The Maillard reaction in eye diseases

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1043, Issue , 2005, Pages 582-597

  Stitt, Alan W ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Advanced glycation end products; Age; Diabetes; Eye; Retinopathy

Indexed keywords

3 DEOXYGLUCOSONE; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; GLYOXAL; METHYLGLYOXAL;

AGE; BIOACCUMULATION; BLINDNESS; CATARACT; CATARACTOGENESIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; EYE DISEASE; GLAUCOMA; GLYCATION; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; PATHOGENESIS; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION;

EID: 23744476305     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.066     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (159)

1. BAYNES, J.W. & V.M. MONNIER. 1989. The Maillard Reaction in Aging, Diabetes, and Nutrition. Alan R. Liss. New York.
2. KRAJCOVICOVA-KUDLACKOVA, M. et al. 2002. Advanced glycation end products and nutrition. Physiol. Res. 51: 313-316.
3. VLASSARA, H., R. BUCALA & L. STRIKER. 1994. Pathogenic effects of advanced glycosylation endproducts: biochemical, biologic, and clinical implications for diabetes and aging. Lab. Invest. 70: 138-151.
4. STITT, A.W., A.J. JENKINS & M.E. COOPER. 2002. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. Exp. Opin. Investig. Drugs 11: 1205-1223.
5. MUNCH, G., J. GASIC-MILENKOVIC & T. ARENDT. 2003. Effect of advanced glycation endproducts on cell cycle and their relevance for Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. (65): 63-71.
6. JIAAN, D.B. et al. 1995. Age-related increase in an advanced glycation end product in penile tissue. World J. Urol. 13: 369-375.
7. SEFTEL, A.D. et al. 1997. Advanced glycation end products in human penis: elevation in diabetic tissue, site of deposition, and possible effect through iNOS or eNOS. Urology 50: 1016-1026.
8. MATSUSE, T. et al. 1998. Immunohistochemical localisation of advanced glycation end products in pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 51: 515-519.
9. STITT, A.W., R. BUCALA & H. VLASSARA. 1997. Atherogenesis and advanced glycation: promotion, progression, and prevention. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 811: 115-127; discussion 127-129.
10. STITT, A.W. et al. 1997. Elevated AGE-modified ApoB in sera of euglycemic, normolipidemic patients with atherosclerosis: relationship to tissue AGEs. Mol. Med. 3: 617-627.
11. THORPE, S.R. & J.W. BAYNES. 2003. Maillard reaction products in tissue proteins: new products and new perspectives. Amino Acids 25: 275-281.
12. LYONS, T.J. et al. 1991. Role of glycation in modification of lens crystalline in diabetic and nondiabetic senile cataracts. Diabetes 40: 1010-1015.
13. ONORATO, J.M. et al. 2000. Pyridoxamine, an inhibitor of advanced glycation reactions, also inhibits advanced lipoxidation reactions. Mechanism of action of pyridoxamine. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 21177-21184.
14. THORNALLEY, P.J., A. LANGBORG & H.S. MINHAS. 1999. Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in the glycation of proteins by glucose. Biochem. J. 344: 109-116.
15. LAL, S. et al. 1995. Metabolism of fructose-3-phosphate in the diabetic rat lens. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 318: 191-199.
16. THORNALLEY, P.J. 1993. The glyoxalase system in health and disease. Mol. Aspects Med. 14:287-371.
17. THORNALLEY, P.J. 2003. Protecting the genome: defence against nucleotide glycation and emerging role of glyoxalase I overexpression in multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31: 1372-1377.
18. MIYATA, T. et al. 2001. Glyoxalase I deficiency is associated with an unusual level of advanced glycation end products in a hemodialysis patient. Kidney Int. 60: 2351-2359.
19. SHINOHARA, M. et al. 1998. Overexpression of glyoxalase-I in bovine endothelial cells inhibits intracellular advanced glycation endproduct formation and prevents hyperglycemia-induced increases in macromolecular endocytosis. J. Clin. Invest. 101: 1142-1147.
20. SANO, H. et al. 1999. Receptors for proteins modified by advanced glycation endproducts (AGE)-their functional role in atherosclerosis. Mech. Ageing Dev. 107: 333-346.
21. SCHMIDT, A.M., S.D. YAN, S.F. YAN & D.M. STERN. 2000. The biology of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1498: 99-111.
22. VLASSARA, H. 2001. The AGE-receptor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 17: 436-443.
23. SCHMIDT, A.M. et al. 1994. Cellular receptors for advanced glycation end products. Implications for induction of oxidant stress and cellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14: 1521-1528.
24. LI, Y.M., W.D. MITSUHASHI, R. GILMORE, et al. 1996. Molecular identity and tissue distribution of advanced glycation endproduct receptors. Relationship of p60 to OST 48 and 80KH membrane proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 11047-11052.
25. STITT, A.W., C. HE & H. VLASSARA. 1999. Characterization of the advanced glycation end-product receptor complex in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 256: 549-556.
26. PUGLIESE, G. et al. 2001. Accelerated diabetic glomerulopathy in galectin-3/AGE receptor 3 knockout mice. FASEB J. 15: 2471-2479.
27. OHGAMI, N. et al. 2002. CD36, serves as a receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). J. Diabetes Complications 16: 56-59.
28. HORIUCHI, S. et al. 1996. Advanced glycation end products and their recognition by macrophage and macrophage-derived cells. Diabetes 45: S73-S76.
29. BIERHAUS, A. et al. 2001. Diabetes-associated sustained activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Diabetes 50: 2792-2808.
30. HUDSON, B.I. et al. 2003. Blockade of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts: a new target for therapeutic intervention in diabetic complications and inflammatory disorders. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 419: 80-88.
31. SCHULTZ, R.O. et al. 1983. Diabetic corneal neuropathy. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 81: 107-124.
32. SCHULTZ, R.O. et al. 1981. Diabetic keratopathy. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 79: 180-199.
33. SADY, C. et al. 2000. Maillard reactions by alpha-oxoaldehydes: detection of glyoxal-modified proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1481: 255-264.
34. KAJI, Y. et al. 2000. Advanced glycation end products in diabetic corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 362-368.
35. MCDERMOTT, A.M. et al. 2003. Non-enzymatic glycation in corneas from normal and diabetic donors and its effects on epithelial cell attachment in vitro. Optometry 74: 443-452.
36. KAJI, Y. et al. 2001. Advanced glycation end products in Descemet's membrane and their effect on corneal endothelial cell. Curr. Eye Res. 23: 469-477.
37. KAJI, Y. et al. 2003. Expression and function of receptors for advanced glycation end products in bovine corneal endothelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis Sci. 44: 521-528.
38. MALIK, N.S. et al. 1992. Ageing of the human corneal stroma: structural and biochemical changes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1138: 222-228.
39. MALIK, N.S. & K.M. MEEK. 1994. The inhibition of sugar-induced structural alterations in collagen by aspirin and other compounds. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199: 683-686.
40. MONNIER, V.M. & A. CERAMI. 1981. Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: possible process for aging of long lived proteins. Science 211: 491-493.
41. SELL, D.R., N.R. KLEINMAN & V.M. MONNIER. 2000. Longitudinal determination of skin collagen glycation and glycoxidation rates predicts early death in C57BL/6NNIA mice. FASEB J. 14: 145-156.
42. KESSEL, L. et al. 2003. Corneal fluorescence in relation to genetic and environmental factors: a twin study. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 81: 508-513.
43. MALIK, N.S. & K.M. MEEK. 1996. Vitamins and analgesics in the prevention of collagen ageing. Age Ageing 25: 279-284.
44. DAWCZYNSKI, J. et al. 2002. Advanced glycation end-products in corneas of patients with keratoconus. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 240: 296-301.
45. SPOERL, E. & T. SEILER. 1999. Techniques for stiffening the cornea. J. Refract. Surg. 15:711-713.
46. SPOERL, E., M. HUHLE & T. SEILER. 1998. Induction of cross-links in corneal tissue. Exp. Eye Res. 66: 97-103.
47. BRIAN, G. & H. TAYLOR. 2001. Cataract blindness-challenges for the 21st century. Bull. World Health Org. 79: 249-256.
48. DELCOURT, C. et al. 2000. Light exposure and the risk of cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age (POLA) study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 118: 385-392.
49. TAYLOR, H.R. 1999. Epidemiology of age-related cataract. Eye 13: 445-448.
50. TAYLOR, A. & T. NOWELL. 1997. Oxidative stress and antioxidant function in relation to risk for cataract. Adv. Pharmacol. 38: 515-536.
51. AGALOU, S. et al. 2003. Removal of advanced glycation end products in clinical renal failure by peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31: 1394-1396.
52. AHMED, N. et al. 2003. Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone advanced glycation end-products of human lens proteins. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44: 5287-5292.
53. ARGIROV, O.K., B. LIN & B.J. ORTWERTH. 2004. 2-ammonio-6-(3- oxidopyridinium-1-yl)hexanoate (OP-lysine) is a newly identified advanced glycation end product in cataractous and aged human lenses. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 6487-6495.
54. NAGARAJ, R.H. et al. 2003. Enhancement of chaperone function of alpha-crystallin by methylglyoxal modification. Biochemistry 42: 10746-10755.
55. DERHAM, B.K. et al. 2003. The molecular chaperone alpha-crystallin incorporated into red cell ghosts protects membrane Na/K-ATPase against glycation and oxidative stress. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 2605-2611.
56. POKUPEC, R. et al. 2003. Advanced glycation endproducts in human diabetic and nondiabetic cataractous lenses. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 241: 378-384.
57. NAGARAJ, R.H. et al. 2002. Effect of pyridoxamine on chemical modification of proteins by carbonyls in diabetic rats: characterization of a major product from the reaction of pyridoxamine and methylglyoxal. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 402: 110-119.
58. HOLLENBACH, S. et al. 2003. Cleavage of in vitro and in vivo formed lens protein cross-links by a novel cross-link breaker. Mol. Cell Biochem. 243: 73-80.
59. CERAMI C., F.H. NICHOLL, I. MITSUHASHI, et al. 1997. Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 15-20.
60. NICHOLL, I.D. et al. 1998. Increased levels of advanced glycation endproducts in the lenses and blood vessels of cigarette smokers. Mol. Med. 4: 594-601.
61. SHICHI, H. 2004. Cataract formation and prevention. Exp. Opin. Investig. Drugs 13: 691-701.
62. SAXENA, P. et al. 2000. Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbate in human cataract extracts: possible role of advanced glycadon end products. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 1473-1481.
63. ARGIROVA, M.D. & W. BREIPOHL. 2002. Glycated proteins can enhance photooxidative stress in aged and diabetic lenses. Free Radic. Res. 36: 1251-1259.
64. BISHOP, P.N. 2000. Structural macromolecules and supramolecular organisation of the vitreous gel. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 19: 323-344.
65. SEBAG, J. et al. 1999. Dynamic light scattering of diabetic vitreopathy. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 1: 169-176.
66. SEBAG, J. et al. 1994. Raman spectroscopy of human vitreous in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35: 2976-2980.
67. SEBAG, J. et al. 1992. Biochemical abnormalities in vitreous of humans with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110: 1472-1476.
68. SEBAG, J. 1996. Diabetic vitreopathy. Ophthalmology 103: 205-206.
69. STITT, A.W. et al. 1998. Advanced glycation end products in vitreous: Structural and functional implications for diabetic vitreopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39: 2517-2523.
70. SEBAG, J. 1993. Abnormalities of human vitreous structure in diabetes. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 231: 257-260.
71. MOORE, D.J., A.A. HUSSAIN & J. MARSHALL. 1995. Age-related variation in the hydraulic conductivity of Bruch's membrane. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36: 1290-1297.
72. SARKS, S.H. et al. 1999. Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 83: 358-368.
73. HAGEMAN, G.S. et al. 2001. An integrated hypothesis that considers drusen as biomarkers of immune-mediated processes at the RPE-Bruch's membrane interface in aging and age-related macular degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20: 705-732.
74. JOHNSON, PT. et al. 2003. Drusen-associated degeneration in the retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44: 4481-4488.
75. BOULTON, M. & J. MARSHALL. 1986. Effects of increasing numbers of phagocytic inclusions on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture: a model for aging. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 70: 808-815.
76. BOULTON, M. et al. 1994. Regional variation and age-related changes of lysosomal enzymes in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 78: 125-129.
77. RAKOCZY, P.E. et al. 1996. Correlation between autofluorescent debris accumulation and the presence of partially processed forms of cathepsin D in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells challenged with rod outer segments. Exp. Eye Res. 63: 159-167.
78. ISHIBASHI, T. et al. 1986. Formation of drusen in the human eye. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 101: 342-353.
79. ISHIBASHI, T. et al. 1986. Pathogenesis of drusen in the primate. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 27: 184-193.
80. HOLLYFIELD, J.G., R.G. SALOMON & J.W. CRABE. 2003. Proteomic approaches to understanding age-related macular degeneration. Adv. Exp Med. Biol. 533: 83-89.
81. HAMMES, H.P. et al. 1999. N(epsilon)(carboxymethyl)lysin and the AGE receptor RAGE colocalize in age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40: 1855-1859.
82. HANDA, J.T. et al. 1998. The advanced glycation endproduct pentosidine induces the expression of PDGF-B in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 66: 411-419.
83. HANDA, J.T. et al. 1999. Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch's membrane with age. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40: 775-779.
84. FARBOUD, B. et al. 1999. Development of a polyclonal antibody with broad epitope specificity for advanced glycation endproducts and localization of these epitopes in Bruch's membrane of the aging eye. Mol. Vis. 5: 11.
85. HAGEMAN, O.S. et al. 1999. Vitronectin is a constituent of ocular drusen and the vitronectin gene is expressed in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells. FASEB J. 13: 477-484.
86. MULLINS, R.F. et al. 2000. Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. FASEB J. 14: 835-846.
87. LI, Y.M. & D.W. DICKSON. 1997. Enhanced binding of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) by the ApoE4 isoform links the mechanism of plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 226: 155-158.
88. TABATON, M. et al. 1997. Is amyloid beta-protein glycated in Alzheimer's disease? Neuroreport 8: 907-909.
89. HAMMES, H.P. et al. 1996. Modification of vitronectin by advanced glycation alters functional properties in vitro and in the diabetic retina. Lab. Invest. 75: 325-338.
90. SCHUTT, F. et al. 2003. Proteins modified by malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, or advanced glycation end products in lipofuscin of human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44: 3663-3668.
91. OKUBO, A. et al. 2000. Ultrastructural changes associated with accumulation of inclusion bodies in rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 4305-4312.
92. OKUBO, A. et al. 1999. The relationships of age changes in retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40: 443-449.
93. LU, M. et al. 1998. Advanced glycation end products increase retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J. Clin. Invest. 101: 1219-1224.
94. McFARLANE, S., J.V. GLENN, A.M. LICHANSKA, et al. 2005. Characterisation of the advanced glycation endproduct receptor complex in the retinal pigment epithelium. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 89: 107-112.
95. REBER, F. et al. 2002. Alteration of the intracellular pH and apoptosis induction in a retinal cell line by the AGE-inducing agent glyoxal. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 240: 1022-1032.
96. KASPER, M. et al. 1999. Experimental induction of AGEs in fetal L132 lung cells changes the level of intracellular cathepsin D. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 261: 175-182.
97. SEBEKOVA, K. et al. 1998. Advanced glycated albumin impairs protein degradation in the kidney proximal tubules cell line LLC-PK1. Cell. Mol. Biol. 44: 1051-1060.
98. MIYATA, S. et al. 1997. Accumulation of pyrraline-modified albumin in phagocytes due to reduced degradation by lysosomal enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 4037-4042.
99. BOULTON, M. et al. 1989. The formation of autofluorescent granules in cultured human RPE. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30: 82-89.
100. YIN, D. 1996. Biochemical basis of lipofuscin, ceroid, and age pigment-like fluorophores. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 21: 871-888.
101. LESKE, M.C. et al. 2002. Incident open-angle glaucoma and blood pressure. Arch. Ophthalmol. 120: 954-959.
102. MORGAN, J.E. 2000. Optic nerve head structure in glaucoma: astrocytes as mediators of axonal damage. Eye 14: 437-444.
103. ALBON, J. et al. 2000. Age related compliance of the lamina cribrosa in human eyes. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84: 318-323.
104. ALBON, J. et al. 1995. Changes in the collagenous matrix of the aging human lamina cribrosa. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79: 368-375.
105. INOUE, M., N. OHGIYA & M. YAMAMOTO. 1998. Effect of aminoguanidine on optic nerve involvement in experimental diabetic rats. Brain Res. 800: 319-322.
106. AIELLO, L.P. et al. 1998. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 21: 143-156.
107. UK PROSPECTIVE DIABETES STUDY GROUP. 1998. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352: 854-865.
108. DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL RESEARCH GROUP. 1993. Hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 46: 271-286.
109. WAY, K.J. & G.L. KING. 2001. Protein kinase C and the development of diabetic vascular complications. Diabetic Med. 18: 945-959.
110. GILBERT, R.E., C.A. Wu, L.L. ALLEN, et al. 1998. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and type IV collagen in the renal tubulointerstitium in experimental diabetes: effects of ACE inhibition. Diabetes 47: 414-422.
111. TOOKE, J. 2000. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms for diabetic angiopathy in type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complications. 14: 197-200.
112. HAMMES, H.P. et al. 2003. Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy. Nat. Med. 9: 294-299.
113. DOLHOFER-BLIESENER, R., B. LECHNER & K.D. GERBITZ. 1996. Possible significance of advanced glycation end products in serum in end-stage renal disease and in late complications of diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 34: 355-361.
114. ONO, Y. et al. 1998. Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end-products and diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 41: 131-137.
115. WAGNER, Z. et al. 2001. N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of renal function. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 38: 785-791.
116. SELL, D.R. et al. 1992. Pentosidine formation in skin correlates with severity of complications in individuals with long-standing IDDM. Diabetes 41: 1286-1292.
117. SATO, E. et al. 2001. Corneal advanced glycation end products increase in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 24: 479-482.
118. CHIARELLI, F. et al. 1999. Advanced glycation end products in children and adolescents with diabetes: relation to glycemic control and early microvascular complications. J. Pediatr. 134: 486-491.
119. SUGIYAMA, S. et al. 1998. Plasma levels of pentosidine in diabetic patients: an advanced glycation end product. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9: 1681-1688.
120. YAMAGUCHI, M. et al. 1998. Immunochemical quantification of crossline as a fluorescent advanced glycation endproduct in erythrocytc membrane proteins from diabetic patients with or without retinopathy. Diabet. Med. 15: 458-462.
121. GARDINER, T.A., H.R. ANDERSON & A.W. STITT. 2003. Inhibition of advanced glycation end-products protects against retinal capillary basement membrane expansion during long-term diabetes. J. Pathol. 201: 328-333.
122. HAMMES, H.P. et al. 1999. Differential accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 42: 728-736.
123. MURATA, T. et al. 1997. The relationship between accumulation of advanced glycation end products and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human diabetic retinas. Diabetologia 40: 764-769.
124. SCHALKWIJK, C.G. et al. 1999. Amadori albumin in type 1 diabetic patients: correlation with markers of endothelial function, association with diabetic nephropathy, and localization in retinal capillaries. Diabetes 48: 2446-2453.
125. STITT, A.W. et al. 1997. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) co-localize with AGE receptors in the retinal vasculature of diabetic and of AGE-infused rats. Am. J. Pathol. 150:523-531.
126. HAMMES, H.P. et al. 1994. Aminoguanidine inhibits the development of accelerated diabetic retinopathy in the spontaneous hypertensive rat. Diabetologia 37: 32-35.
127. SHARMA, N.K., T.A. GARDINER & D.B. ARCHER. 1985. A morphologic and autoradiographic study of cell death and regeneration in the retinal microvasculature of normal and diabetic rats. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 100: 51-60.
128. ASSERO, G. et al. 2001. High glucose and advanced glycation end products induce phospholipid hydrolysis and phospholipid enzyme inhibition in bovine retinal pericytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1533: 128-140.
129. PAGET, C. et al. 1998. Modification of enzymatic antioxidants in retinal microvascular cells by glucose or advanced glycation end products. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 25: 121-129.
130. KALFA, T.A. et al. 1995. Altered proliferation of retinal microvascular cells on glycated matrix. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36: 2358-2367.
131. CHIBBER, R. et al. 1997. Toxic action of advanced glycation end products on cultured retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells: relevance to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 40: 156-164.
132. RUGGIERO-LOPEZ, D. et al. 1997. Growth modulation of retinal microvascular cells by early and advanced glycation products. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 34: 135-142.
133. YAMAGISHI, S. et al. 1999. Advanced glycation endproducts accelerate calcification in microvascular pericytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258: 353-357.
134. YAMAGISHI, S. et al. 2002. Advanced glycation end products-induced apoptosis and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in bovine retinal pericytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290: 973-978.
135. STITT, A.W. et al. 2004. Substrates modified by advanced glycation endproducts cause dysfunction and death in retinal pericytes by reducing survival signals mediated by platelet-derived growth factor. Diabetologia 47: 1735-1746.
136. TREINS, C. et al. 2001. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by advanced glycation end products. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 43836-43841.
137. STITT, A.W. et al. 2000. Advanced glycation end products induce blood-retinal barrier dysfunction in normoglycemic rats. Mol. Cell. Biol. Res. Commun. 3: 380-388.
138. ANTONETTI, D.A. et al. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumors. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 23463-23467.
139. MOORE, T.C. et al. 2003. The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal microvascular leukostasis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44: 4457-4464.
140. MIYAMOTO, K. & Y. OGURA. 1999. Pathogenetic potential of leukocytes in diabetic retinopathy. Semin. Ophthalmol. 14: 233-239.
141. KUNT, T. et al. 1998. The influence of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) on the expression of human endothelial adhesion molecules. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 106: 183-188.
142. MAMPUTU, J.C. & G. RENIER. 2004. Advanced glycation end-products increase monocyte adhesion to retinal endothelial cells through vascular endothelial growth factor-induced ICAM-1 expression: inhibitory effect of antioxidants. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75: 1062-1069.
143. BROWNLEE, M. et al. 1986. Aminoguanidine prevents diabetes-induced arterial wall protein cross-linking. Science 232: 1629-1632.
144. VASAN, S., P. FOILES & H. FOUNDS. 2003. Therapeutic potential of breakers of advanced glycation end product-protein crosslinks. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 419: 89-96.
145. HAMMES, H.P. et al. 1991. Aminoguanidine treatment inhibits the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 11555-11558.
146. KERN, T.S. & R.L. ENGERMAN. 2001. Pharmacological inhibition of diabetic retinopathy: aminoguanidine and aspirin. Diabetes 50: 1636-1642.
147. KERN, T.S. et al. 2000. Response of capillary cell death to aminoguanidine predicts the development of retinopathy: comparison of diabetes and galactosemia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 3972-3978.
148. AGARDH, E., B. HULTBERG & C. AGARDH. 2000. Effects of inhibition of glycation and oxidative stress on the development of cataract and retinal vessel abnormalities in diabetic rats. Curr. Eye Res. 21: 543-549.
149. BOLTON, W.K. et al. 2004. Randomized trial of an inhibitor of formation of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Nephrol. 24: 32-40.
150. VASAN, S. et al. 1996. An agent cleaving glucose-derived protein crosslinks in vitro and in vivo. Nature 382: 275-278.
151. COOPER, M.E. et al. 2000. The cross-link breaker, N-phenacylthiazolium bromide prevents vascular advanced glycation end-product accumulation. Diabetologia 43: 660-664.
152. WOLFFENBUTTEL, B.H. et al. 1998. Breakers of advanced glycation end products restore large artery properties in experimental diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 4630-4634.
153. ASIF, M. et al. 2000. An advanced glycation endproduct cross-link breaker can reverse age-related increases in myocardial stiffness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 2809-2813.
154. KHALIFAH, R.G., J.W. BAYNES & E.G. HUDSON. 1999. Amadorins: novel post-Amadori inhibitors of advanced glycation reactions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257: 251-258.
155. VOZIYAN, P.A. et al. 2002. A post-Amadori inhibitor pyridoxamine also inhibits chemical modification of proteins by scavenging carbonyl intermediates of carbohydrate and lipid degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 3397-3403.
156. PRICE, D.L., R.P. THORPE & S.R. BAYNES. 2001. Chelating activity of advanced glycation end-product inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 48967-48972.
157. DEGENHARDT, T.P. et al. 2002. Pyridoxamine inhibits early renal disease and dyslipidemia in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Kidney Int. 61: 939-950.
158. STITT, A. et al. 2002. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 51: 2826-2832.
159. STITT, A.W., C. MCGOLDRICK, A. RICE-MCCALDIN, et al. 2005. Impaired retinal angiogenesis in diabetes: role of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and galectin-3. Diabetes 54(3): 785-794.