The prevention of acute kidney injury: An in-depth narrative review Part 1: Volume resuscitation and avoidance of drug- and nephrotoxin-induced AKI

NDT Plus

Volumn 1, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 392-402

  Lameire, Norbert ^a   Van Biesen, Wim ^a   Hoste, Eric ^a   Vanholder, Raymond ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Acute kidney injury; Fluid therapy; Prevention; Tight glycaemia control; Volume expansion

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMPHOTERICIN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BICARBONATE; CASPOFUNGIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; CREATININE; CYSTATIN C; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FLUDROCORTISONE; GADOLINIUM; HETASTARCH; HUMAN ALBUMIN; HYDROCORTISONE; INOTROPIC AGENT; INSULIN; IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM; IODIXANOL; IOPAMIDOL; IOXAGLIC ACID; ITRACONAZOLE; MANNITOL; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; RINGER LACTATE SOLUTION; SODIUM CHLORIDE; VORICONAZOLE;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AGING; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLLOID; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; CRYSTALLOID; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIALYSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; FLUID THERAPY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYDRATION; HYPERCHLOREMIA; HYPERCHLOREMIC ACIDOSIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOVOLEMIA; INFECTION; INJURY; INTENSIVE CARE; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NEPHROLOGIST; NEPHROTOXICITY; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; OLIGURIA; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PATIENT SAFETY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SEPTIC SHOCK; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SURGICAL PATIENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINE FLOW RATE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 56749179944     PISSN: 17530784     EISSN: 17530792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfn162     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Kellum JA, Levin N, Bouman C et al. Developing a classification system for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 509-514
2. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV et al. Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31
3. Murray PT, Devarajan P, Levey AS et al. A framework and key research questions in AKI diagnosis and staging in different environments. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 864-868
4. Thurman JM, Parikh CR. Peeking into the black box: new biomarkers for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 379-381
5. Jo SK, Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Pharmacologic treatment of acute kidney injury: why drugs haven't worked and what is on the horizon. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 356-365
6. Clarkson MR, Friedewald JJ, Eustace JA et al. Acute kidney injury. In: Brenner BM (ed.). Brenner & Rector's the Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders & Elsevier, 2008; 943-986
7. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Epidemiology, clinical evaluation, and prevention of acute renal failure. In: Feehally J, Floege J, Johnson RJ (eds). Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier, 2007; 771-785
8. Lee VWS, Harris D, Anderson RJ et al. Acute renal failure. In: Schrier RW (ed.). Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2007, 986-1034
9. Arora P, Rajagopalam S, Ranjan R et al. Preoperative use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers is associated with increased risk for acute kidney injury after cardiovascular surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1266-1273
10. Himmelfarb J, Joannidis M, Molitoris B et al. Evaluation and initial management of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 962-967
11. Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D et al. Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1402-1407
12. De Broe ME, Porter GA, Bennett WM et al. (editors). Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2213-2224
13. Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2564-2575
14. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 858-873
15. Russell JA. Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1699-1713
16. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368-1377
17. Rivers EP, McIntyre L, Morro DC et al. Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity. CMAJ 2005; 173: 1054-1065
18. Lin SM, Huang CD, Lin HC et al. A modified goal-directed protocol improves clinical outcomes in intensive care unit patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Shock 2006; 26: 551-557
19. Durairay L, Schmidt GA. Fluid therapy in resuscitated sepsis: less is more. Chest 2008; 133: 252-263
20. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P et al. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients: SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1025-1032
21. Michard F. Volume management using dynamic parameters: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Chest 2005; 128: 1902-1903
22. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E et al. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and central venous pressure fail to predict ventricular filling volume, cardiac performance, or the response to volume infusion in normal subjects. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 691-699
23. Hofer CK, Muller SM, Furrer L et al. Stroke volume and pulse pressure variation for prediction of fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Chest 2005; 128: 848-854
24. Monnet X, Teboul JL. Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 659-663
25. Reuter DA, Felbinger TW, Schmidt C et al. Stroke volume variations for assessment of cardiac responsiveness to volume loading in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 392-398
26. Pinsky MR, Brophy P, Padilla J et al. Fluid and volume monitoring. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 111-126
27. Kellum JA, Cerda J, Kaplan LJ et al. Fluids for prevention and management of acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 96-110
28. Kellum JA, Ronco C, Mehta RL. Fluid management in acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 94-95
29. Venkataraman R, Kellum JA. Prevention of acute renal failure. Chest 2007; 131: 300-308
30. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1416-1420
31. Better OS, Rubinstein I. Management of shock and acute renal failure in casualties suffering from the crush syndrome. Ren Fail 1997; 19: 647-653
32. Trivedi HS, Moore H, Nasr S et al. A randomized prospective trial to assess the role of saline hydration on the development of contrast nephrotoxicity. Nephron Clin Pract 2003; 93: C29-C34
33. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247-2256
34. Gallet de Saint-Aurin R, Kloeckner M, Annane D. Crystalloids versus colloids for fluid resuscitation in critically-ill patients. Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007; 62: 412-416.
35. Vincent JL. Fluid resuscitation: colloids vs crystalloids. Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007; 62: 408-411.
36. Boldt J, Brosch C, Ducke M et al. Influence of volume therapy with a modern hydroxyethylstarch preparation on kidney function in cardiac surgery patients with compromised renal function: a comparison with human albumin. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 2740-2746
37. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 125-139
38. Perel P, Roberts I. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007; (4): 1-393
39. Wilcox CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 726-735
40. Waters JH, Gottlieb A, Schoenwald P et al. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 817-822
41. O'Malley CM, Frumento RJ, Hardy MA et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactated Ringer's solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1518-1524, table
42. Engstrom M, Schott U, Romner B et al. Acidosis impairs the coagulation: a thromboelastographic study. J Trauma 2006; 61: 624-628
43. Dirkmann D, Hanke AA, Gorlinger K et al. Hypothermia and acidosis synergistically impair coagulation in human whole blood. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1627-1632
44. Weisbord SD, Mor MK, Resnick AL et al. Prevention, incidence, and outcomes of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1325-1332
45. Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M. Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. JAMA 2006; 295: 2765-2779
46. Pannu N, Tonelli M. Strategies to reduce the risk of contrast nephropathy: an evidence-based approach. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15: 285-290
47. Lameire N. Contrast-induced nephropathy in the critically-ill patient: focus on emergency screening and prevention. Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007; 62: 346-352
48. Lameire NH. Contrast-induced nephropathy - prevention and risk reduction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(Suppl 1): i11-i23
49. Tepel M, Aspelin P, Lameire N. Contrast-induced nephropathy: a clinical and evidence-based approach. Circulation 2006; 113: 1799-1806
50. McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1419-1428
51. Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P et al. Meta-analysis: effectiveness of drugs for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 284-294
52. Mueller C, Buerkle G, Buettner HJ et al. Prevention of contrast media-associated nephropathy: randomized comparison of 2 hydration regimens in 1620 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 329-336
53. Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with volume expansion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 273-280
54. Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 2328-2334
55. Briguori C, Airoldi F, D'Andrea D et al. Renal insufficiency following contrast media administration trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies. Circulation 2007; 115: 1211-1217
56. Recio-Mayoral A, Chaparro M, Prado B et al. The reno-protective effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: the RENO Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1283-1288
57. Maioli M, Toso A, Leoncini M et al. Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 599-604
58. Adolph E, Holdt-Lehmann B, Chatterjee T et al. Renal insufficiency following radiocontrast exposure trial (REINFORCE): a randomized comparison of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Coron Artery Dis 2008; 19: 413-419
59. From AM, Bartholmai BJ, Williams AW et al. Sodium bicarbonate is associated with an increased incidence of contrast nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study of 7977 patients at mayo clinic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 10-18
60. Stevens MA, McCullough PA, Tobin KJ et al. A prospective randomized trial of prevention measures in patients at high risk for contrast nephropathy: results of the P.R.I.N.C.E. Study. Prevention of Radiocontrast Induced Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 403-411
61. Taylor AJ, Hotchkiss D, Morse RW et al. PREPARED: Preparation for Angiography in Renal Dysfunction: a randomized trial of inpatient vs outpatient hydration protocols for cardiac catheterization in mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction. Chest 1998; 114: 1570-1574
62. Eneas JF, Schoenfeld PY, Humphreys MH. The effect of infusion of mannitol-sodium bicarbonate on the clinical course of myoglobinuria. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 801-805
63. Zager RA. Rhabdomyolysis and myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 314-326
64. Knottenbelt JD. Traumatic rhabdomyolysis from severe beating - experience of volume diuresis in 200 patients. J Trauma 1994; 37: 214-219
65. Gunal AI, Celiker H, Dogukan A et al. Early and vigorous fluid resuscitation prevents acute renal failure in the crush victims of catastrophic earthquakes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 1862-1867
66. Sever MS, Vanholder R, Lameire N. Management of crush-related injuries after disasters. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1052-1063
67. Better OS. Rescue and salvage of casualties suffering from the crush syndrome after mass disasters. Mil Med 1999; 164: 366-369
68. Better OS, Rubinstein I, Winaver JM et al. Mannitol therapy revisited (1940-1997). Kidney Int 1997; 52: 886-894
69. Vanholder R, Sever MS, Erek E et al. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1553-1561
70. Gupta A, Berg DT, Gerlitz B et al. Role of protein C in renal dysfunction after polymicrobial sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 860-867
71. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S et al. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1360-1370
72. Rabb H, Wang Z, Nemoto T et al. Acute renal failure leads to dysregulation of lung salt and water channels. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 600-606
73. Vanholder R, De Deyn PP, Van Biesen W et al. Marconi revisited: from kidney to brain - two organ systems communicating at long distance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1253-1255
74. Van Biesen W, Yegenaga I, Vanholder R et al. Relationship between fluid status and its management on acute renal failure (ARF) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis: a prospective analysis. J Nephrol 2005; 18: 54-60
75. Berkers J, Gunst J, Vanhorebeek I et al. Glycaemic control and perioperative organ protection. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008; 22: 135-149
76. Ali NA, O'Brien JM Jr, Dungan K et al. Glucose variability and mortality in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2316-2321
77. Van Den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-1367
78. Van Den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 449-461
79. Schetz M, Vanhorebeek I, Wouters PJ et al. Tight blood glucose control is renoprotective in critically ill patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 571-578
80. Thomas G, Rojas MC, Epstein SK et al. Insulin therapy and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 2849-2855
81. Devos P, Preiser J, Mélot C. Impact of tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy on ICU mortality and the rate of hypoglycaemia: final results of the glucocontrol study. Int Care Med 2007; 33, S189
82. Treggiari MM, Karir V, Yanez ND et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2008; 12: R29
83. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300: 933-944
84. Finfer S, Delaney A. Tight glycemic control in critically ill adult patients. JAMA 2008; 300: 963-965
85. Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1937-1949
86. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288: 862-871
87. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE et al. Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J 2004; 329: 480
88. Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 111-124
89. Pannu N, Nadim MK. An overview of drug-induced acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S216-S223
90. Evenepoel P. Acute toxic renal failure. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2004; 18: 37-52
91. Butler J, Forman DE, Abraham WT et al. Relationship between heart failure treatment and development of worsening renal function among hospitalized patients. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 331-338
92. Chittineni H, Miyawaki N, Gulipelli S et al. Risk for acute renal failure in patients hospitalized for decompensated congestive heart failure. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 55-62
93. Cruz CS, Cruz LS, Silva GR et al. Incidence and predictors of development of acute renal failure related to treatment of congestive heart failure with ACE inhibitors. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 105: c77-c83
94. Liang KV, Williams AW, Greene EL et al. Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S75-S88
95. Bosmans JL, De Broe ME. Antibiotic- and immunosuppression-related renal failure. In: Schrier RW (ed.). Diseases of the Kidney & Urinary Tract. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007, 1035-1067
96. Rea RS, Capitano B. Optimizing use of aminoglycosides in the critically ill. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28: 596-603
97. Bates DW, Su L, Yu DT et al. Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 686-693
98. Saliba F, Dupont B. Renal impairment and amphotericin B formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 2008; 46: 97-112
99. Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransson SG et al. Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 491-499
100. Chalmers N, Jackson RW. Comparison of iodixanol and iohexol in renal impairment. Br J Radiol 1999; 72: 701-703
101. McCullough PA, Bertrand ME, Brinker JA et al. A meta-analysis of the renal safety of isosmolar iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 692-699
102. Weisbord SD, Mor MK, Resnick AL et al. Incidence and outcomes of contrast-induced AKI following computed tomography. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1274-1281
103. Clauss W, Dinger J, Meissner C. Renal tolerance of iotrolan 280: a meta-analysis of 14 double-blind studies. Eur Radiol 1995; 5: S79-S84
104. Jo SH, Youn TJ, Koo BK et al. Renal toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography: the RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 924-930
105. Barrett BJ, Katzberg RW, Thomsen HS et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing computed tomography: a double-blind comparison of iodixanol and iopamidol. Invest Radiol 2006; 41: 815-821
106. Solomon RJ, Natarajan MK, Doucet S et al. Cardiac Angiography in Renally Impaired Patients (CARE) study: a randomized double-blind trial of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Circulation 2007; 115: 3189-3196
107. Laskey WK, Jenkins C, Selzer F et al. Volume-to-creatinine clearance ratio: a pharmacokinetically based risk factor for prediction of early creatinine increase after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 584-590
108. Kane GC, Doyle BJ, Lerman A et al. Ultra-low contrast volumes reduce rates of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 89-90
109. Kane GC, Stanson AW, Kalnicka D et al. Comparison between gadolinium and iodine contrast for percutaneous intervention in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: clinical outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1233-1240
110. Nortier JL, del Marmol V. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis - the need for a multidisciplinary approach. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 3097-3101
111. Perazella MA, Rodby RA. Gadolinium use in patients with kidney disease: a cause for concern. Semin Dial 2007; 20: 179-185
112. Clinical Nephrotoxins. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003, 3-712
113. Lameire NH, Flombaum CD, Moreau D et al. Acute renal failure in cancer patients. Ann Med 2005; 37: 13-25