Cerebral arachidonate cascade in dementia: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Current Neuropharmacology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 87-100

  Yagami, Tatsurou ^a  

^a HIMEJI DOKKYO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

15 12,14 PGJ2; Alzheimer's disease; Arachidonic acid; Cyclooxygenase; Mixed dementia; PGD2; Phospholipase A2; Prostaglandin; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

15 DEOXY DELTA12,14 PROSTAGLANDIN J2; 3 BENZYL 5 (6 CARBOXYHEXYL) 1 (2 CYCLOHEXYL 2 HYDROXYETHYLAMINO)HYDANTOIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYCLOOXYGENASE 3; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GAMMA SECRETASE; INDOMETACIN; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXAMETACIN; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN A2; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; PROSTAGLANDIN G2; PROSTAGLANDIN H2; PROSTAGLANDIN J2; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; ROFECOXIB; S 2474; THROMBOXANE A2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ASTROCYTE; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CELL ACTIVITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME BINDING; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME REGULATION; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIPOGENESIS; MICROGLIA; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NERVE CELL; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH INJURY; SYMPTOM; UPREGULATION;

EID: 33646024670     PISSN: 1570159X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157015906775203011     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Abe, H., Takeshita, T., Nagata, K., Arita, T., Endo, Y., Fujita, T., Takayama, H., Kubo, M., Sugamura, K. (1999) Molecular cloning, chromosome mapping and characterization of the mouse CRTH2 gene, a putative member of the leukocyte chemoattractant receptor family. Gene 227, 71-77.
2. 2 protects cultured cortical neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate cytotoxicity. Brain Res., 663, 237-243.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. American Psychiatric Association (Washington D.C.), 138-142.
4. 2 mediates ischemic injury in the hippocampus: a regional difference of neuronal vulnerability. Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 2319-2323.
5. 2: its generation and role in platelet activation. Prog. Lipid Res. 28, 273-301.
6. Arnold, S. E., Hyman, B. T., Flory, J., Damasio, A. R., Van Hoesen, G. W. (1991) The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cereb. Cortex 1, 103-116.
7. Black, S. E. (2005) Vascular dementia. Postgrad. Med. 117, 15-24.
8. Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., Roth, M. (1968) The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br. J. Psychiatry 114, 797-811.
9. Boie, Y., Sawyer, N., Slipetz, D. M., Metters, K. M., Abramovitz, M. (1995) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human prostanoid DP receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18910-18916.
10. Boon, A., Lodder, J., Heuts-van Raak, L., Kessels, F. (1994) Silent brain infarcts in 755 consecutive patients with a first-ever supratentorial ischemic stroke. Relationship with index-stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and mortality. Stroke 25, 2384-2390.
11. Breteler, M. M. (2000) Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol. Aging 21, 153-160.
12. Bugiani, O. (2004) Aβ-related cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurol. Sci. 25 Suppl. 1, S1-2.
13. Caggiano, A.O., Kraig, R. P. (1999) Prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in cultured rat microglia and their role in reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1β production. J. Neurochem. 72, 565-575.
14. Candelario-Jalil, E., Alvarez, D., Gonzalez-Falcon, A., Garcia-Cabrera, M., Martinez-Sancez, G., Merino, N., Giuliani, A., Leon, O. S. (2002) Neuroprotective efficacy of nimesulide against hippocampal neuronal damate following transient ischemia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 453, 189-195.
15. Chen, C., Bazan, N.G. (2005) Lipid signaling: Sleep, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Med. 77, 65-76.
16. 2 after transient global forebrain ischemia in the rat. Stroke 27, 527-535.
17. Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261, 921-923.
18. Crider, J. Y., Griffin, B. W., Sharif, N. A. (1999) Prostaglandin DP receptors positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase in embryonic bovine tracheal (EBTr) cells: pharmacological characterization using agonists and antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 127, 204-210.
19. Cui, J.G., Kuroda, H., Chandrasekharan, N.V., Pelaez, R.P., Simmons, D.L., Bazan, N.G., Lukiw, W.J. (2004) Cyclooxygenase-3 gene expression in Alzheimer hippocampus and in stressed human neural cells. Neurochem. Res. 29, 1731-1737.
20. DeCarli, C., Miller, B. L., Swan, G. E., Reed, T., Wolf, P. A., Garner, J., Jack, L., Carmelli, D. (1999) Predictors of brain morphology for the men of the NHLBI twins tudy. Stroke 30, 529-536.
21. Deininger, M.H., Schluesenger, H.J. (1999) Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 are differentially localized to microglia and endothelium in rate EAE and glioma. J. Neuroimmunol. 95, 202-208.
22. de la Torre, JC. (2002) Vascular basis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 977, 196-215.
23. Ditter, S. M., Mirra, S. S. (1987) Neuropathologic and clinical features of Parkinson's disease in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurology 37, 754-760.
24. 2 in neurodegeneration. Neurochem. Int. 30, 517-522.
25. Feng, L., Sun, W., Xia, Y., Tang, W.W., Chanmugam, P., Soyoola, E., Wilson, C. B., Hwang, D. (1993) Cloning two isoforms of rat cyclooxygenase: differential regulation of their expression. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 307, 361-368.
26. Fernandez-Vizarra, P., Fernandez, A. P., Castro-Blanco, S., Serrano, J., Bentura, M. L., Martinez-Murillo, R., Martinez, A., Rodrigo, J. (2004) Intra- and extracellular Aβ and PHF in clinically evaluated cases of Alzheimer's disease. Histol. Histopathol. 19, 823-844.
27. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11713-11718.
28. 2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPARγ. Cell 83, 803-812.
29. Fratiglioni, L., De Ronchi, D., Aguero-Torres, H. (1999) Worldwide prevalence and incidence of dementia. Drugs Aging 5, 365-375.
30. Gao, H., Peng, B., Welch, W. J., Wilcox, C. (1997) Central thromboxane receptors: mRNA expression and mediation of pressor responses. Am. J. Physiol., 272, R1493-R1500.
31. Gaudet, R. J., Alam, I., Levine, L. (1980) Accumulation of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism in gerbil brain during reperfusion after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. J. Neurochem. 35, 653-658.
32. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39823-39826.
33. Gerashchenko, D., Beuckmann, C. T., Kanaoka, Y., Eguchi, N., Gordon, W. C., Urade, Y., Bazan, N. G., Hayaishi, O. (1998) Dominant expression of rat prostanoid DP receptor mRNA in leptomeninges, inner segments of photoreceptor cells, iris epithelium, and ciliary processes. J. Neurochem. 71, 937-945.
34. 2 in excitotoxicity and preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 517, 17-27.
35. Gesztelyi, G, Finnegan, W., DeMaro, J. A., Wang, J. Y., Chen, J. L., Fenstermacher, J. (1993) Parenchymal microvascular systems and cerebral atrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res. 611, 249-257.
36. 2 from cytosol to the nuclear envelope in rat basophilic leukemia cells stimulated with calcium ionophore or IgE/antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15359-15367.
37. Gouras, G. K., Tsai, J., Naslund, J., Vincent, B., Edgar, M., Checler, F., Greenfield, J. P., Haroutunian, V., Buxbaum, J. D., Xu, H., Greengard, P., Relkin, N. R. (2000) Intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation in human brain. Am. J. Pathol., 156, 15-20.
38. Gryglewski, R.J. (1979) Prostacyclin as a circulatory hormone. Biochem. Pharmacol. 28, 3161-3166.
39. Haan, M. N., Shemanski, L., Jagust, W. J., Manolio, T. A., Kuller, L. (1999) The role of APOE ε4 in modulating effects of other risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282, 40-46.
40. Hallenbeck, J. M. (1994) Blood-damaged tissue interaction in experimental brain ischemia. Acta Neurochir. 60, 233-237.
41. Hansen, L., Salmon, D., Galasko, D., Masliah, E., Katzman, R., DeTeresa, R., Thal, L., Pay, M. M., Hofstetter, R., Klauber, M., (1990) The Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical and pathologic entity. Neurology 40, 1-8.
42. Hara, S., Miyata, A., Yokoyama, C., Inoue, H., Brugger, R., Lottspeich, F., Ullrich, V., Tanabe, T. (1994) Isolation and molecular cloning of prostacyclin synthase from bovine endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 19897-19903.
43. +-dependent glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal astrocyte cultures. J. Neurochem, 67, 277-286.
44. Hata, A. N., Zent, R., Breyer, M. D., Breyer, R. M. (2003) Expression and molecular pharmacology of the mouse CRTH2 receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306, 463-470.
45. Headley, P. M., Grillner, S. (1990) Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 205-211.
46. 2 selectively induces chemotaxis in T helper type 2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils via seven-transmembrane receptor CRTH2. J. Exp. Med. 193, 255-261.
47. Hirata, M., Kakizuka, A., Aizawa, M., Ushikubi, F., Narumiya, S. (1994) Molecular characterization of a mouse prostaglandin D receptor and functional expression of the cloned gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11192-11196.
48. Hsiao, K., Chapman, P., Nilsen, S., Eckman, C., Harigaya, Y., Younkin, S., Yang, F., Cole, G. (1996) Correlative memory deficits, Aβ elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Science 274, 99-102.
49. Hwang, D. Y., Chae, K. R., Kang, T. S., Hwang, J. H., Lim, C. H., Kang, H. K., Goo, J. S., Lee, M. R., Lim, H. J., Min, S. H., Cho, J. Y., Hong, J. T., Song, C. W., Paik, S. G., Cho, J. S., Kim, Y. K. (2002) Alterations in behavior, amyloid β-42, caspase-3, and Cox-2 in mutant PS2 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 16, 805-813.
50. Iadecola, C., Forster, C., Nogawa, S., Clark, H. B., Ross, M. E. (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity in the human brain following cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 98, 9-14.
51. Iadecola, C., Sugimoto, K., Niwa, K., Kazama, K., Ross, M.E. (2001) Increased susceptibility to ischemic brain injury in cyclooxygenase-1 deficient mice. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21, 1436-1441.
52. Iadecola, C., Niwa, K., Nogawa, S., Zhao, M., Nagayama, M., Araki, E., Morham, S., Ross, M. E. (2001) Reduced susceptibility to ischemic brain injury and N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neurotoxicity in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1294-1299.
53. Inestrosa, N.C., Godoy, J.A., Quintanilla, R.A., Koenig, C.S., Bronfman, M. (2005) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is expressed in hippocampal neurons and its activation prevents β-amyloid neurodegeneration: role of Wnt signaling. Exp. Cell Res. 304, 91-104.
54. in't Veld, B. A., Ruitenberg, A., Hofman, A. Stricker, B. H., Breteler, M. M. (2001) Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol. Aging 22, 407-412.
55. Iwamoto, N., Kobayashi, K., Kosaka, K. (1989) The formation of prostaglandins in the postmortem cerebral cortex of Alzheimer-type dementia patients. J. Neurol. 236, 80-84.
56. Jang, J. H., Surh, Y. J. (2005) β-amyloid-induced apoptosis is associated with cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase-NF-κB signaling pathway. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 38, 1604-1613.
57. Johnson, J. K., Head, E., Kim, R., Starr, A., Cotman, C. W. (1999) Clinical and pathological evidence for a frontal variant of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 56, 1233-1239.
58. Kalmijn, S., Launer, L. J., Lindemans, J., Bots, M. L., Hofman, A., Breteler, M. M. (1999) Total homocysteine and cognitive decline in a community-based sample of elderly subjects: the Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150, 283-289.
59. Kaufmann, W. E., Worley, P. F., Pegg, J., Bremer, M., Isakson, P. (1996) COX-2, a synaptically induced enzyme, is expressed by excitatory neurons at postsynaptic sites in rat cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 2317-2321.
60. Kimura, S., Saito, H., Minami, M., Togashi, H., Nakamura, N., Nemoto, M., Parvez, H. S. (2000) Pathogenesis of vascular dementia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicology 153, 167-78.
61. Kliewer, S. A., Lenhard, J. M., Willson, T. M., Patel, I., Morris, D. C. and Lehmann, J. M. (1998) A prostaglandin J metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Cell 93, 813-819.
62. 2 and glutamate on inducing cell death and sustained arachidonic acid metabolic changes in primary cortical cultures. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32722-32726.
63. 2 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by soluble oligomers of the amyloid-β peptide. FASEB J. 19, 85-87.
64. Lambert, M. P., Barlow, A. K., Chromy, B. A., Edwards, C., Freed, R., Liosatos, M., Morgan, T. E., Rozovsky, I., Trommer, B., Viola, K. L., Wals, P., Zhang, C., Finch, C. E., Krafft, G. A., Klein, W. L. (1998) Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Aβ1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6448-6453.
65. Launer, L. (2003) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: dissecting the epidemiological evidence. Drugs 63, 731-739.
66. 2-mediated neuroprotection against TNF-α: possible involvement of multiple signal transduction and β-catenin/T-cell factor. J. Neuroimmunol. 155, 21-31.
67. Lee, S. F., Shah, S., Yu, C., Wigley, W. C., Li, H., Lim, M., Pedersen, K., Han, W., Thomas, P., Lundkvist, J., Hao, Y. H., Yu, G. (2004) A conserved GXXXG motif in APH-1 is critical for assembly and activity of the γ-secretase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4144-4152.
68. Levy, E., Carman, M. D., Fernandez-Madrid, I. J., Power, M. D., Lieberburg, I., van Duinen, S. G., Bots, G. T., Luyendijk, W., Frangione, B. (1990) Mutation of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid gene in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage, Dutch type. Science 248, 1124-1126.
69. Levy-Lahad, E., Wasco, W., Poorkaj, P., Romano, D. M., Oshima, J., Pettingell, W. H., Yu, C. E., Jondro, P. D., Schmidt, S. D., Wang, K., Crowley, A. C., Fu, Y. H., Guenette, S. Y. Galas, D., Nemens, E., Wijisman, E. M., Bird, T. D., Schellenberg, G. D. and Tanzi, R. E. (1995) Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer's disease locus. Science 269, 973-977.
70. Li, Y., Sharov, V. G., Jiang, N., Zaloga, C., Sabbah, H. N., Chopp, M. (1995) Ultrastructural and light microscopic evidence of apoptosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1045-1051.
71. Li, Y. M., Xu, M., Lai, M. T., Huang, Q., Castro, J. L., DiMuzio-Mower, J., Harrison, T., Lellis, C., Nadin, A., Neduvelil, J. G., Register, R. B., Sardana, M. K., Shearman, M. S., Smith, A. L., Shi, X. P., Yin, K. C., Shafer, J. A., Gardell, S. J. (2000) Photoactivated gamma-secretase inhibitors directed to the active site covalently label presenilin 1. Nature 405, 689-694.
72. 2 mediates neuronal protection via the DP1 receptor. J. Neurochem. 92, 477-986.
73. 2 is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase. Cell 72, 269-278.
74. 2 in reactive astrocytes in response to transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 90, 637-645.
75. Massoud, F., Devi, G., Stern, Y., Lawton, A., Goldman, J. E., Liu, Y., Chin, S. S., Mayeux, R. (1999) A clinicopathological comparison of community-based and clinic-based cohorts of patients with dementia. Arch. Neurol. 56, 1368-1373.
76. Manolio, T. A., Burke, G. L., O'Leary, D. H., Evans, G., Beauchamp, N., Knepper, L., Ward B. (1999) Relationships of cerebral MRI findings to ultrasonographic carotid atherosclerosis in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 356-365.
77. 2 receptor in cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci. 24, 257-268.
78. McDowell I. (2001) Alzheimer's disease: insights from epidemiology. Aging (Milano), 13, 143-162.
79. McGeer, P.L (2000) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors relational and therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging 17, 1-11.
80. Meldrum, B. S. (2000) Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J. Nutr. 130, 1007S-1015S.
81. Mentis, M. J., Salerno, J., Horwitz, B., Grady, C., Schapiro, M. B., Murphy, D. G., Rapoport, S. I. (1994) Reduction of functional neuronal connectivity in long-term treated hypertension. Stroke 25, 601-607.
82. Mitchell, J. A., Warner, T. D. (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2: pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry and relevance to NSAID therapy. Br. J. Pharmacol. 128, 1121-1132.
83. Miyao, S., Takano, A., Teramoto, J., Takahashi, A. (1992) Leukoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke 23, 1434-1438.
84. 2 are expressed in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 258, 139-142.
85. 2 levels in patients with probable AD. Neurology 53, 1495-1498.
86. Morris, R. G., Moser, E. I., Riedel, G., Martin, S. J., Sandin, J., Day, M., O'Carroll, C. (2003) Elements of a neurobiological theory of the hippocampus: the role of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in memory. Philos. Transact.: Biol. Sci. 358, 773-786.
87. 2. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 17, 225-283.
88. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 19145-19155.
89. 2. J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 131, 285-292.
90. 2s and cyclooxygenases in immediate and delayed prostanoid biosynthetic pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3103-3115.
91. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39653-39660.
92. Narumiya S. (1996) Prostanoid receptors and signal transduction. Prog. Brain Res. 113, 231-241.
93. Narumiya, S., FitzGerald, G. A. (2001) Genetic and pharmacological analysis of prostanoid receptor function. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 25-30.
94. Needleman, P., Turk, J., Jakschik, B. A., Morrison, A. R., Lefkowith, J. B. (1986) Arachidonic acid metabolism. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 69-102.
95. 2 from prostaglandin endoperoxides. Nature 261, 558-560.
96. Negishi, M., Sugimoto, Y., Ichikawa, A. (1995) Prostaglandin E receptors. J. Lipid Med. Cell Signal. 12, 379-391.
97. Niwa, K., Haensel, C., Ross, M.E., Iadecola, C. (2001) Cyclooxygenase-1 participants in selected vasodilator responses of the cerebral circulation. Circ. Res. 88, 600-608.
98. Nogawa, S., Zhang, F., Ross, M.E., Iadecola, C. (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in neurons contributes to ischemic brain damage. J. Neurosci. 17, 2746-2755.
99. Nunan J, Small DH. (2002) Proteolytic processing of the amyloid-beta protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease. Essays Biochem. 38, 37-49.
100. Nunomura A, Perry G, Aliev G, Hirai K, Takeda A, Balraj EK, Jones PK, Ghanbari H, Wataya T, Shimohama S, Chiba S, Atwood CS, Petersen RB, Smith MA. (2001) Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60, 759-767.
101. Ohno, K., Sakai, T., Fukushima, M., Narumiya, S., Fujiwara, M. (1988) Site and mechanisms of growth inhibition by prostaglandins IV. Effect of cyclopentenone prostaglandins on cell progression of G1-enriched Hela S3 cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245, 294-299.
102. 2 in rat cultured astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 9956-9960.
103. Ott, A., Breteler, M. M., van Harskamp, F., Claus, J. J., van der Cammen, T. J., Grobbee, D. E., Hofman, A. (1995) Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The Rotterdam study. Br. Med. J. 310, 970-973.
104. Ott, A., Stolk, R. P., Hofman, A., van Harskamp, F., Grobbee, D. E., Breteler, M. M. (1996) Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 39, 1392-1397.
105. Ott, A., Slooter, A. J., Hofman, A., van Harskamp, F., Witteman, J. C., Van Broeckhoven, C., van Duijn, C. M., Breteler, M. M. (1998) Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort study: the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 351, 1840-1843.
106. 2 and the increased gene expression in the dentete gyrus following transient forebrain ischemia. Mol. Brain Res. 25, 364-368.
107. Paola, D., Domenicotti, C., Nitti, M., Vitali, A., Borghi, R., Cottalasso, D., Zaccheo, D., Odetti P., Strocchi, P., Marinari, U. M., Tabaton, M., Pronzato, M. A. (2000) Oxidative stress induces increase in intracellular amyloid β-protein production and selective activation of βI and βII PKCs in NT2 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268, 642-646.
108. Pasinetti, G.M., Aisen, P.S. (1998). Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is increased in frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuroscience 87, 319-324.
109. Pei, J. J., Tanaka, T., Tung, Y. C., Braak, E., lqbal, K., Grundke- Iqbal, I. (1997) Distribution, levels, and activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the Alzheimer disease brain. J. Neurapathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 70-78.
110. Phillis, J. W., O'Regan, M. H. (2003) The role of phospholipases, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases in cerebral ischemic/traumatic injuries. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 15, 61-90.
111. Pratico D, Rokach J, Tangirala RK. (1999) Brains of aged apolipoprotein E-deficient mice have increased levels of F2- isoprostanes, in vivo markers of lipid peroxidation. J. Neurochem. 73, 736-741.
112. 2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence of enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo. FASEB J. 12, 1777-1783.
113. Pratico, D., Delanty, N. (2000) Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. 109, 577-585.
114. Rapoport, M., Ferreira, A. (2000) PD98059 prevents neurite degeneration induced by fibrillar beta-amyloid in mature hippocampal neurons. J. Neurochem. 74, 125-133.
115. Rogers, J., Kirby, L.C., Hempelman, S.R., Berry, D.L., Mcgeer, P.L., Kaszniak, A.W., Zalinski, J., Cofield, M., Mansukhani, L., Willson, P., Kogan, F. (1993). Clinical Trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43, 1609-1611.
116. 2, a specific ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g, induces neuronal apoptosis. Neuroreport 12, 839-843.
117. Sairanen, T., Ristimk̈i, A., Kaijalainen-Lindsberg, M.-L., Paetau, A., Kaste, M., Lindsberg, P. (1998) Cyclooxygenase-2 is induced globally in infarcted human brain. Annu. Neurol. 43, 738-747.
118. Salerno, J. A., Murphy, D. G., Horwitz, B., DeCarli, C., Haxby, J. V., Rapoport, S. I., Schapiro, MB. (1992) Brain atrophy in hypertension. A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Hypertension 20, 340-348.
119. Sanchez-Moreno, C., Dashe, J.F., Scott, T., Thaler, D., Folstein, M.F., Martin, A. (2004) Decreased levels of plasma vitamin C and increased concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers after stroke. Stroke 35, 163-168.
120. Satoh T., Ishikawa Y., Kataoka Y., Cui Y., Yanase H., Kato K., Watanabe Y., Nakadate K., Matsumura K., Hatanaka H., Kataoka K., Noyori R., Suzuki M. (1999) CNS-specific prostacyclin ligands as neuronal survival-promoting factors in the brain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 113, 3115-3124.
121. Satoh, K., Nagano, Y., Shimomura, C., Suzuki, N., Saeki, Y., Yokota, H. (2000) Expression of prostaglandin E synthase mRNA is induced in β-amyloid treated rat astrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 283, 221-223.
122. Schehr, R. S. (1996) New treatments for acute stroke. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 1549-1554.
123. 2 to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 30749-30754.
124. Schellenberg, G. D., Bird, T. D., Wijsman, E. M., Orr, H. T., Anderson, L., Nemens, E., White, J. A., Bonnycastle, L., Weber, J. L., Alonso, M. E., Potter, H., Heston, L. L., Martin, G. M. (1992) Genetic linkage evidence for a familial Alzheimers disease locus on chromosome 14. Science 258, 668-71.
125. Selkoe, D. J. (1991) The molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 6, 487-498.
126. Selkoe, D. J. (1994) Alzheimer's disease: a central role for amyloid. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neural. 53, 438-447.
127. Shie, F. S., Montine, K. S., Breyer, R. M., Montine, T. J. (2005) Microglial EP2 as a new target to increase amyloid β phagocytosis and decrease amyloid β -induced damage to neurons. Brain Pathol. 15, 134-138.
128. 2 to rat brain synaptic membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13570-13575.
129. 2 enzymes: classification and characterization. Biochim. Biaphys. Acta 1488, 1-19.
130. Sonkusare, S. K., Kaul, C. L., Ramarao P. (2005) Dementia of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders- memantine, a new hope Pharmacol. Res. 51, 1-17.
131. Streifler, J. Y., Eliasziw, M., Benavente, O. R., Alamowitch, S., Fox, A. J., Hachinski, V. C., Barnett, H. J. (2002) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group.Prognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 33, 1651-1655.
132. 2) immunoreactivity is elevated in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 3, 51-63.
133. Sundararajan, S., Garaboa, J.L., Victor, N.A., Wanderi, E.W., Lust, W.D., Landreth, G.E. (2005) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands reduce inflammation and infarction size in transient focal ischemia. Neuroscience 130, 685-696.
134. Takahashi, R. H., Almeida, C. G., Kearney, P. F., Yu, F., Lin, M. T., Milner, T. A., Gouras, G. K. (2004) Oligomerization of Alzheimer's β-amyloid within processes and synapses of cultured neurons and brain. J. Neurosci. 24, 3592-3599.
135. Takechi, H., Matsumura, K., Watanabe, Y., Kato, K., Noyori, R., Suzuki, M. (1996) A novel subtype of the prostacyclin receptor expressed in the central nervous system. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5901-5906.
136. Takashima, A., Noguchi, K., Sato, K., Hoshino, T., Imahori, K. (1993) Tau protein kinase I is essential for amyloid β-protein- induced neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7789-7793.
137. 2 activity in the prefrontal cortex. Neurochem. Int. 37, 17-31.
138. Tomimoto, H., Shibata, M., Ihara, M., Akiguchi, I., Ohtani, R., Bucka, H. (2002) A comparative study on the expression of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenaseduring cerebral ischemia in humans. Acta Neurapathol. (Berl), 104, 601-607.
139. Trommer, B. L., Shah, C., Yuri, S. H., Gamkrelidze, G., Pasternak, E. S., Blaine, Stine W., Manelli, A., Sullivan, P., Pasternak, J. F., LaDu, M. J. (2005) ApoE isoform-specific effects on LTP: blockade by oligomeric amyloid- β1 -42. Neurobiol. Dis. 18, 75-82.
140. Ueda, K., Fukui, Y., Kageyama, H. (1994) Amyloid β protein-induced neuronal cell death: neurotoxic properties of aggregated amyloid β protein. Brain Res. 639, 240-244.
141. Ueda, K., Yagami, T., Kageyama, H., Kawasaki, K. (1996) Protein kinase inhibitor attenuates apoptotic cell death induced by amyloid β protein in culture of the rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett. 203, 175-178.
142. 2+ channels: A possible involvement of free radicals. J. Neurochem. 68, 265-271.
143. Urade, Y., Eguchi, N. (2002) Lipocalin-type and hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthases as a novel example of functional convergence. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69, 375-382.
144. Umemura, K., Kawai, H., Ishihara, H. Nakashima, M. (1995) Inhibitory effect of clopidogrel, vapiprost and argatroban on the middle cerebral artery thrombosis in the rat. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 67, 253-258.
145. 2 in the pathobiology of disease. Lab. Invest. 55, 391-404.
146. 2. Cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression of two novel mouse group II enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31195-31202.
147. van Kooten, F., Ciabattoni, G., Koudstaal, P.J., Grobbee, D.E., Kluft, C., Patrono, C. (1999) Increased thromboxane biosynthesis is associated with poststroke dementia. Stroke 30, 1542-1547.
148. Walshm. D. M., Klyubin, I., Fadeeva, J. V., Cullen, W. K., Anwyl, R., Wolfe, M. S., Rowan, M. J., Selkoe, D. J. (2002) Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 416, 535-539.
149. Watanabe, K. (2002) Prostaglandin F synthase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69, 401-407.
150. 2α in postmortem human brain. Brain Res. 342, 110-116.
151. Winchester, S. K., Imamura, T., Gross, G. A., Muglia, L. M., Vogt, S. K., Wright, J., Watanabe, K., Tai, H. H., Muglia, L. J. (2002) Coordinate regulation of prostaglandin metabolism for induction of parturition in mice. Endocrinology 143, 2593-2598.
152. Wisniewski, T., Frangione, B. (1996) Molecular biology of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars), 56, 267-279.
153. Wong, P.T., McGeer PL, McGeer, E.G. (1992) Decreased prostaglandin synthesis in postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 21, 197-202.
154. 2 is suggested by distribution studies of the rat DP prostanoid receptor. Eur. J.Pharmacol. 377, 101-115.
155. Xiang, Z., Ho, L., Valdellon, J., Borchelt, D., Kelley, K., Spielman, L., Aisen, P. S., Pasinetti, G. M. (2002) Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and cell cycle activity in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Neurobiol. Aging 23, 327-334.
156. Xu, S., Venge, P. (2000) Lipocalins as biochemical markers of disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1482, 298-307.
157. Yagami, T. Ueda, K. Asakura, K. Sakaeda T., Kuroda T., Hata, S., Kambayashi, Y., Fujimoto, M. (2001) Effects of S-2474, a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on amyloid β protein-induced neuronal cell death. Br. J. Pharmacol. 134, 673-681.
158. Yagami, T., Ueda, K., Asakura, K., Kuroda, T., Hats, S., Sakaeda, T., Kambayashi, Y., Fujimoto, M. (2002) Effects of endothelin B receptor agonists on amyloid β protein-induced neuronal cell death. Brain Res. 948, 72-81.
159. Yagami, T., Ueda, K., Asakura, K., Sakaeda, T., Nakazato, H., Kuroda, T., Hats, S., Sakaguchi, G., Itoh, N., Kambayashi, Y., Tsuzuki H. (2002) Gas6 rescues cortical neurons from amyloid β protein-induced apoptosis. Neuropharmacology 43, 1289-1296.
160. 2 rescues cortical neurons from amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis. Brain Res. 959, 328-335.
161. Yagami, T., Ueda, K., Sakaeda, T., Itoh, N., Sakaguchi, G., Noboru, O., Hori, Y., Fujimoto M. (2004) Protective effects of a selective L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker, S-312d, on neuronal cell death. Biochem. Pharmacol. 67, 1153-1165.
162. 2 induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis. Mol. Pharmacol. 61, 114-126.
163. 2+ channel. J Neurochem. 85, 749-758.
164. 2 induces cell death in cultured cortical neurons: A possible involvement of its binding sites. Brain Res. 949, 197-201.
165. 2+ channel. Brain Res. 960, 71-80.
166. 2 induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis. J. Neurochem. 81, 449-461.
167. 2 in the rat striatum. Neurobiol. Dis. 16, 481-489.
168. 2, in plasma membranes from primary rat cortical neurons. Exp. Cell Res. 291, 212-227.
169. 2 from rat brain. J. Neurochem. 73, 1278-1287.
170. Yamagata, K., Andreasson, K.I., Kaufmann, W.E., Barnes, C.A., Worley, P.F. (1993) Expression of a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in brain neurons: Regulation by synaptic activity and glucocorticoids. Neuron 11, 371-386.
171. Yokota, C., Kaji, T., Kuge, Y., Inoue, H., Tamaki, N., Minematsu, K. (2004) Temporal and topographic profiles of cyclooxygenase-2 expression during 24 h of focal brain ishemia in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 357, 219-222.
172. Younkin, S. G. (1995) Evidence that Aβ42 is the real culprit in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 37, 287-288.