Advances in the immunobiology of eosinophils and their role in disease

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 453-496

  Walsh, Garry M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Accumulation; Adhesion; Allergic disease; Apoptosis; Asthma; Eosinophil; Survival

Indexed keywords

BASIC PROTEIN; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; ASTHMA; BONE MARROW; BRONCHUS MUCOSA; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; EOSINOPHIL; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; LEUKOCYTE; MEDIATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

APOPTOSIS; ASTHMA; EOSINOPHILS; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY;

EID: 0032694450     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408369991239277     Document Type: Review

References (338)

1. Jones WT. The blood corpuscle considered in its different phases of development in the animal species. Memoir I Vertebrata Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1846; 136: 63-87.
2. Shiltz M. Ein heizbarer obkekttish und seine anwendung bei untersuchung des blutes. Arch Mikroskop Anatom Entwicklungsmechanik 1865; I: 1-8.
3. Ehrlich P. Beitrage zur kenntniss der granuliten bindergewebszellen und der eosinophilen leukocyten. Arch Anat Physiol Lpz 1879; 3 Physiol. Abstr: 166-169.
4. Spry CJF. Eosinophils: A comprehensive review and guide to the medical literature. Oxford Univeristy Press, 1988.
5. Capron M. Eosinophils and parasites. Ann Parisitol Hum Comp 1991; 66(Suppl 1): 41-45.
6. Gleich GJ, Adolphson CR. The eosinophilic leukocyte: Structure and function. Adv Immunol 1986; 39: 177-253.
7. Weller PF. Eosinophils: Structure and functions. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 85-90.
8. Weller PF. Eicosanoids, cytokines and other mediators elaborated by cosinophils. In: Makino S, Fukuda T, eds. Eosinophils: Biological and Clinical Aspects. Pp. 125-154. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.
9. Moqbel R, Levi-Schaffer F, Kay AB. Cytokine generation by eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 1183-1188.
10. Levi-Shaffer F, Barkhans J, Newman TM, et al. Identification of interleukin-2 in human peripheral blood eosinophils. Immunology 1996; 87: 155.
11. Moqbel R, Sun Y, Barkhans, J, et al. Identification of messenger RNA for IL-4 in human eosinophils with granule localisation and release of the translated product. J Immunol 1995; 155: 4939.
12. Desremaux P, Janin A, Colombel JF, et al. Interleukin 5 messenger RNA expression by eosinophils in the intestinal mucosa of patients with coeliac disease. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 293-296.
13. Moqbel R, Hamid Q, Sun Y, et al. Expression of mRNA and immunoreactivity for the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in activated human eosinophils. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 749-752.
14. Becken W, Northwood I, Beliveau C, et al. Phagocytes in cell suspensions of human colon mucosa. Gut 1987; 28: 976-980.
15. Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilia. New Engl J Med 1998; 338(22): 1592-1600.
16. ISSAC. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic eczema. Lancet 1998; 351: 1225-1232.
17. Evans R. Epidemiology and natural history of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. In: Middleton E Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, et al. eds. Allergy Principles and Practice, 4th Ed. Pp. 1109-36. St. Louis: Mosby, 1993.
18. Peat JK. Can asthma be prevented? Evidence from epidemiological studies of children in Australia and New Zealand in the last decade. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 261-265.
19. Busse WB. Inflammation in asthma: The cornerstone of the disease and target of therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: S17-22.
20. Corrigan CJ, Kay AB. T cells and eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 501.
21. Jeffery PK, Wardlaw AJ, Nelson C, et al. Bronchial biopsies in asthma: An ultrastructural, quantitative study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1407-1413.
22. Gleich GJ. The eosinophil and bronchial asthma: Current understanding. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 422-436.
23. Naylor B. The shedding of the mucosa of the bronchial tree in asthma. Thorax 1962; 17: 69-72.
24. Dunnill MS, Masseralla GR Anderson JA. A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis and in emphysema. Thorax 1969; 24: 176-179.
25. Laitenen LA, Heino M, Kava T, et al. Damage of the airway and bronchial epithelium in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 599-528.
26. Wardlaw AJ, Dunnette S, Gleich GJ, et al. Eosinophils and mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and mild asthma: Relationship to bronchial hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 62-69.
27. Bousquet J, Chanez P, Lacoste JY, et al. Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. New Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1033-1035.
28. Kay AB. Inflammatory cells in bronchial asthma. J Asthma 1989; 26: 335.
29. Durham SR, Kay AB. Eosinophils, bronchial hyperreactivity and late-phase asthmatic reactions. Clin Allergy 1985; 15: 411-418.
30. Djukanovic R, Wilson JW, Britten KM, et al. Quantitation of mast cells and eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa of symptomatic atopic asthmatics and healthy subjects using immunohistochemistry. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 863-871.
31. Azzawi M, Bradley B, Jeffrey PK, et al. Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1407-1413.
32. Laitenen LA, Laitenen A, Heino M, et al. Eosinophilic airway inflammation during exacerbation of asthma and its treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 423-427.
33. Filley WV, Holley KE, Kephart GM, et al. Identification by immunofluorescence of eosinophil granule major basic protein in lung tissue of patients with bronchial asthma. Lancet 1982; 2: 11-16.
34. Frigas E, Loegering DA, Solley GO, et al. Elevated levels of the eosinophil granule major basic protein in the sputum of patients with bronchial asthma. Mayo Clin Proc 1981; 56: 345-353.
35. Wirchew JC, Holssher U, Wirchew SR. Sputum ECP levels correlate with parameters of airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 146: 604-606.
36. Leppert D, Waubant E, Galardy R, et al. T cell gelatinases mediate basement membrane transmigration in vitro. J Immunol 1995; 154: 4379.
37. Delclaux C, Delacourt C, d'Ortho M-P, et al. Role of gelatinase B and clastase in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration across basement membrane. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14: 288.
38. Okada S, Kita H, George TJ, et al. Migration of eosinophils through basement membrane components in vitro: Role of metalloproteinase-9. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 17: 519-528.
39. McIntosh K, Ellis EF, Hoffman LS. The association of viral and bacterial respiratory infections with the exacerbation of wheezing in young asthmatic children. J Pediatr 1973; 82: 578.
40. Garofalo R, Kimpen JLL, Welliver RC, et al. Eosinophil degranulation in the respiratory tract during naturally acquired respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 28.
41. Garofalo R, Dorris A, Ahlstedt S, et al. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic protein content of respiratory secretions in bronchiolitis: Relationship to severity of disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1994; 5: 111.
42. Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F. Eosinophil cationic protein in nasal secretion and in serum and myeloperoxidase in serum in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: Relation to asthma and atopty. Acta Pediatr 1994; 83: 1151.
43. Olszewska-Pazdrak B, Pazdrak K, Ogra PL, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-infected pulmonary epithelial cells induce eosinophil degranulation by a CD18-mediated mechanism. J Immunol 1998; 160: 4889-4895.
44. Schwarze J, Cieslewicz G, Hamelmann E, et al. IL-5 and eosinophils are essential for the development of airway hyperresponsiveness following acute respiratory syncytial infection. J Immunol 1999; 162: 2997-3004.
45. Saito T, Deskin RW, Casola A, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus induces selective production of the chemokine RANTES by upper airway epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 497-504.
46. Olszewska-Pazdrak B, Casola A, Saito T, et al. Cell-specific expression of RANTES, MCP-1, and MIP-1α by lower airway epithelial cells and eosinophils infected with respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 1998; 72(6): 4756-4764.
47. Gaga M, Frew AJ, Varney V, et al. Eosinophil activation and T lymphocyte infitration in allergen-induced late phase skin reactions and classical delayed type hypersensitivity. J Immunol 1991; 147: 816.
48. Leifferman KM. A current perspective on the roles of eosinophils in dermatologic diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 1101.
49. Makiyama K, Kanzaki S, Yamasaki K, et al. Activation of cosinophils in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 1995; 30(Suppl 8): 64-69.
50. Raab Y, Fredens K, Gerdin B, et al. Eosinophil activation in ulcerative colitis. Digest Dis Sci 1998; 43: 1061-1070.
51. Choy MY, Walker Smith JA, Williams CB, et al. Activated eosinophils in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1990; 336: 126-127.
52. Yamakaki K, Nakadate K, Suzuki S, et al. Eosinophilia in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 516.
53. Desreumaux P, Delaporte E, Colombel J-F, et al. Similar IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF syntheses by eosinophils in the jejunal mucosa of patients with celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 88(1): 14-21.
54. Spry CJF. The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. In: Makino S, Fukuda T, eds. Eosinophils: Biological and Clinical Aspects. Pp. 403-420. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993.
55. Enblad G, Sundstrom C, Glimelius B. Infiltration of cosinophils in Hodgkin's disease involved lymph nodes predicts prognosis. Hematol Oncol 1993; 11: 187-193.
56. Ownby HE, Roi LD, Isenberg RR, et al. Peripheral lymphocyte and eosinophil counts as indicators of prognosis in primary breast cancer. Cancer 1983; 52: 126-130.
57. Rivoltini L, Viggiano V, Spinazze S, et al. In vitro anti-tumor activity of eosinophils from cancer patients treated with subcutaneous administration of interleukin 2. Int J Cancer 1993; 54: 8-15.
58. Todd R, Donoff BR, Chiang T, et al. The eosinophil as a cellular source of transforming growth factor alpha in healing cutaneous wounds. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 1307-1313.
59. Wong DT, Donoff RB, Yang J, et al. Sequential expression of transforming growth factors α and β1 by eosinophils during cutaneous wound healing in the hamster. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 130-142.
60. Butterworth AE, Thorne KJI. Eosinophils and parasitic diseases. In: Immunopharmacology of Eosinophils. Pp. 119. Academic Press, 1993.
61. Pearce EJ, McLaren DJ. Schistosoma mansoni: The cutaneous response to cercarial challenge in naive guinea pigs vaccinated with highly irradiated cercariac. Int J Parasitol 1986; 5: 495-510.
62. McLaren DJ, Smithers SR. The immune response to schistosome in experimental hosts. In: The biology of schistosomes. Pp. 233. Academic Press, 1987.
63. Rotman HL, Yutanawiboonchai W, Brigandi RA, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis,: Eosinophil-dependent immune-mediated killing of third-stage larvae in BAI,B/cByJ mice. Exp Parasitol 1996; 82: 267-278.
64. Folkard SG, Hogarth PJ, Taylor MJ, et al. Eosinophils are the major effector cells of immunity to microfilariae in a mouse model of onchocerciasis. Parasitology 1996; 112: 323-329.
65. Grove DI, Mahmoud AA Warren KS. Eosinophils and resistance to Trichinella spiralis. J Exp Med 1977; 145: 755-759.
66. Gleich GJ, Lammas DA, Herlich H. The effect of antiserum to eosinophils on susceptibility and acquired immunity of the guinea-pig to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Immunology 1977; 37: 373-880.
67. Duffus WPH, Franks D. In vitro effect of immune serum and bovine granulocytes on juvenile Fasciola hepatica. Clin Exp Parasitol 1980; 41: 430-440.
68. Glauert AM, Lammas DA Duffus WPH. Ultrastructural observations on the interaction between bovine eosinophils and juvenile Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 1985; 91: 459-470.
69. Ortega-Pierres G, Mackenzie CD, Parkhouse RME. Protection against Trichinella spiralis induced by a monoclonal antibody that promotes killing of newborn larvae by granulocytes. Parasite Immunol 1984; 6: 275-284.
70. Venturiello SM, Giambartolomei GH, Costantino SN. Immune killing of newborn Trichinella larvae by human leukocytes. Parasite Immunol 1993; 15: 559-564.
71. Greene BM, Taylor HR, Aikawa M. Cellular killing of microfilaria of Onchocerca volvulus: Eosinophil and neutrophil-mediated immune serum-dependent destruction. J Immunol 1981; 127: 1611-1618.
72. Fattah DI, Maizels RM, McLaren DJ, et al. Toxocara canis: Interaction of human blood eosinophils with the infective larvae. Exp Parasitol 1986; 61: 421-431.
73. Badley JE, Grieve RB, Rockey JH, et al. Immune-mediated adherence of eosinophils to Toxocara canis infective larvae: Role of excretory-secretory antigens. Parasite Immunol 1987; 9: 133-143.
74. Chandrasheker R, Rao UR, Subrahmanyam D. Antibody-mediated cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo of rat cells in infective larvae of Brugia malayi. Int J Parasitol 1990; 20: 725-730.
75. Butterworth AE, Wassom DL, Gleich GJ, et al. Damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni induced directly by eosinophil major basic protein. J Immunol 1979; 122: 221-229.
76. Butterworth AE, Sturrock RF, Houba V, et al. Eosinophils as mediators of antibody-dependent damage to schistosomula. Nature 1975; 256: 727-729.
77. Butterworth AE. Cell-mediated damage to helminths. Adv Parasitol 1984; 23: 143.
78. Rainbird MA, Macmillan D Meeusen ENT. Eosinophil-mediated killing of Haemonchus contortus larvae: Effect of eosinophil activation and role of antibody, complement and interleukin-5. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20: 93-103.
79. Sturrock RF, Kimani R, Cottrell BJ, et al. Observations on possible immunity to reinfection among Kenyan schoolchildren after treatment for Schistosoma mansoni. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hygiene 1983; 77: 363-371.
80. Hagan P, Wilkins HA, Blumenthal UJ, et al. Eosinophilia and resistance to Schistosoma haematobium in man. Parasite Immunol 1985; 7: 625-631.
81. Mahmoud AAF, Warren KS, Peters PA. A role for the eosinophil in acquired resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection as determined by antieosinophil serum. J Exp Med 1975; 142: 805-813.
82. Folkard SG, Hogarth PJ, Taylor MJ, et al. Eosinophils are the major effector cells of immunity to microfilariae in a mouse model of onchocerciasis. Parasitology 1996; 112: 323-329.
83. Kipnis TL, James SL, Sher A, et al. Cell-mediated cytoxicity by Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Antibody-dependent killing of bloodstream forms by mouse eosinophils and neutrophils. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981; 30: 47-53.
84. Sher A, Coffman RF, Hieny S, et al. Interleukin 5 is required for the blood and tissue eosinophilia but the granuloma formation induced by infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990a; 87: 61-65.
85. Sher A, Coffman RF, Hieny S, et al. Ablation of eosinophil and IgE responses with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-4 antibodies fails to affect immunity against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. J Immunol 1990b; 145: 3911-3916.
86. Dent LA, Munro GH, Piper KP, et al. Eosinophilic interleukin 5 (IL-5) transgenic mice: Eosinophil activity and impaired clearance of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasite Immunol 1997; 19: 291-300.
87. Sanderson CJ. Interleukin-5, eosinophils and disease. Blood 1992; 79: 3101-3109.
88. Springer TA. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990; 346: 425-434.
89. Hynes RO. Integrins: Versatility, modulation and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 1992; 69: 11-25.
90. Carlos TM, Harlan JM. Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 1994; 84: 2068-2101.
91. Bochner BS, Schleimer RP. The role of adhesion molecules in human eosinophil and basophil recruitment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 94: 427-438.
92. Walsh GM. Human eosinophils: Their accumulation, activation and fate. Brit J Haematol 1997; 97: 701.
93. Walsh GM, Hartnell A, Mermod J-J, et al. Human eosinophil but not neutrophil adherence to IL-1-stimulated HUVEC is α4/β1-dependent. J Immunol 1991; 146: 3419-3423.
94. Weller PF, Rand TH, Goetzl SE, et al. Human eosinophil adherence to vascular endothelium mediated by binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial molecule-1. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7430-7433.
95. Dobrina A, Menegazzi R, Carlos TM, et al. Mechanisms of eosinophil adherence to cultured vascular endothelial cells: Eosinophils bind to the cytokine induced endothelial ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via the very late antigen-4 receptor. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 20.
96. Bochner BS, Luskinas FW, Gimbrone MA, et al. Adhesion of human basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils to interleukin-1-activated human vascular endothelial cells: Contributions of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 1553-1556.
97. Moser R, Fehr J, Bruijnzeel PB. IL-4 controls the selective endothelium-driven transmigration of eosinophils from allergic individuals. J Immunol 1992; 149: 1432-1438.
98. Thornhill MH, Kyan-Aung U, Haskard DO. IL-4 increases human endothelial cell adhesiveness for T cells but not neutrophils. J Immunol 1990; 144: 3060.
99. Patel KD. Eosinophil tethering to interleukin-4-activated endothelial cells requires both P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blood 1998; 92(10): 3904-3911.
100. de Vries JE. The role of IL-13 and its receptor in allergy and inflammatory responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 165-169
101. Bochner BS, Klunk DA, Sterbinsky SA, et al. IL-13 selectively induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human endothelial cells. J Immunol 1995; 154: 799-803.
102. Kitayama J, Fuhlbrigge RC, Puri KD, et al. P-selectin, L-selectin, and alpha(4) integrin have distinct roles in eosinophil tethering and arrest on vascular endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions. J Immunol 1997; 159: 3929-3939.
103. Molet S, Gosset P, Vanhee D, et al. Modulation of cell adhesion molecules on human endothelial cells by eosinophil-derived mediators. J Leuk Biol 1998; 63: 351-358.
104. Ebisawa M, Bochner BS, Georas SN, et al. Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by cytokines. I. Role of endothelial and eosinophil adhesion molecules in IL-1β induced transendothelial migration. J Immunol 1992; 149: 4021-8.
105. Ebisawa M, Liu MC, Yamada T, et al. Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by cytokines. II. Potentiation of eosinophil transendothelial migration by eosinophil-active cytokines. J Immunol 1994; 152: 4590-4596.
106. Walsh GM, Hartnell A, Wardlaw AJ, et al. IL-5 enhances the in vitro adhesion of human eosinophils, but not neutrophils, in a leukocyte integrin (CD11/18)-dependent manner. Immunology 1990; 71: 258-265.
107. Grayson MH, Van der Vieren M, Sterbinsky SA. αdβ2 integrin is expressed on human eosinophils and functions as an alternative ligand for vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) J Exp Med 1998; 188: 2187-2191.
108. Berlin C, Berg EL, Briskin MJ, et al. α4β7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell 1993; 74: 185-95.
109. Briskin MJ, McEvoy LM, Butcher EC. MAdCAM-1 has homology to immunoglobulin and mucin-like adhesion receptors and to IgA1. Nature 1993; 331: 461-464.
110. Chan BMC, Elices MJ, Murphy E, et al. Adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and fibronectin; comparison of α4β1 (VLA-4) and α4β7 on the human cell line JY. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 8366-8370.
111. Postigo AA. Sanchez-Mateos P, Lazarovits AI, et al. α4β7 integrin mediates B cell binding to fibronectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J Immunol 1993; 151: 2471-2483.
112. Ruegg C, Postigo AA, Sikorski EE, et al. Role of α4β7/α4βp in lymphocyte adherence to fibronectin and VCAM-1 in homotypic cell clustering. J Cell Biol 1992; 117: 179-189.
113. Erle DJ, Briskin MJ, Butcher EC, et al. Expression and function of the MAdCAM-1 receptor α4β7 on human leukocytes. J Immunol 1994; 153: 517-528.
114. Walsh GM, Symon FA, Lazarovits AI, et al. Integrin α4β7 mediates human eosinophil interaction with MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1 and fibronectin. Immunology 1996a; 89: 112-119.
115. Matsumoto K, Sterbinsky SA, Bickel CA, et al. Regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion of human eosinophils to fibronectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 648-656.
116. Yuan Q, Austen KF, Friend DS, et al. Human peripheral blood eosinophils express a functional c-kit receptor for stem cell factor that stimulates very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)-mediated cell adhesion to fibronection and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). J Exp Med 1997; 186: 313-323.
117. Carley WW, Niedbala MJ, Gerritsen ME. Isolation, cultivation and partial characterisation of microvascular endothelium derived from human lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 7: 620.
118. Blease K, Seybold J, Adcock IM, et al. Interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharide synergize to induce vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18(5): 620-639.
119. Yamamoto H, Sedgwick JB, Busse WW. Differential regulation of eosinophil adhesion and transmigration by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 1998; 161: 971-977.
120. Jahnsen FL, Brandtzaeg P, Haye R, et al. Expression of functional VCAM-1 by cultured nasal polyp-derived microvascular endothelium. Am J Pathol 1997; 150(6): 2113-2123.
121. Symon FA, Walsh GM, Watson S, et al. Eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium is P-selectin dependent. J Exp Med 1994; 180: 371-376.
122. Symon FA, Lawrence MB, Willamson ML, et al. Functional and structural characterisation of the eosinophil P-selectin ligand. J Immunol 1996; 157: 1711-1719.
123. Wegner CD, Gundel RH, Reilly T, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Science 1990; 247: 456-458.
124. Chin JE, Winterrowd GE, Hatfield CA, et al. Involvement of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the antigen-induced infiltration of eosinophil and lymphocytes into the airways in a murine model of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18: 158-167.
125. Weg VB, Williams TJ, Lobb RR, et al. A monoclonal antibody recognizing very late antigen-4 inhibits eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 561-566.
126. Pretolani M, Ruffie C, Lopa e Silva JM, et al. Antibody to very late activation antigen 4 prevents antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and cellular infiltration in the guinea pig airway. J Exp Med 1994; 180: 795-805.
127. Nakajima H, Sano H, Nishimura T, et al. Role of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/very late activation antigen 4 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 interactions in antigen induced eosinophil and T cell recruitment into the tissue. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1145-1154.
128. Richards IM, Kolbasa KP, Hatfield CA, et al. Role of very late activation antigen-4 in the antigen-induced accumulation of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the lungs and airway lumen of sensitized brown norway rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 15: 172-183.
129. Schneider T, Issekutz TB, Issekutz AC. The role of α4 (CD49d) and β2 (CD18) integrins in eosinophil and neutrophil migration to allergic lung inflammation in the Brown Norway rat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20(3): 448-457.
130. Abraham WM, Ahmed A, Sielczak MW, et al. Blockade of late-phase airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic sheep with a small-molecule peptide inhibitor of VLA-4. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 696-703.
131. Henderson WR, Chi EY, Albert RK, et al. Blockade of CD49d (a4 integrin) on intrapulmonary but not circulating leukocytes inhibits airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 3083-3092.
132. Lukacs NW, Steiter RM, Lincoln PM, et al. Stem cell factor (c-kit ligand) influences eosinophil recruitment and histamine levels in allergic airway inflammation. J Immunol 1996; 156: 3945-3951.
133. Sriramarao P, von Andrian UH, Butcher EC, et al. L-selectin and very late antigen-4 promote eosinophil rolling at physiological shear rates in vivo. J Immunol 1994; 153: 4238-4246.
134. DiScipio RG, Daffern PJ, Jagels MA, et al. A comparison of C3a and C5a-mediated stable adhesion of rolling eosinophils in postcapillary venules and transendothelial migration in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 1999; 162: 1127-1136.
135. Sanz M-J, Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Green P, et al. IL-4-induced eosinophil accumulation in rat skin is dependent on endogenous TNF-α and α4 integrin/VCAM-1 adhesion pathways. J Immunol 1998; 160: 5637-5645.
136. Wolyniec WW, De Sanctis GT, Nabozny G, et al. Reduction of antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia in ICAM-1-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18(6): 777-785.
137. Gerwin N, Gonzalo J-A, Lloyd C, et al. Prolonged eosinophil accumulation in allergic lung interstitium of ICAM-2-deficient mice results in extended hyperresponsiveness. Immunity 1999; 10: 9-19.
138. De Sanctis GT, Wolyniec WW, Green FHY, et al. Reduction of allergic airway responses in P-selectin-deficient mice. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 681-687.
139. Broide DH, Sullivan S, Gifford T, et al. Inhibition of pulmonary cosinophilia in P-selectin and ICAM-1-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18(2): 218-225.
140. Broide DH, Humber M, Sriramarao P. Inhibition of eosinophil rolling and recruitment in P-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice. Blood 1998; 91(8): 2847-2856.
141. Gonzalo J-A, Lloyd CM, Kremer L, et al. Eosinophil recruitment to the lung in a murine model of allergic inflammation. The role of T cells, chemokines and adhesion receptors. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2332-2345.
142. Bentley AM, Durham SR, Robinson DS, et al. Expression of the endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules ICAM-1, E-selectin and VCAM-1 in the bronchial mucosa in steady state and allergen induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 857-868.
143. Kyan-Aung U, Haskard DO, Poston RN, et al. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediate adhesion of eosinophils to endothelial cells in vitro and are expressed by endothelium in allergic cutaneous inflammation in vivo. J Immunol 1991; 146: 521-528.
144. Fukuda T, Fukushima Y, Numao T, et al. Role of interleukin-4 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in selective eosinophil migration into the airways in allergic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14: 84-94.
145. Ohkawara Y, Yamauchi K, Maruyama N, et al. In situ expression of the cell adhesion molecules in bronchial tissues from asthmatics with airflow limitation: in vivo evidence of VCAM-1/VLA-4 interaction in selective eosinophil infiltration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995; 12: 4-12.
146. Gosset P, Tillie-LeBlond I, Janin A, et al. Increased expression of ELAM-1, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on bronchial biopsies from allergic asthmatic patients. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 725: 163-172.
147. Jahnsen FL, Haraldsen G, Aanesen JP, et al. Eosinophil infiltration is related to increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995; 12: 624-632.
148. Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Wood R, et al. Eosinophil infiltration in nonallergic chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis is associated with endothelial VCAM-1 upregulation and expression of TNF-α. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 15: 443-450.
149. Wardlaw AJ, Moqbel R, Kay AB. Eosinophils: Biology and role in disease. Adv Immunol 1995; 60: 151-266.
150. Baggliolini M, Dewatd B Moser B. Human chemokines: An update. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 675-705.
151. Yoshie O, Imai T Nomiyama H. Novel lymphocyte-specific CC chemokines and their receptors. J Leuk Biol 1997; 62: 634-644.
152. Kameyoshi Y, Dorschner A, Mallet AI, et al. Cytokine RANTES released by thrombin stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 587-592.
153. Ebisawa M, Yamada T, Bickel C, et al. Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by cytokines. III. Effect of the chemokine RANTES. J Immunol 1994; 153: 2153-2160.
154. Cook EB, Stahl BSJL, Graziano FM. Eotaxin: What we know, and what we would like to know. Allergy Asth Proc 1998; 19(5): 253-255.
155. Bochner BS, Bickel CA, Taylor ML, et al. Macrophage-derived chemokine induces human eosinophil chemotaxis in a CC chemokinc receptor 3- and CC chemokine receptor 4-independent manner. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 527-32
156. Dahinden CA, Geiser T, Grunner T, et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 is a most effective basophil and eosinophil activating chemokine. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 751-566.
157. Uguccioni M, Loetscher P, Forssmann U, et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein 4 (MCP-4) a novel structural and functional analogue of MCP-3 and eotaxin. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 2379-2384.
158. Noso N, Proost P, Van Damme, et al. Human monocyte chemotactic proteins-2 and 3 (MCP-2 and MCP-3) attract human eosinophils and desensitize the chemotactic response towards RANTES. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 200: 1470-1476.
159. Rot A, Krieger M, Brunner T, et al. RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein la induce the migration and activation of normal human eosinophil granulocytes. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1489.
160. Baggiolini M, Dahinden CA. CC chemokines in allergic inflammation. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 127-133.
161. Kita H, Gleich GJ. Chemokines active on eosinophils: Potential roles in allergic inflammation. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 2421-2426.
162. Griffiths-Johnson DA, Collins PD, Rossi AG, et al. The chemokine, eotaxin, activates guinea-pig eosinophils in vitro and causes their accumulation in the lung in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 197: 881-887.
163. Jose PJ, Adocock IM, Griffiths-Johnson DA, et al. Eotaxin: Cloning of an eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine and increased mRNA expression in allergen-challenged guinea pig lungs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 205: 788-794.
164. Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Lilly CM, et al. Constitutive and allergen-induccd expression of eotaxin mRNA in the guinea pig lung. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 1211-1216.
165. Rothenberg MG, Luster AD, Leder P. Murine eotaxin: An cosinophil chemoattractant inducible in endothelial cells and in interleukin 4-induce tumor suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8960-8964.
166. Ishii Y, Shirato M, Nomur A, et al. Cloning of rat eotaxin-ozone inhalation increases mRNA and protein expression in lungs of Brown Norway rats. Am J Physiol 1998; 18: L171-L176.
167. Ponath PD, Qin S, Ringler DJ, et al. Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin: Expression, receptor binding and functional properties suggest a mechanism of selective recruitment of eosinophils. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 604-612.
168. White JR, Imburgia C, Dul E, et al. Cloning and functional characterisation of a novel human C-C chemokine that binds to the CCR3 receptor and activates human eosinophils. J Leuk Biol 1997; 62: 667.
169. Forrsmann U, Uguccioni P, Loetscher P, et al. Eotaxin-2, a novel CC chemokine that is selective for the chemokine receptor CCR3, and acts like eotaxin on human eosinophil and basophil leukocytes. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 2171.
170. Rothenberg ME, Ownbey R, Mehlhop PD, et al. Eotaxin triggers eosinophil-selective chemotaxis and calcium flux via a distinct receptor and induces pulmonary eosinophilia in the presence of interleukin 5 in mice. Mol Med 1996; 2: 334-348.
171. Daugherty BL, Siciliano SJ, DeMartino JA, et al. Cloning, expression, and characterization of the human eosinophil eotaxin receptor. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 2349-2354.
172. Ponath PD, Qin S, Post TW, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eosinophil eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 2437-2488.
173. Yamada H, Hirai K, Miyamasu M, et al. Eotaxin is a potent chemotaxin for human basophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 231: 365-368.
174. Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lanzavecchia A. Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science 1997; 2277: 2005-2007.
175. Peled A, Gonzalo JA, Lloyd C, et al. The chemotactic cytokine eotaxin acts as a granulocyte-macrophage colony - Stimulating factor during lung inflammation. Blood 1998; 91: 1909-1916.
176. Quackenbush EJ, Aguirre V, Wershil BK, et al. Eotaxin influences the development of embryonic hematopoietic progenitors in the mouse. J Leuk Biol 1997; 62: 661-666.
177. Teixeira MM, Wells TNC, Lukacs NW, et al. Chemokine-induced eosinophil recruitment: Evidence of a role for endogenous eotaxin in an in vivo allergy model in mouse skin. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 1657-1666.
178. Heath H, Qin S, Rao P, et al. Chemokine receptor usage by human eosinophils. The importance of CCR3 demonstrated using an antagonistic monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 178-184.
179. Kitayama J, Mackay CR, Ponath PD, et al. The C-C chemokine receptor CCR3 participates in stimulation of eosinophil arrest on inflammatory endothelium in shear flow. J Clin Invest 1998; 101(9): 2017-2024.
180. Lamkhioued B, Renzi PM, Abi-Younes EA, et al. Increased expression of eotaxin in bronchoalveolar lavage and airways of asthmatics contributes to the chemotaxis of eosinophils to the site of inflammation. J Immunol 1997; 159: 4593.
181. Mattoli S, Stacey MA, Sun G, et al. Eotaxin expression and eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1997; 236: 299-301.
182. Humbles AA, Conroy DM, Marleau S, et al. Kinetics of eotaxin generation and its relationship to eosinophil accumulation in allergic airways disease: Analysis in a guinea pig model in vivo. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 601-612.
183. Brown JR, Kleimberg J, Marini M, et al. Kinetics of eotaxin expression and its relationship to eosinophil accumulation and activation in bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of asthmatic patients after antigen inhalation. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114: 137-146.
184. Taha RA, Minshall EM, Miotto D, et al. Eotaxin and monocyte chemotactic protein-4 mRNA expression in small airways of asthmatic and nonasthmatic individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 476-83.
185. Mochizuki M, Bartels J, Mallet AI, et al. IL-4 induces eotaxin: A possible mechanism of selective eosinophil recruitment in helminth infection and atopy. J Immunol 1998; 160(1): 60-68.
186. Lilly CM, Nakamura H, Kesselman H, et al. Expression of eotaxin by human lung epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1767-1773.
187. Li L, Xia Y, Nguyen A, et al. Effects of Th2 cytokines on chemokine expression in the lung: IL-13 potently induces eotaxin expression by airway epithelial cells. J Immunol 1999; 162: 2477-2487.
188. Ying S, Robinson DS, Meng Q, et al. Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma. Association with airway hyperresponsiveness and predominant co-localization of eotaxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27: 3507-3516.
189. 2+ mobilisation, actin reorganisation and CD11b upregulation in human eosinophils via a pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Blood 1996; 88: 3195-3199.
190. Weber C, Kitayama J Springer TA. Differential regulation of β1 and β2 integrin avidity by chemoattractants in eosinophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 10939-10944.
191. Elsner J, Hochstetter D, Kimmig D, et al. Human eotaxin represents a potent activator of the respiratory burst of human eosinophils. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26: 1919.
192. Elsner J, Petering H, Kluthe C, et al. Eotaxin-2 activates chemotaxis-related events and release of reactive oxygen species via pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins in human eosinophils. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28: 2152-2158.
193. Sabroe I, Hartnell A, Jopling LA, et al. Differential regulation of eosinophil chemokine signaling via CCR3 and non-CCR3 pathways. J Immunol 1999; 162: 2946-2955.
194. Petering H, Gotze O, Kimmig D, et al. The biologic role of interleukin-8: Functional analysis and expression of CXCRI and CXCR2 on human eosinophils. Blood 1999; 93: 694-702.
195. Tavernier JH, Plactinck G, Guisez Y, et al. The role of interleukin-5 in the production and function of eosinophils. In: Whetton, Gordon, eds. Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors and Their Receptors. Pp. 321-361. New York: Plenum Press, 1996
196. Corrigan, CJ, Haczku A, Gemou-Engesaeth S, et al. CD4 T lymphocytes activation in asthma is accompanied by increased serum concentrations of IL-5. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 540-547.
197. Kay AB, Ying S, Varney V, et al. mRNA expression of the cytokine gene cluster IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF in allergen-induced late phase cutaneous reactions in atopic subjects. J Med 1991; 173: 774.
198. Bentley AM, Meng Q, Robinson DS, et al. Increases in activated T cells, eosinophils and cytokine mRNA expression for IL-5 and GM-CSF in bronchial biopsies after allergen inhalation challenge in atopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8: 35.
199. Ohnishi T, Kita H, Weiler D, et al. IL-5 is the predominant eosinophil-active cytokine in the antigen-induced pulmonary late-phase reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 901-907.
200. Hamid Q, Azzawi M, Ying S, et al. Expression of mRNA for interleukin-5 in mucosal bronchial biopsies from asthma. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1541-1546.
201. Humbert M, Durham SR, Ying S, et al. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from patients with atopic and non-atopic asthma: Evidence against intrinsic asthma being a distinct immunopathologic entity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1497-1504.
202. Shi H-Z, Xiao C-Q, Zhong D, et al. Effect of inhaled interleukin-5 on airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 204-209.
203. Bradding P, Roberts JA, Britten KM, et al. Interleukin-4, -5, -6 and TNFa in normal and asthmatic airways: Evidence for the human mast cell as an impotrtant source of these cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 10: 471.
204. Warren HS, Kinnear BF, Phillips JH, et al. Production of IL-5 by human NK cells and regulation of IL-5 secretion by IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12. J Immunol 1995; 154: 5144.
205. Walker C, Checkel J, Cammisuli S, et al. IL-5 production by NK cells contributes to eosinophil infiltration in a mouse model of allergic inflammation. J Immunol 1998; 161: 1962-1969.
206. Dubucquoi S, Desmeraumaux P, Janin A, et al. Interleukin 5 synthesis by eosinophils: Association with granules and immunoglobulin-dependent secretion. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 703-708.
207. Broide DH, Paine MM, Firestein GS. Eosinophils express interleukin-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor mRNA at sites of allergic inflammation in asthmatics. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1414-1424.
208. Bachert C, Wagenmann M, Hauser U, et al. IL-5 synthesis is upregulated in human nasal polyp tissue. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 837-842.
209. Foster PS, Hogan SP, Ramsay AJ, et al. Interleukin-5 deficiency abolishes cosinophilia, airway hyperreactivity and lung damage in a mouse asthma model. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 195-201.
210. + T cells play a pivotal role in aeroallergen-induced cosinophilia, bronchial hyperreactivity, and lung damage in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 210-218.
211. Dent LA, Strath M, Mellor AL, et al. Eosinophilia in transgenic micc expressing interleukin-5. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 1425-1431.
212. Mauser PJ, Pitman AM, Fernandez X, et al. Effects of an antibody to interleukin-5 in a monkey model of asthma. Am J Crit Care Med 1995; 153: 467-472.
213. Van Oosterhout AJ, Ladenius AR, Savelkoul HL, et al. Effect of anti-IL-5 and IL-5 on airway hyperreactivity and eosinophils in guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 548-552.
214. Palframan RT, Collins PD, Severs NJ, et al. Mechanisms of acute eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow stimulated by interleukin 5: The role of specific adhesion molecules and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Exp Med 1998; 188(9): 1621-1632.
215. Migita M, Yamaguchi N, Mita S, et al. Characterization of the human IL-5 receptors on eosinophils. Cell Immunol 1991; 133: 484-497.
216. Yasruel Z, Humbert M, Kotsimbos TC, et al. Membrane-bound and soluble IL-5 receptor mRNA in the bronchial mucosa of atopic and nonatopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1413-1418.
217. Garlisi CG, Kung TT, Wang P, et al. Effects of chronic anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody treatment in a murine model of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 248-255.
218. Collins PD, Marleau S, Griffiths-Johnson DA, et al. Cooperation between interleukin-5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J Exp Med 1995; 182: 1169-1174.
219. Palframan R, Collins PD, Williams TJ, et al. Eotaxin induces a rapid release of eosinophils and their progenitors from the bone marrow. Blood 1998; 91: 2240-2248.
220. Rothenberg ME, Ownbey P, Mehlhop PD, et al. Eotaxin triggers eosinophil-selectivc chemotaxis and calcium flux via a distinct receptor and induces pulmonary eosinophilia in the presence of interleukin-5 in mice. Mol Med 1996; 2: 334-348.
221. Mould AW, Matthaei KI, Young IG, et al. Relationship between interleukin-5 and eotaxin in regulating blood and tissue eosinophilia in mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1064-1071.
222. Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Ownbey RT, et al. Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia. Nature Med 1996; 2: 449-456.
223. Sanz M-J, Ponath PD, Mackay CR, et al. Human eotaxin induces a4 and b2 integrin-dcpcndcnt eosinophil accumulation in rat skin in vivo: Delayed generation of eotaxin in response to IL-4. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3569-3576.
224. Rothenberg ME, MacLean JA, Pearlman E, et al. Targetted disruption of the chemokine eotaxin partially reduces antigen-induced tissue eosinophilia. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 785-790.
225. Yang Yi, Loy J, Ryseck R-P, et al. Antigen-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation develops in mice deficient for the chemokine eotaxin. Blood 1998; 92: 3912-3923.
226. Spry CJF. The natural history of cosinophils. In: Smith H, Cook RM, eds. The Immunopharmacology of Eosinophils. Pp. 1-9. London: Academic Press, 1993.
227. Moqbel R, Levi-Schaffer F, Kay AB. Cytokine generation by eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 1183-1188.
228. Azzawi M, Bradley B, Jeffery PK, et al. Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1407-1413.
229. Bentley AM, Menz G, Storz C, et al. Identification of T lymphocytes, macrophages and activated eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa in intrinsic asthma: Relationship to symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 500-506.
230. Hartnell A, Moqbel R, Walsh GM, et al. Fc-γ and CD11/18 receptor expression on normal density and low density human eosinophils. Immunology 1990; 69: 264-270.
231. Hartnell A, Robinson DS, Kay AB, et al. CD69 is expressed by human eosinophils activated in vivo in asthma and in vitro by cytokines. Immunology 1993; 80: 281-86.
232. Nishikawa K, Morii T, Ako H, et al. In vivo expression of CD69 on lung eosonophils in eosinophilic pneumonia: CD69 as a possible activation marker for eosinophils. Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 169-174.
233. Matsumoto K, Appiah-Pippim J, Schleimer RP, et al. CD44 and CD69 represent different types of cell-surface activation markers for human eosinophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18: 860-866.
234. Walker C, Rihs S, Braun RK, et al. Increased expression of CD11b and functional changes in eosinophils after migration across endothelial cell monolayers. J Immunol 1993; 150: 4061-4071.
235. Schubert D. Collaborative interactions between growth factors and the extracellular matrix. Trends Cell Biol 1992; 2: 63.
236. Anwar ARE, Walsh GM, Cromwell O, et al. Adhesion to fibronectin primes eosinophils via α4β1 (VLA-4). Immunology 1994; 82: 222-228.
237. Kita H, Horie S Gleich GJ. Extracellular matrix proteins attenuate activation and degranulation of stimulated eosinophils. J Immunol 1996; 156: 1174-1181.
238. Kuijpers TW, Mul EPJ, Blom M, et al. Freezing adhesion molecules in a state of high-avidity binding blocks eosinophil migration. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 279-284.
239. Georas SN, McIntyre BW, Ebisawa M, et al. Expression of a functional laminin receptor, α6β1 (very late activation antigen-6) on human eosinophils. Blood 1993; 82: 2872-2879.
240. Tourkin A, Anderson T, LeRoy EC, et al. Eosinophil adhesion and maturation is modulated by laminin. Cell Adhes Commun 1993; 1: 161-176.
241. Walsh GM, Wardlaw AJ. Eosinophil interactions with extracellular matrix proteins: Effects on eosinophil function and cytokine production. In: Bochner BS, ed. Adhesion molecules in allergic disease. Pp. 187-200. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1997.
242. Anwar ARE, Moqbel R, Walsh GM, et al. Adhesion to fibronectin prolongs eosinophil survival. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 839-843.
243. Walsh GM, Symon FA, Wardlaw AJ. Human eosinophils preferentially survive on tissue fibroncctin compared with plasma fibronectin. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 1128-1136.
244. Mould AP, Wheldon A, Komoriya E, et al. Affinity chromatic isolation of the melanoma adhesion receptor for the IIICS region of fibronectin and its identification as the integrin α4β1. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 4020-4024.
245. Walsh GM, Wardlaw AJ. Dexamethasone inhibits prolonged survival and autocrine GM-CSF production by human eosinophils cultured on laminin or tissue fibronectin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 208-215.
246. Wedi B, Raap U, Lewrick H, et al. Delayed eosinophil programmed cell death in vitro: A common feature of inhalent allergy and extrinsic and intrinsic atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 536-543.
247. Luttmann W, Knoechel B, Foerster M, et al. Activation of human eosinophils by IL-13. J Immunol 1996; 157: 1678-1683.
248. Horie S, Okubo Y, Hossain M, et al. Interleukin-13 but not interleukin-4 prolongs eosinophil survival and induces eosinophil chemotaxis. Int Med 1997; 36: 179-185.
249. Luttmann W, Matthiesen T, Matthys H, et al. Synergistic effects of interleukin-4 or interleukin-13 and tumor necrosis factor-a on eosinophil activation in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20(3): 474-480.
250. Kroegel C, Julius P, Matthys H, et al. Endobronchial secretion of interleukin-13 following local allergen challenge in atopic asthma: Relationship to interleukin-4 and eosinophil counts. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 899-904.
251. Humbert M, Durham SR, Kimmitt P, et al. Elevated expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding IL-13 in the bronchial mucosa of atopic and nonatopic subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 657-665.
252. Wills-Karp M, Luyimbazi J, Xu X, et al. Interleukin-13: Central mediator of allergic asthma. Science 1998; 282: 2258-2260.
253. Grunig G, Warnock M, Wakil AE, et al. Requirement for IL-13 independently of IL-4 in experimental asthma. Science 1998; 282: 2261-2282.
254. Levi-Schaffer F, Temkin V, Malamud V, et al. Mast cells enhance eosinophil survival in vitro: Role of TNF-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 1998; 160: 5554-5562.
255. Cox G, Ohtoshi T, Vancheri C, et al. Promotion of eosinophil survival by human bronchial epithelial cells and its modulation by steroids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4: 525-531.
256. Hallsworh MP, Soh CPC, Twort CHC, et al. Cultured human airway smooth muscle cells stimulated by interleukin-1b enhance eosinophil survival. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19: 910-919.
257. Ramis I, Finotto S, Dolovich J, et al. Increased survival of nasal polyp eosinophils. Immunol Lett 1995; 45: 219-221.
258. Simon HU, Yousefi S, Shranz C, et al. Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1997; 158: 3902.
259. Park H-S, Jung K-S, Shute J, et al. Allergen-induced release of GM-CSF and IL-8 in vitro by nasal polyp tissue from atopic subjects prolongs eosinophil survival. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1476-1482.
260. Ohkawara Y, Lim KG, Xing Z, et al. CD40 expression by human peripheral blood eosinophils. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 1761-1766.
261. Takanaski S, Nonaka R, Xing Z, et al. Interleukin 10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced survival and cytokine production by peripheral human blood eosinophils. J Exp Med 1994; 180: 511-515.
262. Berridge MJ. Inositol triphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature 1993; 361: 315-25.
263. 2+ independent and accompanied by induction of tyrosine kinase activity. J Leuk Biol 1993; 53: 347-353.
264. Pazdrak PK, Stafford S Alam R. The activation of the Jak-STAT signalling pathway of IL-5 in eosinophils. J Immunol 1995; 155: 397-402.
265. Van der Bruggen T, Caldenhove TE, Kanters D, et al. Interleukin 5 signaling in human eosinophils involves the Jak-2 tyrosine kinase and Stat-1a. Blood 1995; 85: 1442.
266. Bates ME, Betrics PJ, Busse WW. IL-5 activates a 45-kilodalton mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and Jak-2 tyrosine kinase in human eosinophils. J Immunol 1996; 156: 711-718.
267. Pazdrak K, Schreiber D, Forsythe P, et al. The intracellular signal transduction mechanisms of interleukin-5 in cosinophils: The involvement of Lyn tyrosine kinase and the ras-raf 1 -MEK-MAP kinase pathway. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 1827-1834.
268. Yousefi S, Hoessli DC, Blaser K, et al. Requirement of Lyn and Syk tyrosine kinases for the prevention of apoptosis by cytokines in human eosinophils. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 1407-1414.
269. Pazdrak K, Adachi T, Alam R. Src homology 2 protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHPTP/2)/Src homology 2 phosphatase 2 (SHP2) tyrosine phosphatase is a positive regulator of the interleukin 5 receptor signal transduction pathways leading to the prolongation of eosinophil survival. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 561-568.
270. Bates ME, Busse WW Bertics PJ. Interleukin 5 signals through Shc and Grb2 in human eosinophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18: 75-83.
271. Pazdrak K, Olszewska-Pazdrak B, Stafford S, et al. Lyn, Jak2, and Raf-1 kinases are critical for the antiapoptotic effect of interleukin 5, whereas only Raf-1 kinase is essential for eosinophil activation and degranulation. J Exp Med 1998; 188(3): 421-429.
272. Venge P. Human eosinophil granule proteins: Structure, function and release. In: Smith H, ed. Immunopharmacology of Eosinophils. Pp. 43-56. Academic Press, 1993.
273. Walsh GM, Wardlaw AJ, Kay AB. Mcchanisms of eosinophil adhesion, migration and activation. In: Smith H, ed. Immunopharmacology of Eosinophils. Pp. 73-89. Academic Press, 1993.
274. Shaw RJ, Walsh GM, Cromwell O, et al. Activated human eosinophils generate SRS-A leukotrienes following physiological (IgG-dependent) stimulation. Nature 1985; 316: 150-152.
275. Horic S, Kita H. CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) is required for degranulation of human eosinophils induced by human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and platelet activating factor. J Immunol 1994; 152: 5457-5467.
276. Motegi Y, Kita H. Interaction with secretory component stimulates effector functions of human eosinophils but not of neutrophils. J Immunol 1998; 161: 4340-4386.
277. Takafuji S, Ohtoshi T, Takizawa H, et al. Eosinophil degranulation in the presence of epithelial cells. Effect of cytokines and role of adhesion. J Immunol 1996; 156: 3980-3985.
278. 2 in response to physiologic soluble stimuli is differentially modulated by extracellular matrix components and endothelial cells. J Immunol 1991; 147: 613-620.
279. 2 integrin in the activation of eosinophils stimulated by IgG. J Immunol 1995; 155: 2631-2641.
280. Neeley S, Hamann KJ, Dowling TL, et al. Augmentation of stimulated eosinophil degranulation by VLA-4 (CD49d)-mediated adhesion to fibronectin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 206-213.
281. Kita H, Horie S, Gleich GJ. Extracellular matrix proteins attenuate activation and degranulation of stimulated eosinophils. J Immunol 1996; 156: 1174-1181.
282. Nutten S, Papin J-P, Woerly G, et al. Selectin and Lewis x are required as co-receptors in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of human eosinophils to Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29: 799-808.
283. Laudanna C, Melotti P, Bonizzato C, et al. Ligation of the members of the β1 or β2 subfamilies of integrins by antibodies triggers eosinophil respiratory burst and spreading. Immunology 1993; 80: 273-280.
284. Nagata M, Sedgwick JB, Bates ME, et al. Eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 activates superoxide generation. J Immunol 1995; 155: 2194-2202.
285. Nagata M, Sedgwick JB, Kita H, et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 activation of eosinophil function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19: 158-166.
286. Tsuruta R, Cobb RR, Mastrangelo M, et al. Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-Fc fusion protein induces leukotriene C4 secretion in platelet activating factor-stimulated eosinophils. J Leuk Biol 1999; 65: 71-79.
287. Platt N, da Silva RP, Gordon S. Recognising death: The phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Trends Cell Biol 1998; 8: 356.
288. Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR. Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 1980; 68: 251-306.
289. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456.
290. Walsh GM. Mechanisms of human eosinophil survival and apoptosis. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 482-487.
291. Cheng JF, Ott NL, Perterson EA, et al. Dermal eosinophils in atopic dermatitis undergo cytolytic degeneration. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 683.
292. Stern M, Meagher L, Savill J, et al. Apoptosis in human eosinophils: Programmed cell death in the eosinophil leads to phagocytosis by macrophages and is modulated by IL-5. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3543-3549.
293. + channels. J Leuk Biol 1995; 57: 851-855.
294. Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell PA, et al. Exposure of phosphatidyl-serine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 1992; 148: 2207-2216.
295. Martin SJ, Reutelingsperger CPM, MaGahon AJ, et al. Early redistibution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimulus: Inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. J Exp Med 1995; 182: 1545.
296. Vermes I, Haanen C, Steffens-Nakken H, et al. A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V. J Immunol Meth 1995; 184: 39.
297. Walsh GM, Dewson G, Wardlaw AJ, et al. A comparative study of the different methods for assessment of apoptosis and necrosis in human eosinophils. J Immunol Meth 1998; 217: 153-163.
298. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, et al. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-β, PGE2 and PAF. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 890.
299. Stern M, Savill J, Haslett C. Human monocyte-derived macrophage phagocytosis of senescent eosinophils undergoing apoptosis: Mediation by αvβ3/CD36/thrombospondin recognition mechanism and lack of phlogistic response. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 911-921.
300. Walsh GM, Sexton DW, Blaylock MG, et al. Resting and cytokine-stimulated human small airway epithelial cells recognise and engulf apoptotic eosinophils. Blood 1999 (in press).
301. Schleimer RP. Effects of glucocorticoids on inflammatory cells relevant to their therapeutic applications in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: S59-69.
302. Barnes PJ. Efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 531-538.
303. Meagher LC, Cousin JM, Seckl JR, et al. Opposing effects of glucocorticoids on the rate of apoptosis in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4422-4428.
304. Nielson CP, Hadjokas NE. Beta-adrenoceptor agonists block corticosteroid inhibition in eosinophils. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 184-191.
305. Bankers-Fulbright JL, Kephart GM, Loegering DA, et al. Sulfonylureas inhibit cytokine-induced eosinophil survival and activation. J Immunol 1998; 160: 5546-5553.
306. Kitagaki K, Nagai H, Hayashi S, et al. Facilitation of apoptosis by cyclosporins A and H, but not FK506 in mouse bronchial eosinophils. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 337: 283-289.
307. Okada S, Hagan JB, Kato M, et al. Lidocaine and its analogues inhibit IL-5-mediated survival and activation of human eosinophils. J Immunol 1998; 160: 4010-4017,
308. Alam, R, Forsythe P, Stafford S, et al. Transforming growth factor-β abrogates the effects of hematopoietins on eosinophils and induces their apoptosis. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1041-1045.
309. Yousefi S, Green DR, Blaser K, et al. Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation regulates apoptosis in human eosinophils and neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 10868-10872.
310. Wedi B, Raap U, Lewrick H, et al. IL-4-induced apoptosis in peripheral blood eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 1013.
311. Nagata S, Goldstein P. The Fas death factor. Science 1995; 267: 1449-1455.
312. Matsumoto K, Schleimer RP, Saito H, et al. Induction of apoptosis in human eosinophils by anti-Fas antibody treatment in vitro. Blood 1995; 86: 1437-1443.
313. Druilhe A, Cai Z, Haile S, et al. Fas-mediated apoptosis in cultured human eosinophils. Blood 1996; 87: 2822-2830.
314. Simon H-U, Yousefi S, Dibbert B, et al. Role for tyrosine phosphorylation and Lyn tyrosine kinase in Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis in cosinophils. Blood 1998; 92: 547-557.
315. Luttmann W, Opfer A, Dauer E, et al. Differential regulation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) expression in human blood eosinophils. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28: 2057-2065.
316. Hebestreit H, Dibbert B, Balatti I, et al. Disruption of Fas receptor signaling by nitric oxide in eosinophils. J Exp Med 1998; 187(3): 415-425.
317. Alving KE, Weitzberg E, Lundburg JM. Increased amounts of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 1268-1370.
318. del Pozo V, de Arruda-Chaves E, de Andres B, et al. Eosinophils transcribe and translate messenger RNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol 1997; 158: 859-864.
319. 4+ cells in human allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 1-6.
320. Jayaraman S, Castro M, O'Sullivan M, et al. Resistance to Fas-mediated T cell apotosis in asthma. J Immunol 1999; 162: 1717-1722.
321. Testi R, D'Ambrosio D, De Maria R, et al. The CD69 receptor: A multipurpose cell-surface trigger for hematopoietic cells. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 479-483.
322. Walsh GM, Williamson ML, Symon FA, et al. Ligation of CD69 induces apoptosis and cell death in human eosinophils cultured with GM-CSF. Blood 1996b; 87: 2815-2821.
323. Walsh GM, Sexton DS, Blaylock MG. Ligation of CD45 and CD45RA and RB induces apoptosis in human cosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol (in press).
324. Patel T, Gores GJ, Kaufmann SH. The role of proteases during apoptosis. FASEB J 1996; 10: 587-597.
325. Yang E, Korsmeyer SJ. Molecular thanatopsis: A discourse on the Bcl-2 family and cell death. Blood 1996; 88: 386.
326. Ochiai K, Kagami M, Matsumura R, et al. IL-5 but not interferon-gamma inhibits eosinophil apoptosis by upregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107: 198.
327. Saita N, Yamanaka T, Kohrogi H, et al. Expression of apoptosis-related antigen on eosinophils in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 114(Suppl 1): 64.
328. Druilhe A, Arock M, Le Goff L, et al. Human eosinophils express Bcl-2 family proteins: Modulation of Mcl-1 expression by IFN-γ. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18(3): 315-322.
329. Dibbert B, Daigle I, Braun D, et al. Role for Bcl-XL in delayed cosinophil apoptosis mediated by granulocyte-macrophage colony - Stimulating factor and interleukin-5. Blood 1998; 92(3): 778-783.
330. Dewson G, Walsh GM, Wardlaw AJ. Expression of Bcl-2 and its homologues in human eosinophils: Modulation by interleukin-5. Am J Respir Cell Mol BioI 1999; 20: 720-728.
331. Woolley KL, Gibson PG, Carty K, et al. Eosinophil apoptosis and the resolution of airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 237-243.
332. Ying S, Meng Q, Taborda-Barata L, et al. Association of apoptosis of neutrophils and eosinophils and their ingestion by macrophages with resolution of the allergen-induced cutaneous response in atopic human subjects. Proc Assoc Am Physic 1997; 109: 42.
333. Druilhe A, Wallaert B, Tsicopoulos A, et al. Apoptosis, proliferation and expression of Bcl-2, Fas and Fas ligand in bronchial biopsies from asthmatics. Am J Respir Mol Biol 1998; 19: 747-757.
334. Kawabori S, Soda K, Perdue MH, et al. The dynamics of intestinal cosinophil depletion in rats treated with dexamethasone. Lab Invest 1991; 64: 224-233.
335. Tsuyuki S, Bertrand C, Erard F, et al. Activation of the Fas receptor on lung eosinophils leads to apoptosis and the resolution of eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2924-2931.
336. Kodama T, Matsuyama T, Miyata S, et al. Kinetics of apoptosis in the lungs of mice with allergic airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1435-1443.
337. Schleimer RP, Bochner BS. The role of adhesion molecules in alllergic inflammation and their suitability as targets of antianergic therapy. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28(Suppl 3): 15-23.
338. Pauwels RA, Brusselle GG, Tournoy KG, et al. Cytokines and their receptors as therapeutic targets in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28(Suppl. 3): 1-5.