols in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, in Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill, pp. 195-208, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
11. Fairall, C. W., and S. E. Larsen, Dry deposition, surface production and dynamics of aerosols in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 18, 69-77, 1983.
12. Fitzgerald, J. M., Marine aerosols: A review, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 25, 533-545, 1991.
13. Fitzgerald, J. M., Numerical simulation of the evolution of the aerosol size distribution in a remote marine boundary layer, in Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, edited by N. Fukuta and P. E. Wagner, pp. 157-160, A. Deepak, Hampton, Va., 1992.
14. Gathman, S. G., A time-dependent oceanic aerosol profile model, NRL Rep. 8536, Natl. Res. Lab., Washington, D. C, 1982.
15. Gelbard, F., and J. H. Seinfeld, Simulation of multicomponent aerosol dynamics, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 78, 485-501, 1980.
16. Gerber, H. E., Relative-humidity parameterization of the Navy aerosol model (NAM), NRL Rep. 8956, Natl. Res. Lab., Washington, D. C., 1985.
17. Giorgi, F., A particle dry-deposition parameterization scheme for use in tracer transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 91(D9), 9794-9806, 1986.
18. Gras, J. L., and G. P. Ayers, Marine aerosol at southern mid-latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 88(C15), 10,661-10,666, 1983.
19. Greenfield, S., Rain scavenging of radioactive particulate matter from the atmosphere, J. Meteorol., 14, 115-125, 1957.
20. Herbert, F., and K. D. Beheng, Scavenging of airborne particles by collision with water drops - Model studies on the combined effect of essential microdynamic mechanisms, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 35, 201-211, 1986.
21. Ikegami, M., K. Okada, Y. Zaizen, and Y. Makino, Sea-salt particles in the upper tropical troposphere, Tellus, Ser. B, 46, 142-151, 1994.
22. Jacobs, W. C., Preliminary report of a study of atmospheric chlorides, Mon. Weather Rev., 65, 147-151, 1937.
23. 6 hydrocarbons during the Polar Sunrise 1992 Experiment: Evidence for Cl atom and Br atom chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D12), 25,355-25,368, 1994.
24. Junge, C. E., Residence time and variability of tropospheric trace gases, Tellus, 26, 477-488, 1974.
25. Kulkarni, M. R., B. B. Adiga, R. K. Kapoor, and V. V. Shirvaikar, Sea salt in coastal air and its deposition on porcelain insulators, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 350-355, 1982.
26. Lepple, F. K., D. S. Bressan, J. B. Hoover, and R. E. Larson, Sea salt aerosol, atmospheric radon and meteorological observations in the western South Atlantic Ocean (February 1981), NRL Memo. Rep., 5153, 1983.
27. Levich, V. G., Physico-chemical Hydrodynamics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962.
28. Lovett, R. F., Quantitative measurement of airborne sea-salt in the North Atlantic, Tellus, 30, 358-363, 1978.
29. Marks, R., Preliminary investigation on the influence of rain on the production, concentration, and vertical distribution of sea salt aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C12), 22,299-22,304, 1990.
30. Marple, V. A., and K. Willeke, Inertial impactor: theory, design and use, in Fine Particles, Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling, and Analysis, edited by B. Y. H. Liu, pp. 411-446, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1976.
31. McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J.-P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare, The Canadian climate centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate, J. Climate. 5, 1013-1044, 1992.
32. McGovern, F. M., A. Krasenbrink, S. G. Jennings, B. Georgi, T. G. Spain, M. Below, and T. C. O'Connor, Mass measurement of aerosol at Mace Head, on the west coast of Ireland, Atmos. Environ., 28(7), 1311-1318, 1994.
33. Monahan, E. C., Oceanic whitecaps, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1, 139-144 1971.
34. Monahan, E. C., D. E. Spiel, and K. L. Davidson, A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption, in Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill, pp. 167-174, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
35. Mozurkiewcz, M., Mechanisms for the release of halogens from sea salt particles by free radical reactions, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 14,199-14,207, 1995.
36. Parungo, F. P., C. T. Nagamoto, J. Rosinski, and P. L. Haagenson, A study of marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 4, 199-226, 1987.
37. Pilat, M. J., Collection of aerosol particles by electrostatic drop spray scrubbers, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 25, 176-178, 1975.
38. Podzimek, J., Advances in marine aerosol research, J. Rech. Atmos., 14, 35-61, 1980.
39. Prospero, J. M., Mineral and sea salt aerosol concentrations in various ocean regions, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 725-730, 1979.
40. Slinn, W. G. N., Precipitation scavenging, in Atmospheric Science and Power Production, edited by D. Randerson, pp. 466-532, Tech. Inf. Cent., Off. of Sci. and Techn. Inf., Dep. of Energy, Washington, D. C., 1984.
41. Slinn, W. G. N., and J. M. Hales, A re-evaluation of the role of thermophoresis as a mechanism of in- and below-cloud scavenging, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1465-1471, 1971.
42. Slinn, S. A., and W. G. N. Slinn, Modeling of atmospheric particulate deposition to natural waters, in Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters, edited by S. J. Eisenreich, pp. 23-53, Ann Arbor Sci., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1981.
43. Stramska, M., Vertical profiles of sea-salt aerosol in the atmospheric surface layer: A numerical model, Acta Geophys. Pol., xxxv(1), 87-100, 1987.
44. Therrien, D., Le modèle de circulation générale atmosphérique Canadien en version colomne: FIZ-C, MSc. thesis, 123 pp., Univ. of Quebec, Montreal, 1993.
45. Toba, Y., On the giant sea-salt particles in the atmosphere, I, General features of the distribution, Tellus, 17, 131-145, 1965a.
46. Toba, Y., On the giant sea-salt particles in the atmosphere, II, Theory of the vertical distribution in the 10-m layer over the ocean, Tellus, 17, 365-382, 1965b.
47. Toba, Y., and M. Chaen, Quantitative expression of the breaking of wind waves on the sea surface, Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jpn., 12, 1-11, 1973.
48. Tsunogai, S., O. Saito, R. Yamada, and S. Nakaya, Chemical composition of oceanic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5283-5291, 1972.
49. Twomey, S., Atmospheric Aerosols, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1977.
50. Wang, P. K., S. N. Grover, and H. R. Pruppacher, On the effect of electric charge on the scavenging of aerosol particles by clouds and small raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1735-1743, 1978.
51. Woodcock, A. H., Salt nuclei in marine air as a function of altitude and wind force, J. Meteorol., 10, 362-371, 1953.
52. Wu, J., Wind stress and surface roughness at air-sea interface, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 444-555, 1969.
53. Wu, J., Whitecaps, bubbles, and spray, in Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill, pp. 113-124, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
54. van Eijk, M. J. Anderson, and G. de Leeuw, Modeling aerosol particle size distribution over the North Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C9), 14,417-14,429, 1992.