Lipid rafts: Resolution of the "fyn problem"?

Molecular Immunology

Volumn 41, Issue 6-7, 2004, Pages 645-656

  Filipp, Dominik ^a   Julius, Michael ^a  

^a SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Fyn; Lck; Lipid rafts; T cell activation; TcR CD3 complex

Indexed keywords

CD3 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; LIPID; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR; PROTEIN KINASE FYN; PROTEIN KINASE LCK; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR;

ARTIFACT; CELL ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME REGULATION; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; MEMBRANE; MODEL; NONHUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONTENT; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 3042609934     PISSN: 01615890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.04.011     Document Type: Article

References (175)

1. Abraham N., Miceli M.C., Parnes J.R., Veillette A. Enhancement of T-cell responsiveness by the lymphocyte-specific tyrosine protein kinase p56lck. Nature. 350:1991;62-66
2. Alonso M.A., Millan J. The role of lipid rafts in signalling and membrane trafficking in T lymphocytes. J. Cell. Sci. 114:2001;3957-6395
3. Anderson R.G., Jacobson K. A role for lipid shells in targeting proteins to caveolae, rafts, and other lipid domains. Science. 296:2002;1821-1825
4. Anderson S.J., Perlmutter R.M. A signaling pathway governing early thymocyte maturation. Immunol. Today. 16:1995;99-105
5. Anton van der Merwe P., Davis S.J., Shaw A.S., Dustin M.L. Cytoskeletal polarization and redistribution of cell-surface molecules during T cell antigen recognition. Semin. Immunol. 12:2000;5-21
6. Appleby M.W., Gross J.A., Cooke M.P., Levin S.D., Qian X., Perlmutter R.M. Defective T cell receptor signaling in mice lacking the thymic isoform of p59fyn. Cell. 70:1992;751-763
7. Balamuth F., Leitenberg D., Unternaehrer J., Mellman I., Bottomly K. Distinct patterns of membrane microdomain partitioning in Th1 and th2 cells. Immunity. 15:2001;729-738
8. Baldari C.T., Di Somma M.M., Milia E., Bergman M., Telford J.L. Interactions between the tyrosine kinases p56lck, p59fyn and p50csk in CD4 signaling in T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:1995;919-925
9. Bi K., Altman A. Membrane lipid microdomains and the role of PKCtheta in T cell activation. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;139-146
10. Bini L., Pacini S., Liberatori S., Valensin S., Pellegrini M., Raggiaschi R., Pallini V., Baldari C.T. Extensive temporally regulated reorganization of the lipid rafts proteome following T-cell antigen receptor triggering. Biochem. J. 369:2003;301-309
11. Bonnard M., Haughn L., Julius M. CD4-mediated inhibiton of IL-2 production in activated T cells. J. Immunol. 162:1999;1252-1260
12. Bonnard M., Maroun C.R., Julius M. Physical association of CD4 and CD45 in primary, resting CD4+ T cells. Cell. Immunol. 175:1997;1-11
13. Brdicka T., Pavlistova D., Leo A., Bruyns E., Korinek V., Angelisova P., Scherer J., Shevchenko A., Hilgert I., Cerny J., Drbal K., Kuramitsu Y., Kornacker B., Horejsi V., Schraven B. Phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (PAG), a novel ubiquitously expressed transmembrane adaptor protein, binds the protein tyrosine kinase csk and is involved in regulation of T cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 191:2000;1591-1604
14. Brdickova N., Brdicka T., Andera L., Spicka J., Angelisova P., Milgram S.L., Horejsi V. Interaction between two adapter proteins, PAG and EBP50: a possible link between membrane rafts and actin cytoskeleton. FEBS Lett. 507:2001;133-136
15. Bromley S.K., Burack W.R., Johnson K.G., Somersalo K., Sims T.N., Sumen C., Davis M.M., Shaw A.S., Allen P.M., Dustin M.L. The immunological synapse. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19:2001;375-396
16. Brown D.A., London E. Functions of lipid rafts in biological membranes. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 14:1998;111-136
17. Bustelo X.R. Regulatory and signaling properties of the Vav family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:2000;1461-1477
18. Caplan S., Baniyash M. Normal T cells express two T cell antigen receptor populations, one of which is linked to the cytoskeleton via zeta chain and displays a unique activation-dependent phosphorylation pattern. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;20705-20712
19. Caron L., Abraham N., Pawson T., Veillette A. Structural requirements for enhancement of T-cell responsiveness by the lymphocyte-specific tyrosine protein kinase p56lck. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:1992;2720-2729
20. Chan A.C., Dalton M., Johnson R., Kong G.H., Wang T., Thoma R., Kurosaki T. Activation of ZAP-70 kinase activity by phosphorylation of tyrosine 493 is required for lymphocyte antigen receptor function. EMBO J. 14:1995;2499-2508
21. Chan A.C., Iwashima M., Turck C.W., Weiss A. ZAP-70: a 70 kD protein-tyrosine kinase that associates with the TCR zeta chain. Cell. 71:1992;649-662
22. Chatterjee S., Mayor S. The GPI-anchor and protein sorting. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58:2001;1969-1987
23. Cheng P.C., Cherukuri A., Dykstra M., Malapati S., Sproul T., Chen M.R., Pierce S.K. Floating the raft hypothesis: the roles of lipid rafts in B cell antigen receptor function. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;107-114
24. Cherukuri A., Dykstra M., Pierce S.K. Floating the raft hypothesis: lipid rafts play a role in immune cell activation. Immunity. 14:2001;657-660
25. Chiang G.G., Sefton B.M. Specific dephosphorylation of the Lck tyrosine protein kinase at Tyr-394 by the SHP-1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;23173-23178
26. Chow L.M., Fournel M., Davidson D., Veillette A. Negative regulation of T-cell receptor signalling by tyrosine protein kinase p50csk. Nature. 365:1993;156-160
27. Chow L.M., Veillette A. The Src and Csk families of tyrosine protein kinases in hemopoietic cells. Semin. Immunol. 7:1995;207-226
28. Chu D.H., Morita C.T., Weiss A. The Syk family of protein tyrosine kinases in T-cell activation and development. Immunol. Rev. 165:1998;167-180
29. Clements J.L., Yang B., Ross-Barta S.E., Eliason S.L., Hrstka R.F., Williamson R.A., Koretzky G.A. Requirement for the leukocyte-specific adapter protein SLP-76 for normal T cell development. Science. 281:1998;416-419
30. Cooke M.P., Abraham K.M., Forbush K.A., Perlmutter R.M. Regulation of T cell receptor signaling by a src family protein-tyrosine kinase (p59fyn). Cell. 65:1991;281-291
31. da Silva A.J., Li Z., de Vera C., Canto E., Findell P., Rudd C.E. Cloning of a novel T-cell protein FYB that binds FYN and SH2-domain-containing leukocyte protein 76 and modulates interleukin 2 production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;7493-7498
32. Davidson D., Bakinowski M., Thomas M.L., Horejsi V., Veillette A. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of T-cell activation by PAG/Cbp, a lipid raft-associated transmembrane adaptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:2003;2017-2028
33. Denny M.F., Patai B., Straus D.B. Differential T-cell antigen receptor signaling mediated by the Src family kinases Lck and Fyn. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:2000;1426-1435
34. Dietrich C., Yang B., Fujiwara T., Kusumi A., Jacobson K. Relationship of lipid rafts to transient confinement zones detected by single particle tracking. Biophys. J. 82:2002;274-284
35. Dornan S., Sebestyen Z., Gamble J., Nagy P., Bodnar A., Alldridge L., Doe S., Holmes N., Goff L.K., Beverley P., Szollosi J., Alexander D.R. Differential association of CD45 isoforms with CD4 and CD8 regulates the actions of specific pools of p56lck tyrosine kinase in T cell antigen receptor signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;1912-1918
36. Dustin M.L. Membrane domains and the immunological synapse: keeping T cells resting and ready. J. Clin. Invest. 109:2002;155-160
37. Dykstra M., Cherukuri A., Sohn H.W., Tzeng S.J., Pierce S.K. Location is everything: lipid rafts and immune cell signaling. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21:2003;457-481
38. Edidin M. Shrinking patches and slippery rafts: scales of domains in the plasma membrane. Trends Cell. Biol. 11:2001;492-496
39. Edidin M. The state of lipid rafts: from model membranes to cells. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 32:2003;257-283
40. Edmonds S.D., Ostergaard H.L. Dynamic association of CD45 with detergent-insoluble microdomains in T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 169:2002;5036-5042
41. Fantini J. How sphingolipids bind and shape proteins: molecular basis of lipid-protein interactions in lipid shells, rafts and related biomembrane domains. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60:2003;1027-1032
42. Ferrell J.E. Jr. How regulated protein translocation can produce switch-like responses. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23:1998;461-465
43. Filipp D., Leung B.L., Zhang J., Veillette A., Julius M. Enrichment of Lck in Lipid Rafts Regulates Colocalized Fyn Activation and the Initiation of Proximal Signals through TCRαβ J. Immunol. 172:2004;4266-4274
44. Filipp D., Zhang J., Leung B.L., Shaw A., Levin S.D., Veillette A., Julius M. Regulation of Fyn through translocation of activated Lck into lipid rafts. J. Exp. Med. 197:2003;1221-1227
45. Finkel T.H., Marrack P., Kappler J.W., Kubo R.T., Cambier J.C. Alpha beta T cell receptor and CD3 transduce different signals in immature T cells. Implications for selection and tolerance. J. Immunol. 142:1989;3006-3012
46. Fragoso R., Ren D., Zhang X., Su M.W., Burakoff S.J., Jin Y.J. Lipid raft distribution of CD4 depends on its palmitoylation and association with Lck, and evidence for CD4-induced lipid raft aggregation as an additional mechanism to enhance CD3 signaling. J. Immunol. 170:2003;913-921
47. Gauen L.K., Zhu Y., Letourneur F., Hu Q., Bolen J.B., Matis L.A., Klausner R.D., Shaw A.S. Interactions of p59fyn and ZAP-70 with T-cell receptor activation motifs: defining the nature of a signalling motif. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;3729-3741
48. Giurisato E., McIntosh D.P., Tassi M., Gamberucci A., Benedetti A. T cell receptor can be recruited to a subset of plasma membrane rafts, independently of cell signaling and attendantly to raft clustering. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;6771-6778
49. Grasis J.A., Browne C.D., Tsoukas C.D. Inducible T cell tyrosine kinase regulates actin-dependent cytoskeletal events induced by the T cell antigen receptor. J. Immunol. 170:2003;3971-3976
50. Gratton S., Haughn L., Sekaly R.P., Julius M. The extracellular domain of CD4 regulates the initiation of T cell activation. Mol. Immunol. 37:2000;213-219
51. Griffiths E.K., Penninger J.M. Communication between the TCR and integrins: role of the molecular adapter ADAP/Fyb/Slap. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:2002;317-322
52. Groves T., Smiley P., Cooke M.P., Forbush K., Perlmutter R.M., Guidos C.J. Fyn can partially substitute for Lck in T lymphocyte development. Immunity. 5:1996;417-428
53. Gruenberg J. The endocytic pathway: a mosaic of domains. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:2001;721-730
54. Harder T. Raft membrane domains and immunoreceptor functions. Adv. Immunol. 77:2001;45-92
55. Harder T., Kellner R., Parton R.G., Gruenberg J. Specific release of membrane-bound annexin II and cortical cytoskeletal elements by sequestration of membrane cholesterol. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:1997;533-545
56. Harrison S.C. Variation on an Src-like theme. Cell. 112:2003;737-740
57. Haughn L., Gratton S., Caron L., Sekaly R.P., Veillette A., Julius M. Association of tyrosine kinase p56lck with CD4 inhibits the induction of growth through the alpha beta T-cell receptor. Nature. 358:1992;328-331
58. Haughn L., Leung B., Boise L., Veillette A., Thompson C., Julius M. Interleukin 2-mediated uncoupling of T cell receptor alpha/beta from CD3 signaling. J. Exp. Med. 188:1998;1575-1586
59. Haynes M.P., Phillips M.C., Rothblat G.H. Efflux of cholesterol from different cellular pools. Biochemistry. 39:2000;4508-4517
60. Heerklotz H. Triton promotes domain formation in lipid raft mixtures. Biophys. J. 83:2002;2693-2701
61. Hermiston M.L., Xu Z., Majeti R., Weiss A. Reciprocal regulation of lymphocyte activation by tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. J. Clin. Invest. 109:2002;9-14
62. Holdorf A.D., Lee K.H., Burack W.R., Allen P.M., Shaw A.S. Regulation of Lck activity by CD4 and CD28 in the immunological synapse. Nat. Immunol. 3:2002;259-264
63. Holowka D., Baird B. Fc (epsilon) RI as a paradigm for a lipid raft-dependent receptor in hematopoietic cells. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;99-105
64. Horejsi V. Membrane rafts in immunoreceptor signaling: new doubts, new proofs? Trends Immunol. 23:2002;562-564
65. Horejsi V. The roles of membrane microdomains (rafts) in T cell activation. Immunol. Rev. 191:2003;148-164
66. Horejsi V., Drbal K., Cebecauer M., Cerny J., Brdicka T., Angelisova P., Stockinger H. GPI-microdomains: a role in signalling via immunoreceptors. Immunol. Today. 20:1999;356-361
67. Iida N., Lokeshwar V.B., Bourguignon L.Y. Mapping the fodrin binding domain in CD45, a leukocyte membrane-associated tyrosine phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;28576-28583
68. Ike H., Kosugi A., Kato A., Iino R., Hirano H., Fujiwara T., Ritchie K., Kusumi A. Mechanism of Lck recruitment to the T-cell receptor cluster as studied by single-molecule-fluorescence video imaging. Chemphyschem. 4:2003;620-626
69. Ilangumaran S., He H.T., Hoessli D.C. Microdomains in lymphocyte signalling: beyond GPI-anchored proteins. Immunol. Today. 21:2000;2-7
70. Irvine D.J., Purbhoo M.A., Krogsgaard M., Davis M.M. Direct observation of ligand recognition by T cells. Nature. 419:2002;845-849
71. Iwashima M., Irving B.A., van Oers N.S., Chan A.C., Weiss A. Sequential interactions of the TCR with two distinct cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Science. 263:1994;1136-1139
72. Janes P.W., Ley S.C., Magee A.I., Kabouridis P.S. The role of lipid rafts in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling. Semin. Immunol. 12:2000;23-34
73. Jordan M.S., Singer A.L., Koretzky G.A. Adaptors as central mediators of signal transduction in immune cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:2003;110-116
74. Julius M., Maroun C.R., Haughn L. Distinct roles for CD4 and CD8 as co-receptors in antigen receptor signalling. Immunol. Today. 14:1993;177-183
75. Kabouridis P.S., Magee A.I., Ley S.C. S-acylation of LCK protein tyrosine kinase is essential for its signalling function in T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 16:1997;4983-4998
76. Karnitz L., Sutor S.L., Torigoe T., Reed J.C., Bell M.P., McKean D.J., Leibson P.J., Abraham R.T. Effects of p56lck deficiency on the growth and cytolytic effector function of an interleukin-2-dependent cytotoxic T-cell line. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:1992;4521-4530
77. Kawabuchi M., Satomi Y., Takao T., Shimonishi Y., Nada S., Nagai K., Tarakhovsky A., Okada M. Transmembrane phosphoprotein Cbp regulates the activities of Src-family tyrosine kinases. Nature. 404:2000;999-1003
78. Koretzky G.A., Myung P.S. Positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation by adaptor proteins. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1:2001;95-107
79. Kosugi A., Sakakura J., Yasuda K., Ogata M., Hamaoka T. Involvement of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase in TCR-mediated signaling pathways in lipid rafts. Immunity. 14:2001;669-680
80. Krause M., Sechi A.S., Konradt M., Monner D., Gertler F.B., Wehland J. Fyn-binding protein (Fyb)/SLP-76-associated protein (SLAP), Ena/vasodilator- stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) proteins and the Arp2/3 complex link T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell. Biol. 149:2000;181-194
81. Lai E.C. Lipid rafts make for slippery platforms. J. Cell. Biol. 162:2003;365-370
82. Latour S., Veillette A. Proximal protein tyrosine kinases in immunoreceptor signaling. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13:2001;299-306
83. Lee S.K., Shaw A., Maher S.E., Bothwell A.L. p59fyn tyrosine kinase regulates p56lck tyrosine kinase activity and early TCR-mediated signaling. Int. Immunol. 6:1994;1621-1627
84. Legname G., Seddon B., Lovatt M., Tomlinson P., Sarner N., Tolaini M., Williams K., Norton T., Kioussis D., Zamoyska R. Inducible expression of a p56Lck transgene reveals a central role for Lck in the differentiation of CD4 SP thymocytes. Immunity. 12:2000;537-546
85. Leitenberg D., Novak T.J., Farber D., Smith B.R., Bottomly K. The extracellular domain of CD45 controls association with the CD4-T cell receptor complex and the response to antigen-specific stimulation. J. Exp. Med. 183:1996;249-259
86. Leitenberg D., Boutin Y., Lu D.D., Bottomly K. Biochemical association of CD45 with the T cell receptor complex: regulation by CD45 isoform and during T cell activation. Immunity. 10:1999;701-711
87. Leitenberg D., Balamuth F., Bottomly K. Changes in the T cell receptor macromolecular signaling complex and membrane microdomains during T cell development and activation. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;129-138
88. Leung B.L., Haughn L., Veillette A., Hawley R.G., Rottapel R., Julius M. TCR alpha beta-independent CD28 signaling and costimulation require non-CD4-associated Lck. J. Immunol. 163:1999;1334-1341
89. Lindquist J.A., Simeoni L., Schraven B. Transmembrane adapters: attractants for cytoplasmic effectors. Immunol. Rev. 191:2003;165-182
90. Lisanti M.P., Caras I.W., Davitz M.A., Rodriguez-Boulan E. A glycophospholipid membrane anchor acts as an apical targeting signal in polarized epithelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 109:1989;2145-2156
91. Manes S., Lacalle R.A., Gomez-Mouton C., del Real G., Mira E., Martinez A.C. Membrane raft microdomains in chemokine receptor function. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;147-157
92. Marie-Cardine A., Hendricks-Taylor L.R., Boerth N.J., Zhao H., Schraven B., Koretzky G.A. Molecular interaction between the Fyn-associated protein SKAP55 and the SLP-76-associated phosphoprotein SLAP-130. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;25789-25795
93. Marks D.L., Pagano R.E. Endocytosis and sorting of glycosphingolipids in sphingolipid storage disease. Trends Cell. Biol. 12:2002;605-613
94. Marmor M.D., Bachmann M.F., Ohashi P.S., Malek T.R., Julius M. Immobilization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins inhibits T cell growth but not function. Int. Immunol. 11:1999;1381-1393
95. Marmor M.D., Julius M. The function of GPI-anchored proteins in T cell development, activation and regulation of homeostasis. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents. 14:2000;99-115
96. Marmor M.D., Julius M. Role for lipid rafts in regulating interleukin-2 receptor signaling. Blood. 98:2001;1489-1497
97. Maroun C.R., Julius M. Distinct involvement of CD45 in antigen receptor signalling in CD4+ and CD8+ primary T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:1994a;967-973
98. Maroun C.R., Julius M. Distinct roles for CD4 and CD8 as co-receptors in T cell receptor signalling. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:1994b;959-966
99. Marth J.D., Lewis D.B., Wilson C.B., Gearn M.E., Krebs E.G., Perlmutter R.M. Regulation of pp56lck during T-cell activation: functional implications for the src-like protein tyrosine kinases. EMBO J. 6:1987;2727-2734
100. Maxfield F.R. Plasma membrane microdomains. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 14:2002;483-487
101. Mayor S., Rothberg K.G., Maxfield F.R. Sequestration of GPI-anchored proteins in caveolae triggered by cross-linking. Science. 264:1994;1948-1951
102. Miceli M.C., Moran M., Chung C.D., Patel V.P., Low T., Zinnanti W. Co-stimulation and counter-stimulation: lipid raft clustering controls TCR signaling and functional outcomes. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;115-128
103. Molina T.J., Kishihara K., Siderovski D.P., van Ewijk W., Narendran A., Timms E., Wakeham A., Paige C.J., Hartmann K.U., Veillette A., et al. Profound block in thymocyte development in mice lacking p56lck. Nature. 357:1992;161-164
104. Montixi C., Langlet C., Bernard A.M., Thimonier J., Dubois C., Wurbel M.A., Chauvin J.P., Pierres M., He H.T. Engagement of T cell receptor triggers its recruitment to low-density detergent-insoluble membrane domains. EMBO J. 17:1998;5334-5348
105. Munro S. Lipid rafts: elusive or illusive? Cell. 115:2003;377-388
106. Musci M.A., Hendricks-Taylor L.R., Motto D.G., Paskind M., Kamens J., Turck C.W., Koretzky G.A. Molecular cloning of SLAP-130, an SLP-76-associated substrate of the T cell antigen receptor-stimulated protein tyrosine kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;11674-11677
107. Mustelin T., Pessa-Morikawa T., Autero M., Gassmann M., Andersson L.C., Gahmberg C.G., Burn P. Regulation of the p59fyn protein tyrosine kinase by the CD45 phosphotyrosine phosphatase. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1992;1173-1178
108. Mustelin T., Rahmouni S., Bottini N., Alonso A. Role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cell activation. Immunol. Rev. 191:2003;139-147
109. Mustelin T., Tasken K. Positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation through kinases and phosphatases. Biochem. J. 371:2003;15-27
110. Nel A.E. T-cell activation through the antigen receptor. Part 1: signaling components, signaling pathways, and signal integration at the T-cell antigen receptor synapse. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109:2002;758-770
111. Newell M.K., Haughn L.J., Maroun C.R., Julius M.H. Death of mature T cells by separate ligation of CD4 and the T-cell receptor for antigen. Nature. 347:1990;286-289
112. Penninger J.M., Crabtree G.R. The actin cytoskeleton and lymphocyte activation. Cell. 96:1999;9-12
113. Peterson E.J., Clements J.L., Fang N., Koretzky G.A. Adaptor proteins in lymphocyte antigen-receptor signaling. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10:1998;337-344
114. Pitcher L.A., Young J.A., Mathis M.A., Wrage P.C., Bartok B., van Oers N.S. The formation and functions of the 21- and 23-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated TCR zeta subunits. Immunol. Rev. 191:2003;47-61
115. Pizzo P., Viola A. Lymphocyte lipid rafts: structure and function. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15:2003;255-260
116. Poussier P., Julius M. T-cell development and selection in the intestinal epithelium. Semin. Immunol. 7:1995;321-334
117. Qian D., Lev S., van Oers N.S., Dikic I., Schlessinger J., Weiss A. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 is selectively regulated by Fyn during TCR signaling. J. Exp. Med. 185:1997;1253-1259
118. Raab M., Kang H., da Silva A., Zhu X., Rudd C.E. FYN-T-FYB-SLP-76 interactions define a T-cell receptor zeta/CD3-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation pathway that up-regulates interleukin 2 transcription in T-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;21170-21179
119. Resh M.D. Regulation of cellular signalling by fatty acid acylation and prenylation of signal transduction proteins. Cell. Signal. 8:1996;403-412
120. Rodgers W., Zavzavadjian J. Glycolipid-enriched membrane domains are assembled into membrane patches by associating with the actin cytoskeleton. Exp. Cell. Res. 267:2001;173-183
121. Rooke R., Waltzinger C., Benoist C., Mathis D. Targeted complementation of MHC class II deficiency by intrathymic delivery of recombinant adenoviruses. Immunity. 7:1997;123-134
122. Rudd C.E. Adaptors and molecular scaffolds in immune cell signaling. Cell. 96:1999;5-8
123. Samelson L.E., Phillips A.F., Luong E.T., Klausner R.D. Association of the fyn protein-tyrosine kinase with the T-cell antigen receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;4358-4362
124. Sanui T., Inayoshi A., Noda M., Iwata E., Oike M., Sasazuki T., Fukui Y. DOCK2 is essential for antigen-induced translocation of TCR and lipid rafts, but not PKC-theta and LFA-1, in T cells. Immunity. 19:2003;119-129
125. Sarosi G.A., Thomas P.M., Egerton M., Phillips A.F., Kim K.W., Bonvini E., Samelson L.E. Characterization of the T cell antigen receptor-p60fyn protein tyrosine kinase association by chemical cross-linking. Int. Immunol. 4:1992;1211-1217
126. Schade A.E., Levine A.D. Lipid raft heterogeneity in human peripheral blood T lymphoblasts: a mechanism for regulating the initiation of TCR signal transduction. J. Immunol. 168:2002;2233-2239
127. Seddon B., Legname G., Tomlinson P., Zamoyska R. Long-term survival but impaired homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells in the absence of p56lck. Science. 290:2000;127-131
128. Seddon B., Zamoyska R. TCR signals mediated by Src family kinases are essential for the survival of naive T cells. J. Immunol. 169:2002;2997-3005
129. Shaw A.R., Li L. Exploration of the functional proteome: lessons from lipid rafts. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 5:2003;294-301
130. Silvius J.R. Role of cholesterol in lipid raft formation: lessons from lipid model systems. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1610:2003;174-183
131. Simons K., Toomre D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:2000;31-39
132. Simons K., van Meer G. Lipid sorting in epithelial cells. Biochemistry. 27:1988;6197-6202
133. Sprong H., van der Sluijs P., van Meer G. How proteins move lipids and lipids move proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:2001;504-513
134. Stefanova I., Horejsi V. Association of the CD59 and CD55 cell surface glycoproteins with other membrane molecules. J. Immunol. 147:1991;1587-1592
135. Stefanova I., Horejsi V., Ansotegui I.J., Knapp W., Stockinger H. GPI-anchored cell-surface molecules complexed to protein tyrosine kinases. Science. 254:1991;1016-1019
136. Stefanova I., Dorfman J.R., Germain R.N. Self-recognition promotes the foreign antigen sensitivity of naive T lymphocytes. Nature. 420:2002;429-434
137. Stein P.L., Lee H.M., Rich S., Soriano P. pp59fyn mutant mice display differential signaling in thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Cell. 70:1992;741-750
138. Straus D.B., Weiss A. Genetic evidence for the involvement of the lck tyrosine kinase in signal transduction through the T cell antigen receptor. Cell. 70:1992;585-593
139. Strong J., Wang Q., Killeen N. Impaired survival of T helper cells in the absence of CD4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;2566-2571
140. Stulnig T.M., Berger M., Sigmund T., Raederstorff D., Stockinger H., Waldhausl W. Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit T cell signal transduction by modification of detergent-insoluble membrane domains. J. Cell. Biol. 143:1998;637-644
141. Su M.W., Yu C.L., Burakoff S.J., Jin Y.J. Targeting Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1) into lipid rafts inhibits CD3-induced T cell activation. J. Immunol. 166:2001;3975-3982
142. Subczynski W.K., Kusumi A. Dynamics of raft molecules in the cell and artificial membranes: approaches by pulse EPR spin labeling and single molecule optical microscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1610:2003;231-243
143. Tanchot C., Lemonnier F.A., Perarnau B., Freitas A.A., Rocha B. Differential requirements for survival and proliferation of CD8 naive or memory T cells. Science. 276:1997;2057-2062
144. Teh H.S., Garvin A.M., Forbush K.A., Carlow D.A., Davis C.B., Littman D.R., Perlmutter R.M. Participation of CD4 coreceptor molecules in T-cell repertoire selection. Nature. 349:1991;241-243
145. Trobridge P.A., Forbush K.A., Levin S.D. Positive and negative selection of thymocytes depends on Lck interaction with the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. J. Immunol. 166:2001;809-818
146. Trobridge P.A., Levin S.D. Lck plays a critical role in Ca(2+) mobilization and CD28 costimulation in mature primary T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:2001;3567-3579
147. Tuosto L., Parolini I., Schroder S., Sargiacomo M., Lanzavecchia A., Viola A. Organization of plasma membrane functional rafts upon T cell activation. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:2001;345-349
148. Turner M., Schweighoffer E., Colucci F., Di Santo J.P., Tybulewicz V.L. Tyrosine kinase SYK: essential functions for immunoreceptor signalling. Immunol. Today. 21:2000;148-154
149. Valensin S., Paccani S.R., Ulivieri C., Mercati D., Pacini S., Patrussi L., Hirst T., Lupetti P., Baldari C.T. F-actin dynamics control segregation of the TCR signaling cascade to clustered lipid rafts. Eur. J. Immunol. 32:2002;435-446
150. van der Goot F.G., Harder T. Raft membrane domains: from a liquid-ordered membrane phase to a site of pathogen attack. Semin. Immunol. 13:2001;89-97
151. van Meer G., Simons K. Lipid polarity and sorting in epithelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 36:1988;51-58
152. van Oers N.S., Garvin A.M., Davis C.B., Forbush K.A., Carlow D.A., Littman D.R., Perlmutter R.M., Teh H.S. Disruption of CD8-dependent negative and positive selection of thymocytes is correlated with a decreased association between CD8 and the protein tyrosine kinase, p56lck. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1992;735-743
153. van Oers N.S., Killeen N., Weiss A. ZAP-70 is constitutively associated with tyrosine-phosphorylated TCR zeta in murine thymocytes and lymph node T cells. Immunity. 1:1994;675-685
154. van Oers N.S., Killeen N., Weiss A. Lck regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell receptor subunits and ZAP-70 in murine thymocytes. J. Exp. Med. 183:1996a;1053-1062
155. van Oers N.S., Lowin-Kropf B., Finlay D., Connolly K., Weiss A. Alpha beta T cell development is abolished in mice lacking both Lck and Fyn protein tyrosine kinases. Immunity. 5:1996b;429-436
156. van't Hof W., Resh M.D. Dual fatty acylation of p59(Fyn) is required for association with the T cell receptor zeta chain through phosphotyrosine-Src homology domain-2 interactions. J. Cell. Biol. 145:1999;377-389
157. Vang T., Torgersen K.M., Sundvold V., Saxena M., Levy F.O., Skalhegg B.S., Hansson V., Mustelin T., Tasken K. Activation of the COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits signaling through the T cell receptor. J. Exp. Med. 193:2001;497-507
158. Varma R., Mayor S. GPI-anchored proteins are organized in submicron domains at the cell surface. Nature. 394:1998;798-801
159. Veillette A., Zuniga-Pflucker J.C., Bolen J.B., Kruisbeek A.M. Engagement of CD4 and CD8 expressed on immature thymocytes induces activation of intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation pathways. J. Exp. Med. 170:1989;1671-1680
160. Veillette A., Latour S., Davidson D. Negative regulation of immunoreceptor signaling. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20:2002;669-707
161. Viola A. The amplification of TCR signaling by dynamic membrane microdomains. Trends Immunol. 22:2001;322-327
162. Wang Q., Strong J., Killeen N. Homeostatic competition among T cells revealed by conditional inactivation of the mouse Cd4 gene. J. Exp. Med. 194:2001;1721-1730
163. Wange R.L. LAT, the linker for activation of T cells: a bridge between T cell-specific and general signaling pathways. Sci. STKE. 2000(63):2000;RE1
164. Weber J.R., Orstavik S., Torgersen K.M., Danbolt N.C., Berg S.F., Ryan J.C., Tasken K., Imboden J.B., Vaage J.T. Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding pp36, a tyrosine-phosphorylated adaptor protein selectively expressed by T cells and natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 187:1998;1157-1161
165. Weiss A., Littman D.R. Signal transduction by lymphocyte antigen receptors. Cell. 76:1994;263-274
166. Wiest D.L., Ashe J.M., Abe R., Bolen J.B., Singer A. TCR activation of ZAP-70 is impaired in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes as a consequence of intrathymic interactions that diminish available p56lck. Immunity. 4:1996;495-504
167. Xavier R., Brennan T., Li Q., McCormack C., Seed B. Membrane compartmentation is required for efficient T cell activation. Immunity. 8:1998;723-732
168. Xavier R., Seed B. Membrane compartmentation and the response to antigen. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11:1999;265-269
169. Xu H., Littman D.R. A kinase-independent function of Lck in potentiating antigen-specific T cell activation. Cell. 74:1993;633-643
170. Yamasaki S., Takamatsu M., Iwashima M. The kinase, SH3, and SH2 domains of Lck play critical roles in T-cell activation after ZAP-70 membrane localization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;7151-7160
171. Yasuda K., Nagafuku M., Shima T., Okada M., Yagi T., Yamada T., Minaki Y., Kato A., Tani-Ichi S., Hamaoka T., Kosugi A. Cutting edge: Fyn is essential for tyrosine phosphorylation of Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycolipid-enriched microdomains in lipid rafts in resting T cells. J. Immunol. 169:2002;2813-2817
172. Zacharias D.A., Violin J.D., Newton A.C., Tsien R.Y. Partitioning of lipid-modified monomeric GFPs into membrane microdomains of live cells. Science. 296:2002;913-916
173. Zamoyska R., Basson A., Filby A., Legname G., Lovatt M., Seddon B. The influence of the src-family kinases, Lck and Fyn, on T cell differentiation, survival and activation. Immunol. Rev. 191:2003;107-118
174. Zhang W., Sloan-Lancaster J., Kitchen J., Trible R.P., Samelson L.E. LAT: the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase substrate that links T cell receptor to cellular activation. Cell. 92:1998a;83-92
175. Zhang W., Trible R.P., Samelson L.E. LAT palmitoylation: its essential role in membrane microdomain targeting and tyrosine phosphorylation during T cell activation. Immunity. 9:1998b;239-246