Translational regulation in cell stress and apoptosis. Roles of the eIF4E binding proteins

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 221-239

  Clemens, M J ^a  

^a ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

4E binding proteins; Apoptosis; EIF4E; MTOR; Protein kinases protein synthesis; Stress; Translational control

Indexed keywords

CARRIER PROTEIN; EIF4EBP1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; EIF4EBP2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; ENZYME INHIBITOR; INITIATION FACTOR; INITIATION FACTOR 4E; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; PHOSPHOPROTEIN; PROTEIN KINASE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; CELL SURVIVAL; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHOSPHORYLATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS;

ADAPTOR PROTEINS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCING; APOPTOSIS; CARRIER PROTEINS; CELL SURVIVAL; ENZYME INHIBITORS; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-4E; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTORS; HUMANS; PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS; PROTEIN KINASES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS;

EID: 0035527326     PISSN: 15821838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00157.x     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U.T., The structure and function of initiation factors in eukaryotic protein synthesis, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 57: 651-674, 2000
2. Pestova T.V., Kolupaeva V.G, Lomakin I.B., Pilipenko E.V., Shatsky I.N., Agol V.l., Hellen C.U.T., Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in eukaryotes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 7029-7036, 2001
3. Sonenberg N., Hershey J.W.B., Mathews M.B. (eds.), Translational Control of Gene Expression, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 2000
4. Morley S.J., Curtis P.S., Pain V.M., eIF4G: Translation's mystery factor begins to yield its secrets, RNA Publ. RNA Soc., 3: 1085-1104, 1997
5. Hentze M., eIF4G: A multipurpose ribosome adaptor? Science, 275: 500-501, 1997
6. Stoneley M., Chappell S.A., Jopling C.L., Dickens M., MacFarlane M., Willis A.E., c-Myc protein synthesis is initiated from the internal ribosome entry segment during apoptosis, Mol. Cell. BioL, 20: 1162-1169, 2000
7. Coldwell M.J., Mitchell S.A., Stoneley M., MacFarlane M., Willis A.E., Initiation of Apaf-1 translation by internal ribosome entry, Oncogene, 19: 899-905, 2000
8. Créancier L., Mercier P., Prats A.C., Morello D., c-myc internal ribosome entry site activity is developmentally controlled and subjected to a strong translational repression in adult transgenic mice, Mol. Cell. Biol., 21: 1833-1840, 2001
9. Hellen C.U.T., Sarnow P., Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules, Genes Dev., 15: 1593-1612,2001
10. Clemens M.J., Protein kinases that phosphorylate eIF2 and eIF2B, and their role in eukaryotic cell translational control. In: Hershey J.W.B., Mathews M.B., Sonenberg N., eds., Translational control, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1996, pp. 139-172
11. De Haro C., Méndez R., Santoyo J., The eIF-2cc kinases and the control of protein synthesis, FASEB J., 10: 1378-1387, 1996
12. Clemens M.J., Initiation factor eIF2a phosphorylation in stress responses and apoptosis. In: Rhoads R.E., ed., Signaling pathways for translation: Stress, calcium and rapamycin, Springer, Berlin, 2001, pp. 57-89
13. Lawrence J.C., Abraham R.T., PHAS/4E-BPs as regulators of mRNA translation and cell proliferaion, Trends Biochem. Sci., 22: 345-349, 1997
14. Raught B., Gingras A.C., eIF4E activity is regulated at multiple levels, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 31: 43-57, 1999
15. Gingras A.C., Raught B., Sonenberg N., eIF4 initiation factors: Effectors of mRNA recruitment to ribosomes and regulators of translation, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 68: 913-963, 1999
16. Joshi B., Cai A.-L., Keiper B.D., Minich W.B., Mendez R., Beach C.M., Stepinski J., Stolarski R., Darzynkiewicz E., Rhoads R.E., Phosphorylation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 4E at Ser-209, J. Biol. Chem., 270: 14597-14603, 1995
17. Frederickson R.M., Mushynski W.E., Sonenberg N., Phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF-4E is induced in a raj-dependent manner during nerve growth factor-mediated PC 12 cell differentiation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 12: 1239-1247, 1992
18. Minich W.B., Balasta M.L., GOSS DJ., Rhoads R.E., Chromatographie resolution of in vivo phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF-4E: Increased cap affinity of the phosphorylated form, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 7668-7672, 1994
19. Sonenberg N., mRNA 5 ' cap-binding protein eIF4E and control of cell growth. In: Hershey J.W.B., Mathews M.B., Sonenberg N., eds., Translational Control, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1996, pp. 245-269
20. Knauf U., Tschopp C., Gram H., Negative regulation of protein translation by mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases 1 and 2, Mol. Cell. Biol., 21: 5500-5511, 2001
21. Tee A.R., Proud C.G., DNA-damaging agents cause inactivation of translational regulators linked to mTOR signalling, Oncogene, 19: 3021-3031, 2000
22. Morley S.J., Jeffrey I., Bushell M., Pain V.M., Clemens M.J., Differential requirements for caspase-8 activity in the mechanism of phosphorylation of elF2a, cleavage of eIF4GI and signaling events associated with the inhibition of protein synthesis in apoptotic JurkatTcells, FEES Lett., 477: 229-236, 2000
23. Clemens M.J., Bushell M., Morley S.J., Degradation of eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor (elF) 4G in response to induction of apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines, Oncogene, 17: 2921-2931, 1998
24. Marissen W.E., Lloyd R.E., Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G is targeted for proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 during inhibition of translation in apoptotic cells, Mol. Cell. Biol, 18: 7565-7574, 1998
25. Bushell M., McKendrick L., Jänicke R.U., Clemens M.J., Morley S.J., Caspase-3 is necessary and sufficient for cleavage of protein synthesis eukaryotic initiation factor 4G during apoptosis, FEES Lett., 451: 332-336, 1999
26. Satoh S., Hijikata M., Handa H., Shimotohno K., Caspase-mediated cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor subunit 2
27. Bushell M., Wood W., Clemens M.J., Morley S.J., Changes in integrity and association of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factors during apoptosis, Ear. J. Biochem., 267: 1083-1091,2000
28. Marissen W.E., Guo Y.W., Thomas A.A.M., Matts R.L., Lloyd R.E., Identification of caspase 3-mediated cleavage and functional alteration of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a in apoptosis, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 9314-9323, 2000
29. Bushell M., Poncet D., Marissen W.E., Flotow H., Lloyd R.E., Clemens M.J., Morley S.J., Cleavage of polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF4GI during apoptosis: Characterisation of an internal fragment generated by caspase-3-mediated cleavage, Cell Death Differ., 7: 628-636, 2000
30. Marissen W.E., Gradi A., Sonenberg N., Lloyd R.E., Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GII correlates with translation inhibition during apoptosis, Cell Death Differ., 7: 1234-1243,2000
31. Clemens M.J, Bushell M., Jeffrey I.W., Pain V.M., Morley S.J., Translation initiation factor modifications and the regulation of protein synthesis in apoptotic cells, Cell Death Differ., 7: 603-615, 2000
32. Karim M.M., Hughes J.M.X., Warwicker J., Scheper G.C., Proud C.G., McCarthy J.E.G., A quantitative molecular model for modulation of mammalian translation by the eIF4E-binding protein, J. Biol. Chem., 276: 20750-20757,2001
33. Marcotrigiano J., Gingras A.C., Sonenberg N., Burley S.K., Cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes is regulated by a molecular mimic of elF4Q Mol. Cell, 3: 707-716, 1999
34. Holcik M., Yeh C., Korneluk R.G, Chow T., Translational upregulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) increases resistance to radiation induced cell death, Oncogene, 19: 4174-4177,2000
35. Holcik M., Sonenberg N., Korneluk R.G., Internal ribosome initiation of translation and the control of cell death, Trends Genet., 16: 469-473, 2000
36. Kleijn M., Proud C.G, Glucose and amino acids modulate translation factor activation by growth factors in PC12 cells, Biochem. J., 347: 399-406, 2000
37. Lynch C.J., Fox H.L., Vary T.C., Jefferson L.S., Kimball S.R., Regulation of amino acid-sensitive TOR signaling by leucine analogues in adipocytes, J. Cell. Biochem., 77: 234-251, 2000
38. Anthony J.C., Anthony T.G, Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., Signaling pathways involved in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine, J. Nutr., 131: 856S-860S, 2001
39. Sheikh M.S., Fornace A.J., Jr., Regulation of translation initiation following stress, Oncogene, 18:6121-6128, 1999
40. Yoshizawa F., Kimball S.R., Vary T.C., Jefferson L.S., Effect of dietary protein on translation initiation in rat skeletal muscle and liver, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 275: E814-E820, 1998
41. Kimball S.R., Horetsky R.L., Jefferson L.S., Implication of eIF2B rather than eIF4E in the regulation of global protein synthesis by amino acids in L6 myoblasts, J. Biol. Chem., 273: 30945-30953, 1998
42. Fox H.L., Pham P.T., Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., Lynch C.J., Amino acid effects on translational repressor 4E-BP1 are mediated primarily by L-leucine in isolated adipocytes, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol, 275: C1232-C1238, 1998
43. Kimball S.R., Shantz L.M., Horetsky R.L., Jefferson L.S., Leucine regulates translation of specific mRNAs in L6 myoblasts through mTOR-mediated changes in availability of eIF4E and phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, J. Biol. Chem., 274: 11647-11652, 1999
44. Vary T.C., Jefferson L.S., Kimball S.R., Amino acid-induced stimulation of translation initiation in rat skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 277: E1077-E1086, 1999
45. Van Sluijters D.A., Dubbelhuis P.P., Blommaart E.F.C., Meijer A.J., Amino-acid-dependent signal transduction, Biochem. J., 351: 545-550, 2000
46. Tinton S.A., Buc-Calderon P.M., Hypoxia increases the association of 4E-binding protein 1 with the initiation factor 4E in isolated rat hepatocytes, FEBS Lett., 446: 55-59, 1999
47. Martin M.E., Munoz P.M., Salinas M., Fando J.L., Ischaemia induces changes in the association of the binding protein 4E-BP1 initiation factor (elF) 4G to eIF4E in differentiated PC12 cells, Biochem. J., 351: 327-334, 2000
48. Lang C.H., Frost R.A., Kumar V., Vary T.C., Impaired myocardial protein synthesis induced by acute alcohol intoxication is associated with changes in eIF4F, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 279: E1029-E1038, 2000
49. Gautsch T.A., Anthony J.C., Kimball S.R., Paul GL., Layman O.K., Jefferson L.S., Availability of eIF4E regulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis during recovery from exercise, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 274: C406-C414, 1998
50. Shah O.J., Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., Acute attenuation of translation initiation and protein synthesis by glucocorticoids in skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 278: E76-E82, 2000
51. s6k and eIF4E function in L6 skeletal myoblasts, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 279: E74-E82, 2000
52. Vary T.C., Kimball S.R., Effect of sepsis on eIE4E availability in skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 279: E1178-E1184, 2000
53. Brewer J.W., Hendershot L.M., Sherr C.J., Diehl J.A., Mammalian unfolded protein response inhibits cyclin Dl translation and cell-cycle progression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96:8505-8510, 1999
54. Hashemolhosseini S., Nagamine Y., Morley S.J., Desrivières S., Mercep L., Ferrari S., Rapamycin inhibition of the Gj to S transition is mediated by effects on cyclin Dl mRNA and protein stability, J. Biol. Chem., 273: 14424-14429, 1998
55. Abid M.R., Li Y., Anthony C., De Benedetti A., Translational regulation of ribonucleotide reductase by eukaryotic initiation factor 4E links protein synthesis to the control of DNA replication, J. Biol. Chem., 274: 35991-35998, 1999
56. Vinals F., Chambard J.C., Pouyssegur J., p70 S6 kinase-mediated protein synthesis is a critical step for vascular endothelial cell proliferation, J. Biol. Chem., 274: 26776-26782, 1999
57. Staruch M.J., Sigal N.H., Dumont F.J., Differential effects of the immunosuppressive macrolides FK-506 and rapamycin on activation-induced T-cell apoptosis, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 13: 677-685, 1991
58. McCarthy S.A., Cacchione R.N., Mainwaring M.S., Cairns J.S., The effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the regulation of activation-induced apoptotic cell death in thymocytes, Transplant., 54: 543-547, 1992
59. Luo H., Duguid W., Chen H., Maheu M., Wu J., The effect of rapamycin on T cell development in mice, Eur. J. ImmunoL, 24: 692-701, 1994
60. Yao R., Cooper G.M., Growth factor-dependent survival of rodent fibroblasts requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but is independent of pp70S6K activity, Oncogene, 13: 343-351, 1996
61. Scheid M.P., Charlton L., Pelech S.L., Duronio V., Role of p70 S6 kinase in cytokine-regulated hemopoietic cell survival, Biochem. Cell Biol., 74: 595-600, 1996
62. Tee A.R., Proud G.G., Staurosporine inhibits phosphorylation of translational regulators linked to mTOR, Cell Death Differ., 8: 841-849, 2001
63. Gottschalk A.R., Boise L.H., Thompson C.B., Quintans J., Identification of immunosuppressant-induced apoptosis in a murine B-cell lines and its prevention by bcl-x but not bcl-2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 7350-7354, 1994
64. Shi Y., Frankel A., Radvanyi L.G., Penn L.Z., Miller R.G., Mills G.B., Rapamycin enhances apoptosis and increases sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro, Cancer Res., 55: 1982-1988, 1995
65. Muthukkumar S., Ramesh T.M., Bondada S., Rapamycin, a potent immunosuppressive drug, causes programmed cell death in B lymphoma cells, Transplant., 60: 264-270, 1995
66. Ishizuka T., Sakata N., Johnson G.L., Gelfand E.W., Terada N., Rapamycin potentiates dexamethasone-induced apoptosis and inhibits JNK activity in lymphoblastoid cells, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., 230: 386-391, 1997
67. Migita K., Eguchi K., Ichinose Y., Kawabe Y., Tsukada T., Aoyagi T., Nagataki S., Effects of rapamycin on apoptosis of rheumatoid synovial cells, Clin. Exp. ImmunoL, 108: 199-203, 1997
68. Hosoi H., Dilling M.B., Shikata T., Liu L.N., Shu L., Ashmun R.A., Germain G.S., Abraham R.T., Houghton P.J., Rapamycin causes poorly reversible inhibition of mTOR and induces
69. p53-independent apoptosis in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, Cancer Res., 59: 886-894, 1999
70. Polunovsky V.A., Rosenwald I.B., Tan A.T., White J., Chiang L., Sonenberg N., Bitterman P.B., Translational control of programmed cell death: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E blocks apoptosis in growth-factor-restricted fibroblasts with physiologically expressed or deregulated Myc, Mol. Cell. Biol, 16: 6573-6581, 1996
71. Polunovsky V.A., Gingras A.C., Sonenberg N., Peterson M., Tan A., Rubins J.B., Manivel J.C., Bitterman P.B., Translational control of the antiapoptotic function of Ras, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 24776-24780, 2000
72. Tan A., Bitterman P., Sonenberg N., Peterson M., Polunovsky V., Inhibition of Myc-dependent apoptosis by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E requires cyclin Dl, Oncogene, 19: 1437-1447,2000
73. Lazaris-Karatzas A., Smith M.R., Frederickson R.M., Jaramillo M.L., Liu Y., Kung H., Sonenberg N., Ras mediates translation initiation factor 4E-induced malignant transformation, Genes Dev., 6: 1631-1642, 1992
74. Lazaris-Karatzas A., Sonenberg ^N., The mRNA 5' cap-binding protein, eIF-4E, cooperates with v-7/ryc or El A in the transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, Mol. Cell. Biol., 12: 1234-1238, 1992
75. Graff J.R., Boghaert E.R., De Benedetti A., Tudor D.L., Zimmer C.C., Chan S.K., Zimmer S.G., Reduction of translation initiation factor 4E decreases the malignancy of ras-transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblasts, Int. J. Cancer, 60: 255-263, 1995
76. Zimmer S.G., Debenedetti A., Graff J.R., Translational control of malignancy: the mRNA cap-binding protein, eIF-4E, as a central regulator of tumor formation, growth, invasion and metastasis, Anticancer Res., 20: 1343-1351, 2000
77. Ptushkina M., Von der Haar T., Karim M.M., Hughes J.M.X., McCarthy J.E.G., Repressor binding to a dorsal regulatory site traps human elF4E in a high cap-affinity state, EMBO J., 18: 4068-4075, 1999
78. Youtani T., Tomoo K., Ishida T., Miyoshi H., Miura K., Regulation of human eIF4E by 4E-BP1: Binding analysis using surface plasmon resonance, Biocheiu. Mol. Biol. Int., 49: 27-31, 2000
79. Duncan R.F., Song H.J.P., Striking multiplicity of eIF4E-BPl phosphorylated isoforms identified by 2D gel electrophoresis - Regulation by heat shock, Eitr. J. Biochem., 265: 728-743, 1999
80. Yang D.Q., Brunn G.J., Lawrence J.C., Jr., Mutational analysis of sites in the translational regulator, PHAS-I, that are selectively phosphorylated by mTOR, FEES Lett., 453: 387-390, 1999
81. Gingras A.C., Gygi S.P., Raught B., Polakiewicz R.D., Abraham R.T., Hoekstra M.F., Aebersold R., Sonenberg N., Regulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation: a novel two-step mechanism, Genes Dev., 13: 1422-1437, 1999
82. Mothe-Satney L, Brunn G.J., McMahon L.P., Capaldo C.T., Abrahams R.T., Lawrence J.C., Jr., Mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent phosphorylation of PHAS-I in four (S/T)P sites detected by phospho-specific antibodies, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 33836-33843, 2000
83. Mothe-Satney I., Yang D.Q., Fadden P., Haystead T.A.J., Lawrence J.C., Jr., Multiple mechanisms control phosphorylation of PHAS-I in five (S/T)P sites that govern translational repression, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20: 3558-3567, 2000
84. Khaleghpour K., Pyronnet S., Gingras A.C., Sonenberg N., Translational homeostasis: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E control of 4E-binding protein 1 and p70 S6 kinase activities, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19: 4302-4310, 1999
85. Cutler N.S., Heitman J., Cardenas M.E., TOR kinase homologs function in a signal transduction pathway that is conserved from yeast to mammals, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 155: 135-142, 1999
86. Schmelzle T., Hall M.N., TOR, a central controller of cell growth, Cell, 103: 253-262, 2000
87. Rohde J., Heitman J., Cardenas M.E., The TOR kinases link nutrient sensing to cell growth, J. Biol. Chem., 276: 9583-9586, 2001
88. Gingras A-C., Raught B., Sonenberg N., Regulation of translation initiation by FRAP/mTOR, Genes Dev., 15: 807-826, 2001
89. Raught B., Gingras A-C., Sonenberg N., The target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 7037-7044, 2001
90. Gingras A-C., Raught B., Sonenberg N., Control of translation by the target of rapamycin proteins. In: Rhoads R.E., ed., Signaling pathways for translation: Stress, calcium, and rapamycin, Springer, Berlin, 2001
91. Wang L.J., Wang X.M., Proud C.G., Activation of mRNA translation in rat cardiac myocytes by insulin involves multiple rapamycin-sensitive steps, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 278: H1056-H1068, 2000
92. Kimball S.R., Horetsky R.L., Jefferson L.S., Signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of protein synthesis by insulin in L6 myoblasts, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 274: C221-C228, 1998
93. Wang X.M., Campbell L.E., Miller C.M., Proud G.G., Amino acid availability regulates p70 S6 kinase and multiple translation factors, Blochem. J., 334: 261-267, 1998
94. Hara K., Yonezawa K., Weng Q.P., Kozlowski M.T., Belham C., Avruch J., Amino acid sufficiency and mTOR regulate p70 S6 kinase and eIF-4E BP1 through a common effector mechanism, J. Biol. Cliem., 273: 14484-14494, 1998
95. Xu G, Kwon G, Marshall C.A., Lin T.A., Lawrence J.C., Jr., McDaniel M.L., Branched-chain amino acids are essential in the regulation of PHAS-I and p70 S6 kinase by pancreatic β-cells - A possible role in protein translation and mitogenic signaling, J. Biol. Chem., 273: 28178-28184, 1998
96. Shigemitsu K., Tsujishita Y., Hara K., Nanahoshi M., Avruch J., Yonezawa K., Regulation of translational effectors by amino acid and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways - Possible involvement of autophagy in cultured hepatoma cells, J. Biol. Chem., 274: 1058-1065, 1999
97. Anthony J.C., Yoshizawa R, Anthony T.G, Vary T.C., Jefferson L.S., Kimball S.R., Leucine stimulates translation initiation in skeletal muscle of postabsorptive rats via a rapamycin-sensitive pathway, J. Nutr., 130: 2413-2419, 2000
98. Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., Nguyen H.V., Suryawan A., Bush J.A., Davis T.A., Feeding stimulates protein synthesis in muscle and liver of neonatal pigs through an mTOR-dependent process, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 279: E1080-E1087, 2000
99. Loreni F., Thomas G., Amaldi F., Transcription inhibitors stimulate translation of 5' TOP mRNAs through activation of S6 kinase and the mTOR/FRAP signalling pathway, Eur. J. Blochem., 267: 6594-6601, 2000
100. Dufner A., Thomas G., Ribosomal S6 kinase signaling and the control of translation, Exp. Cell Res., 253: 100-109, 1999
101. Shah O.J., Anthony J.C., Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., 4E-BP1 and S6K1: translational integration sites for nutritional and hormonal information in muscle, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 279: E715-E729, 2000
102. Meyuhas O., Synthesis of the translational apparatus is regulated at the translational level, Eur. J. Biochem., 267: 6321-6330, 2000
103. Anthony T.G., Anthony J.C., Yoshizawa F., Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., Oral administration of leucine stimulates ribosomal protein mRNA translation but not global rates of protein synthesis in the liver of rats, J. Nutr., 131: 1171-1176,2001
104. Raught B., Gingras A.C., Gygi S.P., Imataka H., Morino S., Gradi A., Aebersold R., Sonenberg N., Serum-stimulated, rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI, EMBO J., 19: 434-444, 2000
105. Powers T., Walter P., Regulation of ribosome biogenesis by the rapamycin-sensitive TOR-signaling pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , AM. Biol. Cell, 10: 987-1000, 1999
106. Dufner A., Andjelkovic M., Burgering B.M.T., Hammings B.A., Thomas G., Protein kinase B localization and activation differentially affect S6 kinase 1 activity and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19: 4525-4534, 1999
107. Miron M., Verdu J., Lachance P.E.D., Birnbaum M.J., Lasko P.F., Sonenberg N., The translational inhibitor 4E-BP is an effector of PI(3)K/Akt signalling and cell growth in Drosophila, Nature Cell Biol., 3: 596-601, 2001
108. Peyrollier K., Hajduch E., Blair A.S., Hyde R., Hundal H.S., L-leucine availability regulates phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase, p70 S6 kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity in L6 muscle cells: evidence for the involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the L-leucine- induced up-regulation of System A amino acid transport, Biochem. J., 350: 361-368, 2000
109. Bhandari B.K., Feliers D., Duraisamy S., Stewart J.L., Gingras A-C., Abboud H.E., Choudhury G.G., Sonenberg N., Kasinath B.S., Insulin regulation of protein translation repressor 4E-BP1, an eIF4E-binding protein, in renal epithelial cells, Kidney Int., 59: 866-875, 2001
110. Pham P.T.T., Heydrick S.J., Fox H.L., Kimball S.R., Jefferson L.S., Jr., Lynch C.J., Assessment of cell-signaling pathways in the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by amino acids in rat adipocytes, J. Cell. Biochem., 79:427-441,2000
111. liboshi Y., Papst P.J., Kawasome H., Hosoi H., Abraham R.T., Houghton P.J., Terada N., Amino acid-dependent control of p70(s6k). Involvement of tRNa aminoacylation in the regulation, J. Biol. Client., 274: 1092-1099, 1999
112. Campbell L.E., Wang X.M., Proud C.G., Nutrients differentially regulate multiple translation factors and their control by insulin, Biochem. J., 344: 433-441, 1999
113. Lawrence J.C., Fadden P., Haystead T.A., Lin T.A., PHAS proteins as mediators of the actions of insulin, growth factors and cAMP on protein synthesis and cell proliferation, Adv Enzyme Regul, 37: 239-267, 1997
114. Vary T.C., Jefferson L.S., Kimball S.R., Role of eIF4E in stimulation of protein synthesis by IGFI in perfused rat skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 278: E58-E64, 2000
115. Franek F., Sramkova K., Protection of B lymphocyte hybridoma against starvation-induced apoptosis: survival-signal role of some amino acids, Immunol. Lett., 52: 139-144, 1996
116. Franek F., Sramkova K., Cell suicide in starving hybridoma culture: Survival-signal effect of some amino acids, Cytoteclmology, 23: 231-239, 1997
117. Simpson N.H., Singh R.P., Perani A., Goldenzon C., Al-Rubeai M., In hybridoma cultures, deprivation of any single amino acid leads to apoptotic death, which is suppressed by the expression of the bcl-2 gene, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 59: 90-98, 1998
118. Herbert T.P., Kilhams GR., Batty I.H., Proud G.G., Distinct signalling pathways mediate insulin and phorbol ester-stimulated eukaryotic initiation factor 4F assembly and protein synthesis in HEK 293 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 11249-11256,2000
119. Kumar V., Pandey P., Sabatini D., Kumar M., Majumder P.K., Bharti A., Carmichael G., Kufe D., Kharbanda S., Functional interaction between RAFTl/FRAP/mTOR and protein kinase CS in the regulation of cap-dependent initiation of translation, EMBO J., 19: 1087-1097, 2000
120. Kim J.E., Chen J., Cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein is involved in rapamycin-sensitive signaling and translation initiation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 14340-14345,2000
121. Kumar V., Sabatini D., Pandey P., Gingras A.C., Majumder P.K., Kumar M., Yuan Z.M., Carmichael G., Weichselbaum R., Sonenberg N., Kufe D., Kharbanda S., Regulation of the rapamycin and FKBP-target I/mammalian target of rapamycin and cap-dependent initiation of translation by the c-Abl protein-tyrosine kinase, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 10779-10787,2000
122. Jiang Y-P., Ballou L.M., Lin R.Z., Rapamycin-insensitive regulation of 4E-BP1 in regenerating rat liver, J. Biol. Chem., 276: 10943-10951,2001
123. Heesom K.J., Denton R.M., Dissociation of the eukaryotic initiation factor-4E/4E-BPl complex involves phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 by an mTOR-associated kinase, FEBS Lett., 457: 489-493, 1999
124. Heesom K.J., Avison M.B., Diggle T.A., Denton R.M., Insulin-stimulated kinase from rat fat cells that phosphorylates initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 on the rapamycin-insensitive site (serine-111), Biochem. J., 336: 39-48, 1998
125. Yang D-Q., Kastan M.B., Participation of ATM in insulin signalling through phosphorylation of eIF-4E-binding protein 1, Nature Cell Biol., 2: 893-898, 2000
126. Nanahoshi M., Nishiuma T., Tsujishita Y., Kara K., Inui S., Sakaguchi N., Yonezawa K., Regulation of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic activity by alpha4 protein and its yeast homolog Tap42, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 251: 520-526, 1998
127. Peterson R.T., Desai B.N., Hardwick J.S., Schreiber S.L., Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with the 70-kDa S6 kinase and is activated by inhibition of FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 4438-4442, 1999
128. Pham F.H., Sugden P.H., Clerk A., Regulation of protein kinase B and 4E-BP1 by oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes, Circ. Res., 86: 1252-1258,2000
129. Lin T.A., Lawrence J.C., Jr., Control of PHAS-I phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: Effects of inhibiting protein phosphatases and the p70s6K signalling pathway, Diabetologia, 40 Suppl. 2: S18-S24, 1997
130. Peterson R.T., Beal P.A., Comb M.J., Schreiber S.L., FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP) autophosphorylates at serine 2481 under translationally repressive conditions, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 7416-7423, 2000
131. Clemens M.J., Elia A., The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR: Structure and function, J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 17: 503-524, 1997
132. Williams B.R.G., PKR; a sentinel kinase for cellular stress, Oncogene, 18: 6112-6120, 1999
133. Xu Z., Williams B.R.G., The B56cc regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A is a target for regulation by double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20: 5285-5299, 2000
134. Basu S., Kolesnick R., Stress signals for apoptosis: ceramide and c-Jun kinase, Oncogene, 17: 3277-3285, 1998
135. Sawada N., Nakashima S., Banno Y., Yamakawa H., Hayashi K., Takenaka K., Nishimura Y., Sakai N., Nozawa Y., Ordering of ceramide formation, caspase activation, and Bax/Bcl-2 expression during etoposide-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells, Cell Death Differ., 7: 761-772, 2000
136. Ruvolo P.P., Gao R, Blalock W.L., Deng X., May W.S., Ceramide regulates protein synthesis by a novel mechanism involving the cellular PKR activator RAX, J. Biol. Chem., 2001
137. Sortino M.A., Condorelli R, Vancheri C., Canonico P.L., Tumor necrosis factor-a induces apoptosis in immortalized hypothalamic neurons: Involvement of ceramide-generating pathways, Endocrinology, 140: 4841-4849, 1999
138. Mendez R., Myers M.G., Jr., White M.F., Rhoads R.E., Stimulation of protein synthesis, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4Ephosphorylation, and PHAS-I phosphorylation by insulin requires insulin receptor substrate 1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Mol. Cell. Biol., 16: 2857-2864, 1996
139. Marx S.O., Marks A.R., Cell cycle progression and proliferation despite 4BP-1 dephosphorylation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19: 6041-6047, 1999
140. Saghir A.N., Tuxworth W.J., Hagedorn C.H., McDermott P.J., Modifications of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) in adult cardiocytes by adenoviral gene transfer: differential effects on eIF4F activity and total protein synthesis rates, Biochem. J., 356: 557-566, 2001
141. Morley S.J., The regulation of eIF4F during cell growth and cell death. In: Rhoads R.E., ed., Signaling pathways for translation: Stress, calcium, and rapamycin, Springer, Berlin, 2001
142. Koromilas A.E., Lazaris-Karatzas A., Sonenberg N., mRNAs containing extensive secondary structure in their 5' non-coding region translate efficiently in cells overexpressing initiation factor eIF-4E, EMBO J., 11: 4153-4158, 1992
143. Sachs A.B., Sarnow P., Hentze M.W., Starting at the beginning, middle, and end: Translation initiation in eukaryotes, Cell, 89: 831-838, 1997
144. Imataka H., Gradi A., Sonenberg N., A newly identified N-terminal amino acid sequence of human eIF4G binds poly(A)-binding protein and functions in poly(A)- dependent translation, EMBO J., 17: 7480-7489, 1998
145. Keiper B.D., Rhoads R.E., Cap-independent translation initiation in Xenopiis oocytes, Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 395-402, 1997
146. Novoa I., Carrasco L., Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G by exogenously added hybrid proteins containing poliovirus 2APro in HeLa cells: Effects on gene expression, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19: 2445-2454, 1999
147. Duncan R.F., Milburn S.C., Hershey J.W.B., Regulated phosphorylation and low abundance of HeLa cell initiation factor eIF4F suggest a role in translational control, J. Biol. Chem., 262: 380-388, 1987
148. Berset C, Trachsel H., Altmann M., The TOR (target of rapamycin) signal transduction pathway regulates the stability of translation initiation factor eIF4G in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Proc. Natl. Acad; Set. USA, 95: 4264-4269, 1998
149. Rau M., Ohlmann T., Morley S.J., Pain V.M., A réévaluation of the cap-binding protein, eIF4E, as a rate-limiting factor for initiation of translation in reticulocyte lysate, J. Biol. Chem., 271: 8983-8990, 1996
150. Marissen W.E., Lloyd R.E., Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G is targeted for proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 during inhibition of translation in apoptotic cells, Mol. Cell. Biol., 18: 7565-7574, 1998