Intracellular cholesterol transport

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1150-1160

  Soccio, Raymond E ^a   Breslow, Jan L ^a  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cholesterol metabolism; Intracellular cholesterol transport; START proteins

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; CARRIER PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; LIVER X RECEPTOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; OXYSTEROL; STEROID; STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN; STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN RELATED LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CATABOLISM; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL ORGANELLE; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ESTERIFICATION; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; HOMEOSTASIS; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CARRIER PROTEINS; CELL MEMBRANE; CHOLESTEROL; CYTOSOL; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOSOMES; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR FLUID; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES; LYSOSOMES; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MITOCHONDRIA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 3042853044     PISSN: 10795642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000131264.66417.d5     Document Type: Short Survey

References (133)

1. Vance DE, Van den Bosch H. Cholesterol in the year 2000. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529:1-8.
2. Repa JJ, Mangelsdorf DJ. The liver X receptor gene team: potential new players in atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2002;8:1243-1248.
3. Maxfield FR, Wustner D. Intracellular cholesterol transport. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:891-898.
4. Miller WL, Strauss JF, 3rd. Molecular pathology and mechanism of action of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1999;69:131-141.
5. Prinz W. Cholesterol trafficking in the secretory and endocytic systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2002;13:197-203.
6. van Meer G. Caveolin, cholesterol, and lipid droplets? J Cell Biol. 2001;152:F29-34.
7. Feng B, Yao PM, Li Y, Devlin CM, Zhang D, Harding HP, Sweeney M, Rong JX, Kuriakose G, Fisher EA, Marks AR, Ron D, Tabas I. The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;5:781-792.
8. Liscum L, Munn NJ. Intracellular cholesterol transport. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1438:19-37.
9. Lange Y, Ye J, Rigney M, Steck TL. Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol by plasma membrane cholesterol. J Lipid Res. 1999;40:2264-2270.
10. Lange Y, Strebel F, Steck TL. Role of the plasma membrane in cholesterol esterification in rat hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem. 1993;268: 13838-13843.
11. Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:1125-1131.
12. Yang T, Espenshade PJ, Wright ME, Yabe D, Gong Y, Aebersold R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Crucial step in cholesterol homeostasis: sterols promote binding of SCAP to INSIG-1, a membrane protein that facilitates retention of SREBPs in ER. Cell. 2002;110:489-500.
13. Brown AJ, Sun L, Feramisco JD, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Cholesterol addition to ER membranes alters conformation of SCAP, the SREBP escort protein that regulates cholesterol metabolism. Mol Cell. 2002;10: 237-245.
14. Sever N, Yang T, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, DeBose-Boyd RA. Accelerated degradation of HMG CoA reductase mediated by binding of insig-1 to its sterol-sensing domain. Mol Cell. 2003;11:25-33.
15. Bae SH, Lee JN, Fitzky BU, Seong J, Paik YK. Cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, expression, chromosomal localization, and regulation of rat 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, a Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome-related protein. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:14624-14631.
16. Phillips JE, Johnson WJ. Efflux and plasma transport of biosynthetic sterols. In: Chang TY, Freeman DA, eds. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.
17. Reinhart MP, Billheimer JT, Faust JR, Gaylor JL. Subcellular localization of the enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism in rat liver. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:9649-9655.
18. Kovacs WJ, Olivier LM, Krisans SK. Central role of peroxisomes in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res. 2002;41:369-391.
19. Kovacs WJ, Shackelford JE, Tape KN, Richards MJ, Faust PL, Fliesler SJ, Krisans SK. Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis in a peroxisome-deficient PEX2 knockout mouse model. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24:1-13.
20. Hogenboom S, Romeijn GJ, Houten SM, Baes M, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. Absence of functional peroxisomes does not lead to deficiency of enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. J Lipid Res. 2002;43:90-98.
21. Lusa S, Heino S, Ikonen E. Differential mobilization of newly synthesized cholesterol and biosynthetic sterol precursors from cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:19844-19851.
22. Lange Y, Echevarria F, Steck TL. Movement of zymosterol, a precursor of cholesterol, among three membranes in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:21439-21443.
23. Seedorf U, Ellinghaus P, Roch Nofer J. Sterol carrier protein-2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1486:45-54.
24. Gallegos AM, Atshaves BP, Storey SM, Starodub O, Petrescu AD, Huang H, McIntosh AL, Martin GG, Chao H, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Gene structure, intracellular localization, and functional roles of sterol carrier protein-2. Prog Lipid Res. 2001;40:498-563.
25. Starodub O, Jolly CA, Atshaves BP, Roths JB, Murphy EJ, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Sterol carrier protein-2 localization in endoplasmic reticulum and role in phospholipid formation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000;279:C1259-1269.
26. Schroeder F, Zhou M, Swaggerty CL, Atshaves BP, Petrescu AD, Storey SM, Martin GG, Huang H, Helmkamp GM, Ball JM. Sterol carrier protein-2 functions in phosphatidylinositol transfer and signaling. Biochemistry. 2003;42:3189-3202.
27. Murphy EJ. Sterol carrier protein-2: not just for cholesterol any more. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;239:87-93.
28. Atshaves BP, Storey SM, Schroeder F. Sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x expression differentially alters fatty acid metabolism in L-cell fibroblasts. J Lipid Res. 2003.
29. Porter FD. Malformation syndromes due to inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:715-724.
30. Fuchs M, Hafer A, Munch C, Kannenberg F, Teichmann S, Scheibner J, Stange EF, Seedorf U. Disruption of the sterol carrier protein 2 gene in mice impairs biliary lipid and hepatic cholesterol metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:48058-48065.
31. DeGrella RF, Simoni RD. Intracellular transport of cholesterol to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:14256-14262.
32. Urbani L, Simoni RD. Cholesterol and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein take separate routes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:1919-1923.
33. Kaplan MR, Simoni RD. Transport of cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol. 1985;101:446-453.
34. Heino S, Lusa S, Somerharju P, Ehnholm C, Olkkonen VM, Ikonen E. Dissecting the role of the Golgi complex and lipid rafts in biosynthetic transport of cholesterol to the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:8375-8380.
35. Putney JW, Jr. "Kissin' cousins": intimate plasma membrane-ER interactions underlie capacitative calcium entry. Cell. 1999;99:5-8.
36. Puglielli L, Rigotti A, Amigo L, Nunez L, Greco AV, Santos MJ, Nervi F. Modulation of intrahepatic cholesterol trafficking: evidence by in vivo antisense treatment for the involvement of sterol carrier protein-2 in newly synthesized cholesterol transport into rat bile. Biochem J. 1996; 317(Pt 3):681-687.
37. Liu P, Rudick M, Anderson RG. Multiple functions of caveolin-1. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:41295-41298.
38. Smart EJ, Ying Y, Donzell WC, Anderson RG. A role for caveolin in transport of cholesterol from endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:29427-29435.
39. Uittenbogaard A, Ying Y, Smart EJ. Characterization of a cytosolic heat-shock protein-caveolin chaperone complex. Involvement in cholesterol trafficking. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:6525-6532.
40. Uittenbogaard A, Everson WV, Matveev SV, Smart EJ. Cholesteryl ester is transported from caveolae to internal membranes as part of a caveolin-annexin II lipid-protein complex. J Biol Chem. 2002;277: 4925-4931.
41. Moreno M, Molina H, Amigo L, Zanlungo S, Arrese M, Rigotti A, Miquel JF. Hepatic overexpression of caveolins increases bile salt secretion in mice. Hepatology. 2003;38:1477-1488.
42. Chang TY, Chang CC, Cheng D. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase. Annu Rev Biochem. 1997;66:613-638.
43. Yeaman SJ. Hormone-sensitive lipase - new roles for an old enzyme. Biochem J. 2004;Pt.
44. Ghosh S. Cholesteryl ester hydrolase in human monocyte/macrophage: cloning, sequencing, and expression of full-length cDNA. Physiol Genomics. 2000;2:1-8.
45. Ghosh S, Mallonee DH, Hylemon PB, Grogan WM. Molecular cloning and expression of rat hepatic neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995;1259:305-312.
46. Tabas I. Consequences of cellular cholesterol accumulation: basic concepts and physiological implications. J Clin Invest. 2002;110: 905-911.
47. Ghosh S, St Clair RW, Rudel LL. Mobilization of cytoplasmic CE droplets by overexpression of human macrophage cholesteryl ester hydrolase. J Lipid Res. 2003;44:1833-1840.
48. Wiegand V, Chang TY, Strauss JF, 3rd, Fahrenholz F, Gimpl G. Transport of plasma membrane-derived cholesterol and the function of Niemann-Pick C1 Protein. FASEB J. 2003;17:782-784.
49. Shen WJ, Patel S, Natu V, Hong R, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. Interaction of hormone-sensitive lipase with steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: Facilitation of cholesterol transfer in adrenal. J Biol Chem. 2003.
50. Field FJ, Born E, Murthy S, Mathur SN. Transport of cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane is constitutive in CaCo-2 cells and differs from the transport of plasma membrane cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Lipid Res. 1998;39:333-343.
51. Zha X, Pierini LM, Leopold PL, Skiba PJ, Tabas I, Maxfield FR. Sphingomyelinase treatment induces ATP-independent endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 1998;140:39-47.
52. Byers DM, Morgan MW, Cook HW, Palmer FB, Spence MW. Niemann-Pick type II fibroblasts exhibit impaired cholesterol esterification in response to sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992;1138:20-26.
53. Neufeld EB. What the Niemann-Pick type C gene has taught us about cholesterol transport. In: Chang TY, Freeman DA, eds. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.
54. Skiba PJ, Zha X, Maxfield FR, Schissel SL, Tabas I. The distal pathway of lipoprotein-induced cholesterol esterification, but not sphingomyelinase- induced cholesterol esterification, is energy-dependent. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:13392-13400.
55. Wojtanik KM, Liscum L. The transport of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol to the plasma membrane is defective in NPC1 cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:14850-14856.
56. Underwood KW, Jacobs NL, Howley A, Liscum L. Evidence for a cholesterol transport pathway from lysosomes to endoplasmic reticulum that is independent of the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1998;273: 4266-4274.
57. Munn NJ, Arnio E, Liu D, Zoeller RA, Liscum L. Deficiency in ethanolamine plasmalogen leads to altered cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res. 2003;44:182-192.
58. Zhang Y, Yu C, Liu J, Spencer TA, Chang CC, Chang TY. Cholesterol is superior to 7-ketocholesterol or 7 α-hydroxycholesterol as an allosteric activator for acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:11642-11647.
59. Lund EG, Kerr TA, Sakai J, Li WP, Russell DW. cDNA cloning of mouse and human cholesterol 25-hydroxylases, polytopic membrane proteins that synthesize a potent oxysterol regulator of lipid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:34316-34327.
60. Spencer TA, Li D, Russel JS, Collins JL, Bledsoe RK, Consler TG, Moore LB, Galardi CM, McKee DD, Moore JT, Watson MA, Parks DJ, Lambert MH, Willson TM. Pharmacophore analysis of the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXRα. J Med Chem. 2001;44:886-897.
61. Forman BM, Ruan B, Chen J, Schroepfer GJ, Jr., Evans RM. The orphan nuclear receptor LXRα is positively and negatively regulated by distinct products of mevalonate metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94:10588-10593.
62. DeBose-Boyd RA, Ou J, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA in rat hepatoma cells requires endogenous LXR ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:1477-1482.
63. Bjorkhem I, Eggertsen G. Genes involved in initial steps of bile acid synthesis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001;12:97-103.
64. Lehto M, Olkkonen VM. The OSBP-related proteins: a novel protein family involved in vesicle transport, cellular lipid metabolism, and cell signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1631:1-11.
65. Lagace TA, Byers DM, Cook HW, Ridgway ND. Altered regulation of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester synthesis in Chinese-hamster ovary cells overexpressing the oxysterol-binding protein is dependent on the pleckstrin homology domain. Biochem J. 1997;326(Pt 1):205-213.
66. Ridgway ND, Dawson PA, Ho YK, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Translocation of oxysterol binding protein to Golgi apparatus triggered by ligand binding. J Cell Biol. 1992;116:307-319.
67. Storey MK, Byers DM, Cook HW, Ridgway ND. Cholesterol regulates oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) phosphorylation and Golgi localization in Chinese hamster ovary cells: correlation with stimulation of sphingomyelin synthesis by 25-hydroxycholesterol. Biochem J. 1998; 336(Pt 1):247-256.
68. Mohammadi A, Perry RJ, Storey MK, Cook HW, Byers DM, Ridgway ND. Golgi localization and phosphorylation of oxysterol binding protein in Niemann-Pick C and U18666A-treated cells. J Lipid Res. 2001;42: 1062-1071.
69. Ridgway ND, Lagace TA, Cook HW, Byers DM. Differential effects of sphingomyelin hydrolysis and cholesterol transport on oxysterol-binding protein phosphorylation and Golgi localization. J Biol Chem. 1998;273: 31621-31628.
70. Blanchette-Mackie EJ. Intracellular cholesterol trafficking: role of the NPC1 protein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1486:171-183.
71. Rodriguez A, Usher DC. Anti-atherogenic effects of the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, avasimibe (CI-1011), in cultured primary human macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 2002;161:45-54.
72. Kellner-Weibel G, Geng YJ, Rothblat GH. Cytotoxic cholesterol is generated by the hydrolysis of cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester and transported to the plasma membrane. Atherosclerosis. 1999;146:309-319.
73. Rutkowski DT, Kaufman RJ. A trip to the ER: coping with stress. Trends Cell Biol. 2004;14:20-28.
74. Harding HP, Calfon M, Urano F, Novoa I, Ron D. Transcriptional and translational control in the Mammalian unfolded protein response. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2002;18:575-599.
75. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
76. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 1986;232:34-47.
77. Sugii S, Reid PC, Ohgami N, Du H, Chang TY. Distinct endosomal compartments in early trafficking of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:27180-27189.
78. Hornick CA, Hui DY, DeLamatre JG. A role for retrosomes in intracellular cholesterol transport from endosomes to the plasma membrane. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:C1075-C1081.
79. Gagescu R, Demaurex N, Parton RG, Hunziker W, Huber LA, Gruenberg J. The recycling endosome of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells is a mildly acidic compartment rich in raft components. Mol Biol Cell. 2000;11:2775-2791.
80. Hao M, Lin SX, Karylowski OJ, Wustner D, McGraw TE, Maxfield FR. Vesicular and non-vesicular sterol transport in living cells. The endocytic recycling compartment is a major sterol storage organelle. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:609-617.
81. Holtta-Vuori M, Tanhuanpaa K, Mobius W, Somerharju P, Ikonen E. Modulation of cellular cholesterol transport and homeostasis by Rab11. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13:3107-3122.
82. Wustner D, Herrmann A, Hao M, Maxfield FR. Rapid nonvesicular transport of sterol between the plasma membrane domains of polarized hepatic cells. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:30325-30336.
83. Wustner D, Mondal M, Huang A, Maxfield FR. Different transport routes for high density lipoprotein (HDL) and its associated free sterol in polarized hepatic cells. J Lipid Res. 2003.
84. Mukherjee S, Maxfield FR. Cholesterol: stuck in traffic. Nat Cell Biol. 1999;1:E37-E38.
85. Ko DC, Gordon MD, Jin JY, Scott MP. Dynamic movements of organelles containing Niemann-Pick C1 protein: NPC1 involvement in late endocytic events. Mol Biol Cell. 2001;12:601-614.
86. Lange Y, Ye J, Steck TL. Circulation of cholesterol between lysosomes and the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:18915-18922.
87. Cruz JC, Chang TY. Fate of endogenously synthesized cholesterol in Niemann-Pick type C1 cells. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:41309-41316.
88. Cruz JC, Sugii S, Yu C, Chang TY. Role of Niemann-Pick type C1 protein in intracellular trafficking of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:4013-4021.
89. Lange Y, Ye J, Rigney M, Steck T. Cholesterol movement in Niemann-Pick type C cells and in cells treated with amphiphiles. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:17468-17475.
90. Davies JP, Chen FW, Ioannou YA. Transmembrane molecular pump activity of Niemann-Pick C1 protein. Science. 2000;290:2295-2298.
91. Naureckiene S, Sleat DE, Lackland H, Fensom A, Vanier MT, Wattiaux R, Jadot M, Lobel P. Identification of HE1 as the second gene of Niemann-Pick C disease. Science. 2000;290:2298-2301.
92. Ko DC, Binkley J, Sidow A, Scott MP. The integrity of a cholesterol-binding pocket in Niemann-Pick C2 protein is necessary to control lysosome cholesterol levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100: 2518-2525.
93. Simons K, Gruenberg J. Jamming the endosomal system: lipid rafts and lysosomal storage diseases. Trends Cell Biol. 2000;10:459-462.
94. Malathi K, Higaki K, Tinkelenberg AH, Balderes DA, Almanzar-Paramio D, Wilcox LJ, Erdeniz N, Redican F, Padamsee M, Liu Y, Khan S, Alcantara F, Carstea ED, Morris JA, Sturley SL. Mutagenesis of the putative sterol-sensing domain of yeast Niemann Pick C-related protein reveals a primordial role in subcellular sphingolipid distribution. J Cell Biol. 2004;164:547-556.
95. Gondre-Lewis MC, McGlynn R, Walkley SU. Cholesterol accumulation in NPC1-deficient neurons is ganglioside dependent. Curr Biol. 2003; 13:1324-1329.
96. Reid PC, Sakashita N, Sugii S, Ohno-Iwashita Y, Shimada Y, Hickey WF, Chang TY. A novel cholesterol stain reveals early neuronal cholesterol accumulation in the Niemann-Pick type C1 mouse brain. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:582-591.
97. Choudhury A, Dominguez M, Puri V, Sharma DK, Narita K, Wheatley CL, Marks DL, Pagano RE. Rab proteins mediate Golgi transport of caveola-internalized glycosphingolipids and correct lipid trafficking in Niemann-Pick C cells. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:1541-1550.
98. Frolov A, Zielinski SE, Crowley JR, Dudley-Rucker N, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. NPC1 and NPC2 regulate cellular cholesterol homeostasis through generation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol-derived oxysterols. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:25517-25525.
99. Frolov A, Srivastava K, Daphna-Iken D, Traub LM, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Cholesterol overload promotes morphogenesis of a Niemann-Pick C (NPC)-like compartment independent of inhibition of NPC1 or HE1/NPC2 function. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:46414-46421.
100. Davies JP, Levy B, Ioannou YA. Evidence for a Niemann-pick C (NPC) gene family: identification and characterization of NPC1L1. Genomics. 2000;65:137-145.
101. Altmann SW, Davis HR, Jr., Zhu LJ, Yao X, Hoos LM, Tetzloff G, Iyer SP, Maguire M, Golovko A, Zeng M, Wang L, Murgolo N, Graziano MP. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science. 2004;303:1201-1204.
102. Schroeder F, Gallegos AM, Atshaves BP, Storey SM, McIntosh AL, Petrescu AD, Huang H, Starodub O, Chao H, Yang H, Frolov A, Kier AB. Recent advances in membrane microdomains: rafts, caveolae, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001; 226:873-890.
103. Johansson M, Bocher V, Lehto M, Chinetti G, Kuismanen E, Ehnholm C, Staels B, Olkkonen VM. The Two Variants of Oxysterol Binding Protein-related Protein-1 Display Different Tissue Expression Patterns, Have Different Intracellular Localization, and Are Functionally Distinct. Mol Biol Cell. 2003;14:903-915.
104. Alpy F, Stoeckel ME, Dierich A, Escola JM, Wendling C, Chenard MP, Vanier MT, Gruenberg J, Tomasetto C, Rio MC. The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Homolog MLN64, a Late Endosomal Cholesterol-binding Protein. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:4261-4269.
105. Zhang M, Liu P, Dwyer NK, Christenson LK, Fujimoto T, Martinez F, Comly M, Hanover JA, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Strauss JF, 3rd. MLN64 mediates mobilization of lysosomal cholesterol to steroidogenic mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:33300-33310.
106. Alpy F, Wendling C, Rio MC, Tomasetto C. MENTHO, a MLN64 homologue devoid of the START domain. J Biol Chem. 2002.
107. Strauss JF, Liu P, Christenson LK, Watari H. Sterols and intracellular vesicular trafficking: lessons from the study of NPC1. Steroids. 2002; 67:947-951.
108. Kishida T, Kostetskii I, Zhang Z, Martinez F, Liu P, Walkley SU, Dwyer NK, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Radice GL, Strauss JF, 3rd. Targeted mutation of the MLN64 START domain causes only modest alterations in cellular sterol metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2004.
109. Liscum L, Collins GJ. Characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cells that are resistant to 3-β-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one inhibition of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol metabolism. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:16599-16606.
110. Underwood KW, Andemariam B, McWilliams GL, Liscum L. Quantitative analysis of hydrophobic amine inhibition of intracellular cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res. 1996;37:1556-1568.
111. Zhang J, Dudley-Rucker N, Crowley JR, Lopez-Perez E, Issandou M, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. The steroidal analog GW707 activates the SREBP pathway through disruption of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J Lipid Res. 2003.
112. Feng B, Zhang D, Kuriakose G, Devlin CM, Kockx M, Tabas I. Niemann-Pick C heterozygosity confers resistance to lesional necrosis and macrophage apoptosis in murine atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:10423-10428.
113. Neufeld EB, Cooney AM, Pitha J, Dawidowicz EA, Dwyer NK, Pentchev PG, Blanchette-Mackie EJ. Intracellular trafficking of cholesterol monitored with a cyclodextrin. J Biol Chem. 1996;271: 21604-21613.
114. Johnson WJ, Reinhart MP. Lack of requirement for sterol carrier protein-2 in the intracellular trafficking of lysosomal cholesterol. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:563-573.
115. Cheng B, Hsu DK, Kimura T. Utilization of intramitochondrial membrane cholesterol by cytochrome P-450-dependent cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria: steroidogenic and non-steroidogenic pools of cholesterol in the mitochondrial inner membranes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1985;40:233-243.
116. Okuda KI. Liver mitochondrial P450 involved in cholesterol catabolism and vitamin D activation. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:361-372.
117. Russell DW. Oxysterol biosynthetic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529:126-135.
118. Fu X, Menke JG, Chen Y, Zhou G, MacNaul KL, Wright SD, Sparrow CP, Lund EG. 27-hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous ligand for liver X receptor in cholesterol-loaded cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 38378-38387.
119. Sparrow CP, Pittman RC. Cholesterol esters selectively taken up from high-density lipoproteins are hydrolyzed extralysosomally. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;1043:203-210.
120. Imachi H, Murao K, Sayo Y, Hosokawa H, Sato M, Niimi M, Kobayashi S, Miyauchi A, Ishida T, Takahara J. Evidence for a potential role for HDL as an important source of cholesterol in human adrenocortical tumors via the CLA-1 pathway. Endocr J. 1999;46:27-34.
121. Watari H, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Dwyer NK, Sun G, Glick JM, Patel S, Neufeld EB, Pentchev PG, Strauss JF, 3rd. NPC1-containing compartment of human granulosa-lutein cells: a role in the intracellular trafficking of cholesterol supporting steroidogenesis. Exp Cell Res. 2000;255:56-66.
122. Choi YS, Freeman DA. The movement of plasma membrane cholesterol through the cell. In: Chang TY, Freeman DA, eds. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishing; 1998.
123. Bose H, Lingappa VR, Miller WL. Rapid regulation of steroidogenesis by mitochondrial protein import. Nature. 2002;417:87-91.
124. Lacapere JJ, Papadopoulos V. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor: structure and function of a cholesterol-binding protein in steroid and bile acid biosynthesis. Steroids. 2003;68:569-585.
125. Soccio RE, Breslow JL. StAR-related lipid transfer (START) proteins: mediators of intracellular lipid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2003;278: 22183-22186.
126. Wirtz KW. Phospholipid transfer proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60: 73-99.
127. Hanada K, Kumagai K, Yasuda S, Miura Y, Kawano M, Fukasawa M, Nishijima M. Molecular machinery for non-vesicular trafficking of ceramide. Nature. 2003;426:803-809.
128. Kallen CB, Billheimer JT, Summers SA, Stayrook SE, Lewis M, Strauss JF, 3rd. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is a sterol transfer protein. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:26285-26288.
129. Soccio RE, Adams RM, Romanowski MJ, Sehayek E, Burley SK, Breslow JL. The cholesterol-regulated StarD4 gene encodes a StAR-related lipid transfer protein with two closely related homologues, StarD5 and StarD6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:6943-6948.
130. Brewer HB, Jr., Santamarina-Fojo S. New insights into the role of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters in high-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:3E-11E.
131. Vainio S, Ikonen E. Macrophage cholesterol transport: a critical player in foam cell formation. Ann Med. 2003;35:146-155.
132. Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Calamita G, Margari A, Palasciano G. Pathobiology of cholesterol gallstone disease: from equilibrium ternary phase diagram to agents preventing cholesterol crystallization and stone formation. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2003; 3:87-68.
133. Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6:345-351.