Dietary Reference Values for riboflavin

EFSA Journal

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2017, Pages

  Turck, Dominique ^a   Bresson, Jean Louis ^a   Burlingame, Barbara ^a   Dean, Tara ^a   Fairweather Tait, Susan ^a   Heinonen, Marina ^a   Hirsch Ernst, Karen Ildico ^a   Mangelsdorf, Inge ^a   McArdle, Harry J ^a   Naska, Androniki ^a   Nowicka, Grażyna ^a   Pentieva, Kristina ^a   Sanz, Yolanda ^a   Siani, Alfonso ^a   Sjödin, Anders ^a   Stern, Martin ^a   Tomé, Daniel ^a   Van Loveren, Henk ^a   Vinceti, Marco ^a   Willatts, Peter ^a   Lamberg Allardt, Christel ^a   Przyrembel, Hildegard ^a   Tetens, Inge ^a   Dumas, Céline ^a   Fabiani, Lucia ^a   Forss, Annette Cecilia ^a   Ioannidou, Sofia ^a   Neuhäuser Berthold, Monika ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

average requirement; biomarker; dietary reference value; glutathione reductase; population reference intake; riboflavin; urinary excretion

Indexed keywords

EID: 85102217542     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4919     Document Type: Article

References (261)

1. Abrahamsen B, Madsen JS, Tofteng CL, Stilgren L, Bladbjerg EM, Kristensen SR, Brixen K and Mosekilde L, 2005. Are effects of MTHFR (C677T) genotype on BMD confined to women with low folate and riboflavin intake? Analysis of food records from the Danish osteoporosis prevention study. Bone, 36, 577–583.
2. Adamson JD, Jolliffe N, Kruse HD, Lowry OH, Moore PE, Platt BS, Sebrell WH, Tice JW, Tisdall FF, Wilder RM and Zamecnik PC, 1945. Medical Survey of Nutrition in Newfoundland. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 52, 227–250.
3. Afssa (Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments), 2001. Apports nutritionnels conseillés pour la population française. Editions Tec & Doc, Paris, France, 605 pp.
4. Agte V, Jahagirdar M and Chiplonkar S, 2005. Apparent absorption of eight micronutrients and phytic acid from vegetarian meals in ileostomized human volunteers. Nutrition, 21, 678–685.
5. Ajayi OA, Okike OC and Yusuf Y, 1990. Haematological response to supplements of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in Nigerian young adults. European Journal of Haematology, 44, 209–212.
6. Alexander M, Emanuel G, Golin T, Pinto JT and Rivlin RS, 1984. Relation of riboflavin nutriture in healthy elderly to intake of calcium and vitamin supplements: evidence against riboflavin supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 39, 540–546.
7. Anderson BB, Clements JE, Perry GM, Studds C, Vullo C and Salsini G, 1987. Glutathione reductase activity and its relationship to pyridoxine phosphate activity in G6PD deficiency. European Journal of Haematology, 38, 12–20.
8. Badart-Smook A, van Houwelingen AC, Al MD, Kester AD and Hornstra G, 1997. Fetal growth is associated positively with maternal intake of riboflavin and negatively with maternal intake of linoleic acid. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 867–870.
9. Baker H, Frank O, Deangelis B, Feingold S and Kaminetzky HA, 1981. Role of placenta in maternal-fetal vitamin transfer in humans. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 141, 792–796.
10. Bamji MS, 1969. Glutathione reductase activity in red blood cells and riboflavin nutritional status in humans. Clinica Chimica Acta, 26, 263–269.
11. Bamji MS and Prema K (National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research), 1981. Enzymatic riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiencies in young indian women suffering from different grades of glossitis. Nutrition Reports International, 24, 649–658.
12. Barile M, Giancaspero TA, Leone P, Galluccio M and Indiveri C, 2016. Riboflavin transport and metabolism in humans. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 39, 545–557.
13. Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, English DR and Giles GG, 2012a. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer Causes & Control, 23, 855–863.
14. Bassett JK, Hodge AM, English DR, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, Giles GG and Severi G, 2012b. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and risk of lung cancer. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 182–187.
15. Bassett JK, Baglietto L, Hodge AM, Severi G, Hopper JL, English DR and Giles GG, 2013. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes & Control, 24, 1555–1563.
16. Bates CJ, 1981. Riboflavin status in Gambian pregnant and lactating women and its implications for recommended dietary allowances. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34, 928–935.
17. Bates CJ, 1987. Human riboflavin requirement and metabolic consequences of deficency in the man and animals. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 50, 215–265.
18. Bates CJ, 1997. Bioavailability of riboflavin. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51(Suppl 1), S38–S42.
19. Bates CJ and Powers HJ, 1985. A simple fluorimetric assay for pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase in erythrocyte haemolysates: effects of riboflavin supplementation and of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 39, 107–115.
20. Bates CJ and Prentice A, 1994. Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 62, 193–220.
21. Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Watkinson M, Morrell P, Sutcliffe BA, Foord FA and Whitehead RG, 1982a. Riboflavin requirements of lactating Gambian women: a controlled supplementation trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 35, 701–709.
22. Bates CJ, Prentice AM and Paul AA, 1982b. Riboflavin status in infants born in rural Gambia, and the effect of a weaning food supplement. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76, 253–258.
23. Bates CJ, Liu DS, Fuller NJ and Lucas A, 1985. Susceptibility of riboflavin and vitamin A in breast milk to photodegradation and its implications for the use of banked breast milk in infant feeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 74, 40–44.
24. Bates CJ, Powers HJ, Downes R, Brubacher D, Sutcliffe V and Thurnhill A, 1989. Riboflavin status of adolescent vs elderly Gambian subjects before and during supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50, 825–829.
25. Bates B, Cox L, Nicholson S, Page P, Prentice A, Steer T and Swan G, 2016. National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 5 and 6 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2012/2013 – 2013/2014). A survey carried out on behalf of the Department of Health and the Food Standards Agency, 29 pp.
26. van der Beek EJ, van Dokkum W, Schrijver J, Wedel M, Gaillard AWK, Wesstra A, van de Weerd H and Hermus RJJ, 1988. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamins B6 and C:impact of combined restricted intake on functional performance in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48, 14151–11462.
27. van der Beek EJ, van Dokkum W, Wedel M, Schrijver J and van den Berg H, 1994. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 13, 629–640.
28. Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Kalkwarf HJ, Rotter MA, Bogusz S, Miller D, Haas JD and Roe DA, 1983. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 509–517.
29. Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Roach R, Rotter M, Urban G, Weinberg S and Roe DA, 1984. Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 40, 553–561.
30. Belko AZ, Meredith MP, Kalkwarf HJ, Obarzanek E, Weinberg S, Roach R, McKeon G and Roe DA, 1985. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements: biological validation in weight reducing women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 41, 270–277.
31. Benton D, Haller J and Fordy J, 1997. The vitamin status of young British adults. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 67, 34–40.
32. Bessey OA, Horwitt MK and Love RH, 1956. Dietary deprivation of riboflavin and blood riboflavin levels in man. Journal of Nutrition, 58, 367–383.
33. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY, et al., 1993. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85, 1483–1492.
34. Boisvert WA, Mendoza I, Castaneda C, De Portocarrero L, Solomons NW, Gershoff SN and Russell RM, 1993. Riboflavin requirement of healthy elderly humans and its relationship to macronutrient composition of the diet. Journal of Nutrition, 123, 915–925.
35. Bosch AM, Abeling NG, Ijlst L, Knoester H, van der Pol WL, Stroomer AE, Wanders RJ, Visser G, Wijburg FA, Duran M and Waterham HR, 2011. Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere and Fazio Londe syndrome is associated with a riboflavin transporter defect mimicking mild MADD: a new inborn error of metabolism with potential treatment. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 34, 159–164.
36. Bowman BB, McCormick DB and Rosenberg IH, 1989. Epithelial transport of water-soluble vitamins. Annual Review of Nutrition, 9, 187–199.
37. Brewer W, Porter T, Ingalls R and Olhlson MA, 1946. The urinary excretion of riboflavin by college women. Journal of Nutrition, 32, 583–596.
38. Bro-Rasmussen F, 1958. The riboflavin requirement of animals and man and associated metabolic relations. II. Relation of requirement to the metabolism of protein and energy. Nutrition abstracts and reviews. Series A: Human and experimental, 28, 369–386.
39. Brown ML, 1990. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. International Life Sciences Institute-Nutrition Foundation, Washington, DC, USA, 532 pp.
40. Bruijn J, Duivenvoorden H, Passchier J, Locher H, Dijkstra N and Arts WF, 2010. Medium-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic agent in children with migraine: a preliminary placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. Cephalalgia, 30, 1426–1434.
41. Brzezinski A, Bromberg YM and Braun K, 1952. Riboflavin excretion during pregnancy and early lactation. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 39, 84–90.
42. Brzozowska A, Kaluza J, Knoops KT and de Groot LC, 2008. Supplement use and mortality: the SENECA study. European Journal of Nutrition, 47, 131–137.
43. Buijssen M, Eeuwijk J and Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M, 2014. Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Riboflavin. EFSA supporting publication 2014:EN-591, 245 pp.
44. Burch HB, Bessey OA and Lowry OH, 1948. Fluorometric measurements of riboflavin and its natural derivatives in small quantities of blood serum and cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 175, 457–470.
45. Burgess RC, 1946. Deficiency diseases in prisoners of war at Changi, Singapore, February 1942 to August 1945. Lancet, 2, 411–418.
46. Butte N and King JC, 2002. Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Public Health Nutrition, 8, 1010–1027.
47. van Buuren S, Schönbeck Y and van Dommelen P, 2012. Collection, collation and analysis of data in relation to reference heights and reference weights for female and male children and adolescents (0-18 years) in the EU, as well as in relation to the age of onset of puberty and the age at which different stages of puberty are reached in adolescents in the EU. Project developed on the procurement project CT/EFSA/NDA/2010/01. EFSA supporting publication 2012:EN-255, 59 pp.
48. Cappellini MD and Fiorelli G, 2008. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet, 371, 64–74.
49. Chastain JL and McCormick DB, 1987. Flavin catabolites: identification and quantitation in human urine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46, 830–834.
50. Chiong MA, Sim KG, Carpenter K, Rhead W, Ho G, Olsen RK and Christodoulou J, 2007. Transient multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency in a newborn female caused by maternal riboflavin deficiency. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 92, 109–114.
51. Chocano-Bedoya PO, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Johnson SR, Chasan-Taber L, Ronnenberg AG, Bigelow C and Bertone-Johnson ER, 2011. Dietary B vitamin intake and incident premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 1080–1086.
52. Chuang SC, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Midttun O, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Teucher B, Kaaks R, Weikert C, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Naska A, Jenab M, Slimani N, Romieu I, Michaud DS, Palli D, Sieri S, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Skeie G, Duell EJ, Rodriguez L, Molina-Montes E, Huerta JM, Larranaga N, Gurrea AB, Johansen D, Manjer J, Ye W, Sund M, Peeters PH, Jeurnink S, Wareham N, Khaw KT, Crowe F, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita B and Vineis P, 2011. A U-shaped relationship between plasma folate and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. European Journal of Cancer, 47, 1808–1816.
53. Condo M, Posar A, Arbizzani A and Parmeggiani A, 2009. Riboflavin prophylaxis in pediatric and adolescent migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 10, 361–365.
54. D-A-CH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährung), 2015. Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 2. Auflage, 1. Ausgabe.
55. Dainty JR, Bullock NR, Hart DJ, Hewson AT, Turner R, Finglas PM and Powers HJ, 2007. Quantification of the bioavailability of riboflavin from foods by use of stable-isotope labels and kinetic modeling. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 1557–1564.
56. Dallosso HM, McGrother CW, Matthews RJ and Donaldson MM, 2004. Nutrient composition of the diet and the development of overactive bladder: a longitudinal study in women. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 23, 204–210.
57. Dancis J, Lehanka J and Levitz M, 1985. Transfer of riboflavin by the perfused human placenta. Pediatric Research, 19, 1143–1146.
58. Dancis J, Lehanka J, Levitz M and Schneider H, 1986. Establishment of gradients of riboflavin, L-lysine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid across the perfused human placenta. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 31, 293–296.
59. Dancis J, Lehanka J and Levitz M, 1988. Placental transport of riboflavin: differential rates of uptake at the maternal and fetal surfaces of the perfused human placenta. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 158, 204–210.
60. Daniel H, Wille U and Rehner G, 1983. In vitro kinetics of the intestinal transport of riboflavin in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 113, 636–643.
61. Darby WJ, 1981. Annual Review of Nutrition. Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA USA, 509 pp.
62. Davis MV, Oldham HG and Roberts LJ, 1946. Riboflavin excretions of young women on diets containing varying levels of the B vitamins. Journal of Nutrition, 32, 143–161.
63. Deodhar AD, Hajalakshmi R and Ramakrishnan CV, 1964. Studies on Human Lactation. Iii. Effect of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation on Vitamin Contents of Breast Milk. Acta Paediatrica, 53, 42–48.
64. DH (Department of Health), 1991. Dietary Reference Values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. HMSO, London, UK, 212 pp.
65. DHSS (Department of Health and Social Security), 1969. Recommended Intakes of Nutrients for the United Kingdom, Report on public health and medical subjects 120. HMSO, London, UK, 43 pp.
66. DHSS (Department of Health and Social Security), 1977. The Composition of Mature Human Milk. HMSO, London, UK, 56 pp.
67. DHSS (Department of Health and Social Security), 1979. Recommended Daily Amounts of Food Energy and Nutrients for Groups of People in the United Kingdom, Reports on health and social subjects 15. HMSO, London, UK, 27 pp.
68. Di Lorenzo C, Pierelli F, Coppola G, Grieco GS, Rengo C, Ciccolella M, Magis D, Bolla M, Casali C, Santorelli FM and Schoenen J, 2009. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence the therapeutic response to riboflavin in migraineurs. Neurology, 72, 1588–1594.
69. Dostálová L, Salmenperä L, Václavinková V, Heinz-Erian P and Schüep W, 1988. Vitamin concentration in term milk of European mothers. In: Berger E (ed.). Vitamins and minerals in pregnancy and lactation. Nestec Ltd., Vevey/Raven Press Ltd, New York, USA. pp. 275–298.
70. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011a. Use of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database in Exposure Assessment. EFSA Journal 2011;9(3):2097, 34 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2097
71. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011b. Report on the development of a food classification and description system for exposure assessment and guidance on its implementation and use. EFSA Journal 2011;9(12):2489, 84 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2489
72. EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of riboflavin (E 101(i)) and riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium (E 101(ii)) as food additives. EFSA Journal 2013;11(10):3357, 49 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3357
73. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2009. Scientific Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA Journal 2009;7(12):1423, 38 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1423
74. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2012. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein. EFSA Journal 2012;10(2):2557, 66 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557
75. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for energy. EFSA Journal 2013;11(1):3005, 112 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3005
76. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2014a. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for niacin. EFSA Journal 2014;12(7):3759, 42 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3759
77. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2014b. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for selenium. EFSA Journal 2014;12(10):3846, 66 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3846
78. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2015a. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for iron. EFSA Journal 2015;13(10):4254, 115 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4254
79. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2015b. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA Journal 2015;13(7):4150, 64 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4150
80. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2016. Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin B6. EFSA Journal 2016;14(6):4485, 79 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4485
81. Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM, Bochud M, Johnson AD, Chasman DI, Smith AV, Tobin MD, et al., 2011. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature, 478, 103–109.
82. Eussen SJ, Vollset SE, Hustad S, Midttun O, Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ueland PM, Jenab M, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Agudo A, Sala N, Capella G, Del Giudice G, Palli D, Boeing H, Weikert C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Buchner FL, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Vineis P, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Manjer J, Stenling R, Hallmans G, Martinez C, Arrizola L, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Rodriguez L, Bingham S, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Peeters PH, Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Trichopoulou A, Lund E, Plebani M, Riboli E and Gonzalez CA, 2010. Vitamins B2 and B6 and genetic polymorphisms related to one-carbon metabolism as risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 19, 28–38.
83. Fairweather-Tait SJ, Powers HJ, Minski MJ, Whitehead J and Downes R, 1992. Riboflavin deficiency and iron absorption in adult Gambian men. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 36, 34–40.
84. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization), 1967. Requirements of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group. FAO Food and Nutrition Series No. 8, WHO Technical Report Series No. 362, 91 pp.
85. FAO/WHO/UNU (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University), 2004. Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy, 17-24 October 2001. FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series, 103 pp.
86. Fomon SJ and McCormick DB, 1993. B vitamins and choline. In: Fomon SJ (ed.). Nutrition of normal infants. Mosby-Year Book, St Louis, USA. pp. 366–394.
87. Foraker AB, Khantwal CM and Swaan PW, 2003. Current perspectives on the cellular uptake and trafficking of riboflavin. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55, 1467–1483.
88. Ford JE, Zechalko A, Murphy J and Brooke OG, 1983. Comparison of the B vitamin composition of milk from mothers of preterm and term babies. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 58, 367–372.
89. Fortes C, Forastiere F, Farchi S, Rapiti E, Pastori G and Perucci CA, 2000. Diet and overall survival in a cohort of very elderly people. Epidemiology, 11, 440–445.
90. Garcia-Minguillan CJ, Fernandez-Ballart JD, Ceruelo S, Rios L, Bueno O, Berrocal-Zaragoza MI, Molloy AM, Ueland PM, Meyer K and Murphy MM, 2014. Riboflavin status modifies the effects of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) polymorphisms on homocysteine. Genes and Nutrition, 9, 435.
91. Gastaldi G, Ferrari G, Verri A, Casirola D, Orsenigo MN and Laforenza U, 2000. Riboflavin phosphorylation is the crucial event in riboflavin transport by isolated rat enterocytes. Journal of Nutrition, 130, 2556–2561.
92. German Nutrition Society, 2015. New reference values for energy intake. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 66, 219–223.
93. Gershoff SN, Hegsted DM, Jolly DH and Trulson MF, 1956. Variation in riboflavin excretion. Journal of Nutrition, 60, 581–597.
94. Gibson RS, 2005. Riboflavin. In: Gibson RS (ed.). Principles of nutritional assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York USA. pp. 554–562.
95. Gibson TM, Weinstein SJ, Mayne ST, Pfeiffer RM, Selhub J, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D and Stolzenberg-Solomon R, 2010. A prospective study of one-carbon metabolism biomarkers and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes & Control, 21, 1061–1069.
96. Glatzle D, Korner WF, Christeller S and Wiss O, 1970. Method for the detection of a biochemical riboflavin deficiency. Stimulation of NADPH2-dependent glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes by FAD in vitro. Investigations on the vitamin B2 status in healthly people and geriatric patients. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitaminforschung (International Journal of Vitamin Research), 40, 166–183.
97. Goodman SI, 1981. Organic aciduria in the riboflavin-deficient rat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34, 2434–2437.
98. Graham JM, Peerson JM, Haskell MJ, Shrestha RK, Brown KH and Allen LH, 2005. Erythrocyte riboflavin for the detection of riboflavin deficiency in pregnant nepali women. Clinical Chemistry, 51, 2162–2165.
99. Gregersen N, Christensen MF, Christensen E and Kolvraa S, 1986. Riboflavin responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. Assessment of 3 years of riboflavin treatment. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 75, 676–681.
100. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H and Wiseman M, 1990. The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, 393 pp.
101. Gromisch DS, Lopez R, Cole HS and Cooperman JM, 1977. Light (phototherapy)–induced riboflavin deficiency in the neonate. Journal of Pediatrics, 90, 118–122.
102. Guenther BD, Sheppard CA, Tran P, Rozen R, Matthews RG and Ludwig ML, 1999. The structure and properties of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli suggest how folate ameliorates human hyperhomocysteinemia. Nature Structural Biology, 6, 359–365.
103. Guo C, Wei J, Gao W, Pu L, Tang Z and Li L, 2016. Plasma riboflavin is a useful marker for studying riboflavin requirement in Chinese male adults. Nutrition Research, 36, 534–540.
104. Haack TB, Makowski C, Yao Y, Graf E, Hempel M, Wieland T, Tauer U, Ahting U, Mayr JA, Freisinger P, Yoshimatsu H, Inui K, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Yonezawa A and Prokisch H, 2012. Impaired riboflavin transport due to missense mutations in SLC52A2 causes Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 35, 943–948.
105. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE and Willett WC, 1992. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 305, 335–339.
106. Health Council of the Netherlands, 2000. Dietary reference intakes: calcium, vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin, 180 pp.
107. Heller S, Salkeld RM and Korner WF, 1974. Riboflavin status in pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27, 1225–1230.
108. Heseker H, Schneider R, Moch KJ, Kohlmeier M and Kübler W, 1992. Vitaminversorgung Erwachsener in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. VERA Schriftenreihe Band IV Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck, Niederkleen, Germany.
109. Heseker H, Adolf T, Eberhardt W, Hartmann S, Herwig A, Kübler W, Matiaske B, Moch K, Schneider R and Zipp A, 1994. Lebensmittel und Nährstoffaufnahme Erwachsener in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. VERA Schriftenreihe Band III. Second, revised edition. In: Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck, Niederkleen, Germany.
110. Hill MH, Bradley A, Mushtaq S, Williams EA and Powers HJ, 2009. Effects of methodological variation on assessment of riboflavin status using the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient assay. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 273–278.
111. Ho G, Yonezawa A, Masuda S, K-i Inui, Sim KG, Carpenter K, Olsen RKJ, Mitchell JJ, Rhead WJ, Peters G and Christodoulou J, 2011. Maternal riboflavin deficiency, resulting in transient neonatal-onset glutaric aciduria Type 2, is caused by a microdeletion in the riboflavin transporter gene GPR172B. Human Mutation, 32, E1976–E1984.
112. Hoey L, McNulty H and Strain JJ, 2009. Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 1960S–1980S.
113. Hoppel C, DiMarco JP and Tandler B, 1979. Riboflavin and rat hepatic cell structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in deficiency states. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254, 4164–4170.
114. Horigan G, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Purvis J and Scott JM, 2010. Riboflavin lowers blood pressure in cardiovascular disease patients homozygous for the 677C–>T polymorphism in MTHFR. Journal of Hypertension, 28, 478–486.
115. Horwitt MK, 1966. Nutritional requirements of man, with special reference to riboflavin. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18, 458–466.
116. Horwitt MK, Liebet E, Kreisler O and Wittman P, 1948. Investigations of human requirements for B-complex vitamins. National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA, 100 pp.
117. Horwitt M, Hills O, Harvey C, Liebert E and Steinberg D, 1949. Effects of dietary depletion of riboflavin. Journal of Nutrition, 39, 357–373.
118. Horwitt MK, Harvey CC, Hills OW and Liebert E, 1950. Correlation of urinary excretion of riboflavin with dietary intake and symptoms of ariboflavinosis. Journal of Nutrition, 41, 247–264.
119. Hovi L, Hekali R and Siimes MA, 1979. Evidence of riboflavin depletion in breast-fed newborns and its further acceleration during treatment of hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 68, 567–570.
120. Hustad S, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Zhang Y, Bjorke-Monsen AL and Schneede J, 2000. Riboflavin as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine: effect modification by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Clinical Chemistry, 46, 1065–1071.
121. Hustad S, McKinley MC, McNulty H, Schneede J, Strain JJ, Scott JM and Ueland PM, 2002. Riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide in human plasma and erythrocytes at baseline and after low-dose riboflavin supplementation. Clinical Chemistry, 48, 1571–1577.
122. Hustad S, Midttun O, Schneede J, Vollset SE, Grotmol T and Ueland PM, 2007. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C–>T polymorphism as a modulator of a B vitamin network with major effects on homocysteine metabolism. American Journal of Human Genetics, 80, 846–855.
123. ICNND (Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense), 1963. Manual for Nutrition Surveys. 2nd Edition, 327 pp.
124. Innis WS, McCormick DB and Merrill AH Jr, 1985. Variations in riboflavin binding by human plasma: identification of immunoglobulins as the major proteins responsible. Biochemical Medicine, 34, 151–165.
125. Innis WS, Nixon DW, Murray DR, McCormick DB and Merrill AH Jr, 1986. Immunoglobulins associated with elevated riboflavin binding by plasma from cancer patients. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 181, 237–241.
126. Instituto de Nutrición (CSIC), 1994. Tablas de Composición de Alimentos españoles.
127. IOM (Institute of Medicine), 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 591 pp.
128. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Williams RR, Ellison RC, Eckfeldt JH, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J and Rozen R, 1996. Relation between folate status, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Circulation, 93, 7–9.
129. Jacques PF, Chylack LT, Jr., Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC and Taylor A, 2001. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Archives of Ophthalmology, 119, 1009–1019.
130. Jacques PF, Kalmbach R, Bagley PJ, Russo GT, Rogers G, Wilson PW, Rosenberg IH and Selhub J, 2002. The relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine in the Framingham Offspring cohort is influenced by folate status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. Journal of Nutrition, 132, 283–288.
131. Jansen AP and Jansen BC, 1954. Riboflavin-excretion with urine in pregnancy. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitaminforschung (International Journal of Vitamin Research), 25, 193–199.
132. Jedrychowski W, Steindorf K, Popiela T, Wahrendorf J, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Kulig J and Penar A, 2001. Risk of colorectal cancer from alcohol consumption at lower vitamin intakes. A hospital-based case-control study in Poland. Reviews on Environmental Health, 16, 213–222.
133. Jusko WJ and Levy G, 1967. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of riboflavin-5’-phosphate in man. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 56, 58–62.
134. Jusko WJ and Levy G, 1975. Absorption, protein binding and elimination of riboflavin. In: Rivlin RS (ed). Riboflavin. Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA. pp. 99–152.
135. Kabat GC, Miller AB, Jain M and Rohan TE, 2008. Dietary intake of selected B vitamins in relation to risk of major cancers in women. British Journal of Cancer, 99, 816–821.
136. Kanno C, Kanehara N, Shirafuji K, Tanji R and Imai T, 1991. Binding form of vitamin B2 in bovine milk: its concentration, distribution and binding linkage. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 37, 15–27.
137. Kersting M and Clausen K, 2003. Ernährungsphysiologische Auswertung einer repräsentativen Verzehrsstudie bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern VELS mit dem Instrumentarium der DONALD Studie. Forschungsinstitut für Kinderernährung Dortmund, 103 pp.
138. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Masset G, Brunner EJ, Cade JE, Greenwood DC, Stephen AM, Kuh D, Bhaniani A, Powell N and Khaw KT, 2012. Vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in the United Kingdom Dietary Cohort Consortium. International Journal of Cancer, 131, E320–E325.
139. Keys A, Henschel AF, Mickelsen O, Brozek JM and Crawford JH, 1944. Physiological and biochemical functions in normal young men on a diet restricted in riboflavin. Journal of Nutrition, 27, 165–178.
140. Kodentsova VM and Vrzhesinskaya OA, 2006. Evaluation of the vitamin status in nursing women by vitamin content in breast milk. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 141, 323–327.
141. Komindr S and Nichoalds G, 1980. Clinical significance of riboflavin deficiency. In: Brewster MANH (ed.). Nutritional Elements in Clinical Biochemistry. Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA. pp. 15–68.
142. Kuizon MD, 1992. Riboflavin requirement of Filipino women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46, 257–264.
143. Kuizon MD, Madriaga JR, Perlas LA, Avena EM, Marcos JM, Desnacido JA, Fuertes RT and Macapinlac MP, 1998. Riboflavin requirements of Filipino children and non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating women: Studied by the erthrocyte glutathione reductase activation test. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 7, 41–48.
144. La Rue A, Koehler KM, Wayne SJ, Chiulli SJ, Haaland KY and Garry PJ, 1997. Nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a normally aging sample: a 6-y reassessment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 20–29.
145. La Vecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Russo A, Conti E, Falcini F, Giacosa A, Montella M and Decarli A, 1997. Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 73, 525–530.
146. Lane M and Alfrey CP, Jr., 1965. The Anemia of Human Riboflavin Deficiency. Blood, 25, 432–442.
147. van Lee L, Heyworth J, McNaughton S, Iacopetta B, Clayforth C and Fritschi L, 2011. Selected dietary micronutrients and the risk of right- and left-sided colorectal cancers: a case-control study in Western Australia. Annals of Epidemiology, 21, 170–177.
148. Levy G and Jusko WJ, 1966. Factors affecting the absorption of riboflavin in man. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 55, 285–289.
149. Liu T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP, Craig CB, Cole P, Macaluso M and Butterworth CE, Jr., 1993. A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 2, 525–530.
150. Liu JJ, Hazra A, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE, Rosner B and De Vivo I, 2013. One-carbon metabolism factors and endometrial cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer, 108, 183–187.
151. Liu Y, Yu QY, Zhu ZL, Tang PY and Li K, 2015a. Vitamin B2 intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16, 909–913.
152. Liu Y, Yu Q, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Chen M, Tang P and Li K, 2015b. Vitamin and multiple-vitamin supplement intake and incidence of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medical Oncology, 32, 434.
153. Lo CS, 1985. Riboflavin status of adolescent southern Chinese: riboflavin saturation studies. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 39, 297–301.
154. Lowik MR, Schrijver J, Odink J, van den Berg H, Wedel M and Hermus RJ, 1990. Nutrition and aging: nutritional status of “apparently healthy” elderly (Dutch nutrition surveillance system). Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 9, 18–27.
155. Ma E, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi M, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R and Tsugane S, 2009. Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Nutrition and Cancer, 61, 447–456.
156. Macdonald HM, McGuigan FE, Fraser WD, New SA, Ralston SH and Reid DM, 2004. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interacts with riboflavin intake to influence bone mineral density. Bone, 35, 957–964.
157. Maruti SS, Ulrich CM and White E, 2009. Folate and one-carbon metabolism nutrients from supplements and diet in relation to breast cancer risk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 624–633.
158. McCormick DB, 1989. Two interconnected B vitamins: riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiological Reviews, 69, 1170–1198.
159. McCormick DB, 2000. A trail of research on cofactors: an odyssey with friends. Journal of Nutrition, 130, 323S–330S.
160. McKinley MC, McNulty H, McPartlin J, Strain JJ, Pentieva K, Ward M, Weir DG and Scott JM, 2001. Low-dose vitamin B-6 effectively lowers fasting plasma homocysteine in healthy elderly persons who are folate and riboflavin replete. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73, 759–764.
161. McNulty H, McKinley MC, Wilson B, McPartlin J, Strain JJ, Weir DG and Scott JM, 2002. Impaired functioning of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is dependent on riboflavin status: implications for riboflavin requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 436–441.
162. McNulty H, le Dowey RC, Strain JJ, Dunne A, Ward M, Molloy AM, McAnena LB, Hughes JP, Hannon-Fletcher M and Scott JM, 2006. Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism. Circulation, 113, 74–80.
163. McNulty H, Strain JJ, Hughes CF and Ward M, 2017. Riboflavin, MTHFR genotype and blood pressure: A personalized approach to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 53, 2–9.
164. Meinen M, Aeppli R and Rehner G, 1977. Studies on the absorption of thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine in vitro. Nutrition and Metabolism, 21(Suppl 1), 264–266.
165. Merrill AH, Jr., Lambeth JD, Edmondson DE and McCormick DB, 1981. Formation and mode of action of flavoproteins. Annual Review of Nutrition, 1, 281–317.
166. Mishra GD, McNaughton SA, O'Connell MA, Prynne CJ and Kuh D, 2009. Intake of B vitamins in childhood and adult life in relation to psychological distress among women in a British birth cohort. Public Health Nutrition, 12, 166–174.
167. Mushtaq S, Su H, Hill MH and Powers HJ, 2009. Erythrocyte pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase activity: a potential biomarker of riboflavin status? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90, 1151–1159.
168. Nail PA, Thomas MR and Eakin R, 1980. The effect of thiamin and riboflavin supplementation on the level of those vitamins in human breast milk and urine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 198–204.
169. National Research Council, 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th Edition, 302 pp.
170. Natraj U, George S and Kadam P, 1988. Isolation and partial characterisation of human riboflavin carrier protein and the estimation of its levels during human pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 13, 1–16.
171. Nichoalds G, 1981. Riboflavin Symposium in Laboratory Medicine. In: Labbae RF (ed). Symposium on Laboratory Assessment of Nutritional Status. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 685–698.
172. Nicol BM, 1949. Nutrition of Nigerian peasant farmers, with special reference to the effects of vitamin A and riboflavin deficiency. British Journal of Nutrition, 3, 25–43.
173. Niu WQ, You YG and Qi Y, 2012. Strong association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene C677T polymorphism with hypertension and hypertension-in-pregnancy in Chinese: a meta-analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension, 26, 259–267.
174. NNR (Nordic Nutrition Recommendations), 2004. Integrating nutrition and physical activity. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, 435 pp.
175. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2014. Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012. Integrating nutrition and physical activity. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, 627 pp.
176. Oldham HG, 1944. A study of the riboflavin and thiamine requirements of children of preschool age. Journal of Nutriton, 27, 435–446.
177. Olsen RK, Konarikova E, Giancaspero TA, Mosegaard S, Boczonadi V, Matakovic L, Veauville-Merllie A, Terrile C, Schwarzmayr T, Haack TB, Auranen M, Leone P, Galluccio M, Imbard A, Gutierrez-Rios P, Palmfeldt J, Graf E, Vianey-Saban C, Oppenheim M, Schiff M, Pichard S, Rigal O, Pyle A, Chinnery PF, Konstantopoulou V, Moslinger D, Feichtinger RG, Talim B, Topaloglu H, Coskun T, Gucer S, Botta A, Pegoraro E, Malena A, Vergani L, Mazza D, Zollino M, Ghezzi D, Acquaviva C, Tyni T, Boneh A, Meitinger T, Strom TM, Gregersen N, Mayr JA, Horvath R, Barile M and Prokisch H, 2016. Riboflavin-Responsive and -Non-responsive Mutations in FAD Synthase Cause Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase and Combined Respiratory-Chain Deficiency. American Journal of Human Genetics, 98, 1130–1145.
178. Ortega RM, Quintas ME, Martinez RM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM and Requejo AM, 1999. Riboflavin levels in maternal milk: the influence of vitamin B2 status during the third trimester of pregnancy. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 18, 324–329.
179. Parsons HG and Dias VC, 1991. Intramitochondrial fatty acid metabolism: riboflavin deficiency and energy production. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 69, 490–497.
180. Paul AA, Black AE, Evans J, Cole TJ and Whitehead RG, 1988. Breastmilk intake and growth from two to ten months. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 1, 437–450.
181. Petridou E, Zavras AI, Lefatzis D, Dessypris N, Laskaris G, Dokianakis G, Segas J, Douglas CW, Diehl SR and Trichopoulos D, 2002. The role of diet and specific micronutrients in the etiology of oral carcinoma. Cancer, 94, 2981–2988.
182. Picciano MF, 1995. Water soluble vitamins in human milk. In: Jensen RG (ed.). Handbook of milk composition. Academic Press, New York, USA. pp. 189–194.
183. Pinto J, Huang YP and Rivlin RS, 1987. Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol on the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 79, 1343–1348.
184. Plough IC and Consolazio CF, 1959. The use of casual urine specimens in the evaluation of the excretion rates of thiamine, riboflavin and N1-methylnicotinamide. Journal of Nutrition, 69, 365–370.
185. Powers HJ, 2003. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 1352–1360.
186. Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Eccles M, Brown H and George E, 1987. Bicycling performance in Gambian children: effects of supplements of riboflavin or ascorbic acid. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition, 41C, 59–69.
187. Powers HJ, Hill MH, Mushtaq S, Dainty JR, Majsak-Newman G and Williams EA, 2011. Correcting a marginal riboflavin deficiency improves hematologic status in young women in the United Kingdom (RIBOFEM). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 1274–1284.
188. Prasad PA, Bamji MS, Lakshmi AV and Satyanarayana K, 1990. Functional impact of riboflavin supplementation in urban school children. Nutrition Research, 10, 275–281.
189. Qian X, Lu Z, Tan M, Liu H and Lu D, 2007. A meta-analysis of association between C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and hypertension. European Journal of Human Genetics, 15, 1239–1245.
190. Ramsay VP, Neumann C, Clark V and Swendseid ME, 1983. Vitamin cofactor saturation indices for riboflavin, thiamine, and pyridoxine in placental tissue of Kenyan women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 969–973.
191. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Brot C, Eiken P and Mosekilde L, 2008. Dietary intake of folate, but not vitamin B2 or B12, is associated with increased bone mineral density 5 years after the menopause: results from a 10-year follow-up study in early postmenopausal women. Calcified Tissue International, 82, 1–11.
192. Rivier DA, 1973. Kinetics and Na-dependence of riboflavin absorption by intestine in vivo. Experientia, 29, 1443–1446.
193. Rivlin RS, 2010. Rivoflavin. Informa Healthcare, London, UK and New York, USA. pp. 691–699.
194. Robitaille J, Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Olney RS and National Birth Defects Prevention S 2009. Maternal nutrient intake and risks for transverse and longitudinal limb deficiencies: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2003. Birth Defects Research Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 85, 773–779.
195. Roe DA, Bogusz S, Sheu J and McCormick DB, 1982. Factors affecting riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and nonusers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 35, 495–501.
196. Roe MA, Bell S, Oseredczuk M, Christensen T, Westenbrink S, Pakkala H, Presser K and Finglas PM, 2013. Updated food composition database for nutrient intake. EFSA Supporting Publications 2013:EN-355, 21 pp.
197. Roughead ZK and McCormick DB, 1990. Flavin composition of human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 854–857.
198. Roughead ZK and McCormick DB, 1991. Urinary riboflavin and its metabolites: effects of riboflavin supplementation in healthy residents of rural Georgia (USA). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 45, 299–307.
199. Sadowski JA, 1992. Riboflavin. In: Hartz SC, Russell RM, Rosenberg IH (eds.). Nutrition in the Elderly. The Boston Nutritional Status Survey. Smith-Gordon, London, UK. pp. 119–125.
200. Said HM and Ma TY, 1994. Mechanism of riboflavine uptake by Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology, 266, G15–G21.
201. Said HM and Ross AC, 2012. Riboflavin. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 1616 pp.
202. Sakurai T, Furukawa M, Asoh M, Kanno T, Kojima T and Yonekubo A, 2005. Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of breast milk from Japanese women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 51, 239–247.
203. Sauberlich HE, 1999. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 55–69.
204. Sauberlich HE, Canham JE, Baker EM, Raica N, Jr. and Herman YF, 1973. Biochemical assessment of the nutritional status of vitamin B 6 in the human. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 25, 629–642.
205. Sauberlich HE, Skala JH and Dowdy RP, 1974. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 512 pp.
206. SCF (Scientific Committee for Food), 1993. Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 31st Series Food - Science and Technique, European Commission, Luxembourg, 248 pp.
207. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of riboflavin, 6 pp.
208. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 2003. Report of the Scientific Committee on Food on the revision of essential requirements of infant formulae and follow-on formulae. SCF/CS/NUT/IF/65 Final, 211 pp.
209. Schiff M, Veauville-Merllie A, Su CH, Tzagoloff A, Rak M, Ogier de Baulny H, Boutron A, Smedts-Walters H, Romero NB, Rigal O, Rustin P, Vianey-Saban C and Acquaviva-Bourdain C, 2016. SLC25A32 Mutations and Riboflavin-Responsive Exercise Intolerance. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 795–797.
210. Schoenen J, Jacquy J and Lenaerts M, 1998. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 50, 466–470.
211. Sebrell WHJ, Butler RE, Wooley JG and Isbell H, 1941. Human riboflavin requirement estimated by urinary excretion of subjects on controlled intake. Public Health Reports, 56, 510–519.
212. Sharp L, Little J, Brockton NT, Cotton SC, Masson LF, Haites NE and Cassidy J, 2008. Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, intakes of folate and related B vitamins and colorectal cancer: a case-control study in a population with relatively low folate intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 99, 379–389.
213. Shrubsole MJ, Yang G, Gao YT, Chow WH, Shu XO, Cai Q, Rothman N, Gao J, Wagner C and Zheng W, 2009. Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and plasma folate are not associated with colorectal cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 18, 1003–1006.
214. Siassi F, Pouransari Z and Ghadirian P, 2000. Nutrient intake and esophageal cancer in the Caspian littoral of Iran: a case-control study. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 24, 295–303.
215. Singer TP and Kenney WC, 1974. Biochemistry of covalently bound flavins. Vitamins and Hormones, 32, 1–45.
216. Smedts HP, Rakhshandehroo M, Verkleij-Hagoort AC, de Vries JH, Ottenkamp J, Steegers EA and Steegers-Theunissen RP, 2008. Maternal intake of fat, riboflavin and nicotinamide and the risk of having offspring with congenital heart defects. European Journal of Nutrition, 47, 357–365.
217. Smith MD, 1980. Rapid method for determination of riboflavin in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 182, 285–291.
218. Snyderman SE, Ketron KC, et al., 1949. The minimum riboflavin requirement of the infant. Journal of Nutrition, 39, 219–232.
219. Soares MJ, Satyanarayana K, Bamji MS, Jacob CM, Ramana YV and Rao SS, 1993. The effect of exercise on the riboflavin status of adult men. British Journal of Nutrition, 69, 541–551.
220. Sorrell MF, Frank O, Thompson AD, Aquino H and Baker H, 1971. Absorption of vitamins from the large intestine in vivo. Nutrition Reports International, 3, 143–148.
221. Suboticanec K, Stavljenic A, Schalch W and Buzina R, 1990. Effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness in young adolescents. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 60, 81–88.
222. Subramanian VS, Ghosal A, Kapadia R, Nabokina SM and Said HM, 2015. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating the Adaptive Regulation of Intestinal Riboflavin Uptake Process. PLoS ONE, 10, e0131698.
223. Tan KL, Chow MT and Karim SM, 1978. Effect of phototherapy on neonatal riboflavin status. Journal of Pediatrics, 93, 494–497.
224. Thomas MR, Sneed SM, Wei C, Nail PA, Wilson M and Sprinkle EE 3rd, 1980. The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 2151–2156.
225. Thurnham DI, 1972. Influence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on the glutathione reductase test for ariboflavinosis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 66, 505–508.
226. Thurnham DI, Migasena P and Pavapootanon N, 1970. The ultramicro red-cell glutathione reductase assay for riboflavin status: its use in field studies in Thailand. Mikrochimica Acta, 58, 988–993.
227. Toh SY, Thompson GW and Basu TK, 1994. Riboflavin status of the elderly: dietary intake and FAD-stimulating effect on erythrocyte glutathione reductase coefficients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48, 654–659.
228. Tremblay A, Boilard F, Breton MF, Bessette H and Roberge AG, 1984. The effects of a riboflavin supplementation on the nutritional status and performance of elite swimmers. Nutrition Research, 4, 201–208.
229. Tucker RG, Mickelsen O and Keys A, 1960. The influence of sleep, work, diuresis, heat, acute starvation, thiamine intake and bed rest on human riboflavin excretion. Journal of Nutrition, 72, 251–261.
230. Uccella S, Mariani A, Wang AH, Vierkant RA, Robien K, Anderson KE and Cerhan JR, 2011. Dietary and supplemental intake of one-carbon nutrients and the risk of type I and type II endometrial cancer: a prospective cohort study. Annals of Oncology, 22, 2129–2136.
231. Ulvik A, Ebbing M, Hustad S, Midttun O, Nygard O, Vollset SE, Bonaa KH, Nordrehaug JE, Nilsen DW, Schirmer H and Ueland PM, 2010. Long- and short-term effects of tobacco smoking on circulating concentrations of B vitamins. Clinical Chemistry, 56, 755–763.
232. Vasilaki AT, McMillan DC, Kinsella J, Duncan A, O'Reilly DS and Talwar D, 2010. Relation between riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide concentrations in plasma and red cells in patients’ with critical illness. Clinica Chimica Acta, 411, 1750–1755.
233. Veitch K, Draye JP, Van Hoof F and Sherratt HS, 1988. Effects of riboflavin deficiency and clofibrate treatment on the five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in rat liver mitochondria. Biochemical Journal, 254, 477–481.
234. Venkataswamy G, 1967. Ocular manifestations of vitamin B-complex deficiency. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 51, 749–754.
235. Vir SC, Love AH and Thompson W, 1981. Riboflavin status during pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34, 2699–2705.
236. Visweswariah SS and Adiga PR, 1987. Isolation of riboflavin carrier proteins from pregnant human and umbilical cord serum: similarities with chicken egg riboflavin carrier protein. Bioscience Reports, 7, 563–571.
237. de Vogel S, Dindore V, van Engeland M, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA and Weijenberg MP, 2008. Dietary folate, methionine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 and risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. Journal of Nutrition, 138, 2372–2378.
238. Wark PA, Van der Kuil W, Ploemacher J, Van Muijen GN, Mulder CJ, Weijenberg MP, Kok FJ and Kampman E, 2006. Diet, lifestyle and risk of K-ras mutation-positive and -negative colorectal adenomas. International Journal of Cancer, 119, 398–405.
239. Weight LM, Noakes TD, Labadarios D, Graves J, Jacobs P and Berman PA, 1988. Vitamin and mineral status of trained athletes including the effects of supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 47, 186–191.
240. White HB 3rd and Merrill AH, Jr., 1988. Riboflavin-binding proteins. Annual Review of Nutrition, 8, 279–299.
241. WHO (World Health Organisation), 1965. Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 302, 54 pp.
242. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (World Health Organization), 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development, 312 pp.
243. WHO Working Group, 1989. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 67, 601–611.
244. WHO/FAO (World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2004. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition: report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Bangkok, Thailand, 21-30 September 1998, 341 pp.
245. Williams RD, Mason HL, Cusick PL and Wilder RM, 1943. Observations on induced riboflavin deficency and the riboflavin requirement of man. Journal of Nutriton, 25, 361–377.
246. Wilson CP, Ward M, McNulty H, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Horigan G, Purvis J and Scott JM, 2012. Riboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-up. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95, 766–772.
247. Wilson CP, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Hoeft BA, Weber P, Roos FF, Horigan G, McAnena L and Scott JM, 2013. Blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype is responsive to intervention with riboflavin: findings of a targeted randomized trial. Hypertension, 61, 1302–1308.
248. Winters LR, Yoon JS, Kalkwarf HJ, Davies JC, Berkowitz MG, Haas J and Roe DA, 1992. Riboflavin requirements and exercise adaptation in older women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 526–532.
249. Wu YL, Hu CY, Lu SS, Gong FF, Feng F, Qian ZZ, Ding XX, Yang HY and Sun YH, 2014. Association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T/A1298C polymorphisms and essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 63, 1503–1511.
250. Xu WH, Dai Q, Xiang YB, Zhao GM, Ruan ZX, Cheng JR, Zheng W and Shu XO, 2007a. Nutritional factors in relation to endometrial cancer: a report from a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Cancer, 120, 1776–1781.
251. Xu WH, Shrubsole MJ, Xiang YB, Cai Q, Zhao GM, Ruan ZX, Cheng JR, Zheng W and Shu XO, 2007b. Dietary folate intake, MTHFR genetic polymorphisms, and the risk of endometrial cancer among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 16, 281–287.
252. Yamada Y, Merrill AH, Jr. and McCormick DB, 1990. Probable reaction mechanisms of flavokinase and FAD synthetase from rat liver. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 278, 125–130.
253. Yamada K, Chen Z, Rozen R and Matthews RG, 2001. Effects of common polymorphisms on the properties of recombinant human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 14853–14858.
254. Yang KM, Jia J, Mao LN, Men C, Tang KT, Li YY, Ding HX and Zhan YY, 2014. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: A meta-analysis of 10,415 subjects. Biomedical Reports, 2, 699–708.
255. Yoon YS, Jung S, Zhang X, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL and Cho E, 2016. Vitamin B2 intake and colorectal cancer risk; results from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study cohort. International Journal of Cancer, 139, 996–1008.
256. Yuasa H, Hirobe M, Tomei S and Watanabe J, 2000. Carrier-mediated transport of riboflavin in the rat colon. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 21, 77–82.
257. Zanette D, Monaco HL, Zanotti G and Spadon P, 1984. Crystallization of hen eggwhite riboflavin-binding protein. Journal of Molecular Biology, 180, 1185–1187.
258. Zee RY, Mora S, Cheng S, Erlich HA, Lindpaintner K, Rifai N, Buring JE and Ridker PM, 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clinical Chemistry, 53, 845–851.
259. Zempleni J, Link G and Bitsch I, 1995. Intrauterine vitamin B2 uptake of preterm and full-term infants. Pediatric Research, 38, 585–591.
260. Zempleni J, Galloway JR and McCormick DB, 1996. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, 54–66.
261. Zschabitz S, Cheng TY, Neuhouser ML, Zheng Y, Ray RM, Miller JW, Song X, Maneval DR, Beresford SA, Lane D, Shikany JM and Ulrich CM, 2013. B vitamin intakes and incidence of colorectal cancer: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97, 332–343.