메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 325-332

Experimental models of Parkinson's disease

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; NERVE PROTEIN; NEUROTOXIN; SNCA PROTEIN, HUMAN; SYNUCLEIN;

EID: 0035344211     PISSN: 14710048     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35072550     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (527)

References (105)
  • 1
    • 0032497504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease. First of two parts
    • Lang, A. E. & Lozano, A. M. Parkinson's disease. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1044-1053 (1998).
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.339 , pp. 1044-1053
    • Lang, A.E.1    Lozano, A.M.2
  • 2
    • 0032531924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease. Second of two parts
    • Lang, A. E. & Lozano, A. M. Parkinson's disease. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1130-1143 (1998).
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.339 , pp. 1130-1143
    • Lang, A.E.1    Lozano, A.M.2
  • 3
    • 0031843721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of Parkinson's disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living
    • Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L. & Richardson, R. J. The risk of Parkinson's disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology 50, 1346-1350 (1998).
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 1346-1350
    • Gorell, J.M.1    Johnson, C.C.2    Rybicki, B.A.3    Peterson, E.L.4    Richardson, R.J.5
  • 4
    • 0030012558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: A case-control study in Germany
    • Seidler, A. et al. Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Germany. Neurology 46, 1275-1284 (1996).
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 1275-1284
    • Seidler, A.1
  • 5
    • 0034649710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in Iceland
    • Sveinbjomsdottir, S. et al. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in Iceland. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1765-1770 (2000). Provides strong evidence for genetic factors that might have partial penetrance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
    • (2000) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.343 , pp. 1765-1770
    • Sveinbjomsdottir, S.1
  • 6
    • 0030744876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease
    • Polymeropoulos, M. H. et al. Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science 276, 2045-2047 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 2045-2047
    • Polymeropoulos, M.H.1
  • 7
    • 0032499264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism
    • Kitada, T. et al. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 392, 605-608 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 605-608
    • Kitada, T.1
  • 8
    • 0015176277 scopus 로고
    • Striatal dopamine release after amphetamine or nerve degeneration revealed by rotational behaviour
    • Ungerstedt, U. Striatal dopamine release after amphetamine or nerve degeneration revealed by rotational behaviour. Acta Physiol. Scand. 367, S49-S68 (1971).
    • (1971) Acta Physiol. Scand. , vol.367
    • Ungerstedt, U.1
  • 9
    • 0028220834 scopus 로고
    • Progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons following intrastriatal terminal lesions with 6-hydroxydopamine: A combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical study in the rat
    • Sauer, H. & Oertel, W. H. Progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons following intrastriatal terminal lesions with 6-hydroxydopamine: a combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical study in the rat. Neuroscience 59, 401-415 (1994).
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.59 , pp. 401-415
    • Sauer, H.1    Oertel, W.H.2
  • 10
    • 0032564134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease, pesticides, and glutathione transferase polymorphisms
    • Menegon, A., Board, P. G., Blackburn, A. C., Mellick, G. D. & Le Couteur, D. G. Parkinson's disease, pesticides, and glutathione transferase polymorphisms. Lancet 352, 1344-1346 (1998).
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1344-1346
    • Menegon, A.1    Board, P.G.2    Blackburn, A.C.3    Mellick, G.D.4    Le Couteur, D.G.5
  • 11
    • 0033600443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: A case-control study
    • Caribbean Parkinsonism Study Group
    • Caparros-Lefebvre, D. & Elbaz, A. Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study. Caribbean Parkinsonism Study Group. Lancet 354, 281-286 (1999).
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 281-286
    • Caparros-Lefebvre, D.1    Elbaz, A.2
  • 12
    • 0033681149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease
    • Betarbet, R. et al. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nature Neurosci. 3, 1301-1306 (2000). Describes a novel model of Parkinson's disease using intravenous infusion of the insecticide rotenone in rats. This compound is a selective complex I Inhibitor of an electron transport chain, yet the damage is confined to the substantia nigra.
    • (2000) Nature Neurosci. , vol.3 , pp. 1301-1306
    • Betarbet, R.1
  • 13
    • 0034127284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major strain differences in response to chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in rats: Implications for neuroprotection studies
    • Ouary, S. et al. Major strain differences in response to chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in rats: implications for neuroprotection studies. Neuroscience 97, 521-530 (2000).
    • (2000) Neuroscience , vol.97 , pp. 521-530
    • Ouary, S.1
  • 14
    • 0034237719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases
    • Beal, M. F. Energetics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci. 23, 294-300 (2000).
    • (2000) Trends Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 294-300
    • Beal, M.F.1
  • 15
    • 0034704752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease
    • Feany, M. B. & Bender, W. W. A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Nature 404, 394-298 (2000). The first Drosophila model of overexpression of both mutant and wild-type α-synuclein. Interestingly, there was a selective loss of dopamine neurons and neuronal inclusions that resembled Lewy bodies.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 394-1298
    • Feany, M.B.1    Bender, W.W.2
  • 16
    • 0034077041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking α-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system
    • Abeliovich, A. et al. Mice lacking α-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Neuron 25, 239-252 (2000).
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.25 , pp. 239-252
    • Abeliovich, A.1
  • 17
    • 0034681471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic loss and inclusion body formation in α-synuclein mice: Implications for neurodegenerative disorders
    • Masliah, E. et al. Dopaminergic loss and inclusion body formation in α-synuclein mice: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Science 287, 1265-1269 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1265-1269
    • Masliah, E.1
  • 18
    • 0034663176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropathology in mice expressing human α-synuclein
    • van der Putten, H. et al. Neuropathology in mice expressing human α-synuclein. J. Neurosci. 20, 6021-6029 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 6021-6029
    • Van Der Putten, H.1
  • 19
    • 0025372762 scopus 로고
    • The MPTP model: Versatile contributions to the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Bloem, B. R. et al. The MPTP model: versatile contributions to the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 97, 273-293 (1990).
    • (1990) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.97 , pp. 273-293
    • Bloem, B.R.1
  • 20
    • 0032977408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of MFTP-induced neuronal death in mice lacking the dopamine transporter
    • Bezard, E. et al. Absence of MFTP-induced neuronal death in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Exp. Neurol. 155, 268-273 (1999).
    • (1999) Exp. Neurol. , vol.155 , pp. 268-273
    • Bezard, E.1
  • 21
    • 0030931721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VMAT2 knockout mice: Heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity
    • Takahashi, N. et al. VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9933-9943 (1997).
    • (1997) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.94 , pp. 9933-9943
    • Takahashi, N.1
  • 22
    • 0027504297 scopus 로고
    • Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and related compounds
    • Tipton, K. F. & Singer, T. P. Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and related compounds. J. Neurochem. 61, 1191-1206 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Neurochem. , vol.61 , pp. 1191-1206
    • Tipton, K.F.1    Singer, T.P.2
  • 23
    • 0025945089 scopus 로고
    • Rapid ATP loss caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mouse brain
    • Chan, P., DeLanney, L. E., Irwin, I., Langston, J. W. & DiMonte, D. Rapid ATP loss caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mouse brain. J. Neurochem. 57, 348-351 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Neurochem. , vol.57 , pp. 348-351
    • Chan, P.1    DeLanney, L.E.2    Irwin, I.3    Langston, J.W.4    DiMonte, D.5
  • 24
    • 0031742961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression attenuates MPTP toxicity
    • Klivenyi, P. et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression attenuates MPTP toxicity. Neurobiol. Dis. 5, 253-258 (1998).
    • (1998) Neurobiol. Dis. , vol.5 , pp. 253-258
    • Klivenyi, P.1
  • 25
    • 0026583465 scopus 로고
    • Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity
    • Przedborski, S. et al. Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 12, 1658-1667 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Neurosci. , vol.12 , pp. 1658-1667
    • Przedborski, S.1
  • 26
    • 0035155759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice with a partial deficiency of manganese superoxide dismutase show increased vulnerability to the mitochondrial toxins malonate, 3-nitropropionic acid, and MPTP
    • Andreassen, O. A. et al. Mice with a partial deficiency of manganese superoxide dismutase show increased vulnerability to the mitochondrial toxins malonate, 3-nitropropionic acid, and MPTP. Exp. Neurol. 167, 189-195 (2001).
    • (2001) Exp. Neurol. , vol.167 , pp. 189-195
    • Andreassen, O.A.1
  • 27
    • 0034720180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects against MPTP toxicity
    • Klivenyi, P. et al. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects against MPTP toxicity. Neuroreport 11, 1265-1268 (2000).
    • (2000) Neuroreport , vol.11 , pp. 1265-1268
    • Klivenyi, P.1
  • 28
    • 0033969953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity in mice deficient in CuZn-superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase
    • Zhang, J., Graham, D. G., Montine, T. J. & Ho, Y. S. Enhanced N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity in mice deficient in CuZn-superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59, 53-61 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.59 , pp. 53-61
    • Zhang, J.1    Graham, D.G.2    Montine, T.J.3    Ho, Y.S.4
  • 29
    • 0033521095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass spectrometric quantification of 3-nitrotyrosine, ortho-tyrosine, and o,o'-dityrosine in brain tissue of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice, a model of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease
    • Pennathur, S., Jackson-Lewis, V., Przedborski, S. & Heinecke, J. W. Mass spectrometric quantification of 3-nitrotyrosine, ortho-tyrosine, and o,o'-dityrosine in brain tissue of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice, a model of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 34621-34628 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 34621-34628
    • Pennathur, S.1    Jackson-Lewis, V.2    Przedborski, S.3    Heinecke, J.W.4
  • 30
    • 0028796770 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by 7-nitroindazole protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice
    • Schulz, J. B., Matthews, R. T., Muqit, M. M. K., Browne, S. E. & Beal, M. F. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by 7-nitroindazole protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice. J. Neurochem. 64, 936-939 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Neurochem. , vol.64 , pp. 936-939
    • Schulz, J.B.1    Matthews, R.T.2    Muqit, M.M.K.3    Browne, S.E.4    Beal, M.F.5
  • 32
    • 0029844003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in baboons
    • Hantraye, P. et al. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in baboons. Nature Med. 2, 1017-1021 (1996). The first paper to show that an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase produces marked neuroprotective effects against the clinical biochemical and neuropathological effects of MPTP in primates.
    • (1996) Nature Med. , vol.2 , pp. 1017-1021
    • Hantraye, P.1
  • 33
    • 0031079599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S-methylthiocitrulline, a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, protects against malonate and MPTP neurotoxicity
    • Matthews, R. T., Yang, L. & Beal, M. F. S-methylthiocitrulline, a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, protects against malonate and MPTP neurotoxicity. Exp. Neurol. 143, 282-286 (1997).
    • (1997) Exp. Neurol. , vol.143 , pp. 282-286
    • Matthews, R.T.1    Yang, L.2    Beal, M.F.3
  • 34
    • 0029984860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity
    • Przedborski, S. et al. Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4565-4571 (1996). Showed that mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase were partially resistant to MPTP neurotoxicity, consistent with a role of peroxynitrite.
    • (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 4565-4571
    • Przedborski, S.1
  • 35
    • 0034006478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficiency of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against MPTP toxicity in vivo
    • Dehmer, T., Lindenau, J., Haid, S., Dichgans, J. & Schulz, J. B. Deficiency of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against MPTP toxicity in vivo. J. Neurochem. 74, 2213-2216 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Neurochem. , vol.74 , pp. 2213-2216
    • Dehmer, T.1    Lindenau, J.2    Haid, S.3    Dichgans, J.4    Schulz, J.B.5
  • 36
    • 0032710609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson disease
    • Liberatore, G. T. et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson disease. Nature Med. 5, 1403-1409 (1999). Showed that in mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase, dopamine cell bodies were protected from MPTP toxicity but the dopamine terminals were not spared.
    • (1999) Nature Med. , vol.5 , pp. 1403-1409
    • Liberatore, G.T.1
  • 37
    • 0032569674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + and ATP induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): Prevention by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, benzamide
    • + and ATP induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): prevention by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, benzamide. Brain Res. 809, 58-67 (1998).
    • (1998) Brain Res. , vol.809 , pp. 58-67
    • Cosi, C.1    Marien, M.2
  • 38
    • 0033545925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation mediates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism
    • Mandir, A. S. et al. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation mediates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5774-5779 (1999). Mice deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase are resistant to MPTP, implicating it in cell death. This enzyme is activated by oxidative damage to DNA.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 5774-5779
    • Mandir, A.S.1
  • 39
    • 0028978106 scopus 로고
    • 10 and nicotinamide and a free radical spin trap protect against MPTP neurotoxiciry
    • 10 and nicotinamide and a free radical spin trap protect against MPTP neurotoxiciry. Exp. Neurol. 132, 279-283 (1995).
    • (1995) Exp. Neurol. , vol.132 , pp. 279-283
    • Schulz, J.B.1    Henshaw, D.R.2    Matthews, R.T.3    Beal, M.F.4
  • 40
    • 0001496694 scopus 로고
    • A primate model of parkinsonism: Selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • Burns, R. S. et al. A primate model of parkinsonism: selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80, 4546-4550 (1983).
    • (1983) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.80 , pp. 4546-4550
    • Burns, R.S.1
  • 41
    • 0028171396 scopus 로고
    • Chronic MPTP treatment reproduces in baboons the differential vulnerability of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons observed in Parkinson's disease
    • Varastet, M., Riche, D., Maziere, M. & Hantraye, P. Chronic MPTP treatment reproduces in baboons the differential vulnerability of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons observed in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 63, 47-56 (1994).
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.63 , pp. 47-56
    • Varastet, M.1    Riche, D.2    Maziere, M.3    Hantraye, P.4
  • 42
    • 0022466381 scopus 로고
    • Locus ceruleus lesions and eosinophilic inclusions in MPTP-treated monkeys
    • Forno, L. S., Langston, J. W., DeLanney, L. E., Irwin, I. & Ricaurte, G. A. Locus ceruleus lesions and eosinophilic inclusions in MPTP-treated monkeys. Ann. Neurol. 20, 449-455 (1986).
    • (1986) Ann. Neurol. , vol.20 , pp. 449-455
    • Forno, L.S.1    Langston, J.W.2    Delanney, L.E.3    Irwin, I.4    Ricaurte, G.A.5
  • 43
    • 0023924828 scopus 로고
    • An electron microscopic study of MPTP-induced inclusion bodies in an old monkey
    • Forno, L. S., Langston, J. W., DeLanney, L. E. & Irwin, I. An electron microscopic study of MPTP-induced inclusion bodies in an old monkey. Brain Res. 448, 150-157 (1983).
    • (1983) Brain Res. , vol.448 , pp. 150-157
    • Forno, L.S.1    Langston, J.W.2    DeLanney, L.E.3    Irwin, I.4
  • 44
    • 0027236406 scopus 로고
    • Chronic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine to monkeys: Behavioural, morphological and biochemical correlates
    • Albanese, A. et al. Chronic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine to monkeys: behavioural, morphological and biochemical correlates. Neuroscience 55, 823-832 (1993).
    • (1993) Neuroscience , vol.55 , pp. 823-832
    • Albanese, A.1
  • 45
    • 0031790263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined PET/MRS brain studies show dynamic and long-term physiological changes in a primate model of Parkinson disease
    • Brownell, A. L. et al. Combined PET/MRS brain studies show dynamic and long-term physiological changes in a primate model of Parkinson disease. Nature Med. 4, 1308-1312 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature Med. , vol.4 , pp. 1308-1312
    • Brownell, A.L.1
  • 46
    • 0027535984 scopus 로고
    • Stable parkinsonian syndrome and uneven loss of striatal dopamine fibers following chronic MPTP administration in baboons
    • Hantraye, P. et al. Stable parkinsonian syndrome and uneven loss of striatal dopamine fibers following chronic MPTP administration in baboons. Neuroscience 53, 169-178 (1993).
    • (1993) Neuroscience , vol.53 , pp. 169-178
    • Hantraye, P.1
  • 47
    • 0022589131 scopus 로고
    • Hemiparkinsonism in monkeys after unilateral internal carotid artery infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
    • Bankiewicz, K. S. et al. Hemiparkinsonism in monkeys after unilateral internal carotid artery infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Life Sci. 39, 7-16 (1986).
    • (1986) Life Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 7-16
    • Bankiewicz, K.S.1
  • 48
    • 0025169590 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus
    • Bergman, H., Wichmann, T. & DeLong, M. R. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249, 1436-1438 (1990).
    • (1990) Science , vol.249 , pp. 1436-1438
    • Bergman, H.1    Wichmann, T.2    DeLong, M.R.3
  • 49
    • 0035132955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiparkinsonian and behavioral effects of inactivation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in hemiparkinsonian primates
    • Wichmann, T., Kliem, M. A. & DeLong, M. R. Antiparkinsonian and behavioral effects of inactivation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in hemiparkinsonian primates. Exp. Neurol. 167, 410-424 (2001).
    • (2001) Exp. Neurol. , vol.167 , pp. 410-424
    • Wichmann, T.1    Kliem, M.A.2    Delong, M.R.3
  • 50
    • 0030888286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ detection of apoptotic nuclei in the substantia nigra compacta of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labelling and acridine orange staining
    • Tatton, N. A. & Kish, S. J. In situ detection of apoptotic nuclei in the substantia nigra compacta of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labelling and acridine orange staining. Neuroscience 77, 1037-1048 (1997).
    • (1997) Neuroscience , vol.77 , pp. 1037-1048
    • Tatton, N.A.1    Kish, S.J.2
  • 51
    • 12944250987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caspase-3: A vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease
    • Hartmann, A. et al. Caspase-3: a vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 2875-2880 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 2875-2880
    • Hartmann, A.1
  • 52
    • 0033756901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased caspase 3 and Bax immunoreactivity accompany nuclear GAPDH translocation and neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease
    • Tatton, N. A. Increased caspase 3 and Bax immunoreactivity accompany nuclear GAPDH translocation and neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 166, 29-43 (2000).
    • (2000) Exp. Neurol. , vol.166 , pp. 29-43
    • Tatton, N.A.1
  • 53
    • 0342331476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell death and apoptosis regulating proteins in Parkinson's disease - A cautionary note
    • Wullner, U. et al. Cell death and apoptosis regulating proteins in Parkinson's disease - a cautionary note. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 97, 408-412 (1999).
    • (1999) Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) , vol.97 , pp. 408-412
    • Wullner, U.1
  • 54
    • 0032531886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyride neurotoxicity is attenuated in mice overexpressing Bcl-2
    • Yang, L. et al. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyride neurotoxicity is attenuated in mice overexpressing Bcl-2. J. Neurosci. 18, 8145-8152 (1998). First paper to show that an anti-apoptotic protein can protect against both acute and chronic MPTP toxicity.
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. , vol.18 , pp. 8145-8152
    • Yang, L.1
  • 55
    • 0032510758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic mice expressing human Bcl-2 in their neurons are resistant to 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity
    • Offen, D. et al. Transgenic mice expressing human Bcl-2 in their neurons are resistant to 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5789-5794. (1998).
    • (1998) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 5789-5794
    • Offen, D.1
  • 56
    • 0033051815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Klivenyi, P. et al. Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Med. 5, 347-350 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature Med. , vol.5 , pp. 347-350
    • Klivenyi, P.1
  • 57
    • 0035956874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bax ablation prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease
    • Vila, M. et al. Bax ablation prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2837-2842 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 2837-2842
    • Vila, M.1
  • 58
    • 0034671450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection by synergistic effects of adenovirus-mediated X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease
    • Eberhardt, O. et al. Protection by synergistic effects of adenovirus-mediated X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 20, 9126-9134 (2000). Shows that an inhibitor of apoptosis preferentially protects dopamine cell bodies, whereas the growth factor GDNF protects dopamine terminals.
    • (2000) J. Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 9126-9134
    • Eberhardt, O.1
  • 59
    • 0030249597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurons from transgenic mice with a knockout of the p53 gene resist MPTP neurotoxicity
    • Trimmer, P. A., Smith, T. S., Jung, A. B. & Bennett, J. P., Jr Dopamine neurons from transgenic mice with a knockout of the p53 gene resist MPTP neurotoxicity. Neurodegeneration 5, 233-239 (1996).
    • (1996) Neurodegeneration , vol.5 , pp. 233-239
    • Trimmer, P.A.1    Smith, T.S.2    Jung, A.B.3    Bennett Jr., J.P.4
  • 60
    • 0033029823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CEP-1347/KT-7515, an inhibitor of c-jun N-terminal kinase activation, attenuates the 1-methyt-4-phenyl tetrahydropyridine-mediated loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in vivo
    • Saporito, M. S., Brown, E. M., Miller, M. S. & Carswell, S. CEP-1347/KT-7515, an inhibitor of c-jun N-terminal kinase activation, attenuates the 1-methyt-4-phenyl tetrahydropyridine-mediated loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288, 421-427 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.288 , pp. 421-427
    • Saporito, M.S.1    Brown, E.M.2    Miller, M.S.3    Carswell, S.4
  • 61
    • 0033840581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPTP activates c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and its upstream regulatory kinase MKK4 in nigrostriatal neurons in vivo
    • Saporito, M. S., Thomas, B. A. & Scott, R. W. MPTP activates c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and its upstream regulatory kinase MKK4 in nigrostriatal neurons in vivo. J. Neurochem. 75, 1200-1208 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Neurochem. , vol.75 , pp. 1200-1208
    • Saporito, M.S.1    Thomas, B.A.2    Scott, R.W.3
  • 62
    • 0033659663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CGP 3466 protects dopaminergic neurons in lesion models of Parkinson's disease
    • Waldmeier, P. C., Spooren, W. P. & Hengerer, B. CGP 3466 protects dopaminergic neurons in lesion models of Parkinson's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Phamacol. 362, 526-537 (2000).
    • (2000) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Phamacol. , vol.362 , pp. 526-537
    • Waldmeier, P.C.1    Spooren, W.P.2    Hengerer, B.3
  • 63
    • 0032829070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure
    • Langston, J. W. et al. Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure. Ann. Neurol. 46, 598-605 (1999).
    • (1999) Ann. Neurol. , vol.46 , pp. 598-605
    • Langston, J.W.1
  • 64
    • 0344528794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inflammatory reaction following 1-methyt-4-phenyf-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intoxication in mouse
    • Kurkowska-Jastrzebska, I., Wronska, A., Kohutnicka, M., Czlonkowski, A. & Czlonkowska, A. The inflammatory reaction following 1-methyt-4-phenyf-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intoxication in mouse. Exp. Neurol. 156, 50-61 (1999).
    • (1999) Exp. Neurol. , vol.156 , pp. 50-61
    • Kurkowska-Jastrzebska, I.1    Wronska, A.2    Kohutnicka, M.3    Czlonkowski, A.4    Czlonkowska, A.5
  • 65
    • 0035134830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of the cyclcoxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 provide neuroprotection in the MPTP-mouse model of Parkinson's disease
    • Teismann, P. & Ferger, B. Inhibition of the cyclcoxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 provide neuroprotection in the MPTP-mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 39, 167-174 (2001).
    • (2001) Synapse , vol.39 , pp. 167-174
    • Teismann, P.1    Ferger, B.2
  • 66
    • 0031741666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice deficient in group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2 are resistant to MPTP neurotoxicity
    • Klivenyi, P. et al. Mice deficient in group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2 are resistant to MPTP neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 71, 2634-2637 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Neurochem. , vol.71 , pp. 2634-2637
    • Klivenyi, P.1
  • 67
    • 0032862588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salicylate protects against MPTP-induced impairments in dopaminergic neurotransmission at the striatal and nigral level in mice
    • Ferger, B., Teismann, P., Earl, C. D., Kuschinsky, K. & Oertel, W. H. Salicylate protects against MPTP-induced impairments in dopaminergic neurotransmission at the striatal and nigral level in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Ach. Pharmacol. 360, 256-261 (1999).
    • (1999) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Ach. Pharmacol. , vol.360 , pp. 256-261
    • Ferger, B.1    Teismann, P.2    Earl, C.D.3    Kuschinsky, K.4    Oertel, W.H.5
  • 68
    • 0034640430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by sodium salicylate against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity
    • Mohanakumar, K. P., Muralikrishnan, D. & Thomas, B. Neuroprotection by sodium salicylate against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 864, 281-290 (2000).
    • (2000) Brain Res. , vol.864 , pp. 281-290
    • Mohanakumar, K.P.1    Muralikrishnan, D.2    Thomas, B.3
  • 69
    • 0027515957 scopus 로고
    • NMDA antagonists partially protect against MPTP induced neurotoxicity in mice
    • Brouillet, E. & Beal, M. F. NMDA antagonists partially protect against MPTP induced neurotoxicity in mice. Neuroreport 4, 387-390 (1993).
    • (1993) Neuroreport , vol.4 , pp. 387-390
    • Brouillet, E.1    Beal, M.F.2
  • 70
    • 0027765719 scopus 로고
    • The competitive NMDA antagonist CPP protects substantia nigra neurons from MPTP-induced degeneration in primates
    • Lange, K. W. et al. The competitive NMDA antagonist CPP protects substantia nigra neurons from MPTP-induced degeneration in primates. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 348, 586-592 (1993).
    • (1993) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.348 , pp. 586-592
    • Lange, K.W.1
  • 71
    • 0026752794 scopus 로고
    • MK-801 prevents 1-methyl-4-prienyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinine-induced parkinsonism in primates
    • Zuddas, A. et al. MK-801 prevents 1-methyl-4-prienyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinine-induced parkinsonism in primates. J. Neurochem. 59, 733-739 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Neurochem. , vol.59 , pp. 733-739
    • Zuddas, A.1
  • 72
    • 0027439658 scopus 로고
    • Protection against acute MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice by adenosine A1 agonist
    • Lau, Y. S. & Mouradian, M. M. Protection against acute MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice by adenosine A1 agonist. J. Neurochem. 60, 768-771 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Neurochem. , vol.60 , pp. 768-771
    • Lau, Y.S.1    Mouradian, M.M.2
  • 73
    • 0029081625 scopus 로고
    • Riluzole prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the rhesus monkey: A pilot study. Eur
    • Benazzouz, A. et al. Riluzole prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the rhesus monkey: a pilot study. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 284, 299-307 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Pharmacol. , vol.284 , pp. 299-307
    • Benazzouz, A.1
  • 74
    • 0028598567 scopus 로고
    • Riluzole and experimental parkinsonism: Antagonism of MPTP-induced decrease in central dopamine levels in mice
    • Boireau, A. et al. Riluzole and experimental parkinsonism: antagonism of MPTP-induced decrease in central dopamine levels in mice. Neuroreport 5, 2657-2660 (1994).
    • (1994) Neuroreport , vol.5 , pp. 2657-2660
    • Boireau, A.1
  • 75
    • 0031801548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by bromocriptine against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in mice
    • Muralikrishnan, D. & Mohanakumar, K. P. Neuroprotection by bromocriptine against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in mice. FASEB J. 12, 905-912 (1998).
    • (1998) FASEB J. , vol.12 , pp. 905-912
    • Muralikrishnan, D.1    Mohanakumar, K.P.2
  • 76
    • 0033993476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pramipexole inhibits lipid peroxidation and reduces injury in the substantia nigra induced by the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 mice
    • Zou, L. et al. Pramipexole inhibits lipid peroxidation and reduces injury in the substantia nigra induced by the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 mice. Neurosci. Lett. 281, 167-170 (2000).
    • (2000) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.281 , pp. 167-170
    • Zou, L.1
  • 77
    • 0033669158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antioxidant ebselen prevents neurotoxicity and clinical symptoms in a primate model of Parkinson's disease
    • Moussaoui, S. et al. The antioxidant ebselen prevents neurotoxicity and clinical symptoms in a primate model of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 166, 235-245 (2000).
    • (2000) Exp. Neurol. , vol.166 , pp. 235-245
    • Moussaoui, S.1
  • 78
    • 0032964009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel free radical spin traps protect against malonate and MPTP neurotoxicity
    • Matthews, R. T. et al. Novel free radical spin traps protect against malonate and MPTP neurotoxicity. Exp. Neurol. 157, 120-126 (1999).
    • (1999) Exp. Neurol. , vol.157 , pp. 120-126
    • Matthews, R.T.1
  • 79
    • 0034664249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereospecific prevention by 17β-estradiol of MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice
    • Callier, S., Morissette, M., Grandbois, M. & Di Paolo, T. Stereospecific prevention by 17β-estradiol of MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice. Synapse 37, 245-251 (2000).
    • (2000) Synapse , vol.37 , pp. 245-251
    • Callier, S.1    Morissette, M.2    Grandbois, M.3    Di Paolo, T.4
  • 80
    • 0035793485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erythropoietin exerts neuroprotection in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated C57/BL mice via increasing nitric oxide production
    • Gene, S. et al. Erythropoietin exerts neuroprotection in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated C57/BL mice via increasing nitric oxide production. Neurosci. Lett. 298, 139-141 (2001).
    • (2001) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.298 , pp. 139-141
    • Gene, S.1
  • 81
    • 0035910367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor concentration dependently improves disability and motor activity in MPTP-treated common marmosets
    • Costa, S., Iravani, M. M., Pearce, R. K. & Jenner, P. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor concentration dependently improves disability and motor activity in MPTP-treated common marmosets. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 412, 45-50 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.412 , pp. 45-50
    • Costa, S.1    Iravani, M.M.2    Pearce, R.K.3    Jenner, P.4
  • 82
    • 13344277993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF
    • Gash, D. M. et al. Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF. Nature 380, 252-255 (1996).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 252-255
    • Gash, D.M.1
  • 83
    • 0028834063 scopus 로고
    • Protection and repair of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by GDNF in vivo
    • Tomac, A. et al. Protection and repair of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by GDNF in vivo. Nature 373, 335-339 (1995). First paper to show that GDNF has restorative effects on dopamine neurons after MPTP treatment
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 335-339
    • Tomac, A.1
  • 84
    • 0034721690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease
    • Kordower, J. H. et al. Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease. Science 290, 767-773 (2000). Showed that administration of GDNF using a lentiviral vector in primates was highly effective against MPTP toxicity.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 767-773
    • Kordower, J.H.1
  • 85
    • 0031660913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel immunophilin ligand: Distinct branching effects on dopaminergic neurons in culture and neurotrophic actions after oral administration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
    • Costantini, L. C. et al. A novel immunophilin ligand: distinct branching effects on dopaminergic neurons in culture and neurotrophic actions after oral administration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 5, 97-106 (1998).
    • (1998) Neurobiol. Dis. , vol.5 , pp. 97-106
    • Costantini, L.C.1
  • 86
    • 12644257556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophic immunophilin ligands stimulate structural and functional recovery in neurodegenerative animal models
    • Steiner, J. P. et al. Neurotrophic immunophilin ligands stimulate structural and functional recovery in neurodegenerative animal models. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2019-2024 (1997). References 85 and 86 show that Immunophilins produce restorative effects after MPTP treatment.
    • (1997) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.94 , pp. 2019-2024
    • Steiner, J.P.1
  • 87
    • 0025859401 scopus 로고
    • Acetyt-levo-carnitine protects against MPTP-induced parkinsonism in primates
    • Bodis-Wollner, I. et al. Acetyt-levo-carnitine protects against MPTP-induced parkinsonism in primates. J. Neural. Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. 3, 63-72 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Neural. Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. , vol.3 , pp. 63-72
    • Bodis-Wollner, I.1
  • 88
    • 0031594295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 attenuates the MPTP induced loss of striatai dopamine and dopaminergic axons in aged mice
    • 10 attenuates the MPTP induced loss of striatai dopamine and dopaminergic axons in aged mice. Brain Res. 783, 109-114 (1997).
    • (1997) Brain Res. , vol.783 , pp. 109-114
    • Beal, M.F.1    Matthews, R.2    Tieleman, A.3    Schults, C.W.4
  • 90
    • 0034676997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPTP induces alpha-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra of baboons
    • Kowall, N. W. et al. MPTP induces alpha-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra of baboons. Neuroreport 11, 211-213 (2000).
    • (2000) Neuroreport , vol.11 , pp. 211-213
    • Kowall, N.W.1
  • 91
    • 0028284779 scopus 로고
    • Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutation
    • Gurney, M. E. et al. Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutation. Science 264, 1772-1775 (1994).
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 1772-1775
    • Gurney, M.E.1
  • 92
    • 16044373842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice
    • Mangiarini, L. et al. Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice. Cell 87, 493-506 (1996).
    • (1996) Cell , vol.87 , pp. 493-506
    • Mangiarini, L.1
  • 93
    • 0033577159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress induces amyloid-like aggregate formation of NACP/alpha-synuclein in vitro
    • Hashimoto, M. et al. Oxidative stress induces amyloid-like aggregate formation of NACP/alpha-synuclein in vitro. Neuroreport 10, 717-721 (1999).
    • (1999) Neuroreport , vol.10 , pp. 717-721
    • Hashimoto, M.1
  • 94
    • 0033933048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase
    • Shimura, H. et al. Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nature Genet. 25, 302-305 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature Genet. , vol.25 , pp. 302-305
    • Shimura, H.1
  • 95
    • 0033966487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • α-synuclein upregulation in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons following administration of the parkinsonan toxin MPTP
    • Vila, M. et al., α-synuclein upregulation in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons following administration of the parkinsonan toxin MPTP. J. Neurochem. 74, 721-729 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Neurochem. , vol.74 , pp. 721-729
    • Vila, M.1
  • 96
    • 0035144650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative post-translational modifications of α-cynuclein in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease
    • Przedborski, S. et al. Oxidative post-translational modifications of α-cynuclein in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 76, 637-640 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurochem. , vol.76 , pp. 637-640
    • Przedborski, S.1
  • 97
    • 0034602442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions
    • Giasson, B. I. et al. Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions. Science 290, 985-989 (2000). Used antibodies to nitrated α-synuclein to show that the α-synuclein In Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease is nitrated, consistent with oxidative damage mediated by peroxynitrite.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 985-989
    • Giasson, B.I.1
  • 98
    • 0033890821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • α-synuclein promotes mitochondrial deficit and oxidative stress
    • Hsu, L. J. et al. α-synuclein promotes mitochondrial deficit and oxidative stress. Am. J. Pathol. 157, 401-410 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.157 , pp. 401-410
    • Hsu, L.J.1
  • 99
    • 0035109909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the overexpression of wild-type or mutant α-synuclein on cell susceptibility to insult
    • Lee, M., Hyun, D. H., Halliwell, B. & Jenner, P. Effect of the overexpression of wild-type or mutant α-synuclein on cell susceptibility to insult. J. Neurochem. 76, 998-1009 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurochem. , vol.76 , pp. 998-1009
    • Lee, M.1    Hyun, D.H.2    Halliwell, B.3    Jenner, P.4
  • 100
    • 0028021805 scopus 로고
    • The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism
    • Bergman, H., Wichmann, T., Karmon, B. & DeLong, M. R. The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 507-520 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , pp. 507-520
    • Bergman, H.1    Wichmann, T.2    Karmon, B.3    Delong, M.R.4
  • 101
    • 0025818631 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dopamine agonists on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism
    • Filion, M., Tremblay, L. & Bedard, P. J. Effects of dopamine agonists on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Brain Res. 547, 152-161 (1991).
    • (1991) Brain Res. , vol.547 , pp. 152-161
    • Filion, M.1    Tremblay, L.2    Bedard, P.J.3
  • 102
    • 0032896281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of MPTP-induced changes in spontaneous neuronal discharge in the internal pallidal segment and in the substantia nigra pars reticulata in primates
    • Wichmann, T. et al. Comparison of MPTP-induced changes in spontaneous neuronal discharge in the internal pallidal segment and in the substantia nigra pars reticulata in primates. Exp. Brain Res. 125, 397-409 (1999).
    • (1999) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.125 , pp. 397-409
    • Wichmann, T.1
  • 103
    • 0032885749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotactic pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson disease: An expert opinion
    • Bronstein, J. M., DeSalles, A. & DeLong, M. R. Stereotactic pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson disease: an expert opinion. Ach. Neurol. 56, 1064-1069 (1999).
    • (1999) Ach. Neurol. , vol.56 , pp. 1064-1069
    • Bronstein, J.M.1    Desalles, A.2    DeLong, M.R.3
  • 104
    • 0032531683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease
    • Limousin, P. et al. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1105-1111 (1998).
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.339 , pp. 1105-1111
    • Limousin, P.1
  • 105
    • 0029981526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease
    • Forno, L. S. Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 259-272 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.55 , pp. 259-272
    • Forno, L.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.