Neurologic Presentations of Renal Diseases

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 45-59

  Lacerda, Glenda ^a,b   Krummel, Thierry ^c   Hirsch, Edouard ^d,e  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO ANTÔNIO PEDRO   (Brazil)

^b Hospital Sao Vicente de Paulo   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF STRASBOURG   (France)

^d Service de Neurologie   (France)

^e Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Psychologie   (France)

Author keywords

Dialysis; Neurologic presentations; Peripheral nervous system disorders; Renal diseases; Renal transplantation; Uremic encephalopathy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACICLOVIR; ALPHA GALACTOSIDASE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BICUCULLINE; CAPTOPRIL; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CARNITINE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CORTICOSTEROID; ICODEXTRIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INDOMETACIN; PENICILLAMINE; PENICILLIN G; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; STEROID; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ALLERGIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; ALPORT SYNDROME; ANGIOGRAPHY; BRAIN DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; COOPERATION; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROME; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; HYPERKALEMIA; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INDIVIDUALIZATION; INHERITANCE; INSOMNIA; KIDNEY CANCER; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; KIDNEY TUBULE DISORDER; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; MONONEUROPATHY; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MYOPATHY; NEPHRECTOMY; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIA; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDER; SPLINTING; STROKE; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; UREMIC POLYNEUROPATHY; VIRUS INFECTION;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; UREMIA;

EID: 70449807677     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2009.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Himmelfarb J., and Hakim R.M. Oxidative stress in uremia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12 (2003) 593-598
2. Deng G., Vaziri N.D., Jabbari B., et al. Increased tyrosine nitration in the brain in chronic renal insufficiency: reversal by antioxidant therapy and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001) 1892-1899
3. Fukagawa M. Cell biology of parathyroid hyperplasia in uremia. Am J Med Sci 317 6 (1999) 377-382
4. Figueiredo W.M., Oliveira-Souza R.O., Figueiredo R.B., et al. Cognitive and psychomotor slowing in chronic hemodialysis patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 65 3-B (2007) 875-879
5. Murray A.M., Tupper D.E., Knopman D.S., et al. Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common. Neurology 67 (2006) 216-223
6. Kurella M., Mapes D.L., Port F.K., et al. Correlates and outcomes of dementia among dialysis patients: the Dialysis Outcome and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 9 (2006) 2543-2548
7. Brouns R., and Deyn P.P. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 107 (2004) 1-16
8. Aminoff M.J. Electroencephalography: general principles and clinical applications. In: Aminoff M.J. (Ed). Electrodiagnosis in clinical neurology. 4th edition. Chapter 3 (1999), Churchill Livingstone 71-72
9. Niedermeyer E. Metabolic central nervous system disorders. In: Niedermeyer E., and Lopes da Silva F. (Eds). Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications and related fields. 4th edition. Chapter 23 (1999), Williams & Wilkins 420-421
10. Young G.B., and Bolton C.F. Electrophysiologic evaluation of patients in the intensive care unit. In: Aminoff M.J. (Ed). Electrodiagnosis in clinical neurology. 4th edition. Chapter 30 (1999), Churchill Livingstone 655-656
11. Aminoff M.J., and Parent J.M. Comorbidity in adults. In: Engel, Jr. J., and Pedley T.A. (Eds). Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook (1997), Philadelphia-Lippincott-Raven Publishers 1957-1959 184
12. Danlami Z.T., Obeid T., Awada A., et al. Absence status: an overlooked cause of acute confusion in hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 11 (1998) 146-147
13. Palmer C.A. Neurologic manifestations of renal disease. Neurol Clin 20 (2002) 23-34
14. Victor M., and Ropper A. The acquired metabolic disorders of the nervous system. In: Ropper A.H., and Brown R.J. (Eds). Adams and Victor's principles of neurology. 7th edition (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York 1184-1190
15. Hernandez C.M., Núñez F.A., Mesa L.T., et al. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients with immunosuppressive treatment: report of four cases. Rev Med Chil 136 1 (2008) 93-98
16. Martínez-Rodríguez J.E., Barriga F.J., Santamaria J., et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus associated with cephalosporins in patients with renal failure. Am J Med 111 (2001) 115-119
17. Alpay H., Altun O., and Biyikh N.K. Cefepime-induced non-convulsive status epilepticus in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Pediatr Nephrol 19 (2004) 445-447
18. Tattevin P., Messiaen T., Pras V., et al. Confusion and general seizures following ciprofloxacin administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 (1998) 2712-2713
19. Nampoory M.R.N., Khan Z.U., Johny K.V., et al. Nocardiosis in renal transplant recipients in Kuwait. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11 (1996) 1134-1138
20. Lacerda G., Krummel T., Sabourdy C., et al. Optimizing therapy of seizures in renal and hepatic dysfunction. Neurology 67 Suppl 4 (2006) S28-S33
21. Wang H.C., Hsu J.L., and Shen Y.Y. Acute bilateral basal ganglia lesions in patients with diabetic uremia: an FDG-PET study. Clin Nucl Med 29 (2004) 475-478
22. Li J.Y., Yong T.Y., Sebben R., et al. Bilateral basal ganglia lesions in patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 13 1 (2008) 68-72
23. Park J.H., Kim H.J., and Kim S.M. Acute chorea with bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremia. Can J Neurol Sci 34 (2007) 248-250
24. Stripoli G.F., Montinaro V., Manno C., et al. Chorea in hemodialysis: is chorea just a neurological syndrome or is it related to uremia or dialysis?. G Ital Nefrol 19 5 (2002) 575-584
25. Go A.S., Chertow G.M., Fan D., et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 1296-1305
26. Koren-Morag N., Goldbourt U., and Tanne D. Renal dysfunction and risk of ischemic stroke or TIA in patients with cardiovascular disease. Neurology 67 (2006) 224-228
27. Wanamethee S.G., Shaper A.G., and Perry I.J. Serum creatinine concentrationand risk of cardiovascular disease: a possible marker for increased risk of stroke. Stroke 28 (1997) 557-563
28. De Leeuw P.W., Thijs L., Birhenhäger W.H., et al. Systolic hypertension in Europe(syst-eur)trial investigation. Prognostic significance of renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: results from the syst-eur trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 (2002) 2213-2222
29. Zamora E., Lupón J., Urrutia A., et al. Prognostic significance of creatinine clearance rate in patients with heart failure and normal serum creatinine. Rev Esp Cardiol 60 12 (2007) 1315-1318
30. Weiner D.E., Tighiouart H., Amin M.G., et al. Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a pooled analysis of community-based studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 1307-1315
31. Kobayashi M., Hirawa N., Yatsu K., et al. Relationship between silent brain infarction and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24 1 (2009) 201-207
32. Vlagopoulos P.T., Tighiouart H., Weiner D.E., et al. Anemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in diabetes: the impact of chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 11 (2005) 3403-3410
33. Block G.A., Klassen P.S., Lazarus J.M., et al. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodyalisis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 2208-2218
34. Papachistou F.T., Petridou S.H., Pritza N.G., et al. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 32 (2005) 282-284
35. Falk R.J., Jennette J.C., and Nachman P.H. Primary glomerular disease. In: Brenner B.M. (Ed). The kidney. 6th edition (2000), Saunders 1266-1271
36. Chong Lin C., Chung Lui C., and Tain Y.L. Thalamic stroke secondary to straight sinus thrombosis in a nephrotic child. Pediatr Nephrol 17 (2002) 184-186
37. André E., Voisin P., André J.L., et al. Hemorrheological and hemostatic parameters in children with nephrotic syndrome undergoing steroid therapy. Nephron 68 2 (1994) 184-191
38. Lilora M.I., Velkovski J.G., and Topalov I.B. Thromboembolic complications in children with nephrotic syndrome in Bulgaria (1979-1996). Pediatr Nephrol 15 (2000) 74-78
39. Eddy A.A., and Symous J.M. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet 362 (2003) 629-639
40. De Saint-Martin A., Terzie J., Chistman D., et al. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and nephrotic syndrome: favourable outcome with low-moleular weight heparin. Arch Pediatr 4 (1997) 849-852
41. Divekar A.A., Ali U.S., Ronghe M.D., et al. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in a child wih nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 10 (1996) 206-207
42. Arnout M.A. Cystic kidney diseases. In: Goldman L., and Ausiello D. (Eds). Cecil textbook of medicine. 22nd edition (2004), Saunders 767-772
43. Merlino G., Piani A., Dolso P., et al. Sleep disorders in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 (2006) 184-190
44. Bastos J.P.C., Sousa R.B., Nepomuceno L.A.M., et al. Sleep disturbances in patients on maintence hemodialysis: role of dialysis shift. Rev Assoc Med Bras 53 6 (2007) 492-496
45. Kryger M.H. Management of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: overview. In: Kryger M.H., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3rd edition. Chapter 79 (2000), WB Saunders Company 940-954
46. Bolton C.F. Peripheral neuropathies associated with chronic renal failure. Can J Neurol Sci 7 (1980) 89
47. Asbury A.K. Uremic neuropathy. In: Dyck P.J., Thomas P.K., and Lambert E.H. (Eds). Peripheral neuropathy. 1st edition. Chapter 48 (1975), WB Saunders Company 982-992
48. Krishnan A.V., and Kiernan M.C. Uremic neuropathy: clinical features and new pathological insights. Muscle Nerve 35 (2007) 273-290
49. Van Ravenswaaij-Arts C.M.A., Kollée L.A.A., Hofman J.C.W., et al. Heart rate variability. Ann Intern Med 118 6 (1993) 436-447
50. Kiernan M., Walters R., Andersen K., et al. Nerve excitability changes in chronic renal failure indicate membrane depolarization due to hyperkalemia. Brain 125 (2002) 1366-1375
51. Krishnan A.V., Phoon R.K.S., Pussell B.A., et al. Altered motor nerve excitability in end-stage kidney disease. Brain 128 (2005) 2164-2174
52. Kurata C., Uehara A., and Ishikawa A. Improvement of cardiac sympathetic innervation by renal transplantation. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 1114-1120
53. Keswani S.C., Buldanlioglu U., Fischer A., et al. A novel endogenous erythropoietin mediated pathway prevents axonal degeneration. Ann Neurol 56 (2004) 815-826
54. Locatelli F., Marcelli D., Conte F., et al. Comparison of mortality in ESRD patients on convective and diffusive extracorporeal treatments. [The Registro Lombardo Dialisi E Trapianto]. Kidney Int 55 1 (1999) 286-293
55. Preston DC. Distal median neuropathies. In: Logigian EL, editor. Entrapment and other focal neuropathies. Neurologic Clinics 1999;17(3):407-24.
56. Kothari MJ. Ulnar neuropathy at the wrist. In Logigian EL, editor. Entrapment and other focal neuropathies. Neurologic Clinics 1999;17(3):463-76.
57. Campistol J.M. Uremic myopathy. Kidney Int 62 5 (2002) 1901-1913
58. Feinfeld D.A., Kurian B., Cheng J.T., et al. Effect of oral l-carnitine on serum myoglobin in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 18 1 (1996) 91-96
59. Alves F.R., and de A Quintanilha Ribeiro F. Revision about hearing loss in the Alport's syndrome, analysing the clinical, genetic and biomolecular aspects. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 71 6 (2005) 813-819
60. Kharrat M., Makni K., Kammoun K., et al. Autosomal dominant Alport's syndrome: study of a large Tunisian family. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 17 3 (2006) 320-325
61. Mandióroz M., Fernándes-Cadenas I., and Montaner J. Neurological manifestations of Fabry disease. Rev Neurol 43 (2006) 739-745
62. Tedeschi G., Bonavita S., Banerjek T.K., et al. Diffuse central neural involvement in Fabry disease: a proton MRS imaging study. Neurology 52 (1999) 1663-1667
63. Schiffmann R., Askari H., Timmons M., et al. Weakly enzyme replacement therapy may slow decline of renal function in patients with Fabry disease who are on long-term biweekly dosing. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 5 (2007) 1368-1370
64. Chesney R.W. Specific renal tubular disorders. In: Goldman L., and Ausiello D. (Eds). Cecil textbook of medicine. 22nd edition (2004), Saunders 745-750 chapter. 122
65. Chu C.C., Huang C.C., and Chu N.S. Recurrent hypokalemic muscle weakness as an initial manifestation of Wilson's disease. Nephron 73 3 (1996) 477-479
66. Kalra V., Khurana D., and Mittal R. Wilson's disease-early onset and lessons from a pediatric cohort in India. Indian Pediatr 37 6 (2000) 595-601
67. Loi M. Lowe syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 18 1 (2006) 16
68. Charnas L., Bernar J., Pezeshkpour G.H., et al. MRI findings and peripheral neuropathy in Lowe's syndrome. Neuropediatrics 19 7 (1988) 7-9
69. Kraut J.A., and Sachs G. Hartnup disorder: unraveling the mystery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26 2 (2005) 53-55
70. Bröer S., Caranaugh J.A., and Resko J.E. Neutral amino acid transport in epithelial cells and its malfunction in Hartnup disorder. Biochem Soc Trans 33 Pt 1 (2005) 233-236
71. Rodríguez-Soriano J. Bartter and related syndromes: the puzzle is almost solved. Pediatr Nephrol 12 4 (1998) 315-327
72. Cruz D.N., Shaer A.J., Bia M.J., et al. Gitelman's syndrome revisited. An evaluation of symptoms and health-related quality of life. Kidney Int 59 (2001) 710-717
73. Akinci B., Celik A., Saygili F., et al. A case of Gitelman's syndrome presenting with extreme hypokalemia and paralysis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117 2 (2009) 69-71
74. Karet F.E. Inherited distal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 (2002) 2178-2184
75. Comer D.M., Droogan A.G., Young I.S., et al. Hypokalemic paralysis precipitated by distal renal tubular acidosis secondary to Sjögren's syndrome. Case report. Ann Clin Biochem 45 (2008) 221-225
76. Fonte K.F., Mont'Alverne F.J.A., Ribeiro E.M.L., et al. Giant aneurysm of the intracavernous internal carotid artery associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 64 3-D (2006) 881-884
77. Burn D.J., and Bates D. Neurology and the kidney. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 65 (1998) 810-821
78. Gerschkovitch R., Sachs D., Clibovsky A., et al. Dentistry, neurology and nephrology: what is the connection?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 (2006) 539-540
79. Ito S., Nezu A., Matsumoto C., et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. Brain Dev 24 (2002) 88-90
80. Bataller L., Graus F., Saiz A., et al. Spanish Opsoclonus-Myoclonus study group. Clinical outcome in adult onset idiopathic or paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus. Brain 124 Pt 2 (2001) 437-443
81. Vigliani M.C., Palmucci L., Polo P., et al. Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus associated with renal cell carcinoma and responsive to tumor ablation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 70 6 (2001) 814-815
82. Evans B., Fagan C., Arnold T., et al. Paraneoplastic motor neuron disease and renal cell carcinoma: improvement after nephrectomy. Neurology 40 6 (1990) 960-962
83. Cánovas D., Martínez J.M., Viguera M., et al. Association of renal carcinoma with neuromyotonia and involvement of inferior motor neuron. Neurologia 22 6 (2007) 399-400
84. Ammar H., Brown S.H., Malani A., et al. A case of paraneoplasic cerebellar ataxia secondary to renal cell carcinoma. Southampt Med J 101 5 (2008) 556-557
85. Bell B.B., Tognoni P.G., and Bihrle R. Limbic encephalitis as a paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 160 3 Pt1 (1998) 828
86. Kujawa K.A., Niemi V.R., Tomasi M.A., et al. Ballistic-choreic movements as the presenting feature of renal cancer. Arch Neurol 58 (2001) 1133-1135
87. Roy M.J., May E.F., and Jabbari B. Life-threatening polyneuropathy heralding renal cell carcinoma. Mil Med 167 12 (2002) 986-989
88. Solon A.A., Gilbert C.S., and Meyer C. Myopathy as a paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Med 97 5 (1994) 491-492
89. Aragon Ching J.B., and Zujewski J.A. CNS metastasis: an old problem in a new guise. Clin Cancer Res 13 (2007) 1644-1645
90. Pallud J., Nataf F., Roujeau T., et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage from a renal cell carcinoma pituitary metastasis. Acta Neurochir 147 9 (2005) 1003-1004
91. Sadamoto T., Yuki K., Migita K., et al. Solitary brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma 15 years after nephrectomy: case report. Neurol Med Chir 45 8 (2005) 423-427
92. Such B., La Rochelle J.C., Klatte T., et al. Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: presentation, reccurrence and survival. Cancer 113 7 (2008) 1641-1648
93. Kuruvath S., Naidu S., Battacharyya M., et al. Spinal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma, 31 years following nephrectomy-case report. Clin Neuropathol 26 4 (2007) 176-179
94. Alfieri A., Mazzoleni G., Schwartz A., et al. Renal cell carcinoma and intradural spinal metastasis with cauda equina infiltration: case report. Spine 30 1 (2005) 161-163
95. Varin S., Faure A., Bouc P., et al. Endoneurial metastasis of the sciatic nerve disclosing the relapse of a renal carcinoma, four years after its surgical treatment. Joint Bone Spine 73 6 (2006) 760-762
96. Jhamb R., Gupta N., Garg S., et al. Diffuse lymphomatous infiltration of kidneys presenting as renal tubular acidosis and hypokalemic paralysis: case report. Croat Med J 48 (2007) 860-863
97. Rosenbaum R.B., Campbell S.M., and Rosenbaum J.T. Clinical neurology of rheumatic disease (1996), Butterworth-Heinemann Chapter 8:135-162; Chapter 9:163-179; Chapter 11: 195-235
98. Attur R.P., Kandavar R., Kadavigere P., et al. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome presenting as a focal neurological deficit. Hemodial Int 12 3 (2008) 313-315
99. Hung S.C., Hung S.H., Tarng D.C., et al. Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38 (2001) 941-947
100. Masafumi I., Toshiko I., Yanagihara C., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with hemodialysis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 101 (1999) 118-121
101. Zeir M.G. The suddenly speechless florist on chronic dialysis: the unexpected threats of a flower shop?. Nephrol Dial Tranplant 21 (2006) 223-225
102. Descombes F., Dessibourg C.A., and Fellay G. Acute encephalopathy due to thiamine deficiency (Wernicke's encephalopathy) in a chronic hemodialysed patient: a case report. Clin Nephrol 35 (1991) 171-175
103. Rob P.M., Niederstadt C., and Reusche E. Dementia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis: aetiology, differential diagnosis, epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs 15 9 (2001) 691-699
104. Buono L.M., Foroozan R., Savino P.J., et al. Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after hemodialysis. Ophthalmology 110 (2003) 1216-1218
105. Servilla K.S., and Groggel G.C. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy as a complication of hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 8 (1986) 61-63
106. Basile C., Addabbo G., and Montanaro A. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and dialysis: role of hypotension and anemia. J Nephrol 14 5 (2001) 420-423
107. Kiss E., Keusch G., Zanetti M., et al. Dialysis-related amyloidosis revisited. Am J Roentgenol 185 6 (2005) 1460-1467
108. Gousheh J., and Iranpour A. Association between carpal tunnel syndrome and arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 116 2 (2005) 508-513
109. Disse E., and Thivolet C. Hypoglycemic coma in a diabetic patient on peritoneal dialysis due to interference of icodextrin metabolites with capillary blood glucose measurements. Diabetes Care 27 9 (2004) 2279
110. Emder P.J., Howard N.J., and Rosenberg A.R. Non-ketotic hyperosmolar diabetic pre-coma due to pancreatitis in a boy on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 44 4 (1986) 355-357
111. Hinchey J., Chaves C., Appignani B., et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 334 8 (1996) 494-500
112. Kaleyias J., Fauber E., and Kothare S.V. Tacrolimus induced subacute cerebellar ataxia. Europ J Paediatr Neurol 10 2 (2006) 86-89
113. Yardimci N., Colak T., Sevmis S., et al. Neurologic complications after renal transplant. Exp Clin Transplant 6 3 (2008) 224-228
114. Caillard S., Lachat V., and Moulin B. Postransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in renal allograft recipients: report of 53 cases of a French multicenter study: PTLD French working group. Transpl Int 13 Suppl 1 (2000) S388-S393
115. Tubman D.E., Frick M.B., and Hanto D.W. Lymphoma after organ transplantation: radiologic manifestations in the central nervous system, thorax and abdomen. Radiology 149 3 (1983) 625-631
116. Jardim E., and Takayanagui O.M. Chagasic meningoencephalitis with detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in the cerebrospinal fluid of an immunodepressed patient. J Trop Med Hyg 97 6 (1994) 367-370
117. Ferreira M.S., and Borges A.S. Some aspects of protozoan infections in immunocompromised patients-a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 4 (2002) 443-457
118. Crowder C.D., Gyure K.A., Drachenberg C.B., et al. Successful outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a renal transplant patient. Am J Transplant 5 5 (2005) 1151-1158