Integrin function in heart fibrosis: Mechanical strain, transforming growth factor-beta 1 activation, and collagen glycation

Extracellular Matrix: Pathobiology and Signaling

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 406-431

  Hinz, Boris ^a   McCulloch, Christopher A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85120290673     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (188)

1. Adeghate, E. (2004). Molecular and cellular basis of the aetiology and management of diabetic cardiomyopathy: a short review. Mol Cell Biochem 261, 187-191.
2. Aluwihare, P., and Munger, J. S. (2008). What the lung has taught us about latent TGF-beta activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39, 499-502.
3. Annes, J. P., Chen, Y., Munger, J. S., and Rifkin, D. B. (2004). Integrin alpha Vbeta6-mediated activation of latent TGF-beta requires the latent TGF-beta binding protein-1. J Cell Biol 165, 723-734.
4. Annes, J. P., Munger, J. S., and Rifkin, D. B. (2003). Making sense of latent TGFbeta activation. J Cell Sci 1 16, 217-224.
5. Aragno, M., Mastrocola, R., Alloatti, G., et al. (2008). Oxidative stress triggers cardiac fibrosis in the heart of diabetic rats. Endocrinology 149, 380-388.
6. Arora, P. D., Narani, N., and McCulloch, C. A. (1999). The compliance of collagen gels regulates transforming growth factor-beta induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin in fibroblasts. Am J Pathol 154, 871-882.
7. Asbun, J., and Villarreal, F. J. (2006). The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 47, 693-700.
8. Asif, M., Egan, J., Vasan, S., et al. (2000). An advanced glycation endproduct cross-link breaker can reverse age-related increases in myocardial stiffness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 2809-2813.
9. Babbitt, C. J., Shai, S. Y., Harpf, A. E., Pham, C. G., and Ross, R. S. (2002). Modulation of integrins and integrin signaling molecules in the pressure-loaded murine ventricle. Histochem Cell Biol 118, 431-439.
10. Bader, B. L., Rayburn, H., Crowley, D., and Hynes, R. O. (1998). Extensive vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and organogenesis precede lethality in mice lacking all alpha v integrins. Cell 95, 507-519.
11. Ballestrem, C., Hinz, B., Imhof, B. A., and Wehrle-Haller, B. (2001). Marching at the front and dragging behind: differential alphaVbeta3-integrin turnover regulates focal adhesion behavior. J Cell Biol 155, 1319-1332.
12. Ban, C. R., and Twigg, S. M. (2008). Fibrosis in diabetes complications: pathogenic mechanisms and circulating and urinary markers. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4, 575-596.
13. Barczyk, M., Carracedo, S., and Gullberg, D. (2009). Integrins. Cell Tissue Res 339, 269-280.
14. Barry-Hamilton, V., Spangler, R., Marshall, D., et al. (2010). Allosteric inhibition of lysyl oxidase-like-2 impedes the development of a pathologic microenvironment. Nat Med 16, 1009-1017.
15. Baudino, T. A., Carver, W., Giles, W., and Borg, T. K. (2006). Cardiac fibroblasts: friend or foe? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291, H1015-H1026.
16. Bell, D. S. (2003). Heart failure: the frequent, forgotten, and often fatal complication of diabetes. Diabetes Care 26, 2433-2441.
17. Berg, T. J., Snorgaard, O., Faber, J., et al. (1999). Serum levels of advanced glycation end products are associated with left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22, 1186-1190.
18. Berry, M. F., Engler, A. J., Woo, Y. J., et al. (2006). Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290, H2196-2203.
19. Bhatia, R. S., Tu, J. V., Lee, D. S., et al. (2006). Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 355, 260-269.
20. Boluyt, M. O., O'Neill, L., Meredith, A. L., et al. (1994). Alterations in cardiac gene expression during the transition from stable hypertrophy to heart failure. Marked upregulation of genes encoding extracellular matrix components. Circ Res 75, 23-32.
21. Boudina, S., and Abel, E. D. (2007). Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation 115, 3213-3223.
22. Boudina, S., Sena, S., Theobald, H., et al. (2007). Mitochondrial energetics in the heart in obesity-related diabetes: direct evidence for increased uncoupled respiration and activation of uncoupling proteins. Diabetes 56, 2457-2466.
23. Bouvard, D., Brakebusch, C., Gustafsson, E., et al. (2001). Functional consequences of integrin gene mutations in mice. Circ Res 89, 211-223.
24. Bouzeghrane, F., Mercure, C., Reudelhuber, T. L., and Thibault, G. (2004). Alpha8beta1 integrin is upregulated in myofibroblasts of fibrotic and scarring myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 36, 343-353.
25. Breen, E. C. (2000). Mechanical strain increases type I collagen expression in pulmonary fibroblasts in vitro. J Appl Physiol 88, 203-209.
26. Brilla, C. G., Maisch, B., Rupp, H., Funck, R., Zhou, G., and Weber, K. T. (1995). Pharmacological modulation of cardiac fibroblast function. Herz 20, 127-134.
27. Brown, R. D., Ambler, S. K., Mitchell, M. D., and Long, C. S. (2005). The cardiac fibroblast: therapeutic target in myocardial remodeling and failure. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45, 657-687.
28. Bugger, H., and Abel, E. D. (2009). Rodent models of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Dis Model Mech 2, 454-466.
29. Bugger, H., Boudina, S., Hu, X. X., et al. (2008). Type 1 diabetic akita mouse hearts are insulin sensitive but manifest structurally abnormal mitochondria that remain coupled despite increased uncoupling protein 3. Diabetes 57, 2924-2932.
30. Bujak, M., and Frangogiannis, N. G. (2007). The role of TGF-beta signaling in myocardial infarction and cardiac remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 74, 184-195.
31. Burgess, M. L., Carver, W. E., Terracio, L., Wilson, S. P., Wilson, M. A., and Borg, T. K. (1994). Integrin-mediated collagen gel contraction by cardiac fibroblasts. Effects of angiotensin II. Circ Res 74, 291-298.
32. Burlew, B. S., and Weber, K. T. (2002). Cardiac fibrosis as a cause of diastolic dysfunction. Herz 27, 92-98.
33. Campbell, S. E., Janicki, J. S., and Weber, K. T. (1995). Temporal differences in fibroblast proliferation and phenotype expression in response to chronic administration of angiotensin II or aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27, 1545-1560.
34. Campbell, S. E., and Katwa, L. C. (1997). Angiotensin II stimulated expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29, 1947-1958.
35. Carracedo, S., Lu, N., Popova, S. N., Jonsson, R., Eckes, B., and Gullberg, D. (2010). The fibroblast integrin alpha11beta1 is induced in a mechanosensitive manner involving activin A and regulates myofibroblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 285, 10434-10445.
36. Carver, W., Nagpal, M. L., Nachtigal, M., Borg, T. K., and Terracio, L. (1991). Collagen expression in mechanically stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 69, 116-122.
37. Casis, O., and Echevarria, E. (2004). Diabetic cardiomyopathy: electromechanical cellular alterations. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2, 237-248.
38. Casscells, W., Bazoberry, F., Speir, E., et al. (1990). Transforming growth factor-beta 1 in normal heart and in myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 593, 148-160.
39. Chang, K. C., Hsu, K. L., Tseng, C. D., Lin, Y. D., Cho, Y. L., and Tseng, Y. Z. (2006). Aminoguanidine prevents arterial stiffening and cardiac hypertrophy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Br J Pharmacol 147, 944-950.
40. Chong, S. A., Lee, W., Arora, P. D., et al. (2007). Methylglyoxal inhibits the binding step of collagen phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 282, 8510-8520.
41. Chow, C. M., Donovan, L., Manuel, D., Johansen, H., and Tu, J. V. (2005). Regional variation in self-reported heart disease prevalence in Canada. Can J Cardiol 21, 1265-1271.
42. Covell, J. W. (1990). Factors influencing diastolic function. Possible role of the extracellular matrix. Circulation 81, III155- III158.
43. Derynck, R., Jarrett, J. A., Chen, E. Y., and Goeddel, D. V. (1986). The murine transforming growth factor-beta precursor. J Biol Chem 261, 4377-4379.
44. Desmouliere, A., Geinoz, A., Gabbiani, F., and Gabbiani, G. (1993). Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in granulation tissue myofibroblasts and in quiescent and growing cultured fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 122, 103-111.
45. Diao, X., Shen, E., Wang, X., and Hu, B. (2011). Differentially expressed microRNAs and their target genes in the hearts of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 4, 633-640.
46. Dugina, V., Fontao, L., Chaponnier, C., Vasiliev, J., and Gabbiani, G. (2001). Focal adhesion features during myofibroblastic differentiation are controlled by intracellular and extracellular factors. J Cell Sci 114, 3285-3296.
47. Dyntar, D., Sergeev, P., Klisic, J., Ambuhl, P., Schaub, M. C., and Donath, M. Y. (2006). High glucose alters cardiomyocyte contacts and inhibits myofibrillar formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 1961-1967.
48. Eghbali, M. (1992). Cardiac fibroblasts: function, regulation of gene expression, and phenotypic modulation. Basic Res Cardiol 87 (Suppl 2), 183-189.
49. El-Seweidy, M. M., Sadik, N. A., and Shaker, O. G. (2010). Role of sulfurous mineral water and sodium hydrosulfide as potent inhibitors of fibrosis in the heart of diabetic rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 506, 48-57.
50. Engler, A. J., Carag-Krieger, C., Johnson, C. P., et al. (2008). Embryonic cardiomyocytes beat best on a matrix with heart-like elasticity: scar-like rigidity inhibits beating. J Cell Sci 121, 3794-3802.
51. Frangogiannis, N. G. (2008). The immune system and cardiac repair. Pharmacol Res 58, 88-111.
52. Frustaci, A., Kajstura, J., Chimenti, C., et al. (2000). Myocardial cell death in human diabetes. Circ Res 87, 1123-1132.
53. Gabbiani, G. (2003). The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases. J Pathol 200, 500-503.
54. Georges, P. C., Hui, J. J., Gombos, Z., et al. (2007). Increased stiffness of the rat liver precedes matrix deposition: implications for fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293, G1147-G1154.
55. Goffin, J. M., Pittet, P., Csucs, G., Lussi, J. W., Meister, J. J., and Hinz, B. (2006). Focal adhesion size controls tension-dependent recruitment of alpha-smooth muscle actin to stress fibers. J Cell Biol 172, 259-268.
56. Goumans, M. J., Liu, Z., and ten Dijke, P. (2009). TGF-beta signaling in vascular biology and dysfunction. Cell Res 19, 116-127.
57. Graf, K., Neuss, M., Stawowy, P., Hsueh, W. A., Fleck, E., and Law, R. E. (2000). Angiotensin II and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression in rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts. Hypertension 35, 978-984.
58. Grinnell, F. (1994). Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and wound contraction. J Cell Biol 124, 401-404.
59. Grinnell, F., and Petroll, W. M. (2010). Cell motility and mechanics in three-dimensional collagen matrices. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 26, 335-361.
60. Grove, D., Zak, R., Nair, K. G., and Aschenbrenner, V. (1969). Biochemical correlates of cardiac hypertrophy. IV. Observations on the cellular organization of growth during myocardial hypertrophy in the rat. Circ Res 25, 473-485.
61. Gullberg, D., Velling, T., Sjoberg, G., and Sejersen, T. (1995). Up-regulation of a novel integrin alpha-chain (alpha mt) on human fetal myotubes. Dev Dyn 204, 57-65.
62. Gullberg, D. E., and Lundgren-Akerlund, E. (2002). Collagen-binding I domain integrinswhat do they do? Prog Histochem Cytochem 37, 3-54.
63. Hao, J., Ju, H., Zhao, S., Junaid, A., Scammell-LaFleur, T., and Dixon, I. M. (1999). Elevation of expression of Smads 2, 3, and 4, decorin and TGF-beta in the chronic phase of myocardial infarct scar healing. J Mol Cell Cardiol 31, 667-678.
64. Haudek, S. B., Xia, Y., Huebener, P., et al. (2006). Bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors mediate ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 18284-18289.
65. Hein, S., Arnon, E., Kostin, S., et al. (2003). Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart: structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms. Circulation 107, 984-991.
66. Herrmann, K. L., McCulloch, A. D., and Omens, J. H. (2003). Glycated collagen cross-linking alters cardiac mechanics in volume-overload hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284, H1277-H1284.
67. Hinz, B. (2006). Masters and servants of the force: the role of matrix adhesions in myofibroblast force perception and transmission. Eur J Cell Biol 85, 175-181.
68. Hinz, B. (2007). Formation and function of the myofibroblast during tissue repair. J Invest Dermatol 127, 526-537.
69. Hinz, B. (2009). Tissue stiffness, latent TGF-beta1 activation, and mechanical signal transduction: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 11, 120-126.
70. Hinz, B. (2010). The myofibroblast: paradigm for a mechanically active cell. J Biomech 43, 146-155.
71. Hinz, B., Celetta, G., Tomasek, J. J., Gabbiani, G., and Chaponnier, C. (2001a). Alpha-smooth muscle actin expression upregulates fibroblast contractile activity. Mol Biol Cell 12, 2730-2741.
72. Hinz, B., Dugina, V., Ballestrem, C., Wehrle-Haller, B., and Chaponnier, C. (2003). Alpha-smooth muscle actin Is crucial for focal adhesion maturation in myofibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 14, 2508-2519.
73. Hinz, B., Mastrangelo, D., Iselin, C. E., Chaponnier, C., and Gabbiani, G. (2001b). Mechanical tension controls granulation tissue contractile activity and myofibroblast differentiation. Am J Pathol 159, 1009-1020.
74. Hinz, B., Phan, S. H., Thannickal, V. J., Galli, A., Bochaton-Piallat, M. L., and Gabbiani, G. (2007). The myofibroblast: one function, multiple origins. Am J Pathol 170, 1807-1816.
75. Hinz, B., Pittet, P., Smith-Clerc, J., Chaponnier, C., and Meister, J. J. (2004). Myofibroblast development is characterized by specific cell-cell adherens junctions. Mol Biol Cell 15, 4310-4320.
76. Horan, G. S., Wood, S., Ona, V., et al. (2008). Partial inhibition of integrin alpha(v)beta6 prevents pulmonary fibrosis without exacerbating inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177, 56-65.
77. Howard, E. W., Benton, R., Ahern-Moore, J., and Tomasek, J. J. (1996). Cellular contraction of collagen lattices is inhibited by nonenzymatic glycation. Exp Cell Res 228, 132-137.
78. Howlett, J. G., McKelvie, R. S., Arnold, J. M., et al. (2009). Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference guidelines on heart failure, update 2009: diagnosis and management of right-sided heart failure, myocarditis, device therapy and recent important clinical trials. Can J Cardiol 25, 85-105.
79. Hsueh, W., Abel, E. D., Breslow, J. L., et al. (2007). Recipes for creating animal models of diabetic cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 100, 1415-1427.
80. Huang, X. Z., Wu, J. F., Cass, D., et al. (1996). Inactivation of the integrin beta 6 subunit gene reveals a role of epithelial integrins in regulating inflammation in the lung and skin. J Cell Biol 133, 921-928.
81. Huynh, K., McMullen, J. R., Julius, T. L., et al. (2011). Cardiac-specific IGF-1 receptor transgenic expression protects against cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in a mouse model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 59, 1512-1520.
82. Hynes, R. O. (2009). The extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils. Science 326, 1216-1219.
83. Jenkins, G. (2008). The role of proteases in transforming growth factor-beta activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40, 1068-1078.
84. Jenkins, R. G., Su, X., Su, G., et al. (2006). Ligation of protease-activated receptor 1 enhances alpha(v)beta6 integrin-dependent TGF-beta activation and promotes acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 116, 1606-1614.
85. Junker, J. P., Kratz, C., Tollback, A., and Kratz, G. (2008). Mechanical tension stimulates the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in human burn scars. Burns 34 (7), 942-946.
86. Kato, T., Yamashita, T., Sekiguchi, A., et al. (2008). AGEs-RAGE system mediates atrial structural remodeling in the diabetic rat. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19, 415-420.
87. Kawano, H., Cody, R. J., Graf, K., et al. (2000). Angiotensin II enhances integrin and alphaactinin expression in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. Hypertension 35, 273-279.
88. Keating, M. T., and Sanguinetti, M. C. (1996). Molecular genetic insights into cardiovascular disease. Science 272, 681-685.
89. Kelly, D. J., Zhang, Y., Connelly, K., et al. (2007). Tranilast attenuates diastolic dysfunction and structural injury in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293, H2860-H2869.
90. Khong, F. L., Zhang, Y., Edgley, A. J., et al. (2011). 3',4'-Dihydroxyflavonol antioxidant attenuates diastolic dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic m(Ren2)27 rats. PLoS One 6, e22777.
91. King, H., Aubert, R. E., and Herman, W. H. (1998). Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 21, 1414-1431.
92. Kitamura, M., Shimizu, M., Ino, H., et al. (2001). Collagen remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the significance of type III and VI collagens. Clin Cardiol 24, 325-329.
93. Kuwahara, F., Kai, H., Tokuda, K., et al. (2002). Transforming growth factor-beta function blocking prevents myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded rats. Circulation 106, 130-135.
94. Leask, A. (2007). TGFbeta, cardiac fibroblasts, and the fibrotic response. Cardiovasc Res 74, 207-212.
95. Lee, A. A., Dillmann, W. H., McCulloch, A. D., and Villarreal, F. J. (1995). Angiotensin II stimulates the autocrine production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27, 2347-2357.
96. Leslie, K. O., Taatjes, D. J., Schwarz, J., vonTurkovich, M., and Low, R. B. (1991). Cardiac myofibroblasts express alpha smooth muscle actin during right ventricular pressure overload in the rabbit. Am J Pathol 139, 207-216.
97. Levine, D., Rockey, D. C., Milner, T. A., Breuss, J. M., Fallon, J. T., and Schnapp, L. M. (2000). Expression of the integrin alpha8beta1 during pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis. Am J Pathol 156, 1927-1935.
98. Li, G., Li, R. K., Mickle, D. A., et al. (1998). Elevated insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta 1 and their receptors in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A possible mechanism. Circulation 98, II144-II149; discussion II149-II150.
99. Lu, M., Munger, J. S., Steadele, M., Busald, C., Tellier, M., and Schnapp, L. M. (2002). Integrin alpha8beta1 mediates adhesion to LAP-TGFbeta1. J Cell Sci 115, 4641-4648.
100. Ludbrook, S. B., Barry, S. T., Delves, C. J., and Horgan, C. M. (2003). The integrin alphavbeta3 is a receptor for the latency-associated peptides of transforming growth factors beta1 and beta3. Biochem J 369, 311-318.
101. Malmstrom, J., Lindberg, H., Lindberg, C., et al. (2004). Transforming growth factor-beta 1 specifically induce proteins involved in the myofibroblast contractile apparatus. Mol Cell Proteomics 3, 466-477.
102. Margadant, C., and Sonnenberg, A. (2010). Integrin-TGF-beta crosstalk in fibrosis, cancer and wound healing. EMBO Rep 11, 97-105.
103. Martin, J., Kelly, D. J., Mifsud, S. A., et al. (2005). Tranilast attenuates cardiac matrix deposition in experimental diabetes: role of transforming growth factor-beta. Cardiovasc Res 65, 694-701.
104. Massague, J., and Wotton, D. (2000). Transcriptional control by the TGF-beta/Smad signaling system. EMBO J 19, 1745-1754.
105. Maya, L., and Villarreal, F. J. (2010). Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 48, 524-529.
106. Merryman, W. D., Lukoff, H. D., Long, R. A., Engelmayr, G. C., Jr, Hopkins, R. A., and Sacks, M. S. (2007). Synergistic effects of cyclic tension and transforming growth factor-beta1 on the aortic valve myofibroblast. Cardiovasc Pathol 16, 268-276.
107. Mollmann, H., Nef, H. M., Kostin, S., et al. (2006). Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to infarct remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 71, 661-671.
108. Munger, J. S., Harpel, J. G., Giancotti, F. G., and Rifkin, D. B. (1998). Interactions between growth factors and integrins: latent forms of transforming growth factor-beta are ligands for the integrin alphavbeta1. Mol Biol Cell 9, 2627-2638.
109. Munger, J. S., Huang, X., Kawakatsu, H., et al. (1999). The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 96, 319-328.
110. Nakajima, H., Nakajima, H. O., Salcher, O., et al. (2000). Atrial but not ventricular fibrosis in mice expressing a mutant transforming growth factor-beta(1) transgene in the heart. Circ Res 86, 571-579.
111. Nishimura, S. L. (2009). Integrin-mediated transforming growth factor-beta activation, a potential therapeutic target in fibrogenic disorders. Am J Pathol 175, 1362-1370.
112. Ouzounian, M., Lee, D. S., and Liu, P. P. (2008). Diastolic heart failure: mechanisms and controversies. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5, 375-386.
113. Owan, T. E., Hodge, D. O., Herges, R. M., Jacobsen, S. J., Roger, V. L., and Redfield, M. M. (2006). Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 355, 251-259.
114. Perez-Tamayo, R. (1978). Pathology of collagen degradation. A review. Am J Pathol 92, 508-566.
115. Pessina, A. C. (2007). Target organs of individuals with diabetes caught between arterial stiffness and damage to the microcirculation. J Hypertens Suppl 25, S13-S18.
116. Petrov, V. V., Fagard, R. H., and Lijnen, P. J. (2002). Stimulation of collagen production by transforming growth factor-beta1 during differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Hypertension 39, 258-263.
117. Phan, S. H. (2002). The myofibroblast in pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 122, 286S-289S.
118. Pittet, P., Lee, K., Kulik, A. J., Meister, J. J., and Hinz, B. (2008). Fibrogenic fibroblasts increase intercellular adhesion strength by reinforcing individual OB-cadherin bonds. J Cell Sci 121, 877-886.
119. Poirier, P., Garneau, C., Bogaty, P., et al. (2000). Impact of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction on maximal treadmill performance in normotensive subjects with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 85, 473-477.
120. Popova, S. N., Lundgren-Akerlund, E., Wiig, H., and Gullberg, D. (2007). Physiology and pathology of collagen receptors. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 190, 179-187.
121. Popova, S. N., Rodriguez-Sanchez, B., Liden, A., Betsholtz, C., Van Den Bos, T., and Gull-berg, D. (2004). The mesenchymal alpha11beta1 integrin attenuates PDGF-BB-stimulated chemotaxis of embryonic fibroblasts on collagens. Dev Biol 270, 427-442.
122. Porter, K. E., and Turner, N. A. (2009). Cardiac fibroblasts: at the heart of myocardial remodeling. Pharmacol Ther 123 (2), 255-278.
123. Ramirez, F., and Rifkin, D. B. (2009). Extracellular microfibrils: contextual platforms for TGFbeta and BMP signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21, 616-622.
124. Ren, J., Avery, J., Zhao, H., Schneider, J. G., Ross, F. P., and Muslin, A. J. (2007). Beta3 in-tegrin deficiency promotes cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 42, 367-377.
125. Rosenkranz, S. (2004). TGF-beta1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 63, 423-432.
126. Rosenkranz, S., Flesch, M., Amann, K., et al. (2002). Alterations of beta-adrenergic signaling and cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-beta(1). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283, H1253-H1262.
127. Ross, R. S. (2002). The extracellular connections: the role of integrins in myocardial remodeling. J Card Fail 8, S326-S331.
128. Ross, R. S., and Borg, T. K. (2001). Integrins and the myocardium. Circ Res 88, 1112-1119.
129. Sadoshima, J., and Izumo, S. (1997). The cellular and molecular response of cardiac myocytes to mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 59, 551-571.
130. Sheppard, D. (2005). Integrin-mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor beta. Cancer Metastasis Rev 24, 395-402.
131. Shi, M., Zhu, J., Wang, R., et al. (2011). Latent TGF-beta structure and activation. Nature 474, 343-349.
132. Shi, Y., and Massague, J. (2003). Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113, 685-700.
133. Shi-Wen, X., Renzoni, E. A., Kennedy, L., et al. (2007). Endogenous endothelin-1 signaling contributes to type I collagen and CCN2 overexpression in fibrotic fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 26, 625-632.
134. Shull, M. M., Ormsby, I., Kier, A. B., et al. (1992). Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 359, 693-699.
135. Simpson, D. G., Majeski, M., Borg, T. K., and Terracio, L. (1999). Regulation of cardiac myocyte protein turnover and myofibrillar structure in vitro by specific directions of stretch. Circ Res 85, e59-69.
136. Singh, V. P., Baker, K. M., and Kumar, R. (2008). Activation of the intracellular renin-angiotensin system in cardiac fibroblasts by high glucose: role in extracellular matrix production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294, H1675-H1684.
137. Solon, J., Levental, I., Sengupta, K., Georges, P. C., and Janmey, P. A. (2007). Fibroblast adaptation and stiffness matching to soft elastic substrates. Biophys J 93, 4453-4461.
138. Squires, C. E., Escobar, G. P., Payne, J. F., et al. (2005). Altered fibroblast function following myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 39, 699-707.
139. Srivastava, P. M., Calafiore, P., Macisaac, R. J., et al. (2008). Prevalence and predictors of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 114, 313-320.
140. Stolen, T. O., Hoydal, M. A., Kemi, O. J., et al. (2009). Interval training normalizes cardiomyocyte function, diastolic Ca2+ control, and SR Ca2+ release synchronicity in a mouse model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 105, 527-536.
141. Sun, Y., and Weber, K. T. (2000). Infarct scar: a dynamic tissue. Cardiovasc Res 46, 250-256.
142. Sussman, M. A., McCulloch, A., and Borg, T. K. (2002). Dance band on the Titanic: biomechanical signaling in cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 91, 888-898.
143. Suurmeijer, A. J., Clement, S., Francesconi, A., et al. (2003). Alpha-actin isoform distribution in normal and failing human heart: a morphological, morphometric, and biochemical study. J Pathol 199, 387-397.
144. Takahashi, N., Calderone, A., Izzo, N. J., Jr, Maki, T. M., Marsh, J. D., and Colucci, W. S. (1994). Hypertrophic stimuli induce transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression in rat ventricular myocytes. J Clin Invest 94, 1470-1476.
145. Tang, M., Zhang, W., Lin, H., Jiang, H., Dai, H., and Zhang, Y. (2007). High glucose promotes the production of collagen types I and III by cardiac fibroblasts through a pathway dependent on extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Mol Cell Biochem 301, 109-114.
146. Taylor, A. W. (2009). Review of the activation of TGF-beta in immunity. J Leukoc Biol 85, 29-33.
147. Thannickal, V. J., Toews, G. B., White, E. S., Lynch, J. P., III, and Martinez, F. J. (2004). Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. Annu Rev Med 55, 395-417.
148. Thibault, G., Lacombe, M. J., Schnapp, L. M., Lacasse, A., Bouzeghrane, F., and Lapalme, G. (2001). Upregulation of alpha(8)beta(1)-integrin in cardiac fibroblast by angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-beta1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281, C1457-C1467.
149. Thompson, N. L., Bazoberry, F., Speir, E. H., et al. (1988). Transforming growth factor beta-1 in acute myocardial infarction in rats. Growth Factors 1, 91-99.
150. Tiger, C. F., Fougerousse, F., Grundstrom, G., Velling, T., and Gullberg, D. (2001). Alpha11-beta1 integrin is a receptor for interstitial collagens involved in cell migration and collagen reorganization on mesenchymal nonmuscle cells. Dev Biol 237, 116-129.
151. Tokudome, T., Horio, T., Yoshihara, F., et al. (2004). Direct effects of high glucose and insulin on protein synthesis in cultured cardiac myocytes and DNA and collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. Metabolism 53, 710-715.
152. Tomasek, J. J., Gabbiani, G., Hinz, B., Chaponnier, C., and Brown, R. A. (2002). Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3, 349-363.
153. Tsujino, T., Kawasaki, D., and Masuyama, T. (2006). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 6, 219-230.
154. Tucker, G. C. (2002). Inhibitors of integrins. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2, 394-402.
155. van Amerongen, M. J., Bou-Gharios, G., Popa, E., et al. (2008). Bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts contribute functionally to scar formation after myocardial infarction. J Pathol 214, 377-386.
156. Van den Bergh, A., Vanderper, A., Vangheluwe, P., et al. (2008). Dyslipidaemia in type II diabetic mice does not aggravate contractile impairment but increases ventricular stiffness. Cardiovasc Res 77, 371-379.
157. van der Slot, A. J., Zuurmond, A. M., Bardoel, A. F., et al. (2003). Identification of PLOD2 as telopeptide lysyl hydroxylase, an important enzyme in fibrosis. J Biol Chem 278, 40967-40972.
158. van Heerebeek, L., Borbely, A., Niessen, H. W., et al. (2006). Myocardial structure and function differ in systolic and diastolic heart failure. Circulation 113, 1966-1973.
159. van Heerebeek, L., Hamdani, N., Handoko, M. L., et al. (2008). Diastolic stiffness of the failing diabetic heart: importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation end products, and myocyte resting tension. Circulation 117, 43-51.
160. Van Linthout, S., Seeland, U., Riad, A., et al. (2008). Reduced MMP-2 activity contributes to cardiac fibrosis in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 103, 319-327.
161. Villarreal, F. J., and Dillmann, W. H. (1992). Cardiac hypertrophy-induced changes in mRNA levels for TGF-beta 1, fibronectin, and collagen. Am J Physiol 262, H1861-H1866.
162. Wakatsuki, T., Schlessinger, J., and Elson, E. L. (2004). The biochemical response of the heart to hypertension and exercise. Trends Biochem Sci 29, 609-617.
163. Waltenberger, J., Lundin, L., Oberg, K., et al. (1993a). Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta in the formation of fibrotic lesions in carcinoid heart disease. Am J Pathol 142, 71-78.
164. Waltenberger, J., Wanders, A., Fellstrom, B., Miyazono, K., Heldin, C. H., and Funa, K. (1993b). Induction of transforming growth factor-beta during cardiac allograft rejection. J Immunol 151, 1147-1157.
165. Wang, J., Chen, H., Seth, A., and McCulloch, C. A. (2003). Mechanical force regulation of myofibroblast differentiation in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285 (5), H1871-H1881.
166. Weinreb, P. H., Simon, K. J., Rayhorn, P., et al. (2004). Function-blocking integrin alphav-beta6 monoclonal antibodies: distinct ligand-mimetic and nonligand-mimetic classes. J Biol Chem 279, 17875-17887.
167. Wells, R. G., and Discher, D. E. (2008). Matrix elasticity, cytoskeletal tension, and TGF-B: the insoluble and soluble meet. Sci Signal 1, pe13.
168. Westermann, D., Van Linthout, S., Dhayat, S., et al. (2007). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonism protects from myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 102, 500-507.
169. Widyantoro, B., Emoto, N., Nakayama, K., et al. (2010). Endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 promotes cardiac fibrosis in diabetic hearts through stimulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Circulation 121, 2407-2418.
170. Wilke, A., Funck, R., Rupp, H., and Brilla, C. G. (1996). Effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on the cardiac interstitium in heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 91 (Suppl 2), 79-84.
171. Wipff, P. J., and Hinz, B. (2008). Integrins and the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 - an intimate relationship. Eur J Cell Biol 87, 601-615.
172. Wipff, P. J., Rifkin, D. B., Meister, J. J., and Hinz, B. (2007). Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 179, 1311-1323.
173. Wunsch, M., Sharma, H. S., Markert, T., et al. (1991). In situ localization of transforming growth factor beta 1 in porcine heart: enhanced expression after chronic coronary artery constriction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23, 1051-1062.
174. Xue, W., Cai, L., Tan, Y., et al. (2010). Cardiac-specific overexpression of HIF-1alpha prevents deterioration of glycolytic pathway and cardiac remodeling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Am J Pathol 177, 97-105.
175. Yamazaki, T., Komuro, I., and Yazaki, Y. (1998). Signalling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy. Cell Signal 10, 693-698.
176. Yang, L., and Moses, H. L. (2008). Transforming growth factor beta: tumor suppressor or promoter? Are host immune cells the answer? Cancer Res 68, 9107-9111.
177. Yang, Z., Mu, Z., Dabovic, B., et al. (2007). Absence of integrin-mediated TGFbeta1 activation in vivo recapitulates the phenotype of TGFbeta1-null mice. J Cell Biol 176, 787-793.
178. Yuen, A., Laschinger, C., Talior, I., et al. (2010). Methylglyoxal-modified collagen promotes myofibroblast differentiation. Matrix Biol 29, 537-548.
179. Zaman, A. K., Fujii, S., Goto, D., et al. (2004). Salutary effects of attenuation of angiotensin II on coronary perivascular fibrosis associated with insulin resistance and obesity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 37, 525-535.
180. Zeisberg, E. M., Tarnavski, O., Zeisberg, M., et al. (2007). Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat Med 13, 952-961.
181. Zhang, A., Liu, X., Cogan, J. G., et al. (2005). YB-1 coordinates vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin gene activation by transforming growth factor beta1 and thrombin during differentiation of human pulmonary myofibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 16, 4931-4940.
182. Zhang, W. M., Kapyla, J., Puranen, J. S., et al. (2003). Alpha 11beta 1 integrin recognizes the GFOGER sequence in interstitial collagens. J Biol Chem 278, 7270-7277.
183. Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., and Friedman, J. M. (1994). Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372, 425-432.
184. Zhao, X. H., Laschinger, C., Arora, P., Szaszi, K., Kapus, A., and McCulloch, C. A. (2007). Force activates smooth muscle alpha-actin promoter activity through the Rho signaling pathway. J Cell Sci 120, 1801-1809.
185. Zhou, Y., Hagood, J. S., Lu, B., Merryman, W. D., and Murphy-Ullrich, J. E. (2010). Thy-1-integrin alphavbeta5 interactions inhibit lung fibroblast contraction-induced latent TGF-beta1 activation and myofibroblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 285 (29), 22382-22393.
186. Zhu, J., Motejlek, K., Wang, D., Zang, K., Schmidt, A., and Reichardt, L. F. (2002). beta8 integrins are required for vascular morphogenesis in mouse embryos. Development 129, 2891-2903.
187. Zibadi, S., Cordova, F., Slack, E. H., Watson, R. R., and Larson, D. F. (2011). Leptin's regulation of obesity-induced cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling. Cardiovasc Toxicol 11 (4), 325-333.
188. Zieman, S., and Kass, D. (2004). Advanced glycation end product cross-linking: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Congest Heart Fail 10, 144-149; quiz 150-151.