The common and distinct target genes of the p53 family transcription factors

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 61, Issue 7-8, 2004, Pages 822-842

  Harms, K ^a   Nozell, S ^a   Chen, X ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Cell cycle arrest; Development; p53; p63; p73; Transcription

Indexed keywords

DNA; DNA BINDING PROTEIN; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN P63; PROTEIN P73; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CANCER INHIBITION; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL CYCLE G2 PHASE; CELL CYCLE PHASE; CELL GROWTH; DNA DAMAGE; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; METASTASIS INHIBITION; MITOSIS INHIBITION; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; DNA REPAIR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 2442494895     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-3304-4     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Augustin M., Bamberger C., Paul D. and Schmale H. (1998) Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human p53-related KET gene to chromosome 3q27 and its murine homolog Ket to mouse chromosome 16. Mamm. Genome 9: 899-902
2. Osada M., Ohba M., Kawahara C., Ishioka C., Kanamaru R., Katoh I. et al. (1998) Cloning and functional analysis of human p51, which structurally and functionally resembles p53. Nat. Med. 4: 839-843
3. Trink B., Okami K., Wu L., Sriuranpong V., Jen J. and Sidransky D. (1998) A new human p53 homologue. Nat. Med. 4: 747-748
4. Mills A. A., Zheng B., Wang X. J., Vogel H., Roop D. R. and Bradley A. (1999) p63 is a p53 homologue required for limb and epidermal morphogenesis. Nature 398: 708-713
5. Yang A., Walker N., Bronson R., Kaghad M., Oosterwegel M., Bonnin J. et al. (2000) p73-deficient mice have neurological, pheromonal and inflammatory defects but lack spontaneous tumours. Nature 404: 99-103
6. Donehower L. A., Harvey M., Slagle B. L., McArthur M. J., Montgomery C. A. Jr, Butel J. S. et al. (1992) Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature. 356: 215-221
7. Yang A. and McKeon F. (2000) P63 and P73: P53 mimics, menaces and more. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1: 199-207
8. Benard J., Douc-Rasy S. and Ahomadegbe J. C. (2003) TP53 family members and human cancers. Hum. Mutat. 21: 182-191
9. Maxwell S. A. and Davis G. E. (2000) Differential gene expression in p53-mediated apoptosis-resistant vs. apoptosis-sensitive tumor cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13009-13014
10. Mirza A., Wu Q., Wang L., McClanahan T., Bishop W. R., Gheyas F. et al. (2003) Global transcriptional program of p53 target genes during the process of apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Oncogene 22: 3645-3654
11. Chen X., Liu G., Zhu J., Jiang J., Nozell S. and Willis A. (2003) Isolation and characterization of fourteen novel putative and nine known target genes of the p53 family. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2: 55-62
12. Bakkers J., Hild M., Kramer C., Furutani-Seiki M. and Hammerschmidt M. (2002) Zebrafish DeltaNp63 is a direct target of Bmp signaling and encodes a transcriptional repressor blocking neural specification in the ventral ectoderm. Dev. Cell. 2: 617-627
13. Fontemaggi G., Gurtner A., Strano S., Higashi Y., Sacchi A., Piaggio G. et al. (2001) The transcriptional repressor ZEB regulates p73 expression at the crossroad between proliferation and differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 8461-8470
14. Calabro V., Mansueto G., Parisi T., Vivo M., Calogero R. A. and La Mantia G. (2002) The human MDM2 oncoprotein increases the transcriptional activity and the protein level of the p53 homolog p63. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 2674-2681
15. Okada Y., Osada M., Kurata S., Sato S., Aisaki K., Kageyama Y et al. (2002) p53 gene family p51(p63)-encoded, secondary transactivator p51B(TAp63alpha) occurs without forming an immunoprecipitable complex with MDM2, but responds to genotoxic stress by accumulation. Exp. Cell. Res. 276: 194-200
16. Zeng X., Chen L., Jost C. A., Maya R., Keller D., Wang X. et al. (1999) MDM2 suppresses p73 function without promoting p73 degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 3257-3266
17. Gu J., Nie L., Kawai H. and Yuan Z. M. (2001) Subcellular distribution of p53 and p73 are differentially regulated by MDM2. Cancer Res. 61: 6703-6707
18. Zheng X. and Chen X. (2001) Aquaporin 3, a glycerol and water transporter, is regulated by p73 of the p53 family. FEBS Lett. 489: 4-7
19. Sasaki Y, Ishida S., Morimoto I., Yamashita T., Kojima T., Kihara C. et al. (2002) The p53 family member genes are involved in the Notch signal pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 719-274
20. Nurse P. (2000) A long twentieth century of the cell cycle and beyond. Cell. 100: 71-78
21. Stevens C. and La Thangue N. B. (2003) E2F and cell cycle control: a double-edged sword. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 412: 157-169
22. el-Deiry W. S., Tokino T., Velculescu V. E., Levy D. B., Parsons R., Trent J. M. et al. (1993) WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell. 75: 817-825
23. Dohn M., Zhang S. and Chen X. (2001) p63alpha and DeltaNp63alpha can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and differentially regulate p53 target genes. Oncogene 20: 3193-3205
24. Lee C. W. and La Thangue N. B. (1999) Promoter specificity and stability control of the p53-related protein p73. Oncogene 18: 4171-4181
25. Adams P. D., Sellers W. R., Sharma S. K., Wu A. D., Nalin C. M. and Kaelin W. G. Jr (1996) Identification of a cyclin-cdk2 recognition motif present in substrates and p21-like cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 6623-6633
26. Chen X., Ko L. J., Jayaraman L. and Prives C. (1996) p53 levels, functional domains, and DNA damage determine the extent of the apoptotic response of tumor cells. Genes Dev. 10: 2438-2451
27. Kimura T., Gotoh M., Nakamura Y. and Arakawa H. (2003) hCDC4b, a regulator of cyclin E, as a direct transcriptional target of p53. Cancer Sci. 94: 431-436
28. Blint E., Phillips A. C., Kozlov S., Stewart C. L. and Vousden K. H. (2002) Induction of p57(KIP2) expression by p73beta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 3529-3534
29. Kishimoto T. and Okumura E. (1997) In vivo regulation of the entry into M-phase: initial activation and nuclear translocation of cyclin B/Cdc2. Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 3: 241-249
30. Smits V. A., Klompmaker R., Vallenius T., Rijksen G., Makela T. P. and Medema R. H. (2000) p21 inhibits Thr161 phosphorylation of Cdc2 to enforce the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 30638-30643
31. Zhan Q., Antinore M. J., Wang X. W., Carrier F., Smith M. L., Harris C. C. et al. (1999) Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45. Oncogene 18: 2892-2900
32. Hermeking H., Lengauer C., Polyak K., He T. C., Zhang L., Thiagalingam S. et al. (1997) 14-3-3 sigma is a p53-regulated inhibitor of G2/M progression. Mol. Cell. 1: 3-11
33. Zhu J., Jiang J., Zhou W and Chen X. (1998) The potential tumor suppressor p73 differentially regulates cellular p53 target genes. Cancer Res. 58: 5061-5065
34. Westfall M. D., Mays D. J., Sniezek J. C. and Pietenpol J. A. (2003) The Delta Np63 alpha phosphoprotein binds the p21 and 14-3-3 sigma promoters in vivo and has transcriptional repressor activity that is reduced by Hay-Wells syndrome-derived mutations. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 2264-2276
35. Chan T. A., Hermeking H., Lengauer C., Kinzler K. W. and Vogelstein B. (1999) 14-3-3Sigma is required to prevent mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage. Nature. 401: 616-620
36. Zhu J. and Chen X. (2000) MCG10, a novel p53 target gene that encodes a KH domain RNA-binding protein, is capable of inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G(2)-M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 5602-5618
37. Ohki R., Nemoto J., Murasawa H., Oda E., Inazawa J., Tanaka N. et al. (2000) Reprimo, a new candidate mediator of the p53-mediated cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 22627-22630
38. Utrera R., Collavin L., Lazarevic D., Delia D. and Schneider C. (1998) A novel p53-inducible gene coding for a microtubule-localized protein with G2-phase-specific expression. EMBO J. 17: 5015-5025
39. Taylor W. R., Schonthal A. H., Galante J. and Stark G. R. (2001) p130/E2F4 binds to and represses the cdc2 promoter in response to p53. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 1998-2006
40. Krause K., Wasner M., Reinhard W., Haugwitz U., Dohna C. L., Mossner J. et al. (2000) The tumour suppressor protein p53 can repress transcription of cyclin B. Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 4410-4418
41. Yun J., Chae H. D., Choy H. E., Chung J., Yoo H. S., Han M. H. et al. (1999) p53 negatively regulates cdc2 transcription via the CCAAT-binding NF-Y transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 29677-29682
42. Friedberg E. C. (2003) DNA damage and repair. Nature 421: 436-440
43. Hwang B. J., Ford J. M., Hanawalt P. C. and Chu G. (1999) Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 424-428
44. Tan T. and Chu G. (2002) p53 Binds and activates the xeroderma pigmentosum DDB2 gene in humans but not mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 3247-3254
45. Adimoolam S. and Ford J. M. (2002) p53 and DNA damage-inducible expression of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 12985-12990
46. Maeda T., Hanna A. N., Sim A. B., Chua P. P., Chong M. T. and Tron V A. (2002) GADD45 regulates G2/M arrest, DNA repair, and cell death in keratinocytes following ultraviolet exposure. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119: 22-26
47. Carrier F., Georgel P. T., Pourquier P., Blake M., Kontny H. U., Antinore M. J. et al. (1999) Gadd45, a p53-responsive stress protein, modifies DNA accessibility on damaged chromatin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 1673-1685
48. Chu G. and Chang E. (1988) Xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells lack a nuclear factor that binds to damaged DNA. Science 242: 564-567
49. Fitch M. E., Cross I. V. and Ford J. M. (2003) p53 responsive nucleotide excision repair gene products p48 and XPC, but not p53, localize to sites of UV-irradiation-induced DNA damage, in vivo. Carcinogenesis 24: 843-850
50. Cheo D. L., Ruven H. J., Meira L. B., Hammer R. E., Burns D. K., Tappe N. J. et al. (1997) Characterization of defective nucleotide excision repair in XPC mutant mice. Mutat. Res. 374: 1-9
51. Wang X. W., Yeh H., Schaeffer L., Roy R., Moncollin V., Egly J. M. et al. (1995) p53 modulation of TFIIH-associated nucleotide excision repair activity. Nat. Genet. 10: 188-195
52. Offer H., Milyavsky M., Erez N., Matas D., Zurer I., Harris C. C. et al. (2001) Structural and functional involvement of p53 in BER in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 20: 581-589
53. Zhou J., Ahn J., Wilson S. H. and Prives C. (2001) A role for p53 in base excision repair. EMBO J. 20: 914-923
54. Nakano K., Balint E., Ashcroft M. and Vousden K. H. (2000) A ribonucleotide reductase gene is a transcriptional target of p53 and p73. Oncogene 19: 4283-4289
55. Guittet O., Hakansson P., Voevodskaya N., Fridd S., Graslund A., Arakawa H. et al. (2001) Mammalian p53R2 protein forms an active ribonucleotide reductase in vitro with the R1 protein, which is expressed both in resting cells in response to DNA damage and in proliferating cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 40647-40651
56. Scherer S. J., Maier S. M., Seifert M., Hanselmann R. G., Zang K. D., Muller-Hermelink H. K. et al. (2000) p53 and c-Jun functionally synergize in the regulation of the DNA repair gene hMSH2 in response to UV. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 37469-37473
57. Xu J. and Morris G. F. (1999) p53-mediated regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 12-20
58. Lamers M. H., Perrakis A., Enzlin J. H., Winterwerp H. H., de Wind N. and Sixma T. K. (2000) The crystal structure of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS binding to a G x T mismatch. Nature 407: 711-717
59. Gradia S., Acharya S. and Fishel R. (1997) The human mismatch recognition complex hMSH2-hMSH6 functions as a novel molecular switch. Cell 91: 995-1005
60. Flores-Rozas H., Clark D. and Kolodner R. D. (2000) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Msh2p-Msh6p interact to form an active mispair recognition complex. Nat. Genet. 26: 375-378
61. Hanahan D. and Folkman J. (1996) Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86: 353-364
62. Dameron K. M., Volpert O. V., Tainsky M. A. and Bouck N. (1994) Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science 265: 1582-1584
63. Vikhanskaya F., Bani M. R., Borsotti P., Ghilardi C., Ceruti R., Ghisleni G. et al. (2001) p73 Overexpression increases VEGF and reduces thrombospondin-1 production: implications for tumor angiogenesis. Oncogene 20: 7293-7300
64. Iruela-Arispe M. L., Lombardo M., Krutzsch H. C., Lawler J. and Roberts D. D. (1999) Inhibition of angiogenesis by thrombospondin-1 is mediated by 2 independent regions within the type 1 repeats. Circulation 100: 1423-1431
65. Nor J. E., Mitra R. S., Sutorik M. M., Mooney D. J., Castle V P. and Polverini P. J. (2000) Thrombospondin-1 induces endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis by activating the caspase death pathway. J. Vasc. Res. 37: 209-218
66. Qian X., Wang T. N., Rothman V. L., Nicosia R. F. and Tuszynski G. P. (1997) Thrombospondin-1 modulates angiogenesis in vitro by up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endothelial cells. Exp. Cell. Res. 235: 403-412
67. Zhang L., Yu D., Hu M., Xiong S., Lang A., Ellis L. M. et al. (2000) Wild-type p53 suppresses angiogenesis in human leiomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma by transcriptional suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Cancer Res. 60: 3655-3661
68. Senoo M., Matsumura Y. and Habu S. (2002) TAp63gamma (p51A) and dNp63alpha (p73L), two major isoforms of the p63 gene, exert opposite effects on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression. Oncogene 21: 2455-2465
69. Salimath B., Marme D. and Finkenzeller G. (2000) Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene is inhibited by p73. Oncogene 19: 3470-3476
70. Van Meir E. G., Polverini P. J., Chazin V. R., Su Huang H. J., de Tribolet N. and Cavenee W. K. (1994) Release of an inhibitor of angiogenesis upon induction of wild type p53 expression in glioblastoma cells. Nat. Genet. 8: 171-176
71. Nishimori H., Shiratsuchi T., Urano T., Kimura Y., Kiyono K., Tatsumi K. et al. (1997) A novel brain-specific p53-target gene, BAI1, containing thrombospondin type 1 repeats inhibits experimental angiogenesis. Oncogene 15: 2145-2150
72. Duda D. G., Sunamura M., Lozonschi L., Yokoyama T., Yatsuoka T., Motoi F. et al. (2002) Overexpression of the p53-inducible brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 suppresses efficiently tumour angiogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 86: 490-496
73. Werb Z. (1997) ECM and cell surface proteolysis: regulating cellular ecology. Cell 91: 439-442
74. Kunz C., Pebler S., Otte J. and von der Ahe D. (1995) Differential regulation of plasminogen activator and inhibitor gene transcription by the tumor suppressor p53. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 3710-3717
75. Zou Z., Gao C., Nagaich A. K., Connell T., Saito S., Moul J. W. et al. (2000) p53 regulates the expression of the tumor suppressor gene maspin. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 6051-6054
76. Bass R., Fernandez A. M. and Ellis V. (2002) Maspin inhibits cell migration in the absence of protease inhibitory activity. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 46845-46848
77. Shi H. Y., Zhang W., Liang R., Abraham S., Kittrell F. S., Medina D. et al. (2001) Blocking tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by maspin in a syngeneic breast cancer model. Cancer Res. 61: 6945-6951
78. Blacque O. E. and Worrall D. M. (2002) Evidence for a direct interaction between the tumor suppressor serpin, maspin, and types I and III collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 10783-10788
79. Abraham S., Zhang W., Greenberg N. and Zhang M. (2003) Maspin functions as tumor suppressor by increasing cell adhesion to extracellular matrix in prostate tumor cells. J. Urol. 169: 1157-1161
80. Mashimo T., Watabe M., Hirota S., Hosobe S., Miura K., Tegtmeyer P. J. et al. (1998) The expression of the KAI1 gene, a tumor metastasis suppressor, is directly activated by p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11307-11311
81. Jee B., Jin K., Hahn J. H., Song H. G. and Lee H. (2003) Metastasis-suppressor KAI1/CD82 induces homotypic aggregation of human prostate cancer cells through Src-dependent pathway. Exp. Mol. Med. 35: 30-37
82. Zhang X. A., He B., Zhou B. and Liu L. (2003) Requirement of the p130CAS-Crk Coupling for Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82-mediated Inhibition of Cell Migration. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 27319-27328
83. Chen S. L., Wu Y. S., Shieh H. Y., Yen C. C., Shen J. J. and Lin K. H. (2003) P53 is a regulator of the metastasis suppressor gene Nm23-H1. Mol. Carcinog. 36: 204-214
84. Newmeyer D. D. and Ferguson-Miller S. (2003) Mitochondria: releasing power for life and unleashing the machineries of death. Cell 112: 481-490
85. MacFarlane M. (2003) TRAIL-induced signalling and apoptosis. Toxicol. Lett. 139: 89-97
86. Fleury C., Mignotte B. and Vayssiere J. L. (2002) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cell death signaling. Biochimie 84: 131-141
87. Fukazawa T., Fujiwara T., Morimoto Y., Shao J., Nishizaki M., Kadowaki Y. et al. (1999) Differential involvement of the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) receptor/ligand system on apoptosis induced by the wild-type p53 gene transfer in human cancer cells. Oncogene 18: 2189-2199
88. Takimoto R. and El-Deiry W. S. (2000) Wild-type p53 transactivates the KILLER/DR5 gene through an intronic sequence-specific DNA-binding site. Oncogene 19: 1735-1743
89. Owen-Schaub L. B., Zhang W., Cusack J. C., Angelo L. S., Santee S. M., Fujiwara T. et al. (1995) Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 3032-3040
90. Liedtke C., Groger N., Manns M. P. and Trautwein C. (2003) The human caspase-8 promoter sustains basal activity through SP1 and ETS-like transcription factors and can be up-regulated by a p53-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 27593-27604
91. Gupta S., Radha V, Furukawa Y. and Swamp G. (2001) Direct transcriptional activation of human caspase-1 by tumor suppressor p53. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 10585-10588
92. MacLachlan T. K. and El-Deiry W. S. (2002) Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53 transactivation of caspase-6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 9492-9497
93. Meng R. D., McDonald E. R. 3rd, Sheikh M. S., Fornace A. J. Jr and El-Deiry W. S. (2000) The TRAIL decoy receptor TRUNDD (DcR2, TRAIL-R4) is induced by adenovirus-p53 overexpression and can delay TRAIL-, p53- and KILLER/DR5-dependent colon cancer apoptosis. Mol. Ther. 1: 130-144
94. Sheikh M. S., Huang Y., Fernandez-Salas E. A., El-Deiry W. S., Friess H., Amundson S. et al. (1999) The antiapoptotic decoy receptor TRID/TRAIL-R3 is a p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene that is overexpressed in primary tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Oncogene 18: 4153-4159
95. Bartke T., Siegmund D., Peters N., Reichwein M., Henkler F., Scheurich P. et al. (2001) p53 upregulates cFLIP, inhibits transcription of NF-kappaB-regulated genes and induces caspase-8-independent cell death in DLD-1 cells. Oncogene 20: 571-580
96. Grambihler A., Higuchi H., Bronk S. F. and Gores G. J. (2003) cFLIP-L inhibits p38 MAPK activation: an additional antiapoptotic mechanism in bile acid-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 26831-26837
97. Jonsson G., Paulie S. and Grandien A. (2003) High level of cFLIP correlates with resistance to death receptor-induced apoptosis in bladder carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 23: 1213-1218
98. Sax J. K. and El-Deiry W. S. (2003) Identification and characterization of the cytoplasmic protein TRAF4 as a p53 regulated pro-apoptotic gene. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 36435-36444
99. Regnier C. H., Masson R., Kedinger V., Textoris J., Stoll I., Chenard M. P. et al. (2002) Impaired neural tube closure, axial skeleton malformations, and tracheal ring disruption in TRAF4-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99: 5585-5590
100. Miyashita T., Krajewski S., Krajewska M., Wang H. G., Lin H. K., Liebermann D. A. et al. (1994) Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9: 1799-1805
101. Shimada A., Kato S., Enjo K., Osada M., Ikawa Y., Kohno K. et al. (1999) The transcriptional activities of p53 and its homologue p51/p63: similarities and differences. Cancer Res. 59: 2781-2786
102. Oda K., Arakawa H., Tanaka T., Matsuda K., Tanikawa C., Mori T. et al. (2000) p53AIP1, a potential mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis, and its regulation by Ser-46-phosphorylated p53. Cell 102: 849-862
103. Costanzo A., Merlo P., Pediconi N., Fulco M., Sartorelli V, Cole P. A. et al. (2002) DNA damage-dependent acetylation of p73 dictates the selective activation of apoptotic target genes. Mol Cell. 9: 175-186
104. Fernandez-Salas E., Suh K. S., Speransky V. V., Bowers W. L., Levy J. M., Adams T. et al. (2002) mtCLIC/CLIC4, an organellular chloride channel protein, is increased by DNA damage and participates in the apoptotic response to p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 3610-3620
105. Oda E., Ohki R., Murasawa H., Nemoto J., Shibue T., Yamashita T. et al. (2000) Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Science 288: 1053-1058
106. Nakano K. and Vousden K. H. (2001) PUMA, a novel proapoptotic gene, is induced by p53. Mol. Cell. 7: 683-694
107. Sax J. K., Fei P., Murphy M. E., Bernhard E., Korsmeyer S. J. and El-Deiry W. S. (2002) BID regulation by p53 contributes to chemosensitivity. Nat. Cell. Biol. 4: 842-849
108. Miyashita T. and Reed J. C. (1995) Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80: 293-299
109. Sugars K. L., Budhram-Mahadeo V., Packham G. and Latchman D. S. (2001) A minimal Bcl-x promoter is activated by Brn-3a and repressed by p53. Nucleic Acids Res. 29: 4530-4540
110. Schuler M., Maurer U., Goldstein J. C., Breitenbucher F., Hoffarth S., Waterhouse N. J. et al. (2003) p53 triggers apoptosis in oncogene-expressing fibroblasts by the induction of Noxa and mitochondrial Bax translocation. Cell Death Differ. 10: 451-460
111. Yu J., Zhang L., Hwang P. M., Kinzler K. W. and Vogelstein B. (2001) PUMA induces the rapid apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Mol. Cell. 7: 673-682
112. Li H., Zhu H., Xu C. J. and Yuan J. (1998) Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell 94: 491-501
113. Zha J., Weiler S., Oh K. J., Wei M. C. and Korsmeyer S. J. (2000) Posttranslational N-myristoylation of BID as a molecular switch for targeting mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 290: 1761-1765
114. Mathai J. P., Germain M., Marcellus R. C. and Shore G. C. (2002) Induction and endoplasmic reticulum location of BIK/NBK in response to apoptotic signaling by E1A and p53. Oncogene 21: 2534-2544
115. Manfredi J. J. (2003) p53 and apoptosis: it's not just in the nucleus anymore. Mol. Cell. 11: 552-554
116. Fortin A., Cregan S. P., MacLaurin J. G., Kushwaha N., Hickman E. S., Thompson C. S. et al. (2001) APAF1 is a key transcriptional target for p53 in the regulation of neuronal cell death. J. Cell. Biol. 155: 207-216
117. Rozenfeld-Granot G., Krishnamurthy J., Kannan K., Toren A., Amariglio N., Givol D. et al. (2002) A positive feedback mechanism in the transcriptional activation of Apaf-1 by p53 and the coactivator Zac-1. Oncogene 21: 1469-1476
118. Johnson T. M., Yu Z. X., Ferrans V. J., Lowenstein R. A. and Finkel T. (1996) Reactive oxygen species are downstream mediators of p53-dependent apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 11848-11852
119. Liu G. and Chen X. (2002) The ferredoxin reductase gene is regulated by the p53 family and sensitizes cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 21: 7195-7204
120. Ellisen L. W., Ramsayer K. D., Johannessen C. M., Yang A., Beppu H., Minda K. et al. (2002) REDD1, a developmentally regulated transcriptional target of p63 and p53, links p63 to regulation of reactive oxygen species. Mol. Cell. 10: 995-1005
121. Polyak K., Xia Y., Zweier J. L., Kinzler K. W. and Vogelstein B. (1997) A model for p53-induced apoptosis. Nature 389: 300-305
122. Ohiro Y., Garkavtsev I., Kobayashi S., Sreekumar K. R., Nantz R., Higashikubo B. T. et al. (2002) A novel p53-inducible apoptogenic gene, PRG3, encodes a homologue of the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). FEBS Lett. 524: 163-171
123. Flatt P. M., Polyak K., Tang L. J., Scatena C. D., Westfall M. D., Rubinstein L. A. et al. (2000) p53-dependent expression of PIG3 during proliferation, genotoxic stress and reversible growth arrest. Cancer Lett. 156: 63-72
124. Contente A., Dittmer A., Koch M. C., Roth J. and Dobbelstein M. (2002) A polymorphic microsatellite that mediates induction of PIG3 by p53. Nat. Genet. 30: 315-320
125. Gao C., Zou Z., Xu L., Moul J., Seth P. and Srivastava S. (2000) p53-dependent induction of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) expression. Int. J. Cancer. 88: 191-194
126. Tan M., Li S., Swaroop M., Guan K., Oberley L. W. and Sun Y. (1999) Transcriptional activation of the human glutathione peroxidase promoter by p53. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 12061-12066
127. Baek S. H., Min J. N., Park E. M., Han M. Y., Lee Y. S., Lee Y. J. et al. (2000) Role of small heat shock protein HSP25 in radioresistance and glutathione-redox cycle. J. Cell. Physiol. 183: 100-107
128. Yin Y., Terauchi Y., Solomon G. G., Aizawa S., Rangarajan P. N., Yazaki Y. et al. (1998) Involvement of p85 in p53-dependent apoptotic response to oxidative stress. Nature 391: 707-710
129. Ko L. J. and Prives C. (1996) p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev. 10: 1054-1072
130. Levine A. J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88: 323-331
131. Sakaguchi K., Herrera J. E., Saito S., Miki T., Bustin M., Vassilev A. et al. (1998) DNA damage activates p53 through a phosphorylation-acetylation cascade. Genes Dev. 12: 2831-2841
132. Li M., Luo J., Brooks C. L. and Gu W. (2002) Acetylation of p53 inhibits its ubiquitination by Mdm2. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 50607-50611
133. Barak Y., Juven T., Haffner R. and Oren M. (1993) mdm2 expression is induced by wild type p53 activity. EMBO J. 12: 461-468
134. Boyd S. D., Tsai K. Y. and Jacks T. (2000) An intact HDM2 RING-finger domain is required for nuclear exclusion of p53. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2: 563-568
135. Rodriguez M. S., Desterro J. M., Lain S., Lane D. P. and Hay R. T. (2000) Multiple C-terminal lysine residues target p53 for ubiquitin-proteasome- mediated degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 8458-8467
136. Xirodimas D. P., Stephen C. W. and Lane D. P. (2001) Cocompartmentalization of p53 and Mdm2 is a major determinant for Mdm2-mediated degradation of p53. Exp. Cell. Res. 270: 66-77
137. Zhu Q., Yao J., Wani G., Wani M. A. and Wani A. A. (2001) Mdm2 mutant defective in binding p300 promotes ubiquitination but not degradation of p53: evidence for the role of p300 in integrating ubiquitination and proteolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 29695-29701
138. Dobbelstein M., Wienzek S., Konig C. and Roth J. (1999) Inactivation of the p53-homologue p73 by the mdm2-oncoprotein. Oncogene 18: 2101-2106
139. Ongkeko W. M., Wang X. Q., Siu W. Y., Lau A. W., Yamashita K., Harris A. L. et al. (l 999) MDM2 and MDMX bind and stabilize the p53-related protein p73. Curr. Biol. 9: 829-832
140. Zeng X., Li X., Miller A., Yuan Z., Yuan W., Kwok R. P. et al. (2000) The N-terminal domain of p73 interacts with the CH1 domain of p300/CREB binding protein and mediates transcriptional activation and apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 1299-1310
141. Uramoto H., Izumi H., Nagatani G., Ohmori H., Nagasue N., Ise T. et al. (2003) Physical interaction of tumour suppressor p53/p73 with CCAAT-binding transcription factor 2 (CTF2) and differential regulation of human high-mobility group 1 (HMG1) gene expression. Biochem. J. 371: 301-310
142. Idelman G., Glaser T., Roberts C. T. Jr and Werner H. (2003) WT1-p53 interactions in insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene regulation. J Biol Chem. 278: 3474-3482
143. Jayaraman L., Moorthy N. C., Murthy K. G., Manley J. L., Bustin M. and Prives C. (1998) High mobility group protein-1 (HMG-1) is a unique activator of p53. Genes Dev. 12: 462-472
144. Chen X., Zheng Y., Zhu J., Jiang J. and Wang J. (2001) p73 is transcriptionally regulated by DNA damage, p53, and p73. Oncogene 20: 769-774
145. Stambolic V., MacPherson D., Sas D., Lin Y., Snow B., Jang Y. et al. (2001) Regulation of PTEN transcription by p53. Mol. Cell. 8: 317-325
146. Okamoto K. and Beach D. (1994) Cyclin G is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. EMBO J. 13: 4816-4822
147. Leng R. P., Lin Y., Ma W., Wu H., Lemmers B., Chung S. et al. (2003) Pirh2, a p53-induced ubiquitin-protein ligase, promotes p53 degradation. Cell 112: 779-791
148. Fiscella M., Zhang H., Fan S., Sakaguchi K., Shen S., Mercer W. E. et al. (1997) Wip1, a novel human protein phosphatase that is induced in response to ionizing radiation in a p53-dependent manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 6048-6053
149. Freeman D. J., Li A. G., Wei G., Li H. H., Kertesz N., Lesche R. et al. (2003) PTEN tumor suppressor regulates p53 protein levels and activity through phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cancer Cell 3: 117-130
150. Chen X. (2002) Cyclin G: a regulator of the p53-Mdm2 network. Dev. Cell. 2: 518-519
151. Takekawa M., Adachi M., Nakahata A., Nakayama I., Itoh F., Tsukuda H. et al. (2000) p53-inducible wip1 phosphatase mediates a negative feedback regulation of p38 MAPK-p53 signaling in response to UV radiation. EMBO J. 19: 6517-6526
152. Ludes-Meyers J. H., Subler M. A., Shivakumar C. V., Munoz R. M., Jiang P., Bigger J. E. et al. (1996) Transcriptional activation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor promoter by human p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 6009-6019
153. Fang L., Li G., Liu G., Lee S. W. and Aaronson S. A. (2001) p53 induction of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor counteracts p53 growth suppression through activation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades. EMBO J. 20: 1931-1939
154. Shin T. H., Paterson A. J. and Kudlow J. E. (1995) p53 stimulates transcription from the human transforming growth factor alpha promoter: a potential growth-stimulatory role for p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 4694-7401
155. Seol D. W., Chen Q., Smith M. L. and Zarnegar R. (1999) Regulation of the c-met proto-oncogene promoter by p53. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 3565-3572
156. Metcalfe A. M., Dixon R. M. and Radda G. K. (1997) Wild-type but not mutant p53 activates the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 983-986
157. Uramoto H., Izumi H., Ise T., Tada M., Uchiumi T., Kuwano M. et al. (2002) p73 Interacts with c-Myc to regulate Y-box-binding protein-1 expression. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 31694-31702
158. Lasham A., Moloney S., Hale T., Homer C., ZhangY. F., Murison J. G. et al. (2003) The Y-box binding protein YB1: A potential negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 35516-35523
159. Zhang Y. F., Homer C., Edwards S. J., Hananeia L., Lasham A., Royds J. et al. (2003) Nuclear localization of Y-box factor YB1 requires wild-type p53. Oncogene 22: 2782-2794
160. Sah Y. P., Attardi L. D., Mulligan G. J., Williams B. O., Bronson R. T. and Jacks T. (1995) A subset of p53-deficient embryos exhibit exencephaly. Nat. Genet. 10: 175-180
161. Chompret A. (2002) The Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Biochimie 84: 75-82
162. van Bokhoven H. and Brunner H. G. (2002) Splitting p63. Am J. Hum. Genet. 71: 1-13
163. Wang J., Shou J. and Chen X. (2000) Dickkopf-1, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, is induced by p53. Oncogene 19: 1843-1848
164. Mao B., Wu W., Li Y., Hoppe D., Stannek P., Glinka A. et al. (2001) LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Nature 411: 321-325
165. Davidson G., Mao B., del Barco Barrantes I. and Niehrs C. (2002) Kremen proteins interact with Dickkopf1 to regulate anteroposterior CNS patterning. Development 129: 5587-5596
166. Mukhopadhyay M., Shtrom S., Rodriguez-Esteban C., Chen L., Tsukui T., Gomer L. et al. (2001) Dickkopf1 is required for embryonic head induction and limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev. Cell. 1: 423-434
167. Yang A., Schweitzer R., Sun D., Kaghad M., Walker N., Bronson R. T. et al. (1999) p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 398: 714-718
168. Lu P., Barad M. and Vize P. D. (2001) Xenopus p63 expression in early ectoderm and neurectoderm. Mech. Dev. 102: 275-278
169. Gaiano N. and Fishell G. (2002) The role of notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25: 471-490
170. Ropke A., Kujat A., Graber M., Giannakudis J. and Hansmann I. (2003) Identification of 36 novel Jagged1 (JAG1) mutations in patients with Alagille syndrome. Hum. Mutat. 21: 100
171. Valsecchi C., Ghezzi C., Ballabio A. and Rugarli E. I. (1997) JAGGED2: a putative Notch ligand expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge and in sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Mech. Dev. 69: 203-207
172. Jiang R., Lan Y., Chapman H. D., Shawber C., Norton C. R., Serreze D. V. et al. (1998) Defects in limb, craniofacial and thymic development in Jagged2 mutant mice. Genes Dev. 12: 1046-1057
173. De Laurenzi V., Raschella G., Barcaroli D., Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M., Ranalli M., Catani M. V. et al. (2000) Induction of neuronal differentiation by p73 in a neuroblastoma cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 15226-15231
174. Shinbo J., Ozaki T., Nakagawa T., Watanabe K., Nakamura Y., Yamazaki M. et al. (2002) p73-dependent expression of DAN during cisplatin-induced cell death and osteoblast differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295: 501-507
175. Cremer H., Lange R., Christoph A., Plomann M., Vopper G., Roes J. et al. (1994) Inactivation of the N-CAM gene in mice results in size reduction of the olfactory bulb and deficits in spatial learning. Nature 367: 455-459
176. Cremer H., Chazal G., Goridis C. and Represa A. (1997) NCAM is essential for axonal growth and fasciculation in the hippocampus. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 8: 323-335
177. Walsh F. S. and Doherty P. (1997) Neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily: role in axon growth and guidance. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 13: 425-456
178. Hsu D. R., Economides A. N., Wang X., Eimon P. M. and Harland R. M. (1998) The Xenopus dorsalizing factor Gremlin identifies a novel family of secreted proteins that antagonize BMP activities. Mol. Cell. 1: 673-683
179. Nakamura Y., Ozaki T., Ichimiya S., Nakagawara A. and Sakiyama S. (1998) Ectopic expression of DAN enhances the retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243: 722-726
180. Jaiswal A. S. and Narayan S. (2001) p53-dependent transcriptional regulation of the APC promoter in colon cancer cells treated with DNA alkylating agents. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 18193-18199
181. Miyashita T., Harigai M., Hanada M. and Reed J. C. (1994) Identification of a p53-dependent negative response element in the bcl-2 gene. Cancer Res. 54: 3131-3135
182. Wu G. S., Saftig P., Peters C. and El-Deiry W. S. (1998) Potential role for cathepsin D in p53-dependent tumor suppression and chemosensitivity. Oncogene 16: 2177-2183
183. Elkeles A., Juven-Gershon T., Israeli D., Wilder S., Zalcenstein A. and Oren M. (1999) The c-fos proto-oncogene is a target for transactivation by the p53 tumor suppressor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 2594-2600
184. Kley N., Chung R. Y., Fay S., Loeffler J. P. and Seizinger B. R. (1992) Repression of the basal c-fos promoter by wild-type p53. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 4083-4087
185. Han J. A., Kim J. I., Ongusaha P. P., Hwang D. H., Ballou L. R., Mahale A. et al. (2002) P53-mediated induction of Cox-2 counteracts p53- or genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis. EMBO J. 21: 5635-5644
186. Subbaramaiah K., Altorki N., Chung W. J., Mestre J. R., Sampat A. and Dannenberg A. J. (1999) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression by p53. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 10911-10915
187. Hsieh S. C., Lo P. K. and Wang F. F. (2002) Mouse DDA3 gene is a direct transcriptional target of p53 and p73. Oncogene 21: 3050-3057
188. Scholl F. A., McLoughlin P., Ehler E., de Giovanni C. and Schafer B. W. (2000) DRAL is a p53-responsive gene whose four and a half LIM domain protein product induces apoptosis. J. Cell. Biol. 151: 495-506
189. Kato M. V., Sato H., Nagayoshi M. and Ikawa Y. (1997) Up-regulation of the elongation factor-1alpha gene by p53 in association with death of an erythroleukemic cell line. Blood 90: 1373-1378
190. Dohn M., Jiang J. and Chen X. (2001) Receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is regulated by p53-family proteins and induces apoptosis. Oncogene 20: 6503-6515
191. Furuhata T., Tokino T., Urano T. and Nakamura Y. (1996) Isolation of a novel GPI-anchored gene specifically regulated by p53; correlation between its expression and anti-cancer drug sensitivity. Oncogene 13: 1965-1970
192. Jin S., Kalkum M., Overholtzer M., Stoffel A., Chait B. T. and Levine A. J. (2003) CIAP1 and the serine protease HTRA2 are involved in a novel p53-dependent apoptosis pathway in mammals. Genes Dev. 17: 359-367
193. Buckbinder L., Talbott R., Velasco-Miguel S., Takenaka I., Faha B., Seizinger B. R. et al. (1995) Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53. Nature 377: 646-649
194. Ren C., Li L., Goltsov A. A., Timme T. L., Tahir S. A., Wang J. et al. (2002) mRTVP-1, a novel p53 target gene with proapoptotic activities. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 3345-3357
195. Nozell S. and Chen X. (2002) p21B, a variant of p21(Waf1/Cip1), is induced by the p53 family. Oncogene 21: 1285-1294
196. Okamura S., Arakawa H., Tanaka T., Nakanishi H., Ng C. C., Taya Y. et al. (2001) p53DINP1, a p53-inducible gene, regulates p53-dependent apoptosis. Mol. Cell. 8: 85-94
197. Tanikawa C., Matsuda K., Fukuda S., Nakamura Y. and Arakawa H. (2003) p53RDL1 regulates p53-dependent apoptosis. Nat. Cell. Biol. 5: 216-223
198. Yin Y., Liu Y. X., Jin Y. J., Hall E. J. and Barrett J. C. (2003) PAC 1 phosphatase is a transcription target of p53 in signalling apoptosis and growth suppression. Nature 422: 527-531
199. Israeli D., Tessler E., Haupt Y., Elkeles A., Wilder S., Amson R. et al. (1997) A novel p53-inducible gene, PAG608, encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein whose overexpression promotes apoptosis. EMBO J. 16: 4384-4392
200. Attardi L. D., Reczek E. E., Cosmas C., Demicco E. G., McCurrach M. E., Lowe S. W. et al. (2000) PERP, an apoptosis-associated target of p53, is a novel member of the PMP-22/gas3 family. Genes Dev. 14: 704-718
201. Lin Y., Ma W. and Benchimol S. (2000) Pidd, a new death-domain-containing protein, is induced by p53 and promotes apoptosis. Nat. Genet. 26: 122-127
202. Donald S. P., Sun X. Y., Hu C. A., Yu J., Mei J. M., Valle D. et al. (2001) Proline oxidase, encoded by p53-induced gene-6, catalyzes the generation of proline-dependent reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res. 61: 1810-1815
203. Johnson M. D., Wu X., Aithmitti N. and Morrison R. S. (2002) Peg3/Pw1 is a mediator between p53 and Bax in DNA damage-induced neuronal death. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 23000-23007
204. Brodsky M. H., Nordstrom W., Tsang G., Kwan E., Rubin G. M. and Abrams J. M. (2000) Drosophila p53 binds a damage response element at the reaper locus. Cell 101: 103-113
205. Bourdon J. C., Renzing J., Robertson P. L., Fernandes K. N. and Lane D. P. (2002) Scotin, a novel p53-inducible proapoptotic protein located in the ER and the nuclear membrane. J. Cell. Biol. 158: 235-246
206. Roperch J. P., Lethrone F., Prieur S., Piouffre L., Israeli D., Tuynder M. et al. (1999) SIAH-1 promotes apoptosis and tumor suppression through a network involving the regulation of protein folding, unfolding, and trafficking: identification of common effectors with p53 and p21(Waf1). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 8070-8073
207. Tomasini R., Samir A. A., Pebusque M. J., Calvo E. L., Totaro S., Dagorn J. C. et al. (2002) P53-dependent expression of the stress-induced protein (SIP). Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 81: 294-301
208. Ng C. C., Koyama K., Okamura S., Kondoh H., Takei Y. and Nakamura Y. (1999) Isolation and characterization of a novel TP53-inducible gene, TP53TG3. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26: 329-335
209. Varmeh-Ziaie S., Okan I., Wang Y., Magnusson K. P., Warthoe P., Strauss M. et al. (1997) Wig-1, a new p53-induced gene encoding a zinc finger protein. Oncogene 15: 2699-2704
210. Cecconi F., Alvarez-Bolado G., Meyer B. I., Roth K. A. and Gruss P. (1998) Apaf1 (CED-4 homolog) regulates programmed cell death in mammalian development. Cell 94: 727-737
211. Hara M. and Verkman A. S. (2003) Glycerol replacement corrects defective skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function in aquaporin-3-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 7360-7365
212. Chen W. Y., Zeng X., Carter M. G., Morrell C. N., Chiu Yen R. W., Esteller M. et al. (2003) Heterozygous disruption of Hic1 predisposes mice to a gender-dependent spectrum of malignant tumors. Nat. Genet. 33: 197-202
213. De Laurenzi V., Rossi A., Terrinoni A., Barcaroli D., Levrero M., Costanzo A. et al. (2000) p63 and p73 transactivate differentiation gene promoters in human keratinocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273: 342-346
214. Spinner N. B., Colliton R. P., Crosnier C., Krantz I. D., Hadchouel M. and Meunier-Rotival M. (2001) Jagged1 mutations in alagille syndrome. Hum. Mutat. 17: 18-33
215. Zhang P., Liegeois N. J., Wong C., Finegold M., Hou H., Thompson J. C. et al. (1997) Altered cell differentiation and proliferation in mice lacking p57KIP2 indicates a role in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nature 387: 151-158
216. Zou Y., Stoeckli E., Chen H. and Tessier-Lavigne M. (2000) Squeezing axons out of the gray matter: a role for slit and semaphorin proteins from midline and ventral spinal cord. Cell 102: 363-375
217. Choi J., Nannenga B., Demidov O. N., Bulavin D. V., Cooney A., Brayton C. et al. (2002) Mice deficient for the wild-type p53-induced phosphatase gene (Wip1) exhibit defects in reproductive organs, immune function, and cell cycle control. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 1094-1105