Acute kidney insufficiency

Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 472-523

  Cowgill, Larry D ^a   Langston, Cathy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b ANIMAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85100694178     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118785546.ch49     Document Type: Chapter

References (452)

1. Abbott, L.M. and J. Kovacic (2008). The pharmacologic spectrum of furosemide. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18(1): 26-39.
2. Abelo, A., et al. (2002). Gastric acid secretion in the dog: amechanismbased pharmacodynamic model for histamine stimulation and irreversible inhibition by omeprazole. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 29(4): 365-382.
3. Acierno, M.J. and V. Maeckelbergh (2008). Continuous renal replacement therapy. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 30(5): 264-280.
4. Acierno, M.J., et al. (2008). Preliminary validation of a point-of-care ethylene glycol test for cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18(5): 477-479.
5. Adin, C.A. and L.D. Cowgill (2000). Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis: 36 cases (1990-1998). J AmVetMedAssoc 216(3):371-375.
6. Adin, C.A., et al. (2003). Antegrade pyelography for suspected ureteral obstruction in cats: 11 cases (1995-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(11): 1576-1581.
7. Agunloye, C.A. and A.S. Nash (1996). Investigation of possible leptospiral infection in cats in Scotland. J Small Anim Pract 37(3):126-129.
8. Ahmed, J. and L.S. Weisberg (2001). Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14(5): 348-356.
9. Alfrey, A.C. (1993). Aluminum Neurotoxicity. In: Dialysis Therapy, edited by A.R. Nissenson and R.N. Fine. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, pp. 275-277.
10. Allon, M. and N. Shanklin (1996). Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28(4): 508-514.
11. Anderson, R.J. and D.W. Barry (2004). Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acute renal failure. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 18(1):1-20.
12. Andrade, L., et al. (2008). Leptospiral nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 28(4): 383-394.
13. Andreoli, S.P. (2009). Acute kidney injury in children. Pediatr Nephrol 24: 253-263.
14. Anonomous (2007). Jerky treats from China could be causing illness in pets. J AmVetMed Assoc 231(8): 1183.
15. Antoniades, D.Z., et al. (2006). Ulcerative uremic stomatitis associated with untreated chronic renal failure: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 101(5): 608-613.
16. Appleman, E.H., et al. (2008). Transient acquired Fanconi syndrome associated with copper storage hepatopathy in 3 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22(4): 1038-1042.
17. Arieff, A.I. (2008). Neurologic aspects of kidney disease. In: Brenner & Rector’s TheKidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 2. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 1757-1783.
18. Ash, S.R. (1991). An explanation for uremic hypothermia. Int J Artif Organs 14(2): 67-69.
19. Atkins, C.E., et al. (2002). Effects of long-term administration of enalapril on clinical indicators of renal function in dogs with compensated mitral regurgitation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221(5): 654-658.
20. Badr, K.F. and I. Ichikawa (1988). Prerenal failure: a deleterious shift from renal compensation to decompensation. N Engl J Med 319:623-629.
21. Bagshaw, S.M., et al. (2008). Oliguria, volume overload, and loop diuretics. Crit Care Med 36(4(Suppl)): S172-S178.
22. Bagshaw, S.M., et al. (2007a). Loop diuretics in the management of acute renal failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Resusc 9(1): 60-68.
23. Bagshaw, S.M., et al. (2007b). Diuretics in the management of acute kidney injury: a multinational survey. Contrib Nephrol 156: 236-249.
24. Bagshaw, S.M. and R.T.N. Gibney (2008). Conventional markers of kidney function. Crit Care Med 36(Suppl): S152-S158.
25. Bagshaw, S.M., et al. (2007c). A systematic review of urinary findings in experimental septic acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 35(6):1592-1598.
26. Bahlmann, F.H. and D. Fliser (2009). Erythropoietin and renoprotection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18(1): 15-20.
27. Barr, S.C., et al. (2005). Serologic responses of dogs given a commercial vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. Am J Vet Res 66(10):1780-1784.
28. Barsanti, J.A. (2006). Genitourinary infections. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, edited by C.E. Greene. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 935-961.
29. Barsanti, J.A., et al. (1994). Disease of the lower urinary tract. In: The Cat: Diseases and Clinical Management, edited by R.G. Sherding, Volume 2. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 1769-1823.
30. Baumann, D. and M. Fluckiger (2001). Radiographic findings in the thorax of dogs with leptospiral infection. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42(4): 305-307.
31. Beckel, N.F., et al. (2005). Peritoneal dialysis in the management of acute renal failure in 5 dogs with leptospirosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15(3): 201-205.
32. Behnia, R., et al. (1996). Effects of hyperosmotic mannitol infusion on hemodynamics of dog kidney. Anesth Analg 82(5): 902-908.
33. Behrend, E., et al. (1996). Hospital-acquired acute renal failure in dogs:29 cases (1983-1992). J AmVetMed Assoc 208(4): 537-541.
34. Belgrave, R.L., et al. (2002). Effects of a polymerized ultrapurified bovine hemoglobin blood substitute administered to ponies with normovolemic anemia. J Vet InternMed 16(4): 396-403.
35. Bellomo, R., et al. (2005). Management of early acute renal failure:focus on post-injury prevention. Curr Opin Crit Care 11: 542-547.
36. Bellomo, R., et al. (2004). Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 8: R204-R212.
37. Berg, R.I., et al. (2007). Resolution of acute kidney injury in a cat after lily (Lilium lancifolium) intoxication. J Vet Intern Med 21(4):857-859.
38. Berg, R.J. and W. Wingfield (1984). Pericardial effusion in the dog: a review of 42 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20: 721-730.
39. Bersenas, A.M.E., et al. (2005). Effects of ranitidine, famotidine, pantoprazole, and omeprazole on intragastric pH in dogs. Am J Vet Res 66(3): 425-431.
40. Better, O.S., et al. (1997). Mannitol therapy revisited (1940-1997). Kidney Int 51: 866-894.
41. Bhalla, V., et al. (2009). Melamine nephrotoxicity: an emerging epidemic in an era of globalization. Kidney Int 75(8): 774-779.
42. Birnbaum, N., et al. (1998). Naturally acquried leptospirosis in 36 dogs:serological and clinicopathological features. J Small Anim Pract 39:231-236.
43. Blumberg, A., et al. (1992). Effect of prolonged bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in terminal renal failure. Kidney Int 41(2): 369-374.
44. Boccardo, P., et al. (2004). Platelet dysfunction in renal failure. Semin Thromb Hemost 30(5): 579-589.
45. Bonventre, J.V. (2003). Dedifferentiation and proliferation of surviving epithelial cells in acute renal failure. J Am SocNephrol 14: S55-S61.
46. Bonventre, J.V. (2007). Diagnosis of acute kidney injury: from classic parameters to new biomarkers. Contrib Nephrol 156: 213-219.
47. Bonventre, J.V. (2008). Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a specific and sensitive biomarker of kidney injury. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 241: 78-83.
48. Bonventre, J.V. and J.M. Weinberg (2003). Recent advances in the pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2199-2210.
49. Bonventre, J.V. and A. Zuk (2004). Ischemic acute renal failure: an inflammatory disease? Kidney Int 66(2): 480-485.
50. Borjesson, D.L. (2003). Renal cytology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33(1): 119-134.
51. Bouchard, J. and R.L. Mehta (2009a). Fluid accumulation and acute kidney injury: consequence or cause. Curr Opin Crit Care 15(6):509-513.
52. Bouchard, J. and R.L. Mehta (2009b). Volume management in continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial 22(2): 146-150.
53. Bouchard, J., et al. (2009). Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 76(4): 422-427.
54. Boutilier, P., et al. (2003). Leptospirosis in dogs: a serologic survey and case series 1996 to 2001. Vet Ther 4(4): 387-396.
55. Brady, M.A. and E.B. Janovitz (2000). Nephrotoxicosis in a cat following ingestion of Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.). J Vet Diagn Invest 12: 566-568.
56. Braun, J.P., et al. (2003). Creatinine in the dog: a review. Vet Clin Pathol 32(4): 162-179.
57. Brezis, M.L. and S. Rosen (1995). Hypoxia of the renal medulla - its implications for disease. N Engl J Med 332(10): 647-655.
58. Brophy, D.F., et al. (2007). The effect of uremia on platelet contractile force, clot elastic modulus and bleeding time in hemodialysis patients. Thromb Res 119(6): 723-729.
59. Brouns, R. and P.P. De Deyn (2004). Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 107: 1-16.
60. Brown, A.J. and C.M. Otto (2008). Fluid therapy in vomiting and diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(3): 653-675.
61. Brown, C.A., et al. (2007). Outbreaks of renal failure associated with melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats in 2004 and 2007. J Vet Diagn Invest 19(5): 525-531.
62. Brown, C.A., et al. (2005). Hypertensive encephalopathy in cats with reduced renal function. Vet Pathol 42: 642-649.
63. Brunker, J.D., et al. (2009). Indices of urine N-acetyl-beta-Dglucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in clinically normal adult dogs. Am J Vet Res 70(2): 297-301.
64. Bryson, D.G. and W.A. Ellis (1976). Leptospirosis in a British domestic cat. J Small Anim Pract 17(7): 459-465.
65. Burns, K. (2007). Events leading to the major recall of pet foods. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(11): 1600-1620.
66. Bussolati, B., et al. (2009). Contribution of stem cells to kidney repair. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 4(1): 2-8.
67. Campbell, A. and N. Bates (2003). Raisin poisoning in dogs. Vet Rec 152: 376.
68. Campbell, S.J., et al. (2006). Central and peripheral parenteral nutrition. Waltham Focus 16(3): 1-10.
69. Carlos, E.R., et al. (1971). Leptospirosis in the Philippines: feline studies. Am J Vet Res 32(9): 1455-1456.
70. Chan, L.N. (2004). Nutritional support in acute renal failure. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7(2): 207-212.
71. Chanchairujira, T. and R.L. Mehta (2005). Bioimpedance and its application. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 16(1): 6-16.
72. Cheng, H.F. and R.C. Harris (2005). Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 11: 1795-1804.
73. Chew, D.J. (2000). Fluid therapy during intrinsic renal failure. In: Fluid Therapy in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, pp. 410-427.
74. Choi, H., et al. (2003). Effect of intravenous mannitol upon the resistive index in complete unilateral renal obstruction in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17(2): 158-162.
75. Cianciolo, R.E., et al. (2008). Clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in 70 cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(5): 729-737.
76. Clark, K.L., et al. (1991a). Effects of dopamine DA1-receptor blockade and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the renal actions of fenoldopam in the anaesthetized dog. J Hypertens 9(12):1143-1150.
77. Clark, K.L., et al. (1991b). Do renal tubular dopamine receptors mediate dopamine-induced diuresis in the anesthetized cat? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17(2): 267-276.
78. Clarkson, M.R., et al. (2008). Acute kidney injury. In: Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 943-986.
79. Clemo, F.A. (1998). Urinary enzyme evaluation of nephrotoxicity in the dog. Toxicol Pathol 26(1): 29-32.
80. Coca, S.G., et al. (2008). Biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Kidney Int 73(9):1008-1016.
81. Cocchi, M., et al. (2009). Renal failure in dogs in Italy associated with melamine-contaminated pet food. Vet Rec 164(13): 407-408.
82. Codner, E.C., et al. (1992). Investigation of glomerular lesions in dogs with acute experimentally induced Ehrlichia canis infection. Am J Vet Res 53(12): 2286-2291.
83. Cohn, L.A. (2003). Ehrlichiosis and related infections. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33: 863-884.
84. Coldrick, O., et al. (2007). Fungal pyelonephritis due to Cladophialophora bantiana in a cat. Vet Rec 161(21): 724-727.
85. Conger, J.D. (2001). Vascular alterations in acute renal failure: roles in initiation and maintenance. In: Acute Renal Failure: A Companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.A. Molitoris and W.F. Finn. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, pp. 13-29.
86. Cowan, L.A., et al. (1997). Clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities in greyhounds with cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy:18 cases (1992-1994). J AmVetMed Assoc 210(6): 789-793.
87. Cowgill, L. and D. Elliott (2000). Acute renal failure. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, edited by S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman, Volume 2. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, pp. 1615-1633.
88. Cowgill, L.D. (2004). Dialysis Tools and Toys. Advanced Renal Therapies Symposium, New York, NY: Animal Medical Center.
89. Cowgill, L.D. and T. Francey (2005). Acute uremia. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, edited by S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman, Volume 2. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, pp. 1731-1751.
90. Cowgill, L.D. and T. Francey (2006). Hemodialysis. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 650-677.
91. Cowgill, L.D. and C.E. Langston (1996). Role of hemodialysis in the management of dogs and cats with renal failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26(6): 1347-1378.
92. Cruz, D., et al. (2008). The future of extracorporeal support. Crit Care Med 36(Suppl): S243-S252.
93. Cruz, D., et al. (2009). Clinical review: RIFLE and AKIN - time for reappraisal. Crit Care 13: 211-219.
94. Dall’Antonia, M., et al. (2008). Leptospirosis pulmonary haemorrhage:a diagnostic challenge. Emerg Med J 25(1): 51-52.
95. Dambach, D.M., et al. (1997). Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987-1992). Vet Pathol 34(2): 85-96.
96. Davidson, B.J., et al. (2008). Disease association and clinical assessment of feline pericardial effusion. J AmAnimHosp Assoc 44(1): 5-9.
97. Day, M.J. and P.E. Holt (1994). Unilateral fungal pyelonephritis in a dog. Vet Pathol 31(2): 250-252.
98. Day, T.K. and S. Bateman (2006). Shock syndromes. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 540-564.
99. de la Puente-Redondo, V.A., et al. (2007). The anti-emetic efficacy of maropitant (Cerenia) in the treatment of ongoing emesis caused by a wide range of underlying clinical aetiologies in canine patients in Europe. J Small Anim Pract 48(2): 93-98.
100. deMorais, H.A., et al. (2008). Metabolic acid-base disorders in the critical care unit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(3): 559-574.
101. De Vriese, A.S. (2003). Prevention and treatment of acute renal failure in sepsis. J Am SocNephrol 14: 792-805.
102. Delaney, S.J., et al. (2006). Critical care nutrition of dogs. In: Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition, edited by P. Pibot, V. Biourge, and D. Elliott. Aimargues, France: Aniwa SAS, pp. 426-450.
103. Depner, T.A. (2001). Uremic toxicity: urea and beyond. Semin Dial 14(4): 246-251.
104. Depner, T.A. (2005). Hemodialysis adequacy: basic essentials and practical points for the nephrologist in training. Hemodial Int 9(3):241-254.
105. Deray, G. (2002). Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. J Antimicrob Chemother 49(Suppl S1): 37-41.
106. Devarajan, P. (2006). Update on mechanisms of ischemic acute kidney injury. J Am SocNephrol 17: 1503-1520.
107. Devarajan, P. (2009). Pathophysiology of pediatric acute kidney injury. In: Critical Care Nephrology, edited by C. Ronco, R. Bellomo, and J.A. Kellum. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 1581-1588.
108. DiBartola, S.P. (2006a). Disorders of sodium and water: hypernatremia and hyponatremia. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. St. Louis, MO:Saunders Elsevier, pp. 47-79.
109. DiBartola, S.P. (2006b). Metabolic acid-base disorders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte. and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 251-282.
110. DiBartola, S.P. and H.A. de Morais (2006). Disorders of potassium:hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in SmallAnimal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 91-121.
111. Dickeson, D. and D.N. Love (1993). A serological survey of dogs, cats and horses in south-easternAustralia for leptospiral antibodies. Aust Vet J 70(10): 389-390.
112. Dishart, M.K. and J.A. Kellum(2000). An evaluation of pharmacological strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute renal failure. Drugs 59(1): 79-91.
113. Diskin, C.J., et al. (2008). The evolution of the fractional excretion of urea as a diagnostic tool in oliguric states. Am J Kidney Dis 51(5):869-870; author reply 871.
114. Dlott, J.S., et al. (2004). Drug-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome: a concise review. Ther Apher Dial 8(2): 102-111.
115. Dobson, P.D. and D.B. Kell (2008). Carrier-mediated cellular uptake of pharmaceutical drugs: an exception or the rule? Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 205-220.
116. Dobson, R.L., et al. (2008). Identification and characterization of toxicity of contaminants in pet food leading to an outbreak of renal toxicity in cats and dogs. Toxicol Sci 106(1): 251-262.
117. Dolhnikoff, M., et al. (2007). Pathology and pathophysiology of pulmonary manifestations in leptospirosis. Braz J Infect Dis 11(1):142-148.
118. Dorval, P. and S.R. Boysen (2009). Management of acute renal failure in cats using peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective study of six cases (2003-2007). J Feline Med Surg 11(2): 107-115.
119. Driessen, B., et al. (2003). Arterial oxygenation and oxygen delivery after hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier infusion in canine hypovolemic shock: a dose-response study. Crit Care Med 31(6):1771-1779.
120. Driessen, B., et al. (2006). Effects of isovolemic resuscitation with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) on systemic and mesenteric perfusion and oxygenation in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock: a comparison with 6% hetastarch solution and shed blood. Vet Anaesth Analg 33(6): 368-380.
121. Druml, W. (1998). Protein metabolism in acute renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 24(1): 47-54.
122. Druml, W. (2001a). Nutritional management of acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 37(1, Suppl 2): S89-S94.
123. Druml, W. (2001b). Nutritional support in patients with acute renal failure. In: Acute Renal Failure: A Companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.A. Molitoris and W.F. Finn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, pp. 465-489.
124. Dubose, T.D. Jr. (2008). Disorders of acid-base balance. In: Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 505-546.
125. Duffield, J.S., et al. (2005). Restoration of tubular epithelial cells during repair of the postischemic kidney occurs independently of bone marrow-derived stem cells. J Clin Invest 115(7): 1743-1755.
126. Duke, G.J. (1999). Renal protective agents: a review. Crit Care Resusc 1(3): 265-275.
127. Eckardt, K. (2002). Anaemia of critical illness - implication for understanding and treating rHuEPO resistance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(Suppl 5): 48-55.
128. Elliott, D.A., et al. (2002a). Evaluation of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of extracellular and total body water in healthy cats. J Nutr 132(6 Suppl 2): 1757S-1759S.
129. Elliott, D.A., et al. (2002b). Extracellular water and total body water estimated by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in healthy cats: a cross-validation study. J Nutr 132(6 Suppl 2):1760S-1762S.
130. Elliott, D.A. and L.D. Cowgill (2000). Acute renal failure. In: Current Veterinary Therapy XIII Small Animal Practice, edited by J.D. Bonagura. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, pp. 173-178.
131. Elliott, J. and A.D.J. Watson (2009). Chronic kidney disease: staging and management. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, edited by J.D. Bonagura and D.C. Twedt. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 883-892.
132. Eubig, P.A., et al. (2005). Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002). J Vet Intern Med 19: 663-674.
133. Evenepoel, P. (2009). Toxic acute renal failure. In: CriticalCareNephrology, edited by C. Ronco, R. Bellomo, and J.A. Kellum. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 168-171.
134. Fahimi, D., et al. (2009). Comparison between fractional excretions of urea and sodium in children with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 24(12): 2409-2412.
135. Faubel, S. (2008). Pulmonary complications after acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 15(3): 284-296.
136. FDA. (2008). Caution in feeding chicken jerky to dogs. Available at:http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048178.htm (accessed December 17, 2009).
137. Ferguson, M.A., et al. (2008). Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Toxicology 245: 182-193.
138. Fiaccadori, E. and E. Cremaschi (2009). Nutritional assessment and support in acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 15(6): 474-480.
139. Fieghen, H., et al. (2009). Renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract 112(4): c222-c229.
140. Finco, D.R. (1995). Evaluation of renal functions. In: Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology, edited by C.A. Osborne and D.R. Finco. Baltimore, MD:Williams & Wilkins, pp. 216-229.
141. Fink, M.P., et al. (1985). Low-dose dopamine preserves renal blood flow in endotoxin shocked dogs treated with ibuprofen. J Surg Res 38(6): 582-591.
142. Finn, W.F. (2001). Recovery from acute renal failure. In: Acute Renal Failure: A Companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.A. Molitoris and W.F. Finn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, pp. 425-450.
143. Fischer, J.R., et al. (2004a). Clinical and clinicopathological features of cats with acute ureteral obstruction managed with hemodialysis between 1993 and 2004: a review of 50 cases (abstract).
144. Fischer, J.R., et al. (2004b). Veterinary hemodialysis: advances in management and technology. Vet Clin North Am Small Animal Pract 34(4): 935-967.
145. Flournoy, W.S., et al. (2003). Pharmacologic identification of putative D1 dopamine receptors in feline kidneys. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 26: 283-290.
146. Forrester, S.D., et al. (2002). Retrospective evaluation of acute renal failure in dogs. J Vet InternMed 16(3): 354.
147. Fouque, D., et al. (2008). A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 73(4): 391-398.
148. Francey, T. (2006). Outcome of Dogs and Cats Treated with Hemodialysis. Advanced Renal Therapies Symposium, New York, NY: Animal Medical Center.
149. Francey, T. and L.D. Cowgill (2002). Use of hemodialysis for the management of ARF in the dog: 124 cases (1990-2001) (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 16(3): 352.
150. Francey, T. and L.D. Cowgill (2004). Hypertension in dogs with severe acute renal failure (abstract). J Vet InternMed 18(3): 418.
151. Furuichi, K., et al. (2009). Chemokine/chemokine receptor-mediated inflammation regulates pathologic changes fromacute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 13: 9-14.
152. Furukawa, S., et al. (2002). Effects of dopamine infusion on cardiac and renal blood flows in dogs. J VetMed Sci 64(1): 41-44.
153. Galbusera, M., et al. (2009). Treatment of bleeding in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 22(3): 279-286.
154. Galey, F.D. (1992). Effective use of an analytical laboratory for toxicology problems. In: Kirk’sCurrentVeterinaryTherapy XI: SmallAnimal Practice, edited by R.W. Kirk and J.D. Bonagura. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, pp. 168-172.
155. Gambaro, G., et al. (2002). Diuretics and dopamine for the prevention and treatment of acute renal failure: a critical reappraisal. J Nephrol 15(3): 213-219.
156. Garwood, S. (2009). Ischemic acute renal failure. In: Critical Care Nephrology, edited by C. Ronco, R. Bellomo, and J.A. Kellum. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 157-162.
157. Geisen, V., et al. (2007). Canine leptospirosis infections - clinical signs and outcome with different suspected Leptospira serogroups (42 cases). J Small Anim Pract 48: 324-328.
158. Goldstein, R.E., et al. (2006). Influence of infecting serogroup of clinical features of leptospirosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 20: 489-494.
159. Goldstein, R.E., et al. (1998). Gastrin concentrations in plasma of cats with chronic renal failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213(6): 826-828.
160. Goligorsky, M.S., et al. (2002). Nitric oxide in acute renal failure: NOS versus NOS. Kidney Int 61: 855-861.
161. Goligorsky, M.S., et al. (2004). NO bioavailability, endothelial dysfunction, and acute renal failure: new insights into pathophysiology. Semin Nephrol 24(4): 316-323.
162. Gong, H., et al. (2004). EPOanda-MSHprevent ischemia/reperfusioninduced down-regulation of AQPs and sodium transporters in rat kidney. Kidney Int 66: 683-695.
163. Gouveia, E.L., et al. (2008). Leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 14(3):505-508.
164. Grauer, G. (1998). Fluid therapy in acute and chronic renal failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Animal Pract 28(3): 609-622.
165. Grauer, G.F. (1995). Prevention of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. In: Current Veterinary Therapy XII, edited by J.D. Bonagura. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, pp. 943-945.
166. Grauer, G.F. (1996). Prevention of acute renal failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26: 1447-1459.
167. Grauer, G.F. (2009). Acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease. In: Small Animal InternalMedicine, edited by R.W. Nelson and C.G. Couto. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, pp. 645-659.
168. Grauer, G.F., et al. (1995). Estimation of quantitative enzymuria in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis using urine enzyme/creatinine ratios from spot urine samples. J Vet Intern Med 9(5): 324-327.
169. Grauer, G.F. and I.F. Lane (1995a). Acute renal failure. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, edited by S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, pp. 1720-1733.
170. Grauer, G.F. and I.F. Lane (1995b). Acute renal failure: ischemic and chemical nephrosis. In: Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology, editded by C.A. Osborne and D.R. Finco. Philadelphia, PA: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 441-459.
171. Grauer, G.F., et al. (1984). Early clinicopathologic findings in dogs ingesting ethylene glycol. Am J Vet Res 45(11): 2299-2303.
172. Greene, C.E. (2006). Antifungal chemotherapy. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, edited by C.E. Greene. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 542-550.
173. Greene, C.E., et al. (2006). Leptospirosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, edited by C.E. Greene. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 402-417.
174. Greenlee, J.J., et al. (2005). Experimental canine leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and bratislava. Am J Vet Res 66(10): 1816-1822.
175. Greenlee, J.J., et al. (2004). Clinical and pathologic comparison of acute leptospirosis in dogs caused by two strains of Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. Am J Vet Res 65(8): 1100-1107.
176. Gregory, C.R., et al. (1993). Oxalate nephrosis and renal sclerosis after renal transplantation in a cat. Vet Surg 22(3): 221-224.
177. Grigoryev, D.N., et al. (2008). The local and systemic inflammatory transcriptome after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 19(3):547-558.
178. Guerra, M.A. (2009). Leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234(4):472-478.
179. Gutierrez, R., et al. (1991). Effect of hypertonic versus isotonic sodium bicarbonate on plasma potassium concentration in patients with end-stage renal disease. Miner Electrolyte Metab 17(5): 297-302.
180. Gwaltney-Brant, S.M., et al. (2001). Renal failure associated with ingestion of grapes or raisins in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(10):1555-1556.
181. Haag-Weber, M. and W.H. Horl (1993). Uremia and infection: mechanisms of impaired cellular host defense. Nephron 63(2): 125-131.
182. Haase, M., et al. (2009). Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 54(6):1012-1024.
183. Hadley, R., et al. (2003). A retrospective study of day lily toxicosis in cats. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(1): 38-39.
184. Hadrick, M.K., et al. (1996). Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis with eosinophiluria in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 10(1): 45-47.
185. Halpenny, M., et al. (2001). Effects of prophylactic fenoldopam infusion on renal blood flow and renal tubular function during acute hypovolemia in anesthetized dogs. Crit Care Med 29(4): 855-860.
186. Harkin, K.R. and C.L. Gartrell (1996). Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990-1995). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32: 495-501.
187. Harkin, K.R., et al. (2003a). Clinical application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(9): 1224-1229.
188. Harkin, K.R., et al. (2003b). Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs. J AmVetMed Assoc 222(9): 1230-1233.
189. Harris, R.C. (2006). COX-2 and the kidney. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47(Suppl 1): S37-S42.
190. Hassoun, H.T., et al. (2007). Ischemic acute kidney injury induces a distant organ functional and genomic response distinguishable from bilateral nephrectomy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293(1): F30-F40.
191. Hau, A.K., et al. (2009). Melamine toxicity and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(2): 245-250.
192. Heath, S.E. and R. Johnson (1994). Leptospirosis. J AmVet Med Assoc 205(11): 1518-1523.
193. Hedges, S.J., et al. (2007). Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3(3): 138-153.
194. Heiene, R., et al. (2001). Calculation of urinary enzyme excretion, with renal structure and function in dogs with pyometra. Res Vet Sci 70(2): 129-137.
195. Heinzelmann, M., et al. (1999). Neutrophils and renal failure. Am J Kid Dis 34(2): 384-399.
196. Hellberg, P.O.A., et al. (1991). Red cell trapping and postischemic renal blood flow. Differences between the cortex, outer and inner medulla. Kidney Int 40: 625-631.
197. Heyman, S.N. and S. Rosen (2003). Dye-induced nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 23(5): 477-485.
198. Heyman, S.N., et al. (2008). Renal parenchymal hypoxia, hypoxiaadaptation, and the pathogenesis of radiocontrast nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 288-296.
199. Hill, P., et al. (2008a). Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor hydroxylases protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 39-46.
200. Hill, T.L., et al. (2008b). Concurrent hepatic copper toxicosis and Fanconi’s syndrome in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 219-222.
201. Himmelfarb, J. (2009). Acute kidney injury in the elderly: problems and prospects. Semin Nephrol 29(6): 658-664.
202. Himmelfarb, J., et al. (2008). Evaluation and initial management of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 962-967.
203. Hirsch, S. (2007). Prerenal success in chronic kidney disease. Am J Med 120: 754-759.
204. Hoke, T.S., et al. (2007). Acute renal failure after bilateral nephrectomy is associated with cytokine-mediated pulmonary injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 18(1): 155-164.
205. Horl, W.H. (2001). Neutrophil function in renal failure. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 31: 173-192.
206. Hoste, E.A. and J.A. Kellum (2007). Incidence, classification, and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol 156: 32-38.
207. Hoste, E.A.J., et al. (2006). RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 10: R73.
208. Hoste, E.A.J. and J.J. De Waele (2005). Physiologic consequences of acute renal failure on the critically ill. Crit Care Clin 21(2): 251-260.
209. Hoste, E.A.J. and J.A. Kellum (2006). RIFLE criteria provide robust assessment of kidney dysfunction and correlate with hospital mortality. Crit Care Med 34(7): 2016-2017.
210. Hovda, L.R. (2010). Plant toxicities. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, edited by S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman, Volume 1. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 561-565.
211. Hutton, T.A., et al. (2008). Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected “Lyme nephritis”. J Vet Intern Med 22(4):860-865.
212. IRIS. (2006). International Renal Interest Society. Available at: http://www.iris-kidney.com/index.shtml (accessed January 7, 2010).
213. Iseki, K., et al. (1993). Serum albumin is a strong predictor of death in chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int 44(1): 115-119.
214. Israni, A.K. and B.L. Kasiske (2008). Laboratory assessment of kidney disease: clearance, urinalysis, and kidney biopsy. In: Brenner & Rector’s TheKidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 724-756.
215. Jo, S.K., et al. (2007). Pharmacologic treatment of acute kidney injury:why drugs haven’t worked and what is on the horizon. Clin J AmSoc Nephrol 2(2): 356-365.
216. Kale, S., et al. (2003). Bone marrow stem cells contribute to repair of the ischemically injured renal tubule. J Clin Invest 112: 42-49.
217. Kaloyanides, G. (1984). Renal pharmacology of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Contrib Nephrol 42: 148-167.
218. Kaloyanides, G. (1997). Antibiotic and immunosuppression-related renal failure. In: Diseases of the Kidney, edited by R.W. Schrier and C. Gottschalk. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 1115-1151.
219. Kaplan, J.L., et al. (1997). Alkalinization is ineffective for severe hyperkalemia in nonnephrectomized dogs. Hyperkalemia Research Group. Acad Emerg Med 4(2): 93-99.
220. Kaplan, J.L., et al. (2000). Hypertonic saline treatment of severe hyperkalemia in nonnephrectomized dogs. Acad Emerg Med 7(9):965-973.
221. Karajala, V., et al. (2009). Diuretics in acute kidney injury. Minerva Anestesiol 75(5): 251-257.
222. Kellum, J., et al. (2007a). Acute renal failure. Am Fam Physician 76(3):418-422.
223. Kellum, J.A. (1997a). Diuretics in acute renal failure: protective or deleterious. Blood Purif 15(4-6): 319-322.
224. Kellum, J.A. (1997b). The use of diuretics and dopamine in acute renal failure: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care 1(2): 53-59.
225. Kellum, J.A. (1998). Use of diuretics in the acute care setting. Kidney Int Suppl 66: S67-S70.
226. Kellum, J.A. (2007). Prerenal azotemia: still a useful concept? Crit Care Med 35(6): 1630-1631.
227. Kellum, J.A. (2008). Acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 36(Suppl):S141-S145.
228. Kellum, J.A., et al. (2007b). The concept of acute kidney injury and the RIFLE criteria. Contrib Nephrol 156: 10-16.
229. Kellum, J.A., et al. (2008a). Fluids for the prevention and management of acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 31(2).
230. Kellum, J.A. and J.M. Decker (2001). Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 29(8): 1526-1531.
231. Kellum, J.A., et al. (2008b). Acute renal failure. Clin Evid (Online).
232. Kellum, J.A., et al. (2002). Developing a consensus classification system for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 8: 509-514.
233. Kellum, J.A., et al. (2008c). Fluid management in acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 31(2): 94-95.
234. Kelly, K.J. (2005). Heat shock (stress response) proteins and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Contrib Nephrol 148: 86-106.
235. Kerr, D.D. and V. Marshall (1974). Protection against the renal carrier state by a canine leptospirosis vaccine. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69(9): 1157-1160.
236. Klein, C.L., et al. (2008). Interleukin-6 mediates lung injury following ischemic acute kidney injury or bilateral nephrectomy. Kidney Int 74(7): 901-909.
237. Kogika, M.M., et al. (2006). Serum ionized calcium in dogs with chronic renal failure and metabolic acidosis. Vet Clin Pathol 35:441-445.
238. Kosieradzki, M. and W. Rowinski (2008). Ischemia/reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation: mechanisms and prevention. Transplant Proc 40(10): 3279-3288.
239. Kovesdy, C.P., et al. (2009). Outcome predictability of biomarkers of protein-energy wasting and inflammation in moderate and advanced chronic kidney disease. Am J Clin Nutr 90(2): 407-414.
240. Kramer, A.A., et al. (1999). Renal ischemia/reperfusion leads to macrophage-mediated increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. Kidney Int 55(6): 2362-2367.
241. Krause, D.S. and L.G. Cantley (2005). Bone marrow plasticity revisited:protection or differentiation in the kidney tubule? J Clin Invest 115(7): 1705-1708.
242. Krawiec, D.R. (1996). ManagingGastrointestinal complications of uremia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26(6): 1287-1292.
243. Kwon, T.-H., et al. (1999). Reduced abundance of aquaporins in rats with bilateral ischemia-induced acute renal failure: prevention by a-MSH. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 277: 413-427.
244. Kyles, A.E., et al. (2005). Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002). J AmVetMed Assoc 226(6): 932-936.
245. Kyles, A.E. and J.L. Westropp (2009). Management of feline ureteroliths. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, edited by J.D. Bonagura and D.C. Twedt. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 931-936.
246. Labato, M.A. (2001). Strategies for management of acute renal failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Animal Pract 31(6): 1265-1287.
247. Labato, M.A. (2009). Uncomplicated urinary tract infection. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, edited by J.D. Bonagura and D.C. Twedt. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 918-921.
248. Lacerda, G., et al. (2010). Neurologic presentations of renal diseases. Neurol Clin 28(1): 45-59.
249. Laflamme, D.P. (1997). Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. Canine Pract 22: 10-15.
250. Lameire, N., et al. (2008a). The prevention of acute kidney injury: an in-depth narrative review Part 1: volume resuscitation and avoidance of drug-and nephrotoxin-induced AKI. NDT Plus 1: 392-402.
251. Lameire, N., et al. (2009). The prevention of acute kidney injury: an in-depth narrative review: Part 2: drugs in the prevention of acute kidney injury. NDT Plus 2: 1-10.
252. Lameire, N., et al. (2005). Acute renal failure. Lancet 365: 417-430.
253. Lameire, N., et al. (2008b). Acute kidney injury. Lancet 372(9653):1863-1865.
254. Lameire, N. and R. Vanholder (2001). Pathophysiologic features and prevention of human and experimental acute tubular necrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12: S20-S32.
255. Lameire, N., et al. (2002). Loop diuretics for patients with acute renal failure: helpful or harmful? J AmMed Assoc 288(20): 2599-2601.
256. Lameire, N., et al. (1995). Prevention of clinical acute tubular necrosis with drug therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10(11): 1992-2000.
257. Lane, I.F., et al. (1994). Acute renal failure. Part I. risk factors, prevention, and strategies for protection. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 16(1): 15-18, 20-23, 26-29.
258. Lange, C., et al. (2005). Administeredmesenchymal stem cells enhance recovery from ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure in rats. Kidney Int 68: 1613-1617.
259. Langston, C.E. (2002a). Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats. J AmVetMed Assoc 220(1): 49-52.
260. Langston, C.E. (2002b). Hemodialysis in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24(7): 540-549.
261. Langston, C.E. (2008). Managing fluid and electrolyte disorders in renal failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Animal Pract 38(3): 677-697.
262. Langston, C.E. (2010). Acute uremia. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, edited by S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman, Volume 2. Philadephia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 1969-1984.
263. Langston, C.E. and L.M. Boyd (2007). Diseases of the kidney. In: Handbook of Small Animal Practice, edited by R.V. Morgan. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, pp. 500-527.
264. Langston, C.E., et al. (1997). Applications andoutcomeofhemodialysis in cats: a review of 29 cases. J Vet Intern Med 11(6): 348-355.
265. Langston, C.E., et al. (2008). Diagnosis ofUrolithiasis. CompendContin Educ Pract Vet 30(8): 447-455.
266. Langston, C.E. and K.J. Heuter (2003). Leptospirosis: a re-emerging zoonotic disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33: 791-807.
267. Laroute, V., et al. (2005). Quantitative evaluation of renal function in healthy Beagle puppies and mature dogs. Res Vet Sci 79(2): 161-167.
268. Lau, E. (2009). Virbac Recalls Veggiedent Chews in Australia. Available at: http://news.vin.com/VINNews.aspx?articleId = 13071 (accessed December 17, 2009).
269. Le Garreres, A., et al. (2007). Disposition of plasma creatinine in nonazotaemic and moderately azotaemic cats. J Feline Med Surg 9(2):89-96.
270. Leblanc, M., et al. (2005). Risk factors for acute renal failure: inherent and modifiable risks. Curr Opin Crit Care 11: 533-536.
271. Lee, D.W., et al. (2009). Post-treatment effects of erythropoietin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid on recovery from cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in the rat. J Korean Med Sci 24(Suppl 1): S170-S175.
272. Lees, G.E. (2004). Early diagnosis of renal disease and renal failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34(4): 867-886.
273. Lefebvre, H.P., et al. (2007). Angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitors in veterinary medicine. Curr Pharm Des 13: 1347-1361.
274. Lefebvre, H.P., et al. (2006). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of ramipril and ramiprilat in healthy dogs and dogs with reduced glomerular filtration rate. J Vet InternMed 20: 499-507.
275. Levett, P.N. (2001). Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14(2): 296-326.
276. Liangos, O., et al. (2003). Anemia in acute renal failure: role for erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins? Artif Organs 27(9): 786-791.
277. Licari, E., et al. (2007). Fluid resuscitation and the septic kidney: the evidence. Contrib Nephrol 156: 167-177.
278. Lin, F. (2006). Stem cells in kidney regeneration following acute renal injury. Pediatr Res 59(4 Pt 2): 74R-78R.
279. Lin, F., et al. (2003). Hematopoietic stem cells contribute to the regeneration of renal tubules after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J Am SocNephrol 14: 1188-1199.
280. Lindner, A., et al. (1979). Synergism of dopamine plus furosemide in preventing acute renal failure in the dog. Kidney Int 16(2): 158-166.
281. Littman, M.P. (2003). Canine borreliosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33: 827-862.
282. Liu, K.D. and P.R. Brakeman (2008). Renal repair and recovery. Crit Care Med 36(Suppl): S187-S192.
283. Liu, M., et al. (2008). Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J AmSocNephrol 19(7): 1360-1370.
284. Livio, M., et al. (1982). Uraemic bleeding: role of anaemia and beneficial effect of red cell transfusions. Lancet 2(8306): 1013-1015.
285. Lopes, J.A., et al. (2008). Acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients: a comparison between the RIFLE and the acute kidney injury network classifications. Crit Care 12: R110-R117.
286. Lopez-Pena, M., et al. (2009). Visceral leishmaniasis with cardiac involvement in a dog: a case report. Acta Vet Scand 51: 20.
287. Macedo, E. and R.L. Mehta (2009). Prerenal failure: from old concepts to new paradigms. Curr Opin Crit Care 15(6): 467-473.
288. Madewell, B.R. and R.W. Norrdin (1975). Renal failure associated with pericardial effusion in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167(12):1091-1093.
289. Markowitz, G.S. and M.A. Perazella (2005). Drug-induced renal failure:a focus on tubulointerstitial disease. Clin Chim Acta 351: 31-47.
290. Marks, S.L. (1998). The principles and practical application of enteral nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28(3): 677-708.
291. Mason, J., et al. (1987). The contribution of vascular obstruction to the functional defect that follows renal ischemia. Kidney Int 31: 65-71.
292. Mastrorilli, C., et al. (2007). Clinicopathologic features and outcome predictors of leptospira interrogans Australis serogroup infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 cases (2001-2004). J Vet InternMed 21(1): 3-10.
293. Mathews, K.A. (2006). Monitoring fluid therapy and complications of fluid therapy. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 377-391.
294. Mazzaferro, E.M., et al. (2004). Acute renal failure associated with raisin or grape ingestion in 4 dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14(3):203-212.
295. McClellan, J.M., et al. (2006). Effects of administration of fluids and diuretics on glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and urine output in healthy awake cats. Am J Vet Res 67: 715-722.
296. Means, C. (2007). Lily toxicosis. In: Clinical Veterinary Advisor Dogs and Cats, edited by E. Cote. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, pp. 638-639.
297. Medina, P.J., et al. (2001). Drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Curr Opin Hematol 8: 286-293.
298. Mehta, R.L., et al. (2008). Pharmacologic approaches for volume excess in acute kidney injury (AKI). Int J Artif Organs 31(2): 127-144.
299. Mehta, R.L. and G. Chertow (2003). Acute renal failure definitions and classification: time for change? J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2178-2187.
300. Mehta, R.L., et al. (2007). Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 11(2): R31.
301. Mehta, R.L., et al. (2002a). Refining predictive models in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 13(5): 1350-1357.
302. Mehta, R.L., et al. (2002b). Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. J Am Med Assoc 288(20):2547-2553.
303. Meyer, T.W. and T.H. Hostetter (2008). Pathophysiology of uremia. In: Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 2. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 1681-1696.
304. Michel, D.M. and C.J. Kelly (1998). Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 9(3): 506-515.
305. Miller, R.I., et al. (2007). Clinical and epidemiological features of canine leptospirosis in North Queensland. Aust Vet J 85(1): 13-19.
306. Mitch, W.E. (1981). Amino acid release from the hindquarter and urea appearance in acute uremia. Am J Physiol 241(6): E415-E419.
307. Mitch, W.E. (1993). Nutritional influences on changes in kidney growth and function and the responses to kidney diseases. Semin Nephrol 13(5): 503-507.
308. Mitch, W.E., et al. (1989). Protein and amino acid metabolism in uremia: influence of metabolic acidosis. Kidney Int Suppl 27: S205-S207.
309. Molitoris, B.A., et al. (2007). Improving outcomes of acute kidney injury report of an initiative. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3(8): 439-442.
310. Molitoris, B.A., et al. (1993). Mechanism of ischemia-enhanced aminoglycoside binding and uptake by proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol 264(5 Pt2): F907-F916.
311. Moore, G., et al. (2006). Canine leptospirosis, United States, 2002-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12(3): 501-503.
312. Morrow, C.M.K., et al. (2005). Canine renal pathology associated with grape or raisin ingestion: 10 cases. J Vet Diagn Invest 17: 223-231.
313. Mount, D.B. and K. Zandi-Nejad (2008). Disorders of potassium balance. In: Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 547-587.
314. Murrary, P.T. and P.M. Palevsky (2009). Acute kidney injury and critical care nephrology. Nephrol Self Assess Program 8(3): 173-226.
315. Murray, C., et al. (2003). Effects of fenoldopamon renal blood flowand its function in a canine model of rhabdomyolysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 20: 711-718.
316. Murray, P.T. and P.M. Palevsky (2009). Acute kidney injury and critical care nephrology. Nephrol Self Assess Program 8(3): 173-226.
317. Mylonakis, M.E., et al. (2005). Leptospiral seroepidemiology in a feline hospital population in Greece. Vet Rec 156(19): 615-616.
318. Nath, K.A. and S.M. Norby (2000). Reactive oxygen species and acute renal failure. Am J Med 109: 655-678.
319. Nelson, O.L. and W.A. Ware (2009). Pericardial effusion. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, edited by J.D. Bonagura and D.C. Twedt. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 825-831.
320. Newman, S.J., et al. (2003). Cryptococcal pyelonephritis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(2): 180-183, 174.
321. Nichols, A.J., et al. (1992). Effect of fenoldopam on the acute and subacute nephrotoxicity produced by amphotericin B in the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260(1): 269-274.
322. Nigwekar, S.U., et al. (2009). Atrial natriuretic peptide for management of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am SocNephrol 4(2): 261-272.
323. Niwattayakul, K., et al. (2002). Hypotension, renal failure, and pulmonary complications in leptospirosis. Ren Fail 24(3): 297-305.
324. Nolan, C.R. and R.J. Anderson (1998). Hospital-acquired acute renal failure. J Am SocNephrol 9(4): 710-718.
325. Norris, C.R., et al. (2000). Recurrent and persistent urinary tract infections in dogs: 383 cases (1969-1995). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:484-492.
326. Novellas, R., et al. (2007). Doppler ultrasonographic estimation of renal and ocular resistive and pulsatility indices in normal dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48(1): 69-73.
327. Oliver, J.A., et al. (2004). The renal papilla is a niche for adult kidney stem cells. J Clin Invest 114(6): 796-804.
328. Olyaei, A.J., et al. (2001). Nephrotoxicity ofimmunosuppressive drugs:new insight and preventive strategies. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:384-389.
329. Osborne, C.A., et al. (1996). Percutaneous needle biopsy of the kidney. Indications, applications, technique, and complications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26(6): 1461-1504.
330. Osborne, C.A., et al. (2009). Melamine and cyanuric acid-induced crystalluria, uroliths, and nephrotoxicity in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39(1): 1-14.
331. Osborne, C.A., et al. (1995). A clinician’s analysis of urinalysis. In: Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology, edited by C.A. Osborne and D.R. Finco. Baltimore, MD:Williams & Wilkins, pp. 136-205.
332. Padanilam, B.J. (2003). Cell death induced by acute renal injury: a perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284(4): F608-F627.
333. Palacio, J., et al. (1997). Enzymuria as an index of renal damage in canine leishmaniasis. Vet Rec 140(18): 477-480.
334. Palevsky, P.M. (2004). Acute renal failure. Nephrol Self Assess Program 3(5): 239-277.
335. Palevsky, P.M. (2008). Indications and timing of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Crit CareMed 36(Suppl): S224-S228.
336. Pannu, N. and M.K. Nadim (2008). An overview of drug-induced acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 36(Suppl): S216-S223.
337. Pantaleo, V., et al. (2004). Application of hemodialysis for the management of acute uremia in cats: 119 cases (1993-2003) (abstract). J Vet InternMed 18(3): 418.
338. Parham, W.A., et al. (2006). Hyperkalemia revisited. Tex Heart Inst J 33: 40-47.
339. Patel, N.S.A., et al. (2004). Pretreatment with EPO reduces the injury and dysfunction caused by ischemia/reperfusion in the mouse kidney in vivo. Kidney Int 66: 983-989.
340. Penny, D., et al. (2003). Raisin poisoning in a dog. Vet Rec 152: 308.
341. Pepin, M.-N., et al. (2007). Diagnostic performance of fractional excretion of urea and fractional excretion of sodium in the evaluation of patientswith acute kidney injurywith orwithout diuretic treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 50(4): 566-573.
342. Perazella, M.A. (1999). Crystal-induced acute renal failure. Am J Med 106: 459-465.
343. Pinsky, M., et al. (2008). Fluid and volume monitoring. Int J Artif Organs 31(2): 111-126.
344. Polzin, D.J., et al. (2005). Chronic kidney disease. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, edited by S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman, Volume II. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders, pp. 1756-1785.
345. Pressler, B.M., et al. (2003). Candida spp. urinary tract infections in 13 dogs and seven cats: predisposing factors, treatment, and outcome. J AmAnimHosp Assoc 39(3): 263-270.
346. Puschner, B., et al. (2007). Assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 19(6): 616-624.
347. Putcha, N. and M. Allon (2007). Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 20(5): 431-439.
348. Rabb, H., et al. (2003). Acute renal failure leads to dysregulation of lung salt and water channels. Kidney Int 63(2): 600-606.
349. Racusen, L.C. (2001). The morphologic basis of acute renal failure. In: Acute Renal Failure: A Companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.A. Molitoris and W.F. Finn. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, pp. 1-12.
350. Raff, A.C., et al. (2008). New insights into uremic toxicity. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 17(6): 560-565.
351. Rauf, A.A., et al. (2008). Intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: an observational outcomes analysis. J Intensive Care Med 23(3): 195-203.
352. Rawlings, C.A., et al. (2003). Use of laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy for removal of urinary calculi in dogs. J Am VetMed Assoc 222(6):759-761.
353. Redfors, B., et al. (2009). Effects of mannitol alone and mannitol plus furosemide on renal oxygen consumption, blood flow and glomerular filtration after cardiac surgery. Intensive CareMed 35(1):115-122.
354. Rentko, V.T., et al. (1992). Canine leptospirosis: a retrospective study of 17 cases. J Vet InternMed 6: 235-244.
355. Ricci, Z. and C. Ronco (2008). Dose and efficiency of renal replacement therapy: continuous renal replacement therapy versus intermittent hemodialysis versus slow extended daily dialysis. Crit Care Med 36(Suppl): S229-S237.
356. Riordan, M., et al. (2005). HSP70 binding modulates detachment of Na-K-ATPase following energy deprivation in renal epithelial cells. AM J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F1236-F1242.
357. Rivers, B.J. and G.R. Johnston (1996). Diagnostic imaging strategies in small animal nephrology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26(6): 1505-1517.
358. Rivers, B.J., et al. (1996). Evaluation of urine gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine ratio as a diagnostic tool in an experimental model of aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32(4): 323-336.
359. Rivers, B.J., et al. (1997a). Duplex Doppler estimation of resistive index in arcuate arteries of sedated, normal female dogs: implications for use in the diagnosis of renal failure. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(1):69-76.
360. Rivers, B.J., et al. (1997b). Ultrasonographic-guided, percutaneous antegrade pyelography: technique and clinical application in the dog and cat. J AmAnimHosp Assoc 33(1): 61-68.
361. Rivers, B.J., et al. (1997c). Duplex Doppler estimation of intrarenal pourcelot resistive index in dogs and cats with renal disease. J Vet Intern Med 11(4): 250-260.
362. Rollings, C.E., et al. (2004). Use of hemodialysis in uremic and nonuremic dogs with ethylene glycol toxicity (abstract). J Vet InternMed 18(3): 416.
363. Ronco, C. and Z. Ricci (2008). Renal replacement therapies: physiological review. Intensive Care Med 34: 2139-2146.
364. Rose, B.D. (2001). Metabolic acidosis. In: Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, edited by B.D. Rose and T.W. Post. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 578-646.
365. Rosen, S. and I.E. Stillman (2008). Acute tubular necrosis is a syndrome of physiologic and pathologic dissociation. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:871-875.
366. Ross, L.R. and M.A. Labato (2006). Peritoneal dialysis. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 635-649.
367. Rumbeiha, W.K., et al. (2004). A comprehensive study of Easter lily poisoning in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 16: 527-541.
368. Rumbeiha, W.K. and M.J. Murphy (2009). Nephrotoxicants. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, edited by J.D. Bonagura and D.C. Twedt. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 159-164.
369. Ruschitzka, F., et al. (1999). Endothelial dysfunction in acute renal failure: role of circulating and tissue endothelin-1. J AmSocNephrol 10: 953-962.
370. Rush, J.E., et al. (1990). Pericardial disease in the cat: a retrospective evaluation of 66 cases. J AmAnimHosp Assoc 26: 39-46.
371. Schaefer, T.J. and R.W. Wolford (2005). Disorders of potassium. Emerg Med Clin North Am 23: 723-747.
372. Schaer, G.L., et al. (1985). Norepinephrine alone versus norepinephrine plus low-dose dopamine: enhanced renal blood flow with combination pressor therapy. Crit Care Med 13(6): 492-496.
373. Schaer, M. (2008). Therapeutic approach to electrolyte emergencies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(3): 513-533.
374. Scheel, P.J., et al. (2008). Uremic lung: new insights into a forgotten condition. Kidney Int 74(7): 849-851.
375. Schenck, P.A. and D.J. Chew (2005). Prediction of serum ionized calcium concentration by use of serum total calcium concentration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 66: 1330-1336.
376. Schenck, P.A., et al. (2006). Disorders of calcium: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. IN: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, edited by S.P. DiBartola. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 122-194.
377. Schrier, R.W. (2009). AKI: fluid overload and mortality. Nat Rev Nephrol 5(9): 485.
378. Sedlacek, H.S., et al. (2008). Comparative efficacy of maropitant and selected drugs in preventing emesis induced by centrally or peripherally acting emetogens in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31(6): 533-537.
379. Segerer, S., et al. (2000). Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and renal disease: from basic science to pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. J Am SocNephrol 11: 152-176.
380. Segev, G., et al. (2008a). Aluminum toxicity following administration of aluminum-based phosphate binders in two dogs with renal failure. J Vet InternMed 22(6): 1432-1435.
381. Segev, G., et al. (2010). Correction of hyperkalemia in dogs with chronic kidney disease consuming commercial renal therapeutic diets by a potassium-reduced home prepared diet. J Vet InternMed.(in press.)
382. Segev, G., et al. (2008b). A novel clinical scoring system for outcome prediction in dogs with acute kidney injury managed by hemodialysis. J Vet InternMed 22(2): 301-308.
383. Shalkham, A.S., et al. (2006). The availability and use of charcoal hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoned patients. Am J Kidney Dis 48(2): 239-241.
384. Sharples, E.J., et al. (2004). Erythropoietin protects the kidney against the injury and dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 2115-2124.
385. Shilliday, I.R., et al. (1997). Loop diuretics in the management of acute renal failure: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 2592-2596.
386. Sigrist, N.E. (2007). Use of dopamine in acute renal failure. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17(2): 117-126.
387. Silverstein, D.C., et al. (2005). Assessment of changes in blood volume in response to resuscitative fluid administration in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15(3): 185-192.
388. Simmons, J.P., et al. (2006). Diuretic effects of fenoldopam in healthy cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 16(2): 96-103.
389. Smith, J.P. and I.J. Chang (2008). Extracorporeal treatment of poisoning. In: Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 2. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 2081-2100.
390. Sohal, A.S., et al. (2006). Uremic bleeding: pathophysiology and clinical risk factors. Thromb Res 118(3): 417-422.
391. Solomon, R. (1998). Contrast-medium-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int 53: 230-242.
392. Son, H.R., et al. (1998). Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of total body water content by deuterium oxide dilution for estimating body composition in dogs. Am J Vet Res 59(5): 529-532.
393. Stanley, S.W. and C.E. Langston (2008). Hemodialysis in a dog with acute renal failure from currant toxicity. Can Vet J 49: 63-66.
394. Starkey, R.J. and M.A. McLoughlin (1996). Treatment of renal aspergillosis in a dog using nephrostomy tubes. J Vet Intern Med 10(5): 336-338.
395. Stepien, R.L. and R.A. Henik (2009). Systemic hypertension. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, edited by J.D. Bonagura and D.C. Twedt. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 713-717.
396. Stokes, J.E., et al. (2007). Prevalence of serum antibodies against six Leptospira serovars in healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(11):1657-1664.
397. Sutton, T.A., et al. (2002). Microvascular endothelial injury and dysfunction during ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 62:1539-1549.
398. Taber, S.S. and B.A. Mueller (2006). Drug-associated renal dysfunction. Crit Care Clin 22: 357-374.
399. Tag, T.L. and T.K. Day (2008). Electrocardiographic assessment of hyperkalemia in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18(1): 61-67.
400. Thompson, M.E., et al. (2008). Characterization of melaminecontaining and calcium oxalate crystals in three dogs with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis. Vet Pathol 45(3): 417-426.
401. Thrall, M.A., et al. (1998). Advances in therapy for antifreeze poisoning. Calif Vet 52(6): 18-22.
402. Thrall, M.A., et al. (1984). Clinicopathologic findings in dogs and cats with ethylene glycol intoxication. J AmVetMedAssoc 184(1): 37-41.
403. Tobata, D., et al. (2004). Effects of dopamine, dobutamine, amrinone and milrinone on regional blood flow in isoflurane anesthetized dogs. J VetMed Sci 66(9): 1097-1105.
404. Togel, F., et al. (2005). Administered mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischemic acute renal failure through differentiationindependentmechanisms. AMJ Physiol Renal Physiol 289: F31-F42.
405. Tolkoff-Rubin, N.E., et al. (2009). Urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy. In: Brenner & Rector’s TheKidney, edited by B.M. Brenner, Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, pp. 1203-1238.
406. Townsend, D.R. and S.M. Bagshaw (2008). New insights on intravenous fluids, diuretics, and acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract 109: 206-216.
407. Tumlin, J.A. (2009). Impaired blood flowin acute kidney injury: pathophysiology and potential efficacy of intrarenal vasodilator therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care 15(6): 514-519.
408. Uchino, S. (2008). Choice of therapy and renal recovery. Crit CareMed 36(Suppl): S238-S242.
409. Uchino, S., et al. (2006). An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 34(7):1913-1917.
410. Uchino, S., et al. (2007). Patient and kidney survival by dialysis modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Int J ArtifOrgans 30(4): 281-292.
411. Uchino, S., et al. (2004). Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 32(8): 1669-1677.
412. Vaden, S.L., et al. (1997). A retrospective case-control of acute renal failure in 99 dogs. J Vet InternMed 11(2): 58-64.
413. Vaden, S.L., et al. (2005). Renal biopsy: a retrospective study of methods and complications in 283 dogs and 65 cats. J Vet Intern Med 19:794-801.
414. Vaidya, V.S., et al. (2008). Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48: 463-493.
415. Vaidya, V.S., et al. (2009). A rapid urine test for early detection of kidney injury. Kidney Int 76(1): 108-114.
416. Valencia, E., et al. (2009). Nutrition therapy for acute renal failure:a new approach based on ‘risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage kidney’ classification (RIFLE). Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12(3): 241-244.
417. Vanholder, R., et al. (2003a). Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int 63:1934-1943.
418. Vanholder, R., et al. (2003b). New insights in uremic toxins. Kidney Int 63(Suppl 84): S6-S10.
419. Vanholder, R., et al. (2008). What is new in uremic toxicity? Pediatr Nephrol 23(8): 1211-1221.
420. Venkataram, R. and J.A. Kellum (2001). The role of diuretic agents in the management of acute renal failure. Contrib Nephrol (132):158-170.
421. Venkataraman, R. (2008). Can we prevent acute kidney injury? Crit Care Med 36(Suppl): S166-S171.
422. Versteilen, A.M.G., et al. (2004). Molecular mechanims of acute renal failure following ischemia/reperfusion. Int J Artif Organs 27(12):1019-1029.
423. Vijayan, A. and S.B. Miller (1998). Acute renal failure: prevention and nondialytic therapy. Semin Nephrol 18(5): 523-532.
424. Visweswaran, P., et al. (1997). Mannitol-induced acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 8(6): 1028-1033.
425. Waikar, S.S. and J.V. Bonventre (2008). Biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract 109(4): c192- c197.
426. Ward, D.T., et al. (2005). Aminoglycosides induce acute cell signaling and chronic cell death in renal cells that express the calcium-sensing receptor. J Am SocNephrol 16: 1236-1244.
427. Ward, M.P. (2002a). Clustering of reported cases of leptospirosis among dogs in the United States and Canada. Prev Vet Med 56(3):215-226.
428. Ward, M.P. (2002b). Seasonality of canine leptospirosis in the United States and Canada and its association with rainfall. Prev VetMed 56:203-213.
429. Ward, M.P., et al. (2002). Prevalence of and risk factors for leptospirosis amongdogs in theUnited States and Canada: 677 cases (1970-1998). J AmVetMed Assoc 220(1): 53-58.
430. Washabau, R.J. and M.S. Elie (1995). Antiemetic therapy. In: Kirk’sCurrent Veterinary Therapy XII, edited by J.D. Bonagura. Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, pp. 679-685.
431. Wassermann, K., et al. (1980). Dopamine-induced diuresis in the cat without changes in renal hemodynamics. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 312(1): 77-83.
432. Weidemann, A., et al. (2008). HIF activation protects fromacute kidney injury. J Am SocNephrol 19: 486-494.
433. Weingart, C. and B. Kohn (2008). Clinical use of a haemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solution (Oxyglobin) in 48 cats (2002-2006). J Feline Med Surg 10(5): 431-438.
434. Westropp, J.L., et al. (2006). Dried solidified blood calculi in theurinary tract of cats. J Vet InternMed 20: 828-834.
435. Wild, C.J., et al. (2002). Animprovedimmunohistochemical diagnostic technique for canine leptospirosis using antileptospiral antibodies on renal tissue. J Vet Diagn Invest 14: 20-24.
436. Wilhelm, S.M., et al. (1999). Endothelin up-regulation and localization following renal ischemia and reperfusion. Kidney Int 55: 1011-1018.
437. Willard, M. (2008). Therapeutic approach to chronic electrolyte disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(3): 535-541, x.
438. Willard, M.D. (2009). Digestive system disorders: general therapeutic principles. In: Small Animal Internal Medicine, edited by R.W. Nelson and C.G. Couto. St. Louis, MO:Mosby Elsevier, pp. 395-413.
439. Wolf, A.M. (1980). Canine uremic encephalopathy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16: 735-738.
440. Worwag, S. and C.E. Langston (2008). Feline acute intrinsic renal failure: 32 cats (1997-2004). J AmVetMed Assoc 232(5): 728-732.
441. Yamamoto, T., et al. (2002). Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 282:F1150-F1115.
442. Yatsu, T., et al. (1997a). Renal effect of YM435, a new dopamine D1 receptor agonist, in anesthetized dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 322(1):45-53.
443. Yatsu, T., et al. (1998). Effect of YM435, a dopamine DA1 receptor agonist, in a caninemodel of ischemic acute renal failure. Gen Pharmacol 31(5): 803-807.
444. Yatsu, T., et al. (1997b). Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of YM435, a novel dopamine DA1-receptor agonist, in anaesthetized dogs. J Pharm Pharmacol 49(9): 892-896.
445. Yatsu, T., et al. (1997c). Dopamine DA1 receptor agonist activity of YM435 in the canine renal vasculature. Gen Pharmacol 29(2):229-232.
446. Yavuz, A., et al. (2005). Uremic toxins: a new focus on an old subject. Semin Dial 18(3): 203-211.
447. Yhee, J.Y., et al. (2009). Retrospective study of melamine/cyanuric acid-induced renal failure in dogs in Korea between 2003 and 2004. Vet Pathol 46(2): 348-354.
448. Ympa, Y.P., et al. (2005). Has mortality from acute renal failure decreased? A systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 118(8):827-832.
449. Zakarija, A. and C.L. Bennett (2005). Drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy. Semin Thromb Hemost 31(6): 681-690.
450. Zaragoza, C., et al. (2003). SDS-PAGE and Western blot of urinary proteins in dogs with leishmaniasis. Vet Res 34(2): 137-151.
451. Zatelli, A., et al. (2003). Glomerular lesions in dogs infected with Leishmania organisms. Am J Vet Res 64(5): 558-561.
452. Zwijnenberg, R.J.G., et al. (2008). Cross-sectional study of canine leptospirosis in animal shelter populations in mainland Australia. Aust Vet J 86(8): 317-323.