p53: Puzzle and paradigm

Genes and Development

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 1996, Pages 1054-1072

  Ko, Linda J ^a   Prives, Carol ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN P53;

APOPTOSIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DNA REPAIR; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0029972806     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.10.9.1054     Document Type: Review

References (245)

1. Abarzua, P., J.E. LoSardo, ML. Gubler, and A. Neri. 1995. Microinjection of monoclonal antibody Pab421 into human SW480 colorectal carcinoma cells restores the transcription activation function to mutant p53. Cancer Res. 55: 3490-3494.
2. Agarwal, M.L., A. Agarwal, W.R. Taylor, and G.R. Stark. 1995. p53 controls both the G2/M and the G1 cell cycle checkpoints and mediates reversible growth arrest in human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 8493-8497.
3. Agoff, S.N., J.H. Hou, D.I.H. Linzer, and B. Wu. 1993. Regulation of the human hsp70 promoter by p53. Science 259: 84-87.
4. Aloni-Grinstein, R., D. Schwartz, and V. Rotter. 1995. Accumulation of wild-type p53 protein upon γ-irradiation induces a G2 arrest-dependent immunoglobulin κ light chain gene expression. EMBO J. 14: 1392-1401.
5. Balagurumoorthy, P., H. Sakamoto, M.S. Lewis, N. Zambrano, G.M. Clore, A.M. Gronenborn, E. Appella, and R.E. Harrington. 1995. Four p53 DNA-binding domain peptides bind natural p53 response elements and bend the DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 8591-8595.
6. Balkalkin, G., T. Yakovleva, G. Selivanova, K.P. Magnusson, L. Szekely, E. Kiseleva, G. Klein, L. Terenius, and K.G. Wiman. 1994. p53 binds single-stranded DNA ends and catalyzes DNA renaturation and strand transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:413-417.
7. Balkalkin, G., G. Selivanova, T. Yakovleva, E. Kiseleva, E. Kashuba, K.P. Magnusson, L. Szekely, G. Klein, L. Terenius, and K.G. Wiman. 1995. p53 binds single-stranded DNA ends through the C-terminal domain and internal DNA segments via the middle domain. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 362-369.
8. Barak, Y., T. Juven, R. Haffner, and M. Oren. 1993. mdm2 expression is induced by wild type p53 activity. EMBO J. 12: 461-468.
9. Bargonetti, J., J.J. Manfredi, X. Chen, D.R. Marshak, and C. Prives. 1993. A proteolytic fragment from the central region of p53 has marked sequence-specific DNA-binding activity when generated from wild-type but not from oncogenic mutant p53 protein. Genes & Dev. 7: 2565-2574.
10. Baudier, J., C. Delphin, D. Grunwald, S. Khochbin, and J.J. Lawrence. 1992. Characterization of the tumor suppressor protein p53 as a protein kinase C substrate and a S100b-binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 11627-11631.
11. Bayle, J.H., B. Elenbaas, and A.J. Levine. 1995. The carboxylterminal domain of the p53 protein regulates sequence-specific DNA binding through its nonspecific nucleic acid-binding activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 5729-5733.
12. Borellini, F. and R.I. Glazer. 1993. Induction of Spl-p53 DNA-binding heterocomplexes during granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent proliferation in human erythroleukemia cell line TF-1. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 7923-7928.
13. Brain, R. and J.R. Jenkins. 1994. Human p53 directs DNA strand reassociation and is photolabelled by 8-azido ATP. Oncogene 9: 1775-1780.
14. Brugarolas, J., C. Chandrasekaran, J.I. Gordon, D. Beach, T. Jacks, and G.J. Hannon. 1995. Radiation-induced cell cycle arrest compromised by p21 deficiency. Nature 377: 552-557.
15. Buckbinder, L., R. Talbott, S. Velasco-Miguel, I. Takenaka, B. Faha, B.R. Seizinger, and N. Kley. 1995. Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53. Nature 377: 646-649.
16. Caelles, C., A. Helmberg, and M. Karin. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes. Nature 370: 220-223.
17. Canman, C.E., T.M. Gilmer, S.B. Coutts, and M.B. Kastan. 1995. Growth factor modulation of p53-mediated growth arrest versus apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 9: 600-611.
18. Chang, J., D.-H. Kim, S.W. Lee, K.Y. Choi, and Y.C. Sung. 1995. Transactivation ability of p53 transcriptional activation domain is directly related to the binding affinity to TATA-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 25014-25019.
19. Chen, C-Y., J.D. Oliner, Q. Zhan, A.J. Fornace, Jr., B. Vogelstein, and M.B. Kastan. 1994. Interactions between p53 and MDM2 in a mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 2684-2688.
20. Chen, J.-Y., W.D. Funk, W.E. Wright, J.W. Shay, and J.D. Minna. 1993. Heterogeneity of transcriptional activity of mutant p53 proteins and p53 DNA target sequences. Oncogene 8: 2159-2166.
21. Chen, X., G. Farmer, H. Zhu, R. Prywes, and C. Prives. 1993. Cooperative DNA binding of p53 with TFIID (TBP): A possible mechanism for transcriptional activation. Genes & Dev. 7: 1837-1849.
22. Chen, X., J. Bargonetti, and C. Prives. 1995. p53, through p21 (WAF1/CIPl1, induces cyclin D1 synthesis. Cancer Res. 55:4257-4263.
23. Chen, Y., P.L. Chen, and W.H. Lee. 1994. Hot-spot p53 mutants interact specifically with two cellular proteins during progression of the cell cyle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 6764-6772.
24. Chiou, S., L. Rao, and E. White. 1994. Bcl-2 blocks p53-dependent apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 2556-2563.
25. Cho, Y., S. Gorina, P.D. Jeffrey, and N.P. Pavletich. 1994. Crystal structure of a p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex: Understanding tumorigenic mutations. Science 265: 346-355.
26. Chowdary, D.R., J.J. Dermody, K.K. Jha, and H.L. Ozer. 1994. Accumulation of p53 in a mutant cell line defective in the ubiquitin pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1997-2003.
27. Chumakov, A.M., C.W. Miller, D.L. Chen, and H.P. Koeffler. 1993. Analysis of p53 transactivation through high-affinity binding sites. Oncogene 8: 3005-3011.
28. Clarke, A.R., C.A. Purdie, D.J. Harrison, R.G. Morris, C.C. Bird, M.L. Hooper, and A.H. Wyllie. 1993. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362: 849-852.
29. Clore, G.M., J. Ernst, R. Clubb, J.G. Omichinski, W.M.P. Kennedy, K. Sakaguchi, E. Appella, and A.M. Gronenborn. 1995. Refined solution structure of the oligomenzation domain of the tumor suppressor p53. Struct. Biol. 2: 321-332.
30. Cox, L.S., T. Hupp, C.A. Midgley, and D.P. Lane. 1995. A direct effect of activated human p53 on nuclear DNA replication. EMBO J. 14: 2099-2105.
31. Crook, T., N.J. Marston, E.A. Sara, and K.H. Vousden. 1994. Transcriptional activation by p53 correlates with suppression of growth but not transformation. Cell 79: 817-827.
32. Cross, S.M., C.A. Sanchez, C.A. Morgan, M.K. Schimke, S. Ramel, R.L. Idzerda, W.H. Raskind, and B.J. Reid. 1995. A p53-dependent mouse spindle checkpoint. Science 267: 1353-1356.
33. Dameron, K.M., O.V. Volpert, M.A. Tainsky, and N. Bouck. 1994. Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science 265: 1582-1584.
34. Deb, S.P., R.M. Munoz, D.R. Brown, M.A. Subler, and S. Deb. 1994. Wild-type human p53 activates the human epidermal growth factor receptor promoter. Oncogene 9: 1341-1349.
35. Debbas, M. and E. White. 1993. Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A, which is inhibited by E1B. Gene & Dev. 7: 546-554.
36. Deffie, A., H. Wu, V. Reinke, and G. Lozano. 1993. The tumor suppressor p53 regulates its own transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 3415-3423.
37. Deffie, A., M. Hao, R. Montes de Oca Luna, D.L. Hulboy, and G. Lozano. 1995. Cyclin E restores p53 activity in contact-inhibited cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 3926-3933.
38. Del Sal, G.D., E.M. Ruaro, R. Utrera, C.N. Cole, A.J. Levine, and C. Schneider. 1995. Gas1-induced growth suppression requires a transactivation-independent p53 function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 7152-7160.
39. Demers, G.W., S.A. Foster, C.L. Halbert, and D.A. Galloway. 1994a. Growth arrest by induction of p53 in DNA damaged keratinocytes is bypassed by human papillomavirus 16 E7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 4382-4386.
40. Demers, G.W., C.L. Halbert, and D.A. Galloway. 1994b. Elevated wild-type p53 protein levels in human epithelial cell lines immortalized by human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene. Virology 198: 169-174.
41. CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell 82: 675-684.
42. 1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts. Genes & Dev. 8: 2540-2551.
43. Dittmer, D., S. Pati, G. Zambetti, S. Chu, A.K. Teresky, M. Moore, C. Finlay, and A.J. Levine. 1993. Gain of function mutations in p53. Nature Genet. 4: 42-45.
44. Donehower, L.A. and A. Bradley. 1993. The tumor suppressor p53. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1155: 181-205.
45. Donehower, L.A., M. Harvey, B.L. Slagle, M.J. McArthur, C.A. Montgomery Jr., J.S. Butel, and A. Bradley. 1992. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356: 215-221.
46. Donehower, L.A., L.A. Godley, C.M. Aldaz, R. Pyle, Y.-P. Shi, D. Pinkel, J. Gray, A. Bradley, D. Medina, and H.E. Varmus. 1995. Deficiency of p53 accelerates mammary tumorigenesis in Wnt-1 transgenic mice and promotes chromosomal instability. Genes & Dev. 9: 882-895.
47. Dulic, V., W.K. Kaufmann, SJ. Wilson, T.D. Tlsty, E. Lees, J.W. Harper, S.J. Elledge, and S.I. Reed. 1994. p53-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced G1 arrest. Cell 76: 1013-1023.
48. Dutta, A., S.M. Ruppert, J.C. Aster, and E. Winchester. 1993. Inhibition of DNA replication factor RPA by p53. Nature 365: 79-82.
49. Eizenberg, O., A. Faber-Elman, E. Gottlieb, M. Oren, V. Rotter, and M. Schwartz. 1995. Direct involvement of p53 in programmed cell death of oligodendrocytes. EMBO J. 14: 1136-1144.
50. El-Deiry, W.S., T. Tokino, V.E. Velculescu, D.B. Levy, R. Parsons, J.M. Trent, D. Lin, W.E. Mercer, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1993. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 75: 817-825.
51. El-Diery, W.S., J.W. Harper, P.M. O'Connor, V.E. Velculescu, C.E. Canman, J. Jackman, J.A. Pietenpol, M. Burrell, D.E. Hill, Y. Wang, K.G. Wiman, W.E. Mercer, M.B. Kastan, K.W. Kohn, S.J. Elledge, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1994. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 54: 1169-1174.
52. 1 cell-cycle arrest. Genes & Dev. 9: 204-217.
53. Filhol, O., J. Baudier, C. Delphin, P. Loue-Mackenbach, E.M. Chambaz, and C. Cochet. 1992. Casein kinase II and the tumor suppressor protein p53 associate in a molecular complex that is negatively regulated upon p53 phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 20577-20583.
54. Fiscella, M., S.J. Ullrich, N. Zambrano, M.T. Shields, D. Lin, S.P. Lees-Miller, C.W. Anderson, W.E. Mercer, and E. Appella. 1993. Mutation of the serine 15 phosphorylation site of human p53 reduces the ability of p53 to inhibit cell cycle progression. Oncogene 8: 1519-1528.
55. Fiscella, M., N. Zambrano, S.J. Ullrich, T. Unger, D. Lin, B. Cho, W.E. Mercer, C.W. Anderson, and E. Appella. 1994. The carboxy-terminal serine 392 phosphorylation site of human p53 is not required for wild-type activities. Oncogene 9: 3249-3257.
56. Flores-Rozas, H., Z. Kelman, F.B. Dean, Z.-Q. Pan, J.W. Harper, S.J. Elledge, M. O'Donnell, and J. Hurwitz. 1994. Cdk-interacting protein 1 directly binds with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and inhibits DNA replication catalyzed by the DNA polymerase δ holoenzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 8655-8659.
57. Ford, J.M. and P.C. Hanawalt. 1995. Li-Fraumeni syndrome fibroblasts homozygous for p53 mutations are deficient in global DNA repair but exhibit normal transcription-coupled repair and enhanced UV resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 8876-8880.
58. Friedman, P.N., X. Chen, J. Bargonetti, and C. Prives. 1993. The p53 protein is an unusually shaped tetramer that binds directly to DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 3319-3323.
59. Fuchs, B., D. O'Connor, L. Fallis, K.H. Scheidtmann, and X. Lu. 1995. p53 phosphorylation mutants retain transcription activity. Oncogene 10: 789-793.
60. Goga, A., X. Liu, T.M. Hambuch, K. Senechal, E. Major, A.J. Berk, O. Witte, and CL. Sawyers. 1995. p53-dependent growth suppression by the c-Abl nuclear tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 11: 791-799.
61. Gottlieb, E., R. Haffner, T. von Ruden, E.F. Wagner, and M. Oren. 1994. Down-regulation of wild-type p53 activity interferes with apoptosis of IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells following IL-3 withdrawal. EMBO J. 13: 1368-1374.
62. Graeber, T.G., J.F. Peterson, M. Tsai, K. Monica, A.J. Fornace Jr., and A.J. Giaccia. 1994. Hypoxia induces accumulation of p53 protein, but activation of a Gl-phase checkpoint by lowoxygen conditions is independent of p53 status. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 6264-6277.
63. Graeber, T.G., C. Osmanian, T. Jacks, D.E. Housman, C.J. Koch, S.W. Lowe, and A.J. Giaccia. 1996. Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 379: 88-91.
64. Greenblatt, M.S., W.P. Bennett, M. Hollstein, and CC. Harris. 1994. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 54: 4855-4878.
65. Gu, Y., C.W. Turck, and D.O. Morgan. 1993. Inhibition of CDK2 activity in vivo by an associated 20K regulatory subunit. Nature 366: 707-710.
66. Gualberto, A. and A.S. Baldwin Jr. 1995. p53 and Sp1 interact and cooperate in the tumor necrosis factor-induced transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 19680-19683.
67. Guillouf, C., F. Rosselli, K. Krishnaraju, E. Moustacchi, B. Hoffman, and D.A. Liebermann. 1995. p53 involvement in control of G2 exit of the cell cycle: role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 10: 2263-2270.
68. Hainaut, P. and J. Milner. 1993. Redox modulation of p53 conformation and sequence-specific DNA binding in vitro. Cancer Res. 53: 4469-4473.
69. Halzonetis, T.D. and A.N. Kandil. 1993. Wild-type p53 adopts a "mutant"-like conformation when bound to DNA. EMBO J. 12: 1021-1028.
70. Halazonetis, T.D., L.J. Davis, and A.N. Kandil. 1993. Wild-type p53 adopts a "mutant"-like conformation when bound to DNA. EMBO J. 12: 1021-1028.
71. Harper, J.W., G.R. Adami, N. Wei, K. Keyomarsi, and S.J. Elledge. 1993. The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cipl is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75: 805-816.
72. Harper, J.W., S.J. Elledge, K. Keyomarse, B. Dynlacht, L.-H. Tsai, P. Zhang, S. Dobrowolski, C. Bai, L. Connell-Crowley, E. Swindell, M.P. Fox, and N. Wei. 1995. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by p21. Mol. Biol. Cell 6: 387-400.
73. Harvey, M., M.J. McArthur, C.A. Montgomery, A. Bradley, and L.A. Donehower. 1993a, Genetic background alters the spectrum of tumors that develop in p53-deficient mice. FASEB J. 7: 938-943.
74. Harvey, M., M.J. McArthur, C.A. Montgomery Jr., J.S. Butel, A. Bradley, and L.A. Donehower. 1993b. Spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Nature Genet. 5: 225-229.
75. Harvey, M., A.T. Sands, R.S. Weiss, M.E. Hegi, R.W. Wiseman, P. Pantazis, B.C. Giovanella, M.A. Tainsky, A. Bradley, and L.A. Donehower. 1993c. In vitro growth characteristics of embryo fibroblasts isolated from p53-deficient mice. Oncogene 8: 2457-2467.
76. Harvey, M., H. Vogel, E.Y. Lee, A. Bradley, and L.A. Donehower. 1995a. Mice deficient in both p53 and Rb develop tumors primarily of endocrine origin. Cancer Res. 55: 1146-1151.
77. Harvey, M., H. Vogel, D. Morris, A. Bradley, A. Bernstein, and L.A. Donehower. 1995b. A mutant p53 transgene accelerates tumour development in heterozygous but not nullizygous p53-deficient mice. Nature Genet. 9: 305-311.
78. Haupt, Y., S. Rowan, and M. Oren. 1995a. p53-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells can be overcome by excess pRB. Oncogene 10: 1563-1571.
79. Haupt, Y., S. Rowan, E. Shaulian, K. Vousden, and M. Oren. 1995b. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by transactivation-deficient p53. Genes & Dev. 9: 2170-2183.
80. Haupt, T., Y. Barak, and M. Oren. 1996. Cell type specific inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis by mdm2. EMBO J. 15: 1596-1606.
81. Havre, P.A., J. Yuan, L. Hedrick, K.R. Cho, and P.M. Glazer. 1995. p53 inactivation by HPV16 results in increased mutagenesis in human cells. Cancer Res. 55: 4420-4424.
82. He, Z., B.T. Brinton, J. Greenblatt, J.A. Hassell, and C.J. Ingels. 1993. The transactivator proteins VP16 and GAL4 bind replication factor A. Cell 73: 1223-1232.
83. Hermeking, H. and D. Eick. 1994. Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science 265: 2091-2093.
84. Hickman, E.S., S.M. Picksley, and K.H. Vousden. 1994. Cells expressing HPV16 E7 continue cell cycle progression following DNA damage induced by p53 activation. Oncogene 9:2177-2181.
85. Hollstein, M., K. Rice, M.S. Greenblatt, T. Soussi, R. Fucks, T. Sorlie, E. Hovig, B. Smith-Sorensen, R. Montesano, and C.C. Harris. 1994. Database of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 3551-3555.
86. Horikoshi, N., A. Usheva, J. Chen, A.J. Levine, R. Weinmann, and T. Shenk. 1995. Two domains of p53 interact with the TATA-binding protein, and the adenovirus 13S E1A protein disrupts the association, relieving p53-mediated transcriptional repression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 227-234.
87. Howes, K.A., N. Ransom, D.S. Papermaster, J.G.H. Lasudry, D.M. Albert, and J.J. Windle. 1994. Apoptosis or retinoblastoma: Alternative fates of photoreceptors expressing the HPV-16 E7 gene in the presence or absence of p53. Genes & Dev. 8: 1300-1310.
88. Hsiao, M., J. Low, E. Dorn, D. Ku, P. Pattengale, J. Yeargin, and M. Haas. 1994. Gain-of-function mutations of the p53 gene induce lymphohematopoietic metastatic potential and tissue invasiveness. Am. J. Pathol. 145: 702-714.
89. Huibregtse, J.M., J. Scheffner, and P.M. Howley. 1993. Cloning and expression of the cDNA for E6-AP, a protein that mediates the interaction of the human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein with p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 775-784.
90. Hupp, T.R. and D.P. Lane. 1994. Allosteric activation of latent p53 tetramers. Curr. Biol. 4: 865-875.
91. Hupp, T.R., D.W. Meek, C.A. Midgley, and D.P. Lane. 1992. Regulation of the specific DNA binding function of p53. Cell 71: 875-886.
92. _. 1993. Activation of the cryptic DNA binding function of mutant forms of p53. Nucleic Acids Res. 21: 3167-3174.
93. Hupp, T.R., A. Sparks, and D.P. Lane. 1995. Small peptides activated the latent sequence-specific DNA binding function of p53. Cell 83: 237-245.
94. Ishizaki, K., Y. Ejima, T. Matsunaga, R. Hara, A. Sakamoto, M. Ikenaga, Y. Ikawa, and S.I. Aizawa. 1994. Increased UV-induced SCEs but normal repair of DNA damage in p53-deficient mouse cells. Int. J. Cancer 57: 254-257.
95. Iwabuchi, K., P.L. Bartel, B. Li, R. Marraccino, and S. Fields. 1994. Two cellular proteins that bind to wild-type but not mutant p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 6098-102.
96. Jacks, T., L. Remington, B.O. Williams, E.M. Schmitt, S. Halachmi, R.T. Bronson, and R.A. Weinberg. 1994. Tumor spectrum analysis in p53-mutant mice. Curr. Biol. 4: 1-7.
97. Jackson, P., E. Bos, and A.W. Braithwaite. 1993. Wild-type p53 down-regulates transcription from different virus enhancer/ promoters. Oncogene 8: 589-597.
98. Jamal, S. and E.B. Ziff. 1995. Raf phosphorylates p53 in vitro and potentiates p53-dependent transcriptional transactivation in vivo. Oncogens 10: 2095-2101.
99. Jayaraman, L. and C. Prives. 1995. Activation of p53 sequencespecific DNA binding by short single strands of DNA requires the p53 C-termmus. Cell 81: 1021-1029.
100. Jeffrey, P.D., S. Gorina, and N.P. Pavletich. 1995. Crystal structure of the tetramerization domain of the p53 tumor suppressor at 1.7 angstroms. Science 267: 1498-1502.
101. Johnson, P., S. Chung, and S. Benchimol. 1993. Growth suppression of Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells by p53 protein is accompanied by hemoglobin production and is sensitive to erythropoietin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 1456-1463.
102. Jones, S.N., A.E. Roe, L.A. Donehower, and A. Bradley. 1995. Rescue of embryonic lethality in Mdm2-deficient mice by absence of p53. Nature 378: 206-208.
103. Kanda, T., K. Segawa, N. Ohuchi, S. Mori, and Y. Ito. 1994. Stimulation of polyomavirus DNA replication by wild-type p53 through the DNA-binding site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 2651-2663.
104. Kastan, M.B., O. Onyekwere, D. Sidransky, B. Vogelstein, and R.W. Craig. 1991. Participation of p53 in the cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer Res. 51: 6304-6311.
105. Kastan, M.B., Q. Zhan, W.S. El-Deiry, F. Carrier, T. Jacks, W.V. Walsh, B.S. Plunkett, B. Vogelstein, and A.J. Fornace Jr. 1992. A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71: 587-597.
106. Kazantsev, A., A. Sancar, J.M. Kearsey, M.K.K. Shivji, P.A. Hall, and R. D. Wood. 1995. Does the p53 up-regulated Gadd45 protein have a role in excision repair? (Technical Comments) Science 270: 1003-1005.
107. Kelley, L.L., W.F. Green, G.G. Hicks, M.C. Bondurant, M.J. Koury, and H.E. Ruley. 1994. Apoptosis in erythroid progenitors deprived of erythropoietin occurs during the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle without growth arrest or stabilization of wild-type p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 4183-4192.
108. Kemp, C.J., L.A. Donehower, A. Bradley, and A. Balmain. 1993. Reduction of p53 gene dosage does not increase initiation or promotion but enhances malignant progression of chemically induced skin tumors. Cell 74: 813-822.
109. Kemp, C.J., T. Whelson, and A. Balmain. 1994. p53-deficient mice are extremely susceptible to radiation-induced tumorigenesis. Nature Genet. 8: 66-69.
110. Kieser, A., H.A. Weich, G. Brandner, D. Marme, and W. Kolch. 1994. Mutant p53 potentiates protein kinase C induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Oncogene 9: 963-969.
111. Kinzler, K.W. and B. Vogelstein. 1996. Life (and death) in a malignant tumor. Nature 379: 19-20.
112. Kulesz-Martin, M.F., B. Lisafeld, H. Huang, N.D. Kisiel, and L. Lee. 1994. Endogenous p53 protein generated from wild-type alternatively spliced p53 RNA in mouse epidermal cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1698-1708.
113. Lee, J.M., J.L.A. Abrahamson, R. Kandcl, L.A. Donehower, and A. Bernstein. 1994. Susceptibility to radiation-carcinogenesis and accumulation of chromosomal breakage in p53 deficient mice. Oncogene 9: 3731-3736.
114. Lee, S., B. Elenbaas, A. Levine, and J. Griffith. 1995. p53 and its 14 kDa C-terminal domain recognize primary DNA damage in the form of insertion/deletion mismatches. Cell 81: 1013-1020.
115. Lee, W., T.S. Harvey, Y. Yin, P. Yau, D. Litehfield, and C.H. Arrowsmith. 1994. Solution structure of the tetrameric minimum transforming domain of p53. Nature Struct. Biol. 1: 877-890.
116. Leveillard, T., L. Andera, N. Bissonnette, L. Schaeffer, L. Bracco, J.-M. Egly, and B. Wasylyk. 1996. Functional interactions between p53 and the TFIIH complex are affected by tumourassociated mutations. EMBO J. 15: 1615-1624.
117. Levine, A. 1993. The tumor suppressor genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 623-651.
118. Li, R. and M.R. Botchan. 1993. The acidic transcriptional activation domains of VP16 and p53 bind the cellular replication protein A and stimulate in vitro BPV-1 DNA replication. Cell 73: 1207-1221.
119. Li, R., S. Waga, G.J. Hannon, D. Beach, and B. Stillman. 1994. Differential effects by the p21 CDK inhibitor on PCNA-dependent DNA replication and repair. Nature 371: 534-537.
120. Lin, J., J. Chen, B. Elenbaas, and A.J. Levine. 1994. Several hydrophobic amino acids in the p53 amino-terminal domain are required for transcriptional activation, binding to mdm-2 and the adenovirus 5 E1B 55-kD protein. Genes & Dev. 8: 1235-1246.
121. Lin, J.L., A.K. Teresky, and A.J. Levine. 1995. Two critical hydrophobic amino acids in the amino-terminal domain of the p53 protein are required for the gain of function phenotypes of human p53 mutants. Oncogene 10: 2387-2390.
122. Livingstone, L.R., A. White, J. Sprouse, E. Livanos, T. Jacks, and T.D. Tlsty. 1992. Altered cell cycle arrest and gene amplification potential accompany loss of wild-type p53. Cell 70:923-935.
123. Lowe, S. and H.E. Ruley. 1993. Stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor is induced by adenovirus 5 E1 A and accompanies apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 7: 535-545.
124. Lowe, S.W., E.M. Schmitt, S.W. Smith, B.A. Osborne, and T. Jacks. 1993. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362: 847-852.
125. Lowe, S.W., S. Bodis, A. McClatchey, L. Remington, H.E. Ruley, D.E. Fisher, D.E. Housman, and T. Jacks. 1994a. p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 266: 807-810.
126. Lowe, S.W., T. Jacks, D.E. Housman, and H.E. Ruley. 1994b. Abrogation of oncogene-associated apoptosis allows transformation of p53-deficient cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 2026-2030.
127. Lu, X. and D.P. Lane. 1993. Differential induction of transcriptionally active p53 following UV or ionizing radiation: Defects in chromosome instability syndromes? Cell 75: 765-778.
128. Lu, H. and A.J. Levine. 1995. Human TAF31 protein is a transcriptional coactivator of the p53 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 5154-5158.
129. Mack, D.H., J. Vartikar, J.M. Pipas, and L.A. Laimins. 1993. Specific repression of TATA-mediated but not initiator-mediated transcription by wild-type p53. Nature 363: 281-283.
130. Macleod, K.F., N. Sherry, G. Hannon, D. Beach, T. Tokino, K. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, and T. Jacks. 1995. p53-dependent and independent expression of p21 during cell growth, differentiation, and DNA damage. Genes & Dev. 9: 935-944.
131. Maheswaran, S., C. Englert, P. Bennett, G. Heinrich, and D.A. Haber. 1995. The WT1 gene product stabilizes p53 and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. Genes &. Dev. 9: 2143-2156.
132. Marston, N.J., T. Crook, and K.H. Vousden. 1994. Interaction of p53 with MDM2 is independent of E6 and does not mediate wild type transformation suppressor function. Oncogene 9: 2707-2716.
133. Maxwell, S.A. and J.A. Roth. 1994. Posttranslational regulation of p53 tumor suppressor protein function. Crit. Rev. Oncol. 5: 23-57.
134. 2 terminus of p53 facilitates transactivation. Cancer Res. 55: 2410-2417.
135. Meek, D. 1994. Post-translational modification of p53. Semin. Cancer Biol. 5: 203-210.
136. Mercer, W.E., D. Nelson, A.B. DeLeo, L.J. Old, and R. Beserga. 1982. Microinjection of monoclonal antibody to protein p53 inhibits serum-induced DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79: 6309-6312.
137. Merritt, A.J., C.S. Potten, C.J. Kemp, J.A. Hickman, A. Balmain, D.P. Lane, and P.A. Hall. 1994. The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 54: 614-617.
138. Metz, T., A.W. Harns, and J.M. Adams. 1995. Absence of p53 allows direct immortalization of hematopoietic cells by the myc and raf oncogenes. Cell 82: 29-36.
139. Michieli, P., M. Chedid, D. Lin, J.H. Peirce, W.E. Mercer, and D. Givol. 1994. Induction of WAF1/CIP1 by a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Res. 54: 3391-3395.
140. Midgley, C.A., B. Owens, C.V. Briscoe, T. Brynmor, and D.P. Lane. 1995. Coupling between gamma irradiation, p53 induction and the apoptotic response depends upon cell type in vivo. J. Cell Sci. 108: 1843-1848.
141. Miller, S.D., G. Farmer, and C. Prives. 1995. p53 inhibits DNA replication in vitro in a DNA-binding-dependent manner. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 6554-6560.
142. Milne, D.M., R.H. Palmer, and D.W. Meek. 1992. Mutation of the casein kinase II phophorylation site abolishes the antiproliferative activity of p53. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 5565-5570.
143. Milne, D.M., D.G. Campbell, F.B. Caudwell, and D.W. Meek. 1994. Phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9253-9260.
144. Milne, D.M., LE. Campbell, D.G. Campbell, and D.W. Meek. 1995. p53 is phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo by an ultraviolet radiation-induced protein kinase characteristic of the c-jun kinase, JNK1. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 5511-5518.
145. Miyashita, T. and J.C. Reed. 1995. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80: 293-299.
146. Miyashita, T., M. Harigai, M. Hanaka, and J.C. Reed. 1994. Identification of a p53-dependent negative response element in the bcl-2 gene. Cancer Res. 54: 3131-3135.
147. Moll, U., M. LaQuaglia, J. Benard, and G. Riou. 1995. Wild-type p53 protein undergoes cytoplasmic sequestration in undifferentiated neuroblastomas but not in differentiated tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 4407-4411.
148. Momand, J., G.P. Zambetti, D.C. Olson, D. George, and A.J. Levine. 1992. The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p53 protein and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. Cell 69: 1237-1245.
149. Montes de Oca Luna, R., D.S. Wagner, and G. Lozano. 1995. Rescue of early embryonic lethality in mdm2-deficient mice by deletion of p53. Nature 378: 203-206.
150. Morgenbesser, S.D., B.O. Williams, T. Jacks, and R.A. DePinho. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis produced by Rb-deficiency in the developing mouse lens. Nature 371: 72-74.
151. Mosner, J., T. Mummenbrauer, C. Bauer, G. Sczakiel, F. Grosse, and W. Deppert. 1995. Negative feedback regulation of wildtype p53 biosynthesis. EMBO J. 14: 4442-4449.
152. Muller, C.W., F.A. Rey, M. Sodeoka, G.L. Verdine, and S.C. Harrison. 1995. Structure of the NF-κ B p50 homodimer bound to DNA. Nature 373: 311-317.
153. Nelson, W.G. and M.B. Kastan. 1994. DNA strand breaks: The DNA template alterations that trigger p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1815-1823.
154. Nicol, C.J., M.L. Harrison, R.R. Laposa, I.L. Gimelshtein, and P.G. Wells. 1995. A teratologic suppressor role for p53 in benzo[a]pyrene-treated transgenic p53-deficient mice. Nature Genet. 10: 181-187.
155. Niewolik, D., B. Vojtesek, and J. Kovarik. 1995. p53 derived from human tumour cell lines and containing distinct point mutations can be activated to bind its consensus target sequence. Oncogene 10: 881-890.
156. Okamoto, K. and D. Beach. 1994. Cyclin G is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. EMBO J. 13: 4816-4822.
157. Oliner, J.D., K.W. Kinzler, P.S. Meltzer, D.L. George, and B. Vogelstein. 1992. Amplification of a gene encoding a p53-associated protein in human sarcomas. Nature 358: 80-83.
158. Oliner, J.D., J.A. Pietenpol, S. Thiagalingam, J. Gyuris, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1993. Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumour suppressor p53. Nature 362: 857-860.
159. Oren, M. 1994. Relationship of p53 to the control of apoptotic cell death. Semin. Cancer Biol. 5: 221-227.
160. Osifchin, N.E., D. Jiang, N. Ohtani-Fujita, T. Fujita, M. Carroza, S.-J. Kim, T. Sakai, and P.D. Robbins. 1994. Identification of a p53 binding site in the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 6383-6389.
161. Owen-Schaub, L.B., W. Zhang, J.C. Cusack, L.S. Angelo, S.M. Santee, T. Fujiwara, J.A. Roth, A.B. Deisseroth, W.-W. Zhang, E. Kruzel, and R. Radinsky. 1995. Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce fas/APO-1 expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 3032-3040.
162. Pan, H. and A.E. Griep. 1994. Altered cell cycle regulation in the lens of HPV-16 E6 or E7 transgenic mice: Implications for tumor suppressor gene function in development. Genes & Dev. 8: 1285-1299.
163. Park, D. J., H. Nakamura, A.M. Chumakov, J.W. Said, C.W. Miller, D.L. Chen, and H.P. Koeffler. 1994. Transactivational and DNA binding abilities of endogenous p53 in p53 mutant cell lines. Oncogene 9: 1899-1906.
164. Cipl in muscle and other terminally differentiating cells. Science 267: 1024-1027.
165. Pavletich, N.P., K.A. Chambers, and C.O. Pabo. 1993. The DNA-binding domain of p53 contains the four conserved regions and the major mutation hot spots. Genes & Dev. 7: 2556-2564.
166. Perry, M.E., J. Piette, J.A. Zawadzki, D. Harvey, and A.J. Levine. 1993. The mdm-2 gene is induced in response to UV light in a p53-dependent manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 11623-11627.
167. Petersen, J.M., J.J. Skalicky, L.W. Donaldson, L.P. McIntosh, T. Alber, and B.J. Graves. 1995. Modulation of transcription factor ets-1 DNA binding: DNA-induced unfolding of an a helix. Science 269: 1866-1869.
168. Pietenpol, J.A., T. Tokino, S. Thiagalingam, W.S. El-Deiry, K.W. Kinzler, and B.S. Vogelstein. 1994. Sequence-specific transcriptional activation is essential for growth suppression by p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 1998-2002.
169. Powell, S.N., J.S. DeFrank, P. Connell, M. Eogan, F. Preffer, D. Dombkowski, W. Tang, and S. Friend. 1995. Differential sensitivity of p53 (-) and p53 (+) cells to caffeine-induced radiosensitization and override of G2 delay. Cancer Res. 55: 1643-1648.
170. Prives, C. 1994. How loops, β sheets, and α helices help us to understand p53. Cell 78: 543-546.
171. Prives, C., J. Bargonetti, G. Farmer, E. Ferrari, P. Friedlander, Y. Wang, L. Jayaraman, N. Pavletich, and U. Hubscher. 1994. DNA-binding properties of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 59: 207-213.
172. Purdie, C.A., D.J. Harrison, A. Peter, L. Dobbie, S. White, S.E.M. Howie, D.M. Salter, C.C. Bird, A.H. Wyllie, M.L. Hooper, and A.R. Clarke. 1994. Tumour incidence, spectrum and ploidy in mice with a large deletion in the p53 gene. Oncogene 9: 603-609.
173. Qin, X.-Q., D.M. Livingston, W.G. Kaelin Jr., and P.D. Adams. 1994. Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 10918-10922.
174. Rainwater, R., D. Parks, M.E. Anderson, P. Tegtmeyer, and K. Mann. 1995. Role of cysteine residues in regulation of p53 function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 3892-3903.
175. Reed, M., B. Woelker, P. Wang, Y. Wang, M.E. Anderson, and P. Tegtmeyer. 1995. The C-terminal domain of p53 recognizes DNA damaged by ionizing radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 9455-9459.
176. Renzmg, J. and D.P. Lane. 1995. p53-dependent growth arrest following calcium phosphate-mediated transfection of murine fibroblasts. Oncogens 10: 1865-1868.
177. Rotter, V., R. Aloni-Grinstein, D. Schwartz, N.B. Elkind, A. Simons, R. Wolkowicz, M. Lavigne, P. Beserman, A. Kapon, and N. Goldfinger. 1994. Does wild-type p53 play a role in normal cell differentiation? Semin. Cancer Biol. 5: 229-236.
178. Ryan, J.J., R. Danish, C.A. Gottlieb, and M.F. Clarke. 1993. Cell cycle analysis of p53-induced cell death in murine erythroleukemia cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 711-719.
179. Sabbatini, P., S.K. Chiou, L. Rao, and E. White. 1995a. Modulation of p53-mediated transcriptional repression and apoptosis by the adenovirus E1B 19K protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1060-1070.
180. Sabbatini, P., J. Lin, A.J. Levine, and E. White. 1995b. Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 9: 2184-2192.
181. Sah, V.P., L.D. Attardi, G.J. Mulligan, B.O. Williams, R.T. Bronson, and T. Jacks. 1995. A subset of p53-deficient embryos exhibit exencephaly. Nature Genet. 10: 175-179.
182. Sancar, A. 1995. Excision repair in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15915-15918.
183. Sands, A.T., M.B. Suraokar, A. Sanchez, J.E. Marth, L.A. Donehower, and A. Bradley. 1995. p53 deficiency does not affect the accumulation of point mutations in a transgene target. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 8517-8521.
184. Scheffner, M., J.M. Huibregtse, R.D. Vierstra, and P.M. Howley. 1993. The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell 75: 495-505.
185. Schwartz, D., N. Goldfinger, and V. Rotter. 1993. Expression of p53 protein in spermatogenesis is confined to the tetraploid pachytene primary spermatocytes. Oncogene 8: 1487-1494.
186. Schweiki, D., A. Itin, D. Soffer, and E. Keshet. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843-845.
187. Seto, E., A. Usheva, G.P. Zambetti, J. Momand, N. Horikoshi, R. Weinmann, A.J. Levine, and T. Shenk. 1992. Wild-type p53 binds to the TATA-binding protein and represses transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 12028-12032.
188. Shaulian, E., A. Zauberman, D. Ginsberg, and M. Oren. 1992. Identification of a minimal transforming domain of p53: negative dominance through abrogation of sequence-specific DNA binding. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 5581-5592.
189. Shaulian, E., A. Zauberman, J. Milner, E.A. Davies, and M. Oren. 1993. Tight DNA binding and oligomerization are dispensable for the ability of p53 to transactivate target genes and suppress transformation. EMBO J. 12: 2789-2797.
190. Shaulian, E., I. Haviv, Y. Shaul, and M. Oren. 1995. Transcriptional repression by the C-terminal domain of p53. Oncogene 10: 671-680.
191. Shen, Y. and T. Shenk. 1994. Relief of p53-mediated transcriptional repression by the adenovirus E1B 19-kDa protein or the cellular Bcl-2 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 8940-8944.
192. Shin, T.H., A.J. Paterson, and J.E. Kudlow. 1995. p53 stimulates transcription from the human transforming growth factor α promoter: a potential growth-stimulatory role for p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:4694-4701.
193. Shivakumar, C.V., D.R. Brown, S. Deb, and S.P. Deb. 1995. Wild-type human p53 transactivates the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 6785-6793.
194. Slebos, R.J.C., M.H. Lee, B.S. Plunkett, T.D. Kessis, B.O. Williams, T. Jacks, L. Hedrick, M.B. Kastan, and K.R. Cho. 1994. p53-dependent G1 arrest involves pRB-related proteins and is disrupted by the human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 5320-5324.
195. Slingerland, J.M., J.R. Jenkins, and S. Benchimol. 1993. The transforming and suppressor functions of p53 alleles: effects of mutations that disrupt phosphorylation, oligomerization and nuclear translocation. EMBO J. 12: 1029-1037.
196. Smith, M.L., I.-T. Chen, Q. Zhan, I. Bae, C.-Y. Chen, T.M. Gilmer, M.B. Kastan, P.M. O'Connor, and A.J. Fornace Jr. 1994. Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Science 266: 1376-1380.
197. Smith, M.L., I.-T. Chen, Q. Zhan, P.M. O'Connor, and A.J. Fornace Jr. 1995. Involvement of the p53 tumor suppressor in repair of u.v.-type DNA damage. Oncogene 10: 1053-1059.
198. Stewart, N., G.G. Hicks, F. Paraskevas, and M. Mowat. 1995. Evidence for a second cell cycle block at G2/M by p53. Oncogene 10: 109-115.
199. Stenger, J.E., P. Tegtmeyer, G.A. Mayr, M. Reed, Y. Wang, P. Wang, P.V.C. Hough, and I.A. Mastrangelo. 1994. p53 oligomerization and DNA looping are linked with transcriptional activation. EMBO J. 13: 6011-6020.
200. Subler, M.A., D.W. Martin, and S. Deb. 1994. Overlapping domains on the p53 protein regulate its transcriptional activaon and repression functions. Oncogens 9: 1351-1359.
201. Symonds, H., L. Krall, L. Remington, M. Saenz-Robles, S. Lowe, R. Jacks, and T. Van Dyke. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78: 703-711.
202. Szekely, L., G. Selivanova, K.P. Magnusson, G. Klein, and K.G. Wiman. 1993. EBNA-5, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen, binds to the retinoblastoma and p53 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 5455-5459.
203. Takenaka, I., F. Morin, B.R. Seizinger, and N. Kley. 1995. Regulation of the sequence-specific DNA binding function of p53 by protein kinase C and protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 5405-5411.
204. Tarunina, M. and J.R. Jenkins. 1993. Human p53 binds DNA as a protein homodimer but monomeric variants retain full transcription transactivation activity. Oncogene 8:3165-3173.
205. Thiagalingam, S., K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1995. PAK1, a gene that can regulate p53 activity in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 6062-6066.
206. Thompson, T.C., S.H. Park, T.L. Timme, C. Ren, J.A. Eastham, L.A. Donehower, A. Bradley, D. Kadmon, and G. Yang. 1995. Loss of p53 function leads to metastasis in ras + myc-initiated mouse prostate cancer. Oncogene 10: 869-879.
207. Thut, C., J.L. Chen, R. Klemm, and R. Tjian. 1995. p53 Transcriptional activation mediated by coactivators TAFII40 and TAFII60. Science 267: 100-104.
208. Tong, X., R. Drapkin, D. Reinberg, and E. Kieff. 1995. The 62-and 80-kDa subunits of transcription factor IIH mediate the interaction with Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 3259-3263.
209. Truant, R., J. Antunovic, J. Greenblatt, C. Prives, and J.A. Cromlish. 1995. Direct interaction of the hepatitis B virus HBx protein with p53 leads to inhibition by HBx of p53 response element-directed transcription. J. Virol. 69: 1851-1859.
210. Unger, T., M.M. Nau, S. Segal, and J.D. Minna. 1992. p53: a transdominant regulator of transcription whose function is ablated by mutations occurring in human cancer. EMBO J. 11: 1383-1390.
211. Unger, T., J.A. Mietz, M. Scheffner, C.L. Yee, and P.M. Howley. 1993. Functional domains of wild-type and mutant p53 proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, transdominant inhibition, and transformation suppression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 5186-5194.
212. Van Meir, E.G., P.J. Polverini, V.R. Chazin, H.-J. Su Huang, N. de Tribolet, and W.K. Cavanee. 1994. Release of an inhibitor of angiogenesis upon induction of wild type p53 expression in glioblastoma cells. Nature Genet. 8: 171-176.
213. Waga, S., G.J. Hannon, D. Beach, and B. Stillman. 1994. The p21 inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases controls DNA replication by interaction with PCNA. Nature 369: 574-578.
214. waf1/cip1 Genes & Dev. 8: 2817-2830.
215. Wang, Y. and C. Prives. 1995. Increased and altered DNA binding of human p53 by S and G2/M but not G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Nature 376: 88-91.
216. Wang, P., M. Reed, Y. Wang, G. Mayr, J. Stenger, and E. Anderson. 1994. p53 domains: structure, oligomerization, and transformation. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 5182-5191.
217. Wang, X.W., K. Forrester, H. Yeh, M.A. Feitelson, J.-R. Gu, and C.C. Harris. 1994. Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activity, and association with transcription factor ERCC3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 2230-2234.
218. Wang, X.W., H. Yeh, L. Schaeffer, R. Roy, V. Moncollin, J.-M. Egly, Z. Wang, E.C. Friedberg, M.K. Evans, B.G. Taffe, V.A. Bohr, G. Weeda, J.H.J. Hoeijmakers, K. Forrester, and C.C. Harris. 1995. p53 modulation of TFIIH-associated nucleotide excision repair activity. Nature Genet. 10: 188-193.
219. Wang, Y., M. Reed, P. Wang, J.E. Stenger, G. Mayr, M.E. Anderson, J.F. Schwedes, and P. Tegtmeyer. 1993. p53 domains: identification and characterization of two autonomous DNA-binding regions. Genes & Dev. 7: 2575-2586.
220. Wang, Y., J.F. Schwedes, D. Parks, K. Mann, and P. Tegtmeyer. 1995. Interaction of p53 with its consensus DNA-binding site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 2157-2165.
221. Waterman, J.L., J.L. Shenk, and T.D. Halazonetis. 1995. The dihedral symmetry of the p53 tetramerization domain mandates a conformational switch upon DNA binding. EMBO J. 14: 512-519.
222. White, E. 1996. Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 10: 1-15.
223. Williams, B.O., L. Remington, D.M. Albert, S. Mukai, R.T. Bronson, and T. Jacks. 1994. Cooperative tumorigenic effects of germline mutations in Rb and p53. Nature Genet. 7: 480-484.
224. Wolkowicz, R., A. Peled, N.B. Elkind, and V. Rotter. 1995. Augmented DNA-binding activity of p53 protein encoded by a carboxyl-terminal alternatively spliced mRNA is blocked by p53 protein encoded by the regularly spliced form. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 92: 6842-6846.
225. Wu, L., J.H. Bayle, B. Elenbaas, N.P. Pavletich, and A.J. Levine. 1995. Alternatively spliced forms in the carboxy-terminal domain of the p53 protein regulate its ability to promote annealing of complementary single strands of nucleic acids. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 497-504.
226. Wu, X. and A.J. Levine. 1994. p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 3602-3606.
227. Wu, X., J.H. Bayle, D. Olson, and A.J. Levine. 1993. The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop. Genes & Dev. 7: 1126-1132.
228. Wu, Y., Y. Liu, L. Lee, Z. Miner, and M. Kulesz-Martin. 1994. Wild-type alternatively spliced p53: binding to DNA and interaction with the major p53 protein in vitro and in cells. EMBO J. 13: 4823-4830.
229. Xiao, H., A. Pearson, B. Coulombe, R. Truant, S. Zhang, J.L. Regier, S.J. Triezenberg, D. Reinberg, O. Flores, C.J. Ingles, and J. Greenblatt. 1994. Binding of basal transcription factor TFIIH to the acidic activation domains of VP16 and p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 7013-7024.
230. Xiong, Y., G.J. Hannon, H. Zhang, D. Casso, R. Kobayashi, and D. Beach. 1993a. p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366: 701-704.
231. Xiong, Y., H. Zhang, and D. Beach. 1993b. Subunit rearrangement of the cyclin-dependent kinases is associated with cellular transformation. Genes &. Dev. 7: 1572-1583.
232. Yeargin, J. and M. Haas. 1995. Elevated levels of wild-type p53 induced by radiolabeling of cells leads to apoptosis or sustained growth arrest. Curr. Biol. 5: 423-431.
233. Yew, P.R., X. Liu, and A.J. Berk. 1994. Adenovirus Elb oncoprotein tethers a transcriptional repression domain to p53. Genes & Dev. 8: 190-202.
234. Yin, Y., M.A. Tainsky, F.Z. Bischoff, L.C. Strong, and G.M. Wahl. 1992. Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70: 937-948.
235. Yonish-Rouach, E., D. Grunwald, S. Wilder, A. Kimchi, E. May, J.-J. Lawrence, P. May, and M. Oren. 1993. p53-mediated cell death: Relationship to cell cycle control. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 1415-1423.
236. Yonish-Rouach, E., J. Borde, M. Gotteland, Z. Mishal, A. Viron, and E. May. 1994. Induction of apoptosis by transiently transfected metabolically stable wt p53 in transformed cell lines. Cell Death & Differ. 1: 39-47.
237. Zauberman, A., A. Lubp, and M. Oren. 1995. Identification of p53 target genes through immune selection of genomic DNA: The cyclin G gene contains two distinct p53 binding sites. Oncogene 10: 2361-2366.
238. Zhan, Q., F. Carrier, and A.J. Fornace Jr. 1993. Induction of cellular p53 activity by DNA-damaging agents and growth arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol 13: 4242-4250.
239. Zhan, Q., S. Pan, I. Bae, C. Guillouf, D.A. Lieberman, P.M. O'Connor, and A.J. Fornace Jr. 1994. Induction of bax by genotoxic stress in human cells correlates with normal p53 status and apoptosis. Oncogene 9: 3743-3751.
240. Zhang, Q., D. Gutsch, and S. Kenney. 1994. Functional and physical interaction between p53 and BZLF1: Implications for Epstein-Barr virus latency. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1929-1938.
241. Zhang, W., W.D. Funk, W.E. Wright, J.W. Shay, and A.B. Deisseroth. 1993. Novel DNA binding of p53 mutants and their role in transcriptional activation. Oncogene 8: 2555-2559.
242. Zhang, W., X.-Y. Guo, G.-Y. Hu, W.-B. Liu, J.W. Shay, and A.B. Deisseroth. 1994a. A temperature-sensitive mutant of human p53. EMBO J. 13: 2535-2544.
243. Zhang, W., C. McClain, J.-P. Gau, X.-Y. Guo, and A.B. Deisseroth. 1994b. Hyperphosphorylation of p53 induced by okadaic acid attenuates its transcriptional activation function. Cancer Res. 54: 4448-4453.
244. Zhao, J., F.I. Schmieg, D.T. Simmons, and G.R. Molloy. 1994. Mouse p53 represses the rat brain creatine kinase gene but activates the rat muscle creatine kinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 8483-8492.
245. Ziegler, A., A.S. Jonason, D.J. Leffell, J.A. Simon, H.W. Sharma, J. Kimmelman, L. Remington, T. Jacks, and D.E. Brash. 1994. Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer. Nature 372: 773-776.