Marrow protection - Transduction of hematopoietic cells with drug resistance genes

Cytotherapy

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 67-84

  Moritz, T ^a   Williams, D A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

^b HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTIDINE DEAMINASE; CYTOPLASM PROTEIN; DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; METHYLATED DNA PROTEIN CYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; NUCLEAR PROTEIN;

BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW RESCUE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER; DNA REPAIR; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; GENE THERAPY; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC RESISTANCE; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HUMAN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MUTANT; REVIEW; TARGET CELL;

EID: 0035010630     PISSN: 14653249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14653240152584640     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Weiss RB. Introduction: dose-intensive therapy for adult malignancies. Semin Oncol 1999;26:1-5.
2. Moritz T, Williams DA. Transfer of drug-resistance genes to hematopoietic precursors. In: Bertino JR, editor. Encyclopedia of cancer. Vol. 3. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997: 1765-76.
3. Maze R, Hanenberg H, Williams D. Establishing chemo-resistance in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Mol Med Today 1997;3:350-8.
4. Koc ON, Allay JA, Lee K et al. Transfer of drug resistance genes into hematopoietic progenitors to improve chemotherapy tolerance. Semin Oncol 1996;23:46-65.
5. 6-benzylguanine-resistant mutant MGMT genes improve hematopoietic cell tolerance to alkylating agents. In: Bertino JR, editor. Marrow protection. Basel. Karger, Prog Exp Tumor Res 1999;H;36:65-81.
6. Becker S, Wasser S, Hauses M et al. Correction of respiratory burst activity in X-linked chronic granulomatous cells to therapeutically relevant levels after gene transfer into bone marrow CD34+ cells. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9:1561-70.
7. Correll PH, Colilla S, Dave HP, Karlsson S. High levels of human glucocerebrosidase activity in macrophages of long-term reconstituted mice after retroviral infection of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1992;80:331-6.
8. Dirksen U, Nishinakamura R, Groneck P et al. Human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with a defect in GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor common beta chain expression. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2211-17.
9. Kume A, Dinauer MC. Gene therapy for chronic granulomatous disease. Lab Clin Med 2000;135:122-8.
10. Joyner A, Keller G, Phillips RA, Bernstein A. Retrovirus transfer of a bacterial gene into mouse haematopoietic progenitor cells. Nature 1983;305:556-8.
11. Williams DA, Lemischka IR, Nathan DG, Mulligan RC. Introduction of new genetic material into pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells of the mouse. Nature 1984;310:476-80.
12. Keller G, Paige C, Gilboa E, Wagner EF. Expression of a foreign gene in myeloid and lymphoid cells derived from multipotent haematopoietic precursors. Nature 1985;318: 149-54.
13. Dick JE, Magli MC, Huszar D et al. Introduction of a selectable gene in primitive stem cells capable of long-term reconstitution of the hemopoietic system of W/Wv mice. Cell 1985;42:71-9.
14. Brenner MK, Rill DR, Holladay MS et al. Gene marking to determine whether autologous marrow infusion restores long-term haemopoiesis in cancer patients. Lancet 1993;342:1134-7.
15. Brenner MK, Rill DR, Moen RC et al. Gene marking to trace origin of relapse after autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet 1993;341:85-6.
16. Baum C, Hegewisch-Becker S, Eckert HG et al. Novel retroviral vectors for efficient expression of the multidrug resistance (MDR-1) gene in early hematopoietic cells. J Virol 1995;69:7541-7.
17. Hawley RG, Lieu FH, Fong AZ, Hawley TS. Versatile retroviral vectors for potential use in gene therapy. Gene Ther 1994;1:136-8.
18. von Kalle C, Kiem H-P, Goehle S et al. Increased gene transfer into human hematopoietic progenitor cells by extended in vitro exposure to a pseudotyped retroviral vector. Blood 1994;84:2890-7.
19. Burns JC, Friedmann T, Driever W et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein pseudotyped retroviral vectors: concentration to very high titer and efficient gene transfer into mammalian and nonmammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:8033-7.
20. Hanenberg H, Hashino K, Konishi H et al. Optimization of fibronectin-assisted retroviral gene transfer into human CD34+ hematopoietic cells. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8: 2193-206.
21. Murray L, Luens K, Tushinski R et al. Optimization of retroviral gene transduction of mobilized primitive hematopoietic progenitors by using thrombopoietin, Flt3, and Kit ligands and RetroNectin culture. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10:1743.
22. Hanenberg H, Xiao XL, Dilloo D et al. Colocalization of retrovirus and target cells on specific fibronectin fragments increases genetic transduction of mammalian cells. Nat Med 1996;2:876-82.
23. Moritz T, Patel VP, Williams DA. Bone marrow extracellular matrix molecules improve gene transfer into human hematopoietic cells via retroviral vectors. J Clin Invest 1994;93:1451-7.
24. Kiem HP, Morris J, Heyward S et al. Gene transfer into baboon hematopoietic repopulating cells using recombinant human fibronectin fragment Ch-296. Blood 1997;90 (Suppl):236a.
25. Abonour R, Williams DA, Einhorn L et al. Efficient retrovirus-mediated transfer of the multidrug resistance 1 gene into autologous human long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Med 2000;6:652-8.
26. Cavazzana-Calvo M, Hacein-Bey S, de Saint Basile G et al. Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-XI disease Science 2000;288:669-72.
27. Botnick LE, Hannon EC, Vigneulle R, Hellman S. Differential effects of cytotoxic agents on hematopoietic progenitors. Cancer Res 1981;41:2338-41.
28. Neben S, Hemman S, Montgomery M et al. Hematopoietic stem cell deficit of transplanted bone marrow previously exposed to cytotoxic agents. Exp Hematol 1993;21:156-62.
29. 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase complementary DNA. J Immunol 1997;158: 1006-13.
30. Hock RA, Miller AD. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression of drug resistance genes in human haematopoietic progenitor cells. Nature 1986;320:275-7.
31. Williams DA, Hsieh K, DeSilva A, Mulligan RC. Protection of bone marrow transplant recipients from lethal doses of methotrexate by the generation of methotrexate-resistant bone marrow. J Exp Med 1987;166:210-18.
32. Corey CA, DeSilva A, Holland C, Williams DA. Serial transplantation of methotrexate-resistant bone marrow: Protection of murine recipients from drug toxicity by progeny of transduced stem cells. Blood 1990;75:337-43.
33. May C, Gunther R, McIvor RS. Protection of mice from lethal doses of methotrexate by transplantation with transgenic marrow expressing drug-resistant dihydrofolate reductase activity. Blood 1995;86:2439-48.
34. Zhao SC, Banerjee D, Mineishi S, Bertino JR. Post-transplant methotrexate administration leads to improved curability of mice bearing a mammary tumor transplanted with marrow transduced with a mutant human dihydrofolate reductase cDNA. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:903-9.
35. + umbilical cord blood progenitor cells with a mutated dihydrofolate reductase cDNA. Hum Gene ther 1998;9:63-71.
36. Flasshove M, Banerjee D, Mineishi S et al. Ex vivo expansion and selection of human CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells after introduction of a mutated dihydrofolate reductase cDNA via retroviral gene transfer. Blood 1995;85:566-74.
37. Ercikan-Abali EA, Mineishi S, Tong Y et al. Active site-directed double mutants of dihydrofolate reductase. Cancer Res 1996;56:4142-5.
38. Patel M, Sleep SEH, Lewis WS et al. Comparison of the protection of cells from antifolates by transduced dihydrofolate reductase mutants. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:2069-77.
39. Persons DA, Sorrentino BP. In vivo selection of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells using a novel DHFR variant characterized by high level drug resistance. Blood 1999;94:365a.
40. Beausejour CM, Le NL, Letourneau S et al. Coexpression of cytidine deaminase and mutant dihydrofolate reductase by a bicistronic retroviral vector confers resistance to cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9: 2537-44.
41. Galipeau J, Benaim E, Spencer HT et al. A bicistronic retroviral vector for protecting hematopoietic cells against antifolates and P-glycoprotein effluxed drugs. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:1773-83.
42. Sauerbrey A, McPherson JP, Zhao SC et al. Expression of a novel double-mutant dihydrofolate reductase-cytidine deaminase fusion gene confers resistance to both methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10:2495-504.
43. Zhao RC, Mclvor RS, Griffin JD, Verfaillie CM. Gene therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): a retroviral vector that renders hematopoietic progenitors methotrexate-resistant and CML progenitors functionally normal and nontumorigenic in vivo. Blood 1997;90:4687-98.
44. Stromhaug A, Warren DJ, Slordal L. Effect of methotrexate on murine bone marrow cells in vitro: evidence of a reversible antiproliferative action. Exp Hematol 1995;23: 439-13.
45. Blau CA, Neff T, Papayannopoulou T. The hematological effects of folate analogs: implications for using the dihydrofolate reductase gene for in vivo selection. Hum Gene Ther 1996;7:2069-78.
46. Howell SB, Mansfield SJ, Taetle R. Thymidine and hypoxanthine requirements of normal and malignant human cells for protection against methotrexate cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1981;41:945-50.
47. Li M-X, Banerjee D, Zhao S-C et al. Development of a retroviral construct containing a human mutated dihydrofolate reductase cDNA for hematopoietic stem cell transduction. Blood 1994;83:3403-8.
48. Allay JA, Spencer HT, Wilkinson SL et al. Sensitization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to trimetrexate using nucleoside transport inhibitors. Blood 1997;90: 3546-54.
49. Allay JA, Persons DA, Galipeau J et al. In vivo selection of retrovirally transduced hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Med 1998;4:1136-13.
50. Mineishi S, Nakahara S, Takebe N et al. Co-expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene potentiates methotrexate resistance conferred by transfer of a mutated dihydrofolate reductase gene. Gene Ther 1997;4:570-6.
51. Mineishi S, Nakahara S, Takebe N et al. Purine salvage rescue by xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (XGPRT) potentiates methotrexate resistance conferred by transfer of a mutated dihydrofolate reductase gene. Cancer Gene Ther 1998;5:144-9.
52. Gottesman M, Pastan I. Biochemistry of multidrug resistance mediated by the multidrug transporter. Annu Rev Biochem 1993;62:385-427.
53. Mickisch G, Arsentijevich I, Schoenlein P et al. Transplantation of bone marrow cells from transgenic mice expressing the human MDR1 gene results in long-term protection against the myelosuppressive effect of chemotherapy in mice. Blood 1992;79:1087-93.
54. Sorrentino BP, Brandt SJ, Bodine D et al. Selection of drug-resistant bone marrow cells in vivo after retroviral transfer of human MDR1. Science 1992;257:99-103.
55. Ward M, Richardson C, Pioli P et al. Transfer and expression of the human multiple drug resistance gene in human CD34+ cells. Blood 1994;84:1408-14.
56. Bertolini F, DeMonte L, Corsini C et al. Retrovirus-mediated transfer of the multidrug resistance gene into human haemopoietic progenitor cells. Br J Haematol 1994;88:318-24.
57. Schiedlmeier B, Kühlcke K, Eckert HG et al. Quantitative assessment of retroviral transfer of the human multidrug resistance 1 gene to mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells engrafted in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Blood 2000;95:1237-48.
58. Eckert H-G, Stockschlader M,Just U et al. High-dose multidrug resistance in primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced with optimized retroviral vectors. Blood 1996;88:3407-15.
59. Hildinger M, Fehse B, Hegewisch-Becker S et al. Dominant selection of hematopoietic progenitor cells with retroviral MDR1 co-expression vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9:33-42.
60. Cowan KH, Moscow JA, Huang H et al. Paclitaxel chemotherapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation and engraftment of hematopoietic cells transduced with a retrovirus containing the multidrug resistance complementary DNA (MDR1) in metastatic breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:1619-28.
61. Devereux S, Corney C, Macdonald C et al. Feasibility of multidrug resistance (MDR-1) gene transfer in patients undergoing high-dose therapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for lymphoma. Gene Ther 1998;5:403-8.
62. Hanania EG, Giles RE, Kavanagh J et al. Results of MDR-1 vector modification trial indicate that granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming unit cells do not contribute to posttransplant hematopoietic recovery following intensive systemic therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93: 15346-51.
63. Hesdorffer C, Ayello J, Ward M et al. Phase I trial of retroviral-mediated transfer of the human MDR-1 gene as marrow chemoprotection in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:165-72.
64. Moscow JA, Huang H, Carter C et al. Engraftment of MDR1 and NeoR gene-transduced hematopoietic cells after breast cancer chemotherapy. Blood 1999;94:52-61.
65. Rahman Z, Kavanagh J, Champlin R et al. Chemotherapy immediately following autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:2717-21.
66. Licht T, Aran JM, Goldenberg SK et al. Retroviral transfer of human MDR1 gene to hematopoietic cells: effects of drug selection and of transcript splicing on expression of encoded P-glycoprotein. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10:2173-85.
67. Sorrentino BP, McDonagh KT, Woods D, Orlic D. Expression of retroviral vectors containing the human multidrug resistance 1 cDNA in hematopoietic cells of transplanted mice. Blood 1995;86:491-501.
68. Bunting KD, Galipeau J, Topham D et al. Transduction of murine bone marrow cells with an MDR1 vector enables ex vivo stem cell expansion, but these expanded grafts cause a myeloproliferative syndrome in transplanted mice. Blood 1998;92:2269-79.
69. Chaudhary P, Roninson I. Expression and activity of P-glycoprotein, a multidrug efflux pump, in human hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 1991;66:85-94.
70. Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH et al. Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 1992;258:1650-4.
71. Barrand MA, Heppell-Parton AC, Wright KA et al. A 190-kilodalton protein overexpressed in non-P-glycoprotein-containing multidrug-resistant cells and its relationship to the MRP gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:110-17.
72. Grant CE, Valdimarsson G, Hipfner DR et al. Overexpression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) increases resistance to natural product drugs. Cancer Res 1994;54:357-61.
73. D' Hondt V, Caruso M, Bank A. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) cDNA protects cells from chemotherapeutic agents. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:1745-51.
74. Zaman GJ, Flens MJ, van Leusden MR et al. The human multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP is a plasma membrane drug-efflux pump. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:8822-6.
75. Machiels JP, Govaerts AS, Guillaume T et al. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of the human multidrug resistance-associated protein into hematopoietic cells protects mice from chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10:801-11.
76. Barret JM, Hill BT. DNA repair mechanisms associated with cellular resistance to antitumor drugs: potential novel targets. Anticancer Drugs 1998;9:105-23.
77. Chaney SG, Sancar A. DNA repair: enzymatic mechanisms and relevance to drug response. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1346-60.
78. Rajewsky MF, Engelbergs J, Thomale J, Schweer T. Relevance of DNA repair to carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. Recent Results Cancer Res 1998;154:127-46.
79. Kawate H, Sakumi K, Tsuzuki T et al. Separation of killing and tumorigenic effects of an alkylating agent in mice defective in two of the DNA repair genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:5116-20.
80. Pegg AE, Dolan ME, Moschel RC. Structure, function, and inhibition of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1995;51:167-223.
81. Ludlum DB. DNA alkylation by the halonitrosoureas: nature and modifications produced and their enzymatic repair or removal. Mutat Res 1990;233:117-26.
82. Robins P, Harris AL, Goldsmith I, Lindahl T. Cross-linking of DNA induced by chloroethylnitrosourea is prevented by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res 1983;11:7743-58.
83. Brent TP, Remack JS. Formation of covalent complexes between human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and BCNU-treated defined length synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 1988;16:6779-88.
84. Gerson S, Miller K, Berger N. O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkytransferase activity in human myeloid cells. J Clin Invest 1985;76:2106-14.
85. Gerson SL, Trey JE, Miller K, Berger NA. Comparison of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity based on cellular DNA content in human, rat and mouse tissues. Carcinogenesis 1986;7:745-9.
86. Gerson SL, Phillips W, Kastan M et al. Human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors have low, cytokine-unresponsive O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and are sensitive to O6-benzylguanine plus BCNU. Blood 1996;88:1649-55.
87. Weiss RB, Issell BF. The nitrosoureas: carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU). Cancer Treat Rev 1982;9:313-30.
88. Maze R, Moritz T, Williams DA. Increased survival and multilineage hematopoietic protection from delayed and severe myelosuppressive effects of a nitrosourea with recombinant interleukin-11 (IL-11). Cancer Res 1994;54:4947-51.
89. Moritz T, Mackay W, Glassner BJ et al. Retrovirus-mediated expression of a DNA repair protein in bone marrow protects hematopoietic cells from nitrosourea-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1995;55:2608-14.
90. Wang G, Weiss C, Sheng P, Bresnick E. Retrovirus-mediated transfer of the human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene into a murine hematopoietic stem cell line and resistance to the toxic effects of certain alkylating agents. Biochem Pharmacol 1996;51:1221-8.
91. Jelinek J, Fairbairn LJ, Dexter TM et al. Long-term protection of hematopoiesis against the cytotoxic effects of multiple doses of nitrosourea by retrovirus-mediated expression of human O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase. Blood 1996;87:1957-61.
92. Allay JA, Dumenco LL, Koc ON et al. Retroviral transduction and expression of the human alkyltransferase cDNA provides nitrosourea resistance to hematopoietic cells. Blood 1995;85:3342-51.
93. Allay JA, Davis BM, Gerson SL. Human alkyltransferase-transduced murine myeloid progenitors are enriched in vivo by BCNU treatment of transplanted mice. Exp Hematol 1997;25:1069-76.
94. Maze R, Carney JP, Kelley MR et al. Increasing DNA repair methyltransferase levels via bone marrow stem cell transduction rescues mice from the toxic effects of 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, a chemotherapeutic alkylating agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:206-10.
95. Mitchell RB, Moschel R, Dolan ME. Effect of O6-benzylguanine on the sensitivity of human tumor xenografts to 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and on DNA interstrand cross-link formation. Cancer Res 1992;52:1171-5.
96. 6-benzylguanine provides a means to evaluate the role of the protein in protection against carcinogenic and therapeutic alkylation agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:5368-72.
97. Dolan ME, Mitchell RB, Mummert C et al. Effect of O6-benzylguanine analogues on sensitivity of human tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Cancer Res 1991;51:3367-72.
98. Chinnasamy N, Rafferty JA, Hickson I et al. O6-benzylguanine potentiates the in vivo toxicity and clasto-genicity of temozolomide and BCNU in mouse bone marrow. Blood 1997;89:1566-73.
99. Spiro TP, Gerson SL, Liu L et al. O6-benzylguanine: a clinical trial establishing the biochemical modulatory dose in tumor tissue for alkyltransferase-directed DNA repair. Cancer Res 1999;59:2402-10.
100. Harris LC, Marathi UK, Edwards CC et al. Retroviral transfer of a bacterial alkyltransferase gene into murine bone marrow protects against chloroethylnitrosourea cytotoxicity. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:1359-68.
101. Koc ON, Reese JS, Szekely EM, Gerson SL. Human long-term culture initiating cells are sensitive to benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and protected after mutant (G156A) methylguanine methyltransferase gene transfer. Cancer Gene Ther 1999;6:340-8.
102. Reese JS, Davis BM, Liu L, Gerson SL. Simultaneous protection of G156A methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene-transduced hematopoietic progenitors and sensitization of tumor cells using O6-benzylguanine and temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:163-9.
103. Davis BM, Reese JS, Koc ON et al. Selection for G156A O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene-transduced hematopoietic progenitors and protection from lethality in mice treated with O6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Res 1997;57:5093-9.
104. Davis BM, Koc ON, Gerson SL. Limiting numbers of G156A O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase-transduced marrow progenitors repopulate nonmyeloablated mice after drug selection. Blood 2000;95:3078-84.
105. Ragg S, Xu-Welliver M, Bailey J et al. Direct reversal of DNA damage by mutant methyltransferase protein protects mice against dose-intensified chemotherapy and leads to in vivo selection of hematopoietic stem cells. Cancer Res 2000;60:5187-95.
106. Davis BM, Roth JC, Liu L et al. Characterization of the P140K, PVP(138-140)MLK, and G156A O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase mutants: implications for drug resistance gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10: 2769-78.
107. Koc ON, Reese JS, Davis BM et al. DeltaMGMT-transduced bone marrow infusion increases tolerance to O6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosourea and allows intensive therapy of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-resistant human colon cancer xenografts. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10:1021-30.
108. Chen J, Derfler B, Maskati A, Samson L. Cloning a eukaryotic DNA glycosylase repair gene by the suppression of a DNA repair defect in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:7961-5.
109. Samson L, Derfler B, Boosalis M, Call K. Cloning and characterization of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase cDNA from human cells whose gene maps to chromosome 16. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:9127-31.
110. Xiao W, Derfler B, Chen J, Samson L. Primary sequence and biological functions of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae 06-methylguanine/O4-methylthymine DNA repair methyltransferase gene. EMBO J 1991;10:2179-86.
111. Habraken Y, Carter CA, Kirk MC, Ludlum DB. Release of 7-alkylguanines from N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea-modified DNA by 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II. Cancer Res 1991;51:499-503.
112. Kobune M, Parson S, Xu Y et al. Retrovirus-mediated expression of the base excision repair protein, APN1, protects hematopoietic cells from bleomycin-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Blood 1999;94:381a.
113. Kastan MB, Schlaffer E, Russo JE et al. Direct demonstration of elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1990;75:1947-50.
114. Magni M, Shammah S, Schiró R et al. Induction of cyclophosphamide-resistance by aldehyde-dehydrogenase gene transfer. Blood 1996;87:1097-103.
115. Bunting KD, Webb M, Giogianni F et al. Coding region-specific destabilization of mRNA transcripts attenuates expression from retroviral vectors containing class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase cDNAs. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8: 1531-43.
116. Black SM, Beggs JD, Hayes JD et al. Expression of human glutathione S-transferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers resistance to the anticancer drugs adriamycin and chlorambucil. J Biochem 1990;268:309-15.
117. Batist G, Tulpule A, Sinha BK et al. Overexpression of a novel anionic glutathione transferase in multidrug-resistant human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 1986;261:15544-9.
118. Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Antilla S, Vainio H. The GSTMI null genotype as a potential risk modifier for sqamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Carcinogenesis 1993;14:1479.
119. Doroshow JH, Metz MZ, Matsumoto L et al. Transduction of NIH 3T3 cells with a retrovirus carrying both human MDR1 and glutathione S-transferase produces broad-range multidrug resistance. Cancer Res 1995;55:4073-8.
120. Letourneau S, Palerme JS, Delisle JS et al. Coexpression of rat glutathione S-transferase A3 and human cytidine deaminase by a bicistronic retroviral vector confers in vitro resistance to nitrogen mustards and cytosine arabinoside in murine fibroblasts. Cancer Gene Ther 2000;7:757-65.
121. Kuga T, Sakamaki S, Matsunaga T et al. Fibronectin fragment-facilitated retroviral transfer of the glutathione-S-transferase π gene into CD34+ cells to protect them against alkylating agents. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:1901-10.
122. Steuart CD, Burke PJ. Cytidine deaminase and the development of resistance to arabinosyl cytosine. Nat New Biol 1971;233:109-10.
123. Yusa K, Ohuhara T, Tsukahara S, Tsurua T. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induces 1-β-arabinofuranosylcytosine resistance in human H9 cell line. J Biol Chem 1992;267:16848-50.
124. Kuhn K, Bertling WM, Emmrich F. Cloning of a functional cDNA for human cytidine deaminase (CDD) and its use as a marker of monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;190:1-7.
125. Laliberte J, Momparler RL. Human cytidine deaminase: purification of enzyme, cloning, and expression of its complementary DNA. Cancer Res 1994;54:5401-7.
126. Schröder JK, Kirch C, Flasshove M et al. Constitutive overexpression of the cytidine deaminase gene confers resistance to cytosine arabinoside in vitro. Leukemia 1996;10:1919-24.
127. Neff T, Blau CA. Forced expression of cytidine deaminase confers resistance to cytosine arabinoside and gemcitabine. Exp Hematol 1996;24:1340-6.
128. Momparler RL, Laliberté J, Eliopoulos N et al. Transfection of murine fibroblast cells with human cytidine deaminase cDNA confers resistance to cytosine arabinoside. Anticancer Drugs 1996;7:266-74.
129. Momparler RL, Eliopoulos N, Bovenzi V et al. Resistance to cytosine arabinoside by retrovirally mediated gene transfer of human cytidine deaminase into murine fibroblast and hematopoietic cells. Cancer Gene Ther 1996;3:331-8.
130. Flasshove M, Frings W, Schroeder J et al. Transfer of the cytidine deaminase cDNA into hematopoietic cells. Leukemia Res 1999;23:1047-53.
131. Eliopoulos N, Cournoyer D, Momparler RL. Drug resistance to 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine, and cytosine arabinoside conferred by retroviral-mediated transfer of human cytidine deaminase cDNA into murine cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998;42:373-8.
132. Eliopoulos N, Bovenzi V, Le NLO et al. Retroviral transfer and long-term expression of human cytidine deaminase cDNA in hematopoietic cells following transplantation in mice. Gene Therapy 1998;5:1545-51.
133. Banerjee D, Tong Y, Liu-Chen X et al. Protection of bone marrow cells from toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents targeted toward thymidylate synthase by transfer of mutant forms of human thymidylate synthase cDNA. In: Bertino JR, editor. Marrow protection. Basel: Karger, Prog Exp Tumor Res 1999; H;36:107-14.
134. Diasio RB. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and resistance to 5-fluorouracil. In: Bertino JR, editor. Marrow protection. Basel: Karger, Prog Exp Tumor Res 1999;H;36:115-23.
135. Suresh A, Tung F, Moreb J, Zucali JR. Role of manganese superoxide dismutase in radioprotection using gene transfer studies. Cancer Gene Ther 1994;1:85-90.
136. Deisseroth AB, Zu Z, Claxton D et al. Genetic marking shows that Ph+ cells present in autologous transplants of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) contribute to relapse after autologous bone marrow in CML. Blood 1994;83:3068-76.