Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 431-439

  Putcha, Nirupama ^b   Allon, Michael ^a,b  

^a Division of Nephrology   (United States)

^b University of Alabama at Birmingham

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; INSULIN; POTASSIUM; SALBUTAMOL;

ARTICLE; BLOOD; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NEBULIZER; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; UNITED STATES;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ADRENERGIC BETA-AGONISTS; ALBUTEROL; DIALYSIS; HUMANS; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; INSULIN; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; NEBULIZERS AND VAPORIZERS; POTASSIUM; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34748824260     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00312.x     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Jamison RL : Hyperkalemia in the patient with end-stage renal disease. Nephrology Rounds 4 : 1 6, 2001
2. Allon M : Disorders of potassium metabolism. In : Greenburg A (ed). Primer on Kidney Diseases, 2nd edn. San Diego, CA : National Kidney Foundation, 1998 : 98 106
3. Ahmed J, Weisberg L : Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14 : 348 356, 2001
4. Allon M : Treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 43 : 1197 1209, 1993
5. Allon M : Hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease: mechanisms and management. J Am Soc Nephrol 6 : 1134 1142, 1995
6. Kamel K, Wei C : Controversial issues in the treatment of hyperkalaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 : 2215 2218, 2003
7. Mahoney BA, Smith WAD, Lo DS, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase CM : Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia (Review). Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2005, 2 : CD003235
8. U.S. Renal Data System : Annual Data Report, Reference Tables. Available at http://www.usrds.org/reference.htm accessed November 30, 2006
9. Mount DB, Zandi-Nejad K : Hyperkalemia. In : Brenner BM (ed). The Kidney, 7th edn. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders, 2004 : 1017 1025
10. Mattu A, Brady W, Robinson D : Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med 18 : 721 729, 2000
11. Evans K, Reddan D, Szczech L : Nondialytic management of hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema among end-stage renal disease patients: an evaluation of the evidence. Semin Dial 17 : 22 29, 2004
12. Szerlip HM, Weiss J, Singer I : Profound hyperkalemia without electrocardiographic manifestations. Am J Kidney Dis 7 : 461 465, 1986
13. Aslam S, Friedman E, Ifudu O : Electrocardiography is unreliable in detecting potentially lethal hyperkalemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 : 1639 1642, 2002
14. Ngugi N, McLigeyo S, Kayima J : Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches. East Afr Med J 73 : 503 509, 1997
15. Crews D, Chi P, Choi M : Disorders of potassium homeostasis. In : Piccini JP, Nilsson KR (ed). The Osler Medical Handbook, 2nd edn. Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University, 2006 : 800 804
16. Kokko JP : Hyperkalemia and potassium excess. In : Goldman L, Ausiello D (ed). Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd edn. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders and Company, 2004 : 686 687
17. Gibbs M, Tayal V : Electrolyte disturbances. In : Marx JA (ed). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 6th edn. Philadelphia : Mosby, 2006 : 1939 1941
18. Blumberg A, Weidmann P, Shaw S, Gnadinger M : Effect of various therapeutic approaches on plasma potassium and major regulating factors in terminal renal failure. Am J Med 85 : 507 512, 1988
19. Allon M, Copkney C : Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 38 : 869 872, 1990
20. Ljutic D, Rumboldt Z : Should glucose be administered before, with or after insulin, in the management of hyperkalemia? Ren Fail 15 : 73 76, 1993
21. Muto S, Sebata K, Watanabe H, Shoji F, et al. : Effect of oral glucose administration on serum potassium concentration in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 46 : 697 705, 2005
22. Montoliu J, Lens S, Revert L : Potassium-lowering effect of albuterol for hyperkalemia in renal failure. Arch Intern Med 147 : 713 717, 1987
23. Allon M, Dunlay R, Copkney C : Nebulized albuterol for acute hyperkalemia in patients on hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 110 : 426 429, 1989
24. Montoliu J, Almirall J, Ponz E, Campistol JM, et al. : Treatment of hyperkalemia in renal failure with salbutamol inhalation. J Intern Med 228 : 35 37, 1990
25. McClure R, Prasad V, Brocklebank JT : Treatment of hyperkalemia using intravenous and nebulised salbutamol. Arch Dis Child 70 : 126 128, 1994
26. Mandelberg A, Krupnik Z, Houri S, Smetana S, et al. : Salbutamol metered-dose inhaler with spacer for hyperkalemia: how fast? how safe? Chest 115 : 617 622, 1999
27. Sowinski K, Cronin D, Mueller B, Kraus M : Subcutaneous terbutaline use in CKD to reduce potassium concentrations. Am J Kidney Dis 45 : 1040 1045, 2005
28. Lens XM, Montoliu J, Cases A, Campistol JM, et al. : Treatment of hyperkalemia in renal failure: salbutamol v. insulin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 4 : 228 232, 1989
29. Allon M, Shanklin N : Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal in men with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 40 : 1103 1109, 1991
30. Iqbal Z, Friedman EA : Preferred therapy of hyperkalemia in renal insufficiency: survey of nephrology training-program directors (Letter). N Engl J Med 320 : 60 61, 1989
31. Fraley DS, Adler S : Correction of hyperkalemia by bicarbonate despite constant blood pH. Kidney Int 12 : 354 360, 1977
32. Blumberg A, Weidmann P, Ferrari P : Effect of prolonged bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in terminal renal failure. Kidney Int 41 : 369 374, 1992
33. Gutierrez R, Schlessinger F, Oster J, Rietberg B, et al. : Effect of hypertonic versus isotonic sodium bicarbonate on plasma potassium concentration in patients with end-stage renal disease. Miner Electrolyte Metab 17 : 297 302, 1991
34. Kim H-J : Combined effect of bicarbonate and insulin with glucose in acute therapy of hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephron 72 : 476 482, 1996
35. Allon M, Shanklin N : Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28 : 508 514, 1996
36. Johnson K, Cazee C, Gutch C, Ogden D : Sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin candy for control of potassium in chronic dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 5 : 266 268, 1976
37. Flinn R, Merrill J, Welzant W : Treatment of the oliguric patient with a new sodium exchange resin and sorbitol; a preliminary report. N Engl J Med 264 : 111 115, 1961
38. Gruy-Kapral C, Emmet M, Santa Ana C, Porter J, et al. : Effect of single dose resin-cathartic therapy on serum potassium concentration in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 9 : 1924 1930, 1998
39. Emmet M, Hootkins R, Fine K, Santa Ana C, et al. : Effect of three laxatives and a cation exchange resin on fecal sodium and potassium excretion. Gastroenterology 108 : 752 760, 1995
40. Lillemoe KD, Romol JL, Hamilton SR, Pennington LR, et al. : Intestinal necrosis due to sodium polystyrene (Kayexalate) in sorbitol enemas: clinical and experimental support for the hypothesis. Surgery 101 : 266 272, 1987
41. Roy-Chaudhury P, Meisels I, Freedman S, Steinman T, et al. : Combined gastric and ileocecal toxicity (serpiginous ulcers) after oral Kayexalate in sorbitol therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 30 : 120 122, 1997
42. Hou S, McElroy P, Nootens J, Beach M : Safety and efficacy of low-potassium dialysate. Am J Kidney Dis 13 : 137 143, 1989
43. Dolson GM, Ellis KJ, Bernardo MV, Prakash R, et al. : Acute decreases in serum potassium augment blood pressure. Am J Kidney Dis 26 : 321 326, 1995
44. Zehnder C, Gutzwiller J-P, Huber A, Schindler C, et al. : Low-potassium and glucose-free dialysis maintains urea but enhances potassium removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 : 78 84, 2001
45. Dolson G, Adrogue H : Low dialysate [K+] decreases efficiency of hemodialysis and increases urea rebound. J Am Soc Nephrol 9 : 2124 2128, 1998
46. Morrison G, Michelson E, Brown S, Morganroth J : Mechanism and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 17 : 811 819, 1980
47. Heguilen R, Scuriano C, Bellusci A, Fried P, et al. : The faster potassium-lowering effect of high dialysate bicarbonate concentrations in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 : 591 597, 2005
48. Capdevila M, Martinez Ruiz I, Ferrer C, Monllor F, et al. : The efficiency of potassium removal during bicarbonate hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 9 : 296 302, 2005
49. Sherman RA, Hwang ER, Bernholc AS, Eisinger RP : Variability in potassium removal by hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 6 : 284 288, 1986
50. Ward RA, Wathen RL, Williams TE, Harding GB : Hemodialysate composition and intradialytic metabolic, acid-base and potassium changes. Kidney Int 32 : 129 135, 1987
51. Gutzwiller J-P, Schneditz D, Huber A, Schindler C, et al. : Increasing blood flow increases [Kt/V(urea)] and potassium removal but fails to improve phosphate removal. Clin Nephrol 59 : 130 136, 2003
52. Allon M, Shanklin N : Effect of albuterol treatment on subsequent dialytic potassium removal. Am J Kidney Dis 26 : 607 613, 1995
53. Beto J, Bansal V : Medical nutrition therapy in chronic kidney failure: integrating clinical practice guidelines. J Am Diet Assoc 104 : 404 409, 2004
54. National Kidney Foundation. Potassium and your diet. Available at http://www.kidney.org accessed on January 12, 2007
55. Gifford JD, Rutsky EA, Kirk KA, McDaniel HG : Control of serum potassium during fasting in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 35 : 90 94, 1989
56. Castellino P, Bia M, DeFronzo R : Adrenergic modulation of potassium metabolism in uremia. Kidney Int 37 : 793 798, 1990
57. Nowicki M, Miszczack KJ : Nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade augments fasting hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 91 : 222 227, 2002
58. Horl M, Horl W : Drug therapy for hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial 17 : 288 294, 2004
59. Agarwal R : Supervised atenolol therapy in the management of hemodialysis hypertension. Kidney Int 55 : 1528 1535, 1999
60. Mann J, Gerstein H, Pogue J, Bosch J, et al. : Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 134 : 629 636, 2001
61. Efrati S, Zaidenstein R, Dishy V, Beberashvili I, et al. : ACE inhibitors and survival of hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40 : 1023 1029, 2002
62. Knoll G, Sahgal A, Nair R, Graham J, et al. : Renin-angiotensin system blockade and the risk of hyperkalemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Med 112 : 110 114, 2002
63. Henry M, Amor M, Beyar R, Henry I, et al. : Clinical experience with a new nitinol self-expanding stent in peripheral arteries. J Endovasc Surg 3 : 369 379, 1996
64. Saudan P, Mach F, Perneger T, Schnetzler B, et al. : Safety of low-dose sprionolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 : 2359 2363, 2003
65. Hussain S, Dreyfus D, Marcus R, Biederman R, et al. : Is spironolactone safe for dialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 : 2364 2368, 2003
66. Singhal P, Desroches L, Mattana J, Abramovici M, et al. : Mineralocorticoid therapy lowers serum potassium in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Nephrol 13 : 138 141, 1993
67. Furuya R, Kumagai H, Sakao T, Maruyama Y, et al. : Potassium-lowering effect of mineralocorticoid therapy in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Nephron 92 : 576 581, 2002
68. Kaisar M, Wiggins K, Sturtevant J, Hawley C, et al. : A randomized controlled trial of fludrocortisone for the treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 47 : 809 814, 2006
69. Mathialahan T, Sandle G : Dietary potassium and laxatives as regulators of colonic potassium secretion in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 : 341 347, 2003
70. Mousa J, Rassoul Z, Popovich W, Hassan A, et al. : A new treatment for interdialytic hyperkalemia - the use of fosinopril sodium. Am J Nephrol 19 : 395 399, 1999
71. De Nicola L, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, Cioffi M, et al. : Effect of dialysate sodium concentration on interdialytic increase of potassium. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 : 2337 2343, 2000
72. Allon M : Medical and dialytic management of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Int J Artif Organs 19 : 697 699, 1996