Fluid and volume monitoring

International Journal of Artificial Organs

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 111-126

  Pinsky, M R ^a   Brophy, P ^b   Padilla, J ^c   Paganini, E ^d   Pannu, N ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c Universidad de Iberoamerica   (Costa Rica)

^d LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Effective circulating blood volume; Hemodynamic monitoring; Preload; Preload responsiveness; Renal failure

Indexed keywords

BLOOD PRESSURE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DIAGNOSIS; RESUSCITATION; ULTRAFILTRATION;

BLOOD VOLUMES; EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME; HAEMODYNAMICS; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HYPOVOLEMIA; PRE LOADS; PRELOAD-RESPONSIVENESS; RENAL FAILURE; VOLUME STATUS;

HEMODYNAMICS;

CREATININE; CYSTATIN C; DIURETIC AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 18; KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1; MEMBRANE RECEPTOR; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; SODIUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREA;

BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD VESSEL COMPLIANCE; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; BLOOD VOLUME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DIURESIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FLUID BALANCE; FLUID RESUSCITATION; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART PRELOAD; HEART STROKE VOLUME; HEART VENTRICLE FILLING; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HEMOFILTRATION; HUMAN; HYPERVOLEMIA; HYPOVOLEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST; KIDNEY INJURY; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; ORGAN PERFUSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PULSE PRESSURE; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SHOCK; SODIUM URINE LEVEL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; URINALYSIS; URINE SEDIMENT;

EID: 41149129258     PISSN: 03913988     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100205     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368-77.
2. Crookes BA, Cohn SM, Burton E, et al. Noninvasive muscle oxygenation to guide fluid resuscitation after traumatic shock. Surgery 2004; 135: 662-70.
3. Nakagawa Y, Weil MH, Tang W, et al. Sublingual capnometry for diagnosis and quantitation of circulatory shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1838-43.
4. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, et al. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and central venous pressure fail to predict ventricular filling volume, cardiac performance, or the response to volume infusion in normal subjects. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 691-9.
5. Perel A, Pizov R, Cotev S. Systolic blood pressure variation is a sensitive indicator of hypovolemia in ventilated dogs subjected to graded hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 498-502.
6. Michard F, Boussat S, Chemla D, et al. Relation between respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure and fluid responsiveness in septic patients with acute circulatory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care 2000; 162: 134-8.
7. Michard F, Alaya S, Zarka V, et al. Global end-diastolic volume as a predictor of cardiac preload in patients with septic shock. Chest 2003; 124: 1900-8.
8. Feissel M, Michard F, Mangin I, Ruyer O, Faller JP, Teboul JL. Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Chest 2001; 119: 867-73.
9. Gilley RE, Scharenberg AM, Bongiorno PF, Guire KE, Bartlett RH. Low oxygen delivery produced by anemia, hypoxia, and low cardiac output. J Surg Res 1991; 51: 425-33.
10. Velmahos GC, Demetriades D, Shoemaker WC, et al. Endpoints of resuscitation of critically injured patients: normal or supranormal? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 2000; 232: 409-18.
11. Gutierrez G, Palizas F, Doglio G, et al. Gastric intramucosal pH as a therapeutic-index of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients. Lancet 1992; 339: 195-9.
12. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, et al. Evaluation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of the critically ill. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1717-22.
13. Gillespie RS, Seidel K, Symons JM. Effect of fluid overload and dose of replacement fluid on survival in hemofiltration. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19: 1394-9.
14. Goldstein SL, Somers MJ, Baum MA, et al. Pediatric patients with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 653-8.
15. Goldstein SL, Currier H, Graf CD, et al. Outcome in children receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1309-12.
16. Foland JA, Fortenberry JD, Warshaw BL, Pettignano R, Merritt RK, Heard ML, Rogers K, Reid C, Tanner AJ, Easley KA. Fluid overload before continuous hemofiltration and survival in critically ill children: a retrospective analysis. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1771-6.
17. Shippy CR, Appel PL, Shoemaker WC. Reliability of clinical monitoring to assess blood volume in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1984; 12: 107-112.
18. Baek SM, Makabali GG, Bryan-Brown CW, Kusek JM, Shoemaker WC. Plasma expansion in surgical patients with high central venous pressure (CVP); the relationship of blood volume to hematocrit, CVP, pulmonary wedge pressure, and cardiorespiratory changes. Surgery 1975; 78: 304-15.
19. Lichtwarck-Aschoff M, Beale R, Plfeiffer UJ. Central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, intrathoracic blood volume, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume as indicators of cardiac preload. J Crit Care 1996; 11: 180-8.
20. Godje O, Peyerl M, Seebauer T, Lamm P, Mair H, Reichart B. Central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and intrathoracic blood volumes as preload indicators in cardiac surgery patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998; 13: 533-9.
21. Buhre W, Weyland A, Schorn B, Scholz M, Kazmaier S, Hoeft A, Sonntag H. Changes in central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure do not indicate changes in right and left heart volume in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999; 16: 11-7.
22. Marik PE. Pulmonary artery catheterization and esophageal doppler monitoring in the ICU. Chest 1999; 116: 1085-91.
23. Sakka SG, Bredle DL, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A. Comparison between intrathoracic blood volume and cardiac filling pressures in the early phase of hemodynamic instability of patients with sepsis or septic shock. J Crit Care 1999; 14: 78-83.
24. Bindels AJ, van der Hoeven JG, Graafland AD, de Koning J, Meinders AE. Relationships between volume and pressure measurements and stroke volume in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2000; 4: 193-9.
25. Wiesenack C, Prasser C, Keyi C, Rodijg G. Assessment of intrathoracic blood volume as an indicator of cardiac preload: single transpulmonary thermodilution technique versus assessment of pressure preload parameters derived from a pulmonary artery catheter. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15: 584-8.
26. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network. Pulmonary-Artery versus Central Venous Catheter to Guide Treatment of Acute Lung Injury. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2213-24.
27. Michard F, Teboul JL. Predicting Fluid Responsiveness in ICU Patients. A Critical analysis of The Evidence. Chest 2002; 121: 2000-8.
28. Michard F. Volume Management using Dynamic Parameters. The Good, the Bad and The Ugly. Chest 2005; 128: 1902-4.
29. Bouchard MJ, Denault A, Couture P, et al. Poor correlation between hemodynamic and echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular performance in the operating room and intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 644-8.
30. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. for the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Management Guidelines Committee. Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 858-73.
31. Osman D, Ridel C, Ray P, Monnet X, Anguel N, Richard C, Taboul JL. Cardiac filling pressures are not appropriate to predict hemodynamic response to volume challenge. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 64-8.
32. Combes A, Berneau JB, Luyt CE, et al. Estimation of left ventricular systolic function by single transpulmonary thermodilution. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 1377-83.
33. Desjardins R, Denault AY, Belisle S, et al. Can peripheral venous pressure be interchangeable with central venous pressure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery? Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 627-32.
34. Staal EM, Baan J, Jukema JW, et al. Transcardiac conductance for continuous measurement of left ventricular volume: validation vs. angiography in patients. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 1370-6.
35. Gabbanelli V, Pantanetti S, Donati A, et al. Initial distribution volume of glucose as noninvasive indicator of cardiac preload. Comparison with intrathoracic blood volume. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 2067-73.
36. Polanco P. Pinsky MR. Practical Issues of Hemodynamic Monitoring at the Bedside. Surg Clin of N A 2006; 86: 1431-56.
37. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 19: 1368-77.
38. Reinhart K, Kuhn HJ, Hartog C, et al: Continuous central venous and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 1572-8.
39. Hamilton-Davies C, Mythen MG, Salmon JB, Jacobson D, Shukla A, Webb AR. Comparison of commonly used clinical indicators of hypovolaemia with gastrointestinal tonometry. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 276-81.
40. Guzman JA, Lacoma FJ, Kruse JA. Relationship between systemic oxygen supply dependency and gastric intramucosal PCO2 during progressive hemorrhage. J Trauma 1998; 44: 696-700.
41. Hamilton MA, Mythen MG. Gastric tonometry: where do we stand? Curr Opin Crit Care 2001; 7: 122-7.
42. Chapman MV, Mythen MG, Webb AR, Vincent JL. Report from the meeting: Gastrointestinal Tonometry: State of the Art. 22nd-23rd May 1998, London, UK. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 613-22.
43. Szold A, Pizov R, Segal E, Perel A. The effect of tidal volume and intravascular volume state on systolic pressure variation in ventilated dogs. Intensive Care Med 1989; 15: 368-71.
44. Marik PE. The systolic blood pressure variation as an indicator of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in ventilated patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993; 21: 405-8.
45. Rooke GA, Schwid HA, Shapira Y. The effect of graded hemorrhage and intravascular volume replacement on systolic pressure variation in humans during mechanical and spontaneous ventilation. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 925-32.
46. Preisman S, Pfeiffer U, Lieberman N, Perel A. New monitors of intravascular volume: a comparison of arterial pressure waveform analysis and the intrathoracic blood volume. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 651-7.
47. Perel A. Assessing fluid responsiveness by the systolic pressure variation in mechanically ventilated patients. Systolic pressure variation as a guide to fluid therapy in patients with sepsis-induced hypotension. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1309-10.
48. Michard F, Teboul JL. Using heart-lung interactions to assess fluid responsiveness during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care 2000; 4: 282-9.
49. Denault AY, Gorcsan J, Pinsky MR. Dynamic effects of positive-pressure ventilation on canine left ventricular pressure-volume relations. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 298-308.
50. Gunn SR, Pinsky MR. Implications of arterial pressure variation in patients in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 2001; 7: 212-7.
51. Michard F, Boussat S, Chemla D, Anguel N, Mercat A, Lecarpentier Y, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL. Relation between respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure and fluid responsiveness in septic patients with acute circulatory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 134-8.
52. Reuter D, Felbinger TW, Schmidt C, et al. Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with seplir shock. Intensive Care Med 2002; 119: 867-73.
53. Reuter D, Felbinger, TW, Schmidt, C, Kilger, E, Goedje, O, Lamm, P, Goetz, AE. Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2002; 119: 867-73.
54. Feissel M, Michard F, Mangin I, Ruyer O, Faller JP, Teboul JL. Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Chest 2001; 119: 867-73.
55. Diebel LN, Wilson RF, Tagett MG, Kline RA. End-diastolic volume. A better indicator of preload in the critically ill. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 817-21.
56. Lichtwarck-Aschoff M, Zeravik J, Pfeiffer UJ. Intrathoracic blood volume accurately reflects circulatory volume status in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18: 142-7.
57. Durham R, Neunaber K, Vogler G, Shapiro M, Mazuski J. Right ventricular end-diastolic volume as a measure of preload. J Trauma 1995; 39: 218-23.
58. Chang MG, Blinman TA, Rutherford EJ, Nelson LD, Morris A, Jr.. Preload assessnoent in trauma patients during large-volume shock resuscitation. Arch Surg 1996; 131: 728-31.
59. Cheatham ML, Nelson LD, Chang MC, Safcsak K. Right ventricular end-diastolic volume index as a predictor of preload status in patients on positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1801-6.
60. Neumann P. Extravascular lung water and intrathoracic blood volume: double versus single indicator dilution technique. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 216-9.
61. Brown JM. Use of echocardiography for hemodynamic monitoring. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1361-4.
62. Roewer N, Greim CA. Echocardiography in intensive care medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 111 (Suppl): S874-9.
63. Tousignant CP, Walsh F, Mazer CD. The use of transesophageal echocardiography for preload assessment in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 351-5.
64. Stephan F, Flahault A, Dieudonne N, Hollande J, Paillard F, Bonnet F: Clinical evaluation of circulating blood volume in critically ill patients-contribution of a clinical scoring system. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 754-62.
65. Webb A. The fluid challenge. In: Webb AS, M; Singer, M, Suter, P (eds). Oxford textbook of Critical Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999. p 32-4.
66. Palazzo M. Circulating volume and clinical assessment of the circulation. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 743-6.
67. Marik PE. Assessment of intravascular volume: a comedy of errors. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1635-6.
68. McGee S, Abernethy WB, 3rd, Simel DL. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA 1999; 281: 1022-9.
69. Porter JI, RR. In search of the optimal end point of resuscitation in trauma patients. J Trauma 1998; 44: 908-14.
70. Stone B. Fluids and Electrolytes. In: Robertson J and Shilkofski N, eds. The Harriet Lane Handbook, 17th Ed. New York: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. p 283-308.
71. Moitra V. Diaz G. SaIden R. Monitoring Hepatic and Renal Fucntion. Anesthesiolgy Clin 2006; 24: 857-80.
72. Parih C, Abraham E. Ancukiewicz M Edelstein C. Urine IL-18 Is an Early Diagnostic Marker for Acute Kidney Injury and Predicts Mortality in the Intensive Care Unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 3046-52.
73. Schrier R. Urinary Indices and Microscopy in Sepsis Related Acute Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 838-41.
74. Bagshaw SM. Langenberg C. Bellomo R. Urinary Indices and Microscopy in Sepsis Related acute Renal Failure: A Systematic Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 46: 695-705.
75. Wong AF, Bolinger AM, Gambertoglio JG. Pharmacokinetics and drug dosing in children with decreased renal function. In: Holliday MA, Barratt TM, Avner ED, eds. Pediatric Nephrology, 3rd Ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1994. p 1306.
76. Schwartz GM, Brion LP, Spitzer A. The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1987; 34: 571-90.
77. Morgan DB, Carver ME, Payne RB. Plasma creatinine and urea: creatinine ratio in patients with raised plasma urea. Br Med J 1977; 2: 929-32.
78. Acute renal failure: urea: creatinine ratio was not very helpful in diagnosing prerenal failure. Evidence-Based On-Call database. Available at: http://www.eboncall.org/CATs/1844.htm.
79. Rose, BD. Meaning and application of urine chemistries. In: Rose, BD, Post T.\ (eds.) Clinical Physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders, 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001. p405-414.
80. Miller TR, Anderson RJ, Henrich WL, et al. Urinary diagnostic indices in acute renal failure: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 47-50.
81. Jeck N, Konrad M, Hess M, Seyberth HW. The diuretic- and Bartter-like salt-losing tubulopathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 16 (Suppl 6): S19-20.
82. Rodriguez-Soriano J, Vallo A, Castillo G, Oliveros R, Fernandez-Garnica JM. Hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Acta Paediatrica 1986; 75: 425-32.
83. Danovitch GM, Jacobson E, Licht A, Absence of renal sodium adaptation in chronic renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1981; 1: 173-6.
84. Zarich S, Fang LS, Diamond JR, Fractional excretion of sodium. Exceptions to its diagnostic value. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 108-12.
85. Goldstein MH, Lenz PR, Levitt MF. Effect of urine flow rate on urea reabsorption in man: urea as a "tubular marker". J Appl Physiol 1969; 26: 594-9.
86. Carvounis CP, Nisar S, Guro-Razuman S. Significance of the fractional excretion of urea in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 2223-9.
87. Tsai JJ, Yeun JY, Kumar VA, Don BR. Comparison and interpretation of urinalysis performed by a nephrologist versus a hospital-based clinical laboratory. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 820-9.
88. Patel HP. The abnormal urinalysis. Pediatr Ciin North Am 2006; 53: 325-37.
89. Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. Urinalysis: A Comprehensive Review. American Family Physician 2005; 71: 1153-62.
90. Brady HR, Clarkson MR, Lieberthal W. Acute renal failure: In Brenner BM (ed). Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p 1215-70.
91. Zhou H, Hewitt SM, Yuen, PST, Star RA. Acute kidney biomarker: needs, present status, and future promise. NephSAP 2006; 5: 63-71.
92. Herget-Rosenthal S, Poppen D, Husing J, et al. Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 552-8.
93. Herget-Rosenthal S, Pappen D, Husing J, et al. Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 552-8.
94. Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1115-22.
95. Villa P, Jimenez M, Soriano M-C, Manzanares J, Casasnovas P, Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2005; 9: R139-43.
96. White C, Akbari A, Hussain N, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplantation: a comparison between serum creatinine and cystatin C-based methods. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 3763-70.
97. Burchard GD, Ehrhardt S, Mockenhaupt FP, et al. Renal dysfunciton in children with uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tamale, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003; 97: 345-40.
98. Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 237-44.
99. Kjeldsen L, Cowland JB, Borregaard N. Human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and homologous proteins in rat and mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1482: 272-83.
100. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 2005; 365: 1231-8.
101. Trachtman H, Christen E, Cnaan A, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalcin in D+HUS: a novel marker of renal injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21: 989-94.
102. Melnikov VY, Ecder T, Fantuzzi G, et al. Impaired IL-18 processing prpotects caspase-1-deficient mice from ischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 1145-52.
103. Parikh OR, Jani A, Melnikov VY, Faubel S, Edelstein CT. Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker of human acute tubular necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 405-14.
104. Parikh OR, Abraham E, Ancukiewica M, Edelstein CL, for the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Network. Urinary interleukin-18 is an early disgnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Neprhrol 2005; 16: 3046-52.
105. Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al. Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 199-203.
106. du Cheyron D, Daubin C, Poggioli J, et al. Urinary measurement of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) protein as a new marker of tubule injury in critically ill patients with ARF. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 42: 599-600.
107. Goldstein SL. Pediatric acute kidney injury: it's time for real progress. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21: 891-5.
108. Poeze M, Greve JW, Ramsay G. Goal-oriented haemodynamic therapy: a plea for a closer look at using peri-operative oxygen transport optimisation. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 635-7.
109. Connors AF Jr, Speroff T, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE Jr, Wagner D, Desbiens N, Goldman L, Wu AW, Califf RM, et al. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. JAMA 1996; 276: 889-97.
110. Mitchell JP, Schuller D, Calandrino FS, Schuster DP. Improved outcome based on fluid management in critically ill patients requiring pulmonary artery catheterization. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 990-8.
111. Basile C. Should relative blood volume changes be routinely measured during the dialysis session? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 10-12.
112. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK. Evaluating volume status in hemodialysis patients. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1998; 5: 64-74.
113. Leypoldt JK, Lindsay RM. Hemodynamic monitoring during hemodialysis. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1999, 6: 233-42.
114. Krivitski NM, Depner TA. Cardiac output and central blood volume during hemodialysis: methodology. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1999; 6: 225-32.
115. Pandeya S, Lindsay RM. The relationship between cardiac output and access flow during hemodialysis. ASAIO J 1999; 45: 135-8.
116. Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, Anguel N, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL. Response to leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in critically ill. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1402-7.
117. Lopes M, Oliveira MA, Pereira VOS, Lemos IPB, Auler Jr JOC, Michard F. Goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2007; 11: R100-9.