Signal transduction during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

Volumn 72, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1092-1108

  García García, Erick ^a   Rosales, Carlos ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Immunoglobulin; Macrophage; Monocyte; Neutrophil

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; ACTIN BINDING PROTEIN; CALCIUM; FC RECEPTOR; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; OPSONIN; PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE;

CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MATURATION; CELL VACUOLE; CYTOSKELETON; MACROPHAGE; MOLECULAR MODEL; MONOCYTE; NEUTROPHIL; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHAGOSOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN CROSS LINKING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; PHAGOCYTES; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; RECEPTORS, FC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0036909507     PISSN: 07415400     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. Metchnikoff, E. (1884) Uber eine sprosspilzkrankenheit der daphnei: Betrag zur libre über den kampf der phagocyten gegen darmkrankheitserreger. Vischows Arch. 96, 177-185.
2. Metchnikoff, E. (1887) Sur la lutte des cellules de l'organisme contre l'invasion des microbes. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 1, 321-345.
3. Jones, S. L., Lindberg, F. P., Brown, E. J. (1999) Phagocytosis. In Fundamental Immunology (W. E. Paul, ed.), Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott-Raven, 997-1020.
4. Rabinovitch, M. (1995) Professional and non-professional phagocytes: An introduction. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 85-87.
5. Ravetch, J. V., Bolland, S. (2001) IgG Fc receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 275-290.
6. Brown, E. J. (1992) Complement receptors, adhesion, and phagocytosis. Infect. Agents Dis. 1, 63-70.
7. Beron, W., Alvarez-Dominguez, C., Mayorga, L., Stahl, P. D. (1995) Membrane trafficking along the phagocytic pathway. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 100-104.
8. Ofek, I., Goldhar, J., Keisari, Y., Sharon, N. (1995) Non-opsonic phagocytosis of microorganisms. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49, 239-276.
9. Aderem, A., Underhill, D. M. (1999) Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 593-623.
10. Greenberg, S. (1999) Modular components of phagocytosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66, 712-717.
11. Greenberg, S. (2001) Diversity in phagocytic signalling. J. Cell Sci. 114, 1039-1040.
12. May, R. C., Machesky, L. M. (2001) Phagocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Sci. 114, 1061-1077.
13. Sánchez-Mejorada, G., Rosales, C. (1998) Signal transduction by immunoglobulin Fc receptors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63, 521-533.
14. Daëron, M. (1997) Fc receptor biology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15, 203-234.
15. Brooks, D. G., Qiu, W. Q., Luster, A. D., Ravetch, J. V. (1989) Structure and expression of human IgG FcRII (CD32): Functional heterogeneity is encoded by the alternatively spliced products of multiple genes. J. Exp. Med. 170, 1369-1385.
16. Stuart, S. G., Simister, N. E., Clarkson, S. B., Macinski, B. M., Shapiro, M., Mellman, I. (1989) Human IgG Fc receptor (hFcRII; CD32) exists as multiple isoforms in macrophages, lymphocytes and IgG-transporting placental epithelium. EMBO J. 8. 3657-3666.
17. Cassel, D. L., Keller, M. A., Surrey, S., Schwartz, E., Schreiber, A. D., Rappaport, E. F., McKenzie, S. E. (1993) Differential expression of FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB and FcγRIIC in hematopoietic cells: Analysis of transcripts. Mol. Immunol. 30, 451-460.
18. Tridandapani, S., Siefker, K., Teillaud, J. L., Carter, J. E., Wewers, M. D., Anderson, C. L. (2002) Regulated expression and inhibitory function of FcγRIIb in human monocytic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 5082-5089.
19. Pricop, L., Redecha, P., Teillaud, J. L., Frey, J., Fridman, W. H., Sautes-Fridman, C., Salmon, J. E. (2001) Differential modulation of stimulatory and inhibitory Fcγ receptors on human monocytes by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. J. Immunol. 166, 531-537.
20. Indik, Z. K., Hunter, S., Huang, M. M., Pan, X. Q., Chien, P., Kelly, C., Levinson, A. I., Kimberly, R. P., Schreiber, A. D. (1994) The high affinity Fcγ receptor (CD64) induces phagocytosis in the absence of its cytoplasmic domain: The gamma subunit of FcγRIIIA imparts phagocytic function to FcγRI. Exp. Hematol. 22, 599-606.
21. Tuijnman, W. B., Capel, P. J. A., Van de Winkel, J. G. J. (1992) Human low-affinity IgG receptor FcggRIIa (CD32) introduced into mouse fibroblasts mediates phagocytosis of sensitized erythrocytes. Blood 79, 1651-1656.
22. Park, J-G., Isaacs, R. E., Chien, P., Schreiber, A. D. (1993) In the absence of other Fc receptors FcgammaRIIIA transmits a phagocytic signal that requires the cytoplasmic domain of its gamma subunit. J. Clin. Investig. 92, 1967-1973.
23. Hunter, S., Indik, Z. K., Kim, M. K., Cauley, M. D., Park, J. G., Schreiber, A. D. (1998) Inhibition of Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis by a nonphagocytic Fcγ receptor. Blood 91, 1762-1768.
24. Rosales, C., Brown, E. J. (1992) Signal transduction by neutrophil immunoglobulin G Fc receptors: Dissociation of intracytoplasmic calcium concentration rise from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 5265-5271.
25. Salmon, J. E., Browle, N. L., Edberg, J. C., Kimberly, R. P. (1991) Fcγ receptor III induces actin polymerization in human neutrophils and primes phagocytosis mediated by Fcγ receptor II. J. Immunol. 146, 997-1004.
26. Chuang, F. Y., Sassaroli, M., Unkeless, J. C. (2000) Convergence of FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIB signaling pathways in human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 164, 350-360.
27. Isakov, N. (1997) Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), a unique module linking antigen and Fc receptors to their signal cascades. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61, 6-16.
28. Korade-Mimics, Z., Corey, S. J. (2000) Src kinase-mediated signaling in leukocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 603-613.
29. Erpel, T., Courtneidge, S. A. (1995) Src family protein tyrosine kinases and cellular signal transduction pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 176-182.
30. Adamczewski, M., Numerof, R. P., Koretzky, G. A., Kinet, J. P. (1995) Regulation by CD45 of the tyrosine phosphorylation of high affinity IgE receptor beta- and gamma-chains. J. Immunol. 154, 3047-3055.
31. Strzelecka, A., Kwiatkowska, K., Sobota, A. (1997) Tyrosine phosphorylation and Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. FEBS Lett. 400, 11-14.
32. Majeed, M., Caveggion, E., Lowell, C. A., Berton, G. (2001) Role of Src kinases and Syk in Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis and phagosomelysosome fusion. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70, 801-811.
33. Ghazizadeh, S., Bolen, J. B., Fleit, H. B. (1994) Physical and functional association of Src-related protein tyrosine kinases with FcγRII in monocytic THP-1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8878-8884.
34. Durden, D. L., Kim, H. M., Calore, B., Liu, Y. (1995) The FcγRI receptor signals through the activation of Hck and MAP kinase. J. Immunol. 154, 4039-4047.
35. Hamada, F., Aoki, M., Akiyama, T., Toyoshima, K. (1993) Association of immunoglobulin G Fc receptor II with Src-like protein-tyrosine kinase Fgr in neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 6305-6309.
36. Pignata, C., Prasad, K. V., Robertson, M. J., Levine, H., Rudd, C. E., Ritz, J. (1993) FcγRIIIA-mediated signaling involves src-family lck in human natural killer cells. J. Immunol. 151, 6794-6800.
37. Hunter, S., Huang, M-M., Indik, Z. K., Schreiber, A. D. (1993) FcgammaRIIA-mediated phagocytosis and receptor phosphorylation in cells deficient in the protein tyrosine kinase Src. Exp. Hematol. 21, 1492-1497.
38. Fitzer-Attas, C. J., Lowry, M., Crowley, M. T., Finn, A. J., Meng, F., DeFranco, A. L., Lowell, C. A. (2000) Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages lacking the Src family tyrosine kinases Hck, Fgr, and Lyn. J. Exp. Med. 191, 669-682.
39. Gresham, B. H., Dale, B. M., Potter, J. W., Chang, P. W., Vines, C. M., Lowell, C. A., Lagenaur, C. F., Willman, C. L. (2000) Negative regulation of phagocytosis in murine macrophages by the Src kinase family member, Fgr. J. Exp. Med. 191, 515-528.
40. Turner, M., Schweighoffer, E., Colucci, F., Di Santo, J. P., Tybulewicz, V. L. (2000) Tyrosine kinase SYK: Essential functions for immunoreceptor signalling. Immunol. Today 21, 148-154.
41. Cooney, D. S., Phee, H., Jacob, A., Coggeshall, K. M. (2001) Signal transduction by human-restricted FcγRIIa involves three distinct cytoplasmic kinase families leading to phagocytosis. J. Immunol. 167, 844-854.
42. van Leeuwen, J. E. M., Samelson, L. E. (1999) T cell antigen-receptor signal transduction. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 242-248.
43. Darby, C., Geahlen, R. L., Schreiber, A. D. (1994) Stimulation of macrophage FcyγRIIIA activates the receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinase Syk and induces phosphorylation of multiple proteins including p95Vav and p62/GAP-associated protein. J. Immunol. 152, 5429-5437.
44. Matsuda, M., Park, J. G., Wang, D. C., Hunter, S., Chien, P., Schreiber, A. D. (1996) Abrogation of the Fc gamma receptor IIA-mediated phagocytic signal by stem-loop Syk antisense oligonucleotides. Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 1095-1106.
45. Crowley, M. T., Costello, P. S., Fitzer-Attas, C. J., Turner, M., Meng, F., Lowell, C., Tybulewicz, V. L., DeFranco, A. L. (1997) A critical role for Syk in signal transduction and phagocytosis mediated by Fcγ receptors on macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1027-1039.
46. Raeder, E. M., Mansfield, P. J., Hinkovska-Galcheva, V., Shayman, J. A., Boxer, L. A. (1999) Syk activation initiates downstream signaling events during human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis. J. Immunol. 163, 6785-6793.
47. Greenberg, S., Chang, P., Wang, D. C., Xavier, R., Seed, B. (1996) Clustered syk tyrosine kinase domains trigger phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1103-1107.
48. Cox, D., Chang, P., Kurosaki, T., Greenberg, S. (1996) Syk tyrosine kinase is required for immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif-dependent actin assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16597-16602.
49. Indik, Z., Kelly, C., Chien, P., Levinson, A. I., Schreiber, A. D. (1991) Human FcγRII, in the absence of other Fcγ receptors mediates a phagocytic signal. J. Clin. Investig. 88, 1766-1771.
50. Indik, Z. K., Park, J. G., Pan, X. Q., Schreiber, A. D. (1995) Induction of phagocytosis by a protein tyrosine kinase. Blood 85, 1175-1180.
51. Kim, M-K., Pan, X-Q., Huang, Z-Y., Hunter, S., Hwang, P-H., Indik, Z. K., Schreiber, A. D. (2001) Fcγ receptors differ in their structural requirements for interaction with the tyrosine kinase Syk in the initial steps of signaling for phagocytosis. Clin. Immunol. 98, 125-132.
52. Young, J. D., Ko, S. S., Cohn, Z. A. (1984) The increase in intracellular free calcium associated with IgG gamma 2b/gamma 1 Fc receptor-ligand interactions: Role in phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 5430-5434.
53. PMN mediates transmembrane signaling events distinct from FcγRII. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1239-1255.
54. Sawyer, D. W., Sullivan, J. A., Mandell, G. L. (1985) Intracellular free calcium localization in neutrophils during phagocytosis. Science 230, 663-666.
55. 2+ dependence of human Fc gamma receptor-initiated phagocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22301-22307.
56. 2+ accumulation in Fcγ-receptor-mediated phagocytosis of human neutrophils. J. Biochem. 117, 1156-1161.
57. 2+ transients. J. Immunol. 144, 1411-1417.
58. i. J. Cell Biol. 102, 1586-1592.
59. 2+ levels. J. Cell Biol. 106, 657-666.
60. Zimmerli, S., Majeed, M., Gustavsson, M., Stendahl, O., Sanan, D. A., Ernst, J. D. (1996) Phagosome-lysosome fusion is a calcium-independent event in macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 132, 49-61.
61. Garcia-Garcia, E., Sanchez-Mejorada, G., Rosales, C. (2001) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK are required for NF-κB activation, but not for phagocytosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70, 649-658.
62. Rosales, C., Brown, E. J. (1991) Two mechanisms for IgG Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis by human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 146, 3937-3944.
63. 2+ during phagolysosome formation. Cell Calcium 27, 353-362.
64. Bengtsson, T., Jaconi, M. E., Gustafson, M., Magnusson, K. E., Theler, J. M., Lew, D. P., Stendahl, O. (1993) Actin dynamics in human neutrophils during adhesion and phagocytosis is controlled by changes in intracellular free calcium. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 62, 49-58.
65. Harris, H. E., Weeds, A. G. (1984) Plasma gelsolin caps and severs actin filaments. FEBS Lett. 177, 184-188.
66. Serrander, L., Skarman, P., Rasmussen, B., Witke, W., Lew, D. P., Krause, K. H., Stendahl, O., Nusse, O. (2000) Selective inhibition of IgG-mediated phagocytosis in gelsolin-deficient murine neutrophils. J. Immunol. 165, 2451-2457.
67. Berridge, M. J. (1993) Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature 361, 315-325.
68. Choi, O. H., Kim, J. H., Kinet, J. P. (1996) Calcium mobilization via sphingosine kinase in signaling by the FcεRI antigen receptor. Nature 380, 634-636.
69. Melendez, A., Floto, R. A., Gillooly, D. J., Harnett, M. M., Allen, J. M. (1998) FcγRI coupling to phospholipase D initiates sphingosine kinase-mediated calcium mobilization and vesicular trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 9393-9402.
70. Jones, S. L., Brown, E. J. (1996) FcγRII-mediated adhesion and phagocytosis induce L-plastin phosphorylation in human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14623-14630.
71. 2+ in human neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3534-3538.
72. Melendez, A. J., Floto, R. A., Cameron, A. J., Gillooly, D. J., Harnett, M. M., Allen, J. M. (1998) A molecular switch changes the signalling pathway used by FcγRI antibody receptor to mobilise calcium. Curr. Biol. 8, 210-221.
73. 2+ signals triggered by different phospholipid pathways in antigen stimulation of human mast cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17255-17262.
74. Dempsey, E. C., Newton, A. C., Mochly-Rosen, D., Fields, A. P., Reyland, M. E., Insel, P. A., Messing, R. O. (2000) Protein kinase C isozymes and the regulation of diverse cell responses. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 279, L429-L438.
75. Raeder, E. M., Mansfield, P. J., Hinkovska-Galcheva, V., Kjeldsen, L., Shayman, J. A., Boxer, L. A. (1999) Sphingosine blocks human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Blood 93, 686-693.
76. Karimi, K., Gemmill, T. R., Lennartz, M. R. (1999) Protein kinase C and a calcium-independent phospholipase are required for IgG-mediated phagocytosis by Mono-Mac-6 cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65, 854-862.
77. Breton, A., Descoteaux, A. (2000) Protein kinase C-α participates in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276, 472-476.
78. Yamamori, T., Inanami, O., Nagahata, H., Cui, Y., Kuwabara, M. (2000) Roles of p38MAPK, PKC and PI3-K in the signaling pathways of NADPH oxidase activation and phagocytosis in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. FEBS Lett. 467, 253-258.
79. Garcia-Garcia, E., Rosales, R., Rosales, C. (2002) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase are recruited for Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72, 107-114.
80. Allen, L. A., Aderem, A. (1996) Molecular definition of distinct cytoskeletal structures involved in complement- and Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 184, 627-637.
81. Zheleznyak, A., Brown, E. J. (1992) IgG-mediated phagocytosis by human monocytes requires protein kinase C activation: Evidence for protein kinase C translocation to phagosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12042-12048.
82. Larsen, E. C., DiGennaro, J. A., Saito, N., Mehta, S., Loegering, D. J., Mazurkiewicz, J. E., Lennartz, M. R. (2000) Differential requirement for classic and novel PKC isoforms in respiratory burst and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells. J. Immunol. 165, 2809-2817.
83. Dekker, L. V., Leitges, M., Altschuler, G., Mistry, N., McDermott, A., Roes, J., Segal, A. W. (2000) Protein kinase C-β contributes to NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils. Biochem. J. 347, 285-289.
84. Melendez, A. J., Harnett, M. M., Allen, J. M. (1999) FcγRI activation of phospholipase Cγ1 and protein kinase C in dibutyryl cAMP-differentiated U937 cells is dependent solely on the tyrosine-kinase activated form of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Immunology 98, 1-8.
85. Brumell, J. H., Howard, J. C., Craig, K., Grinstein, S., Schreiber, A. D., Tyers, M. (1999) Expression of the protein kinase C substrate pleckstrin in macrophages: Association with phagosomal membranes. J. Immunol. 163, 3388-3395.
86. Melendez, A. J., Harnett, M. M., Allen, J. M. (1999) Differentiation-dependent switch in protein kinase C isoenzyme activation by FcγRI, the human high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G. Immunology 96, 457-464.
87. Karimi, K., Lennartz, M. R. (1998) Mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated during IgG-mediated phagocytosis, but it is not required for target ingestion. Inflammation 22, 67-82.
88. Lennartz, M. R., Yuen, A. F. C., McKenzie Masi, S., Russell, D. G., Buttle, K. F., Smith, J. J. (1997) Phospholipase A2 inhibition results in sequestration of plasma membrane into electronlucent vesicles during IgG-mediated phagocytosis. J. Cell Sci. 110, 2041-2052.
89. 1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 19906-19912.
90. Hartwig, J. H., Thelen, M., Rosen, A., Janmey, P. A., Nairn, A. C., Aderem, A. (1992) MARCKS is an actin filament crosslinking protein regulated by protein kinase C and calcium-calmodulin. Nature 356, 618-622.
91. Allen, L. A., Aderem, A. (1996) Mechanisms of phagocytosis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 36-40.
92. Carballo, E. F., Pitterle, D. M., Stumpo, D. J., Sperling, R. T., Blackshear, P. J. (1999) Phagocytic and macropinocytic activity in MARCKS-deficient macrophages and fibroblasts. Am. J. Physiol. 277, C163-C173.
93. Gijón, M. A., Leslie, C. C. (1999) Regulation of arachidonic acid release and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65, 330-336.
94. Lennartz, M. R. (1999) Phospholipases and phagocytosis: The role of phospholipid-derived second messengers in phagocytosis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 31, 415-430.
95. Lennartz, M. R., Brown, E. J. (1991) Arachidonic acid is essential for IgG Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis by human monocytes. J. Immunol. 147, 621-626.
96. Lennartz, M. R., Lefkowith, J. B., Bromley, F. A., Brown, E. J. (1993) Immunoglobulin G-mediated phagocytosis activates a calcium-independent, phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase. J. Leukoc. Biol. 54, 389-398.
97. Karimi, K., Lennartz, M. R. (1995) Protein kinase C activation precedes arachidonic acid release during IgG-mediated phagocytosis. J. Immunol. 155, 5786-5794.
98. Lennartz, M. R., Lefkowith, J. B. (1996) Role of arachidonate in monocyte/macrophage function. In Advances in Lipobiology (R. W. Gross, ed.), San Diego, CA, Elsevier Science, 429-462.
99. Hazan-Halevy, I., Seger, R., Levy, R. (2000) The requirement of both extracellular regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase for stimulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity by either FcγRIIA or FcγRIIIB in human neutrophils: A possible role of Pyk2 but not for the Grb-2-Sos-Shc complex. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12416-12423.
100. Gijón, M. A., Spencer, D. M., Siddiqi, A. R., Bonventre, J. V., Leslie, C. C. (2000) Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is required for macrophage arachidonic acid release by agonists that do and do not mobilize calcium: Novel role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in cytosolic phosholipase A2 regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 20146-20156.
101. Cox, D., Tseng, C. C., Bjekic, G., Greenberg, S. (1999) A requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in pseudopod extension. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1240-1247.
102. lck activation. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1745-1750.
103. Liao, F., Shin, H. S., Rhee, S. G. (1992) Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 induced by cross-linking of the high-affinity or low-affinity Fc receptor for IgG in U937 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3659-3663.
104. i flux in FcγRIIA signaling. J. Immunol. 152, 3017-3023.
105. Botelho, R. J., Teruel, M., Dierckman, R., Anderson, R., Wells, A., York, J. D., Meyer, T., Gristein, S. (2000) Localized biphasic changes in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate at sites of phagocytosis. J. Cell Biol. 151, 1353-1368.
106. Seastone, D. J., Zhang, L., Buczynski, G., Rebstein, P., Weeks, G., Spiegelman, G., Cardelli, J. (1999) The small Mr Ras-like GTPase Rapl and the phospholipase C pathway act to regulate phagocytosis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 393-406.
107. Suchard, S. J., Mansfield, P. J., Boxer, L. A., Shayman, J. A. (1997) Mitogen-activated protein kinase action during IgG-dependent phagocytosis in human neutrophils, inhibition by ceramide. J. Immunol. 158, 4961-4967.
108. Gewirtz, A. T., Simons, E. R. (1997) Phospholipase D mediates Fcγ receptor activation of neutrophils and provides specificity between high-valency immune complexes and fMLP signaling pathways. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61, 522-528.
109. Toker, A., Cantley, L. C. (1997) Signaling through the lipid products of phosphoinositide 3-OH-kinase. Nature 387, 673-676.
110. Singh, S. S., Chauhan, A., Brockerhoff, H., Chauhan, V. P. S. (1993) Activation of protein kinase C by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195, 104-112.
111. 3. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32358-32367.
112. Wymann, M. P., Sozzani, S., Altruda, F., Mantovani, A., Hirsch, E. (2000) Lipids on the move: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases in leukocyte function. Immunol. Today 21, 260-264.
113. Indik, Z. K., Park, J. G., Hunter, S., Schreiber, A. D. (1995) The molecular dissection of Fc gamma receptor mediated phagocytosis. Blood 86, 4389-4399.
114. Marshall, J. G., Booth, J. W., Stambolic, V., Mak, T., Balla, T., Schreiber, A. D., Meyer, T., Grinstein, S. (2001) Restricted accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase products in a plasmalemmal subdomain during Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J. Cell Biol. 153, 1369-1380.
115. Cox, D., Berg, J. S., Cammer, M., Chinegwundoh, J. O., Dale, B. M., Cheney, R. E., Greenberg, S. (2002) Myosin X is a downstream effector of PI(3)K during phagocytosis. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 469-477.
116. Coxon, P. Y., Rane, M. J., Powell, D. W., Klein, J. B., McLeish, K. R. (2000) Differential mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulation by Fcγ receptor IIa and Fcγ receptor IIIb determines the activation phenotype of human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 164, 6530-6537.
117. Sánchez-Mejorada, G., Rosales, C. (1998) Fcγ receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in monocytes is independent of Ras. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27610-27619.
118. Gutkind, J. S. (2000) Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling networks by G protein-coupled receptors. Science's STKE, 〈http://www.stke.org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2000/40/rel〉.
119. Reyes-Reyes, M., Mora, N., Zentella, A., Rosales, C. (2001) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates integrin-dependent NF-κB and MAPK activation through separate signaling pathways. J. Cell Sci. 114, 1579-1589.
120. Marshall, C. J. (1994) MAP kinase kinase kinase, MAP kinase kinase, and MAP kinase. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4, 82-89.
121. King, W. G., Mattaliano, M. D., Chan, T. O., Tsichlis, P. N., Brugge, J. S. (1997) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is required for integrin-stimulated AKT and Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 4406-4418.
122. Downey, G. P., Butler, J. R., Tapper, H., Fialkow, L., Saltiel, A. R., Rubin, B. B., Grinstein, S. (1998) Importance of MEK in neutrophil microbicidal responsiveness. J. Immunol. 160, 434-443.
123. Mansfield, P. J., Shayman, J. A., Boxer, L. A. (2000) Regulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis by myosin light chain kinase after activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Blood 95, 2407-2412.
124. Kamm, K. E., Stull, J. T. (2001) Dedicated myosin light chain kinases with diverse cellular functions. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 4527-4530.
125. Ridley, A. J. (2001) Rho proteins, PI 3-kinases, and monocyte/macrophage motility. FEBS Lett. 498, 168-171.
126. Chimini, G., Chavrier, P. (2000) Function of Rho family proteins in actin dynamics during phagocytosis and engulfment. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 191-192.
127. Hackam, D. J., Rotstein, O. D., Schreiber, A., Zhang, W., Grinstein, S. (1997) Rho is required for the initiation calcium signaling and phagocytosis by Fcγ receptors in macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 186, 955-966.
128. Caron, E., Hall, A. (1998) Identification of two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis controled by different Rho GTPases. Science 282, 1717-1721.
129. May, R. C., Caron, E., Hall, A., Machesky, L. M. (2000) Involvement of the Arp2/3 complex in phagocytosis mediated by FcγR or CR3. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 246-248.
130. Cox, D., Chang, P., Zhang, D., Reddy, P. G., Bockoch, G. M., Greenberg, S. (1997) Requirement for both Rac1 and Cdc42 in membrane ruffling and phagocytosis in leukocytes. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1487-1449.
131. Castellano, F., Montcourrier, P., Guillemont, J. C., Goulin, E., Machesky, L., Cossart, P., Chavrier, P. (1999) Inducible recruitment of Cdc42 or WASP to a cell-surface receptor triggers actin polymerization and filopodium formation. Curr. Biol. 9, 351-360.
132. Castellano, F., Montcourrier, P., Chavrier, P. (2000) Membrane recruitment of Rac1 triggers phagocytosis. J. Cell Sci. 113, 2955-2961.
133. Schultz, J., Milpetz, F., Bork, P., Ponting, C. P. (1998) SMART, a simple modular architecture research tool: Identification of signaling domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5857-5864.
134. Coppolino, M. G., Krause, M., Hagendorff, P., Monner, D. A., Trimble, W., Grinstein, S., Wehland, J., Sechi, A. S. (2001) Evidence for a molecular complex consisting of Fyb/SLAP, SLP-76, Nck, VASP and WASP that links the actin cytoskeleton to Fcγ receptor signalling during phagocytosis. J. Cell Sci. 114, 4307-4318.
135. Patel, J. C., Hall, A., Caron, E. (2002) Vav regulates activation of Rac but not Cdc42 during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 1215-1226.
136. Bustelo, X. R. (2000) Regulatory, and signaling properties of the Vav family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 1461-1477.
137. Aghazadeh, B., Lowry, W. E., Huang, X. Y., Rosen, M. K. (2000) Structural basis for relief of autoinhibition of the Dbl homology domain of proto-oncogene Vav by tyrosine phosphorylation. Cell 102, 625-633.
138. Han, J., Luby-Phelps, K., Das, B., Shu, X., Xia, Y., Mosteller, R. D., Krishna, U. M., Falck, J. R., White, M. A., Broek, D. (1998) Role of substrates and products of PI 3-kinase in regulating activation of Rac-related guanosine triphosphatases by Vav. Science 279, 558-560.
139. Martinez Gakidis, M. A., Zhang, B., Mayadas, T. N., Alt, F. W., Swat, W., Brugge, J. S. (2001) Role for Vav proteins in macrophage functions. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 270a.
140. Machesky, L. M., Insall, R. H. (1998) Scarl and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2/3 complex. Curr. Biol. 8, 1347-1356.
141. Lorenzi, R., Brickell, P. M., Katz, D. R., Kinnon, C., Thrasher, A. J. (2000) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is necessary for efficient IgG-mediated phagocytosis. Blood 95, 2943-2946.
142. McGee, K., Zettl, M., Way, M., Fällman, M. (2001) A role for N-WASP in invasin-promoted intemalisation. FEBS Lett. 509, 59-65.
143. Leverrier, Y., Lorensi, R., Blundell, M. P., Brickell, P., Kinnon, C., Ridley, A. J., Thrasher, A. J. (2001) Cutting edge: The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is required for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J. Immunol. 166, 4831-4834.
144. Sullivan, K. E. (1999) Recent advances in our understanding of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 6, 8-14.
145. Aspenstrom, P., Lindberg, U., Hall, A. (1996) Two GTPases, Cdc42 and Rac, bind directly to a protein implicated in the immunodeficiency disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Curr. Biol. 6, 70-75.
146. Marchand, J. B., Kaiser, D. A., Pollard, T. D., Higgs, H. N. (2001) Interaction of WASP/Scar proteins with actin and vertebrate Arp2/3 complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 76-82.
147. Welch, M. D., Iwamatsu, A., Mitchison, T. J. (1997) Actin polymerization is induced by Arp2/3 protein complex at the surface of Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 385, 265-269.
148. Machesky, L. M., Mullins, R. D., Higgs, H. N., Kaiser, D. A., Blanchoin, L., May, R. C., Hall, M. E., Pollard, T. D. (1999) Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3739-3744.
149. Castellano, F., Le Clainche, C., Patin, D., Carlier, M.-F., Chavrier, P. (2001) A WASp-VASP complex regulates actin polymerization at the plasma membrane. EMBO J. 20, 5603-5614.
150. Carlier, M. F., Ressad, F., Pantaloni, D. (1999) Control of actin dynamics in cell motility. Role of ADF/cofilin. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 33827-33830.
151. Aizawa, H., Fukui, Y., Yahara, I. (1997) Live dynamics of Dictyostelium cofilin suggests a role in remodeling actin latticework into bundles. J. Cell Sci. 110, 2333-2344.
152. Nagaishi, K., Adachi, R., Matsui, S., Yamaguchi, T., Kasahara, T., Suzuki, K. (1999) Herbimycin A inhibits both dephosphorylation and translocation of cofilin induced by opsonized zymosan in macrophage-like U937 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 180, 345-354.
153. Dharmawardhane, S., Brownson, D., Lennartz, M., Bokoch, G. M. (1999) Localization of p21-activated kinase (PAK1) to pseudopodia, membrane ruffles, and phagocytic cups in activated human neutrophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66, 521-527.
154. Edwards, D. C., Sanders, L. C., Bokoch, G. M., Gill, G. N. (1999) Activation of LIM-kinase by Pak1 couples Rac/Cdc42 GTPase signalling to actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 253-259.
155. Arber, S., Barbayannis, F. A., Hanser, H., Schneider, C., Stanyon, C. A., Bernard, O., Caroni, P. (1998) Regulation of actin dynamics through phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM-kinase. Nature 393, 805-809.
156. Edwards, D. C., Gill, G. N. (1999) Structural features of LIM kinase that control effects on the actin cytoskeleton. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 11352-11361.
157. Chavrier, P., Goud, B. (1999) The role of the ARF and Rab GTPases in membrane transport. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11, 466-475.
158. Zhang, Q., Cox, D., Tseng, C. C., Donaldson, J. G., Greenberg, S. (1998) A requirement for ARF6 in receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 19977-19981.
159. D'Souza-Schorey, C., Boshans, R. L., McDonough, M., Stahl, P. D., Van Aelst, L. (1997) A role for POR1, a Rac-interacting protein, in ARF6-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements. EMBO J. 16, 5445-5454.
160. Zhang, Q., Calafat, J., Janssen, H., Greenberg, S. (1999) ARF6 is required for growth factor- and rac-mediated membrane ruffling in macrophages at a stage distal to rac membrane targeting. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 8158-8168.
161. Massol, P., Montcourrier, P., Guillemont, J. C., Chavrier, P. (1998) Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis requires Cdc42 and Rac1. EMBO J. 17, 6219-6229.
162. Uchida, H., Kondo, A., Yoshimura, Y., Mazaki, Y., Sabe, H. (2001) PAG3/PapαAA0400, a GTPase-activating protein for ADP-ribosylation factor (AFR), regulates ARF6 in Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 193, 955-966.
163. Ravetch, J. V., Lanier, L. L. (2000) Immune inhibitory receptors. Science 290, 84-89.
164. Isakov, N. (1997) ITIMs and ITAMs. The Yin and Yang of antigen and Fc receptor-linked signaling machinery. Immunol. Res. 16, 85-100.
165. Muta, T., Kurosaki, T., Misulovin, Z., Sanchez, M., Nussenzweig, M. C., Ravetch, J. V. (1994) A 13-amino-acid motif in the cytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIB modulates B-cell receptor signalling. Nature 368, 70-73.
166. Daëron, M., Latour, S., Malbec, O., Espinosa, E., Pina, P., Pasmans, S., Fridman, W. H. (1995) The same tyrosine-based inhibition motif, in the intracytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIB, regulates negatively BCR-,
167. Daëron, M., Malbec, O., Latour, S., Arock, M., Fridman, W. H. (1995) Regulation of high affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell activation by murine low-affinity IgG receptors. J. Clin. Investig. 95, 577-585.
168. Takai, T., Ono, M., Hikida, M., Ohmori, H., Ravetch, J. V. (1996) Augmented humoral and anaphylactic responses in FcγRII-deficient mice. Nature 379, 346-349.
169. Ujike, A., Ishikawa, Y., Ono, M., Yausa, T., Yoshino, T., Fukumoto, M., Ravetch, J., Takai, T. (1999) Modulation of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated systemic anaphylaxis by low affinity Fc receptors for IgG. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1573-1579.
170. Bolland, S., Ravetch, J. V. (2000) Spontaneous autoimmune disease in FcγRIIB-deficient mice results from strain-specific epistasis. Immunity 13, 277-285.
171. Nakamura, A., Yuasa, T., Ujike, A., Ono, M., Nukiwa, T., Ravetch, J. V., Takai, T. (2000) Fcγ receptor IIB-deficient mice develop Goodpasture's syndrome upon immunisation with type IV collagen: A novel murine model for autoimmune glomerular basement membrane disease. J. Exp. Med. 191, 899-905.
172. Clynes, R. A., Towers, L. T., Presta, L. G., Ravetch, J. V. (2000) Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytotoxicity against tumor targets. Nat. Med. 6, 443-446.
173. Long, E. O. (1999) Regulation of immune responses through inhibitory receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 875-904.
174. Ono, M., Bolland, S., Tempst, P., Ravetch, J. V. (1996) Role of the inositol phosphatase SHIP in negative regulation of the immune system by the receptor Fc(gamma)RIIB. Nature 383, 263-266.
175. Fong, D. C., Malbec, O., Arock, M., Cambier, J. C., Fridman, W. H., Daëron, M. (1996) Selective in vivo recruitment of the phosphatidylinositol phosphatase SHIP by phosphorylated FcγRIIB during negative regulation of IgE-dependent mouse mast cell activation. Immunol. Lett. 54, 83-91.
176. Muraille, E., Bruhns, P., Pesesse, X., M., D., Erneux, C. (2000) The SH2 domain containing inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP2 associates to the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif of FcγRIIB in B cells under negative signalling. Immunol. Lett. 72, 7-15.
177. Bolland, S., Pearse, R. N., Kurosaki, T., Ravetch, J. V. (1998) SHIP modulates immune receptor responses by regulating membrane association of Btk. Immunity 8, 509-516.
178. Bruhns, P., Vely, F., Malbec, O., Fridman, W. H., Vivier, E., Daëron, M. (2000) Molecular basis of the recruitment of the SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 by FcγRIIB. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 37357-37364.
179. Lesourne, R., Bruhns, P., Fridman, W. H., Daëron, M. (2001) Insufficient phosphorylation prevents FcγRIIB from recruiting the SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 6327-6336.
180. Cox, D., Dale, B. M., Kashiwada, M., Helgason, C. D., Greenberg, S. (2001) A regulatory role for Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase (SHIP) in phagocytosis mediated by Fcγ receptors and complement receptor 3 (αMβ2; CD11b/CD18). J. Exp. Med. 193, 61-72.
181. Kruger, J. M., Fukushima, T., Cherepanov, V., Borregaard, N., Loeve, C., Shek, C., Sharma, K., Tanswell, A. K., Chow, C. W., Downey, G. P. (2002) Protein-tyrosine phosphatase MEG2 is expressed by human neutrophils. Localization to the phagosome and activation by polyphosphoinositides. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 2620-2628.
182. Booth, J. W., Kim, M-K., Jankowski, A., Schreiber, A. D., Grinstein, S. (2002) Contrasting requirements for ubiquitylation during Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis. EMBO J. 21, 251-258.
183. Gold, E. S., Underhill, D. M., Morrissette, N. S., Guo, J., McNiven, M. A., Aderem, A. (1999) Dynamin 2 is required for phagocytosis in macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1849-1856.
184. Gold, E. S., Morrissette, N. S., Underhill, D. M., Guo, J., Bassetti, M., Aderem, A. (2000) Amphiphysin IIm, a novel amphiphysin II isoform, is required for macrophage phagocytosis. Immunity 12, 285-292.
185. Tjelle, T. E., Lovdal, T., Berg, T. (2000) Phagosome dynamics and function. BioEssays 22, 255-263.
186. Hackam, D. J., Rotstein, O. D., Sjolin, C., Schreiber, A. D., Trimble, W. S., Grinstein, S. (1998) v-SNARE-dependent secretion is required for phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11691-11696.
187. Diakonova, M., Bokoch, G., Swanson, J. A. (2002) Dynamics of cytoskeletal proteins during Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 402-411.
188. Defacque, H., Bos, E., Garvalov, B., Barret, C., Roy, C., Mangeat, P., Shin, H-W., Rybin, V., Griffiths, G. (2002) Phosphoinositides regulate membrane-dependent actin assembly by latex bead phagosomes. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 1190-1202.
189. Araki, N., Johnson, M. T., Swanson, J. A. (1996) A role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the completion of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis by macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 135, 1249-1260.
190. Bajno, L., Peng, X. R., Schreiber, A. D., Moore, H. P., Trimble, W. S., Grinstein, S. (2000) Focal exocytosis of VAMP3-containing vesicles at sites of phagosome formation. J. Cell Biol. 149, 697-706.
191. Cox, D., Lee, D. J., Dale, B. M., Calafat, J., Greenberg, S. (2000) A Rab11-containing rapidly recycling compartment in macrophages that promotes phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 680-685.
192. McNew, J. A., Parlati, F., Fukuda, R., Johnston, R. J., Paz, K., Paumet, F., Sollner, T. H., Rothman, J. E. (2000) Compartmental specificity of cellular membrane fusion encoded in SNARE proteins. Nature 407, 153-159.
193. Hackam, D. J., Botelho, R. J., Sjolin, C., Rotstein, O. D., Robinson, J. M., Schreiber, A. D., Grinstein, S. (2001) Indirect role for COPI in the completion of Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18200-18208.
194. Coppolino, M. G., Kong, C., Mohtashami, M., Schreiber, A. D., Brumell, J. H., Finlay, B. B., Grinstein, S., Trimble, W. S. (2001) Requirement for N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activity at different stages of bacterial invasion and phagocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 4772-4780.
195. Booth, J. W., Trimble, W. S., Grinstein, S. (2001) Membrane dynamics in phagocytosis. Semin. Immunol. 13, 357-364.
196. Mohrmann, K., van der Sluijs, P. (1999) Regulation of membrane transport through the endocytic pathway by rab GTPases. Mol. Membr. Biol. 16, 81-87.
197. Sonnichsen, B., De Renzis, S., Nielsen, E., Rietdorf, J., Zerial, M. (2000) Distinct membrane domains on endosomes in the recycling pathway visualized by multicolor imaging of Rab4, Rab5, and Rab11. J. Cell Biol. 149, 901-914.
198. Zerial, M., McBride, H. (2001) Rab proteins as membrane organizers. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 107-117.
199. Hill, E., Van Der, K. J., Downes, C. P., Smythe, E. (2001) The role of dynamin and its binding partners in coated pit invagination and scission. J. Cell Biol. 152, 309-324.
200. Marks, B., Stowell, M. H., Vallis, Y., Mills, I. G., Gibson, A., Hopkins, C. R. (2001) GTPase activity of dynamin and resulting conformation change are essential for endocytosis. Nature 410, 231-235.
201. Berg, J. S., Powell, B. C., Cheney, R. E. (2001) A millennial myosin census. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 780-794.
202. Houdusse, A., Sweeney, H. L. (2001) Myosin motors: Missing structures and hidden springs. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11, 182-194.
203. Stendahl, O. I., Hartwig, J. H., Brotschi, E. A., Stossel, T. P. (1980) Distribution of actin-binding protein and myosin in macrophages during spreading and phagocytosis. J. Cell Biol. 84, 215-224.
204. Valerius, N. H., Stendahl, O., Hartwig, J. H., Stossel, T. P. (1981) Distribution of actin-binding protein and myosin in polymorphonuclear leukocytes during locomotion and phagocytosis. Cell 24, 195-202.
205. Allen, L. A., Aderem, A. (1995) A role for MARCKS, the alpha isozyme of protein kinase C and myosin I in zymosan phagocytosis by macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 182, 829-840.
206. Swanson, J. A., Johnson, M. T., Beningo, K., Post, P., Mooseker, M., Araki, N. (1999) A contractile activity that closes phagosomes in macrophages. J. Cell Sci. 112, 307-316.
207. Jung, G., Wu, X., Hammer, J. A. I. (1996) Dictyostelium mutants lacking multiple classic myosin I isoforms reveal combinations of shared and distinct functions. J. Cell Biol. 133, 305-323.
208. Rezabek, B. L., Rodrigues-Paris, J. M., Cardelli, J. A., Chia, C. P. (1997) Phagosomal proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 44, 284-292.
209. Titus, M. A. (1999) A class VII unconventional myosin is required for phagocytosis. Curr. Biol. 9, 1297-1303.
210. Schwartz, E. C., Neuhaus, E. M., Kistler, C., Henkel, A. W., Soldati, T. (2000) Dictyostelium myosin IK is involved in the maintenance of cortical tension and effects motility and phagocytosis. J. Cell Sci. 113, 621-633.
211. Simonsen, A., Wurmser, A. E., Emr, S. D., Stenmark, H. (2001) The role of phosphoinositides in membrane transport. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 485-492.
212. Gillooly, D. J., Simonsen, A., Stenmark, H. (2001) Phosphoinositides and phagocytosis. J. Cell Biol. 155, 15-17.
213. Cullen, P. J., Cozier, G. E., Banting, G., Mellor, H. (2001) Modular phosphoinositide-binding domains - Their role in signalling and membrane trafficking. Curr. Biol. 11, R882-R893.
214. Vieira, O. V., Botelho, R. J., Rameh, L., Brachmann, S. M., Matsuo, T., Davidson, H. W., Schreiber, A., Backer, J. M., Cantley, L. C., Grinstein, S. (2001) Distinct roles of class I and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in phagosome formation and maturation. J. Cell Biol. 155, 19-25.
215. Ellson, C. D., Anderson, K. E., Morgan, G., Chilvers, E. R., Lipp, P., Stephens, L. R., Hawkins, P. T. (2001) Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate is generated in phagosomal membranes. Curr. Biol. 11, 1631-1635.
216. Fratti, R. A., Backer, J. M., Gruenberg, J., Corvera, S., Deretic, V. (2001) Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Rab5 effectors in phagosomal biogenesis and mycobacterial phagosome maturation arrest. J. Cell Biol. 154, 631-644.
217. Raucher, D., Stauffer, T., Chen, W., Shen, K., Guo, S., York, J. D., Sheetz, M. P., Meyer, T. (2000) Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate functions as a second messenger that regulates cytoskeleton-plasma membrane adhesion. Cell 100, 221-228.
218. 2 of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) stimulates actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex. J. Cell Biol. 150, 1311-1320.
219. Rohatgi, R., Ho, H. H., Kirschner, M. W. (2000) Mechanism of N-WASP activation by Cdc42 and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. J. Cell Biol. 150, 1299-1309.
220. 2 influences cytoskeletal protein activity at the plasma membrane. J. Cell Sci. 113, 3685-3695.
221. Defacque, H., Egeberg, M., Habermann, A., Diakonova, M., Roy, C., Mangeat, P., Voelter, W., Marriot, G., Pfannstiel, J., Faulstich, H. (2000) Involvement of ezrin/moesin in the novo actin assembly on phagosomal membranes. EMBO J. 19, 199-212.
222. Christoforidis, S., McBride, H. M., Burgoyne, R. D., Zerial, M. (1999) The Rab5 effector EEA1 is a core component of endosome docking. Nature 397, 621-625.
223. Christoforidis, S., Miaczynska, M., Ashman, K., Wilm, M., Zhao, L., Yip, S. C., Waterfield, M. D., Backer, J. M., Zerial, M. (1999) Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases are Rab5 effectors. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 249-252.
224. Lawe, D. C., Patki, V., Heller-Harrison, R., Lambright, D., Covera, S. (2000) The FYVE domain of early endosome antigen 1 is required for both phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Rab5 binding. Critical role of this dual interaction for endosomal localization. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 3699-3705.
225. Roberts, R. L., Barbieri, M. A., Ullrich, J., Stahl, P. D. (2000) Dynamics of rab5 activation in endocytosis and phagocytosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 627-632.
226. Simonsen, A., Gaullier, J-M., D'Arrigo, A., Stenmark, H. (1999) The Rab5 effector EEA1 interacts directly with syntaxin-6. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28857-28860.
227. Rupper, A., Grove, B., Cardelli, J. (2001) Rab7 regulates phagosome maturation in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Sci. 114, 2449-2460.
228. Dermine, J-F., Duclos, S., Garin, J., St. Louis, F., Rea, S., Parton, R. G., Desjardins, M. (2001) Flotillin-1-enriched lipid raft domains accumulate on maturing phagosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18507-18512.
229. Worth, R. G., Mayo-Bond, L., Kim, M-K., van de Winkel, J. G. J., Todd III, R. F., Petty, H. R., Schreiber, A. D. (2001) The cytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIA (CD32) participates in phagolysosome formation. Blood 98, 3429-3434.
230. Fadok, V. A., Bratton, D. L., Rose, D. M., Pearson, A., Westcott, J. Y., Henson, P. M. (2000) A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells. Nature 405, 85-90.
231. Gumienny, T. L., Brugnera, E., Tosello-Trampont, A-C., Kinchen, J. M., Haney, L. B., Nishiwaki, K., Walk, S. F., Nemergut, M. E., Macara, I. G., Francis, R., Schedl, T., Qin, Y., Van Aelst, L., Hengartner, M. O., Ravichandran, K. S. (2001) CED-12/ELMO, a novel member of the CrkII/Dock180/Rac pathway, is required for phagocytosis and cell migration. Cell 107, 27-41.