Is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease indeed the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome?

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 219-227

  Katsiki, Niki ^a   Perez Martinez, Pablo ^b,c   Anagnostis, Panagiotis ^a,d   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^e   Karagiannis, Asterios ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO REINA SOFÍA   (Spain)

^c Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

^d ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anti obesity drugs; Antidiabetic drugs; Antihypertensive drugs; Cardiovascular risk; Hypolipidaemic drugs; Metabolic syndrome; Non alcoholic fatty liver disease; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ALOGLIPTIN; AMFEBUTAMONE PLUS NALTREXONE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CANAGLIFLOZIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EMPAGLIFLOZIN; EZETIMIBE; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIRAGLUTIDE; LORCASERIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METFORMIN; PHENTERMINE PLUS TOPIRAMATE; PIOGLITAZONE; SITAGLIPTIN; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; TOFOGLIFLOZIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VILDAGLIPTIN; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIOBESITY AGENT;

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BARIATRIC SURGERY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID STORAGE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SMOKING; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THROMBOSIS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; ABDOMINAL OBESITY; COMORBIDITY; LIFESTYLE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION;

ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; COMORBIDITY; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFE STYLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; OBESITY, ABDOMINAL; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 85045980857     PISSN: 15701611     EISSN: 18756212     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570161115666170621075619     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. O'Neill S, O'Driscoll L. Metabolic syndrome: A closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev 2015; 16(1): 1-12.
2. Li W, Ma D, Liu M, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cere-brovasc Dis 2008; 25(6): 539-47.
3. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49(4): 403-14.
4. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(14): 1113-32.
5. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Giugliano D. Metabolic syndrome and endometrial cancer: A meta-analysis. Endocrine 2014; 45(1): 28-36.
6. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, et al. Effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on prostate cancer risk: Meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36(2): 132-9.
7. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and postmenopausal breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 2013; 20(12): 1301-9.
8. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, et al. Colorectal cancer association with metabolic syndrome and its components: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Endocrine 2013; 44(3): 634-47.
9. Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006; 119(10): 812-9.
10. Mikolasevic I, Milic S, Turk Wensveen T, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - A multisystem disease? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(43): 9488-505.
11. Mahfood Haddad T, Hamdeh S, Kanmanthareddy A, Alla VM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of clinical cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11(Suppl 1): 209-16.
12. Luo J, Xu L, Li J, Zhao S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a potential risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27(3): 193-9.
13. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Katsiki N, Doumas M, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Cardiovascular risk across the histological spectrum and the clinical manifestations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(22): 6820-34.
14. Wong CR, Nguyen MH, Lim JK. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(37): 8294-303.
15. Sanna C, Rosso C, Marietti M, Bugianesi E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and extra-hepatic cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(5) pii: E717.
16. Bellentani S. The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2017; 37(Suppl 1): 81-4.
17. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and Treatment of high blood cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143-21.
18. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications, part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetes Med 1998; 15: 539-53.
19. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J; IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome: A new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366: 1059-62.
20. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American heart associa-tion/national heart, lung, and blood institute scientific statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-52.
21. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; american heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640-5.
22. Lioudaki E, Vrentzos GE, Mavrogeni H, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to different definitions in a hypertensive population. Angiology 2012; 63(1): 39-47.
23. Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Tziomalos K, et al. Comparison of four definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a Greek (Mediterra-nean) population. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26(3): 713-9.
24. Milionis HJ, Kostapanos MS, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Different definitions of the metabolic syndrome and risk of first-ever acute ischaemic non-embolic stroke in elderly subjects. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61(4): 545-51.
25. Bedossa P. Pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2017; 37(Suppl 1): 85-9.
26. Williams T. Metabolic syndrome: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FP Essent 2015; 435: 24-9.
27. Oh H, Jun DW, Saeed WK, Nguyen MH. Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: update on the challenge of diagnosis and treatment. Clin Mol Hepatol 2016; 22(3): 327-35.
28. Han TS, Lean ME. A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 5: 2048004016633371.
29. Masarone M, Federico A, Abenavoli L, Loguercio C, Persico M. Non alcoholic fatty liver: Epidemiology and natural history. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2014; 9(3): 126-33.
30. Bril F, Cusi K. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The new complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45(4): 765-81.
31. Pallayova M, Taheri S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese adults: Clinical aspects and current management strategies. Clin Obes 2014; 4(5): 243-53.
32. Brede S, Serfling G, Klement J, Schmid SM, Lehnert H. Clinical scenario of the metabolic syndrome. Visc Med 2016; 32(5): 336-41.
33. Kanwar P, Kowdley KV. The Metabolic Syndrome and Its Influence on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2016; 20(2): 225-43.
34. Grander C, Grabherr F, Moschen AR, Tilg H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Cause or effect of metabolic syndrome. Visc Med 2016; 32(5): 329-34.
35. Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR. Metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Is insulin resistance the link? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418(Pt 1): 55-65.
36. Almeda-Valdes P, Aguilar-Olivos N, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Common features of the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2014; 9(3): 148-58.
37. Soprano M, Rusciano MR, Ciccarelli M, Maione AS, Formisano P, Illario M. Metabolic syndrome and aging: Calcium signaling as common regulator. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 12(2): 84-9.
38. Gong Z, Tas E, Yakar S, Muzumdar R. Hepatic lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455: 115-30.
39. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP. Emerging vascular risk factors in women: Any differences from men? Curr Med Chem 2015; 22(31): 3565-79.
40. Pan JJ, Fallon MB. Gender and racial differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2014; 6(5): 274-83.
41. Hoffman RP. Metabolic syndrome racial differences in adolescents. Curr Diabetes Rev 2009; 5(4): 259-65.
42. Kalia HS, Gaglio PJ. The Prevalence and pathobiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients of different races or ethnicities. Clin Liver Dis 2016; 20(2): 215-24.
43. Chen S, Guo X, Yu S, Zhou Y, Li Z, Sun Y. Metabolic syndrome and serum liver enzymes in the general chinese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13: 223.
44. Perera S, Lohsoonthorn V, Jiamjarasrangsi W, Lertmaharit S, Williams MA. Association between elevated liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome among thai adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2008; 2: 171-8.
45. Forlani G, Di Bonito P, Mannucci E, et al. Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with the metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31: 146-52.
46. Homsanit M, Sanguankeo A, Upala S, Udol K. Abnormal liver enzymes in Thai patients with metabolic syndromes. J Med Assoc Thai 2012; 95(3): 444-51.
47. Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1286-92.
48. Pantsari MW, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease presenting with an isolated elevated alkaline phosphatase. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 633-5.
49. Riley TR, Mendoza A, Bruno MA. Bedside ultrasound can predict nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the hands of clinicians using a prototype image. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 982-5.
50. Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Itoh Y, et al. The severity of ultrasonographic findings in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease reflects the metabolic syndrome and visceral fat accumulation. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2708-15.
51. Fitchett D. The metabolic syndrome is an important concept in therapeutic decision-making. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31(5): 596-600.
52. Milić S, Lulić D, Štimac D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: biochemical, metabolic and clinical presentations. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(28): 9330-7.
53. Landsberg L, Aronne LJ, Beilin LJ, et al. Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: A position paper of the obesity society and the American society of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2013; 15(1): 14-33.
54. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Study Group, Lonardo A, Bellentani S, Argo CK, et al. Epidemiological modifiers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on high-risk groups. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47(12): 997-1006.
55. Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A review. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15(1): 1-7.
56. Vasunta RL, Kesäniemi YA, Ylitalo AS, Ukkola OH. High ambulatory blood pressure values associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver in middle-aged adults. J Hypertens 2012; 30(10): 2015-9.
57. Kim S, So WY. Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome and its components in elderly Korean adults. Exp Gerontol 2016; 84: 107-12.
58. Kang JH, Song YM. Association between cotinine-verified smoking status and metabolic syndrome: Analyses of Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys 2008-2010. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13(3): 140-8.
59. Xie B, Palmer PH, Pang Z, Sun P, Duan H, Johnson CA. Environmental tobacco use and indicators of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12(3): 198-206.
60. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Doumas M, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on plasma lipoproteins and associated major cardiovascular risk factors: A narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29(10): 1263-74.
61. Liu Y, Dai M, Bi Y, et al. Active smoking, passive smoking, and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A population-based study in China. J Epidemiol 2013; 23(2): 115-21.
62. Oniki K, Hori M, Saruwatari J, et al. Interactive effects of smoking and glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220: 143-9.
63. Zein CO, Unalp A, Colvin R, et al; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 753-9.
64. Shen H, Peng JL, Tayarachakul S, Liangpunsakul S. Association between serum cotinine level and prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Investig Med 2017; 65(1): 43-8.
65. Chavez-Tapia NC, Lizardi-Cervera J, Perez-Bautista O, Ramos-Ostos MH, Uribe M. Smoking is not associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(32): 5196-200.
66. Shin JA, Lee JH, Lim SY, et al. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes, and its clinical interpretations and usefulness. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 4(4): 334-43.
67. Lallukka S, Yki-Järvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of type 2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 30(3): 385-95.
68. Souza MR, Diniz Mde F, Medeiros-Filho JE, Araújo MS. Metabolic syndrome and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arq Gastroenterol 2012; 49(1): 89-96.
69. Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S, Zoppini G, Lippi G, Day C, Muggeo M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and proliferative/laser-treated retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2008; 51(3): 444-50.
70. Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical review: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98(2): 483-95.
71. Kim BY, Jung CH, Mok JO, Kang SK, Kim CH. Prevalences of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy are lower in Korean type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5(2): 170-5.
72. Lv WS, Sun RX, Gao YY, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(20): 3134-42.
73. Yan LH, Mu B, Guan Y, et al. Assessment of the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic complications. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7(6): 889-94.
74. Kim TK, Won JY, Shin JA, Park YM, Yim HW, Park YH. The association of metabolic syndrome with diabetic retinopathy: The Korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2008-2012. PLoS One 2016; 11(6): e0157006.
75. Gao L, Xin Z, Yuan MX, et al. High prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients concomitant with metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11(1): e0145293.
76. Callaghan BC, Cheng HT, Stables CL, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: Clinical manifestations and current treatments. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11(6): 521-34.
77. Zhou L, Li J, Ontaneda D, Sperling J. Metabolic syndrome in small fiber sensory neuropathy. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2011; 12(4): 235-43.
78. Abdul-Ghani M, Nawaf G, Nawaf F, Itzhak B, Minuchin O, Vardi P. Increased prevalence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes patients with the metabolic syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J 2006; 8(6): 378-82.
79. Nikolic D, Katsiki N, Montalto G, Isenovic ER, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M. Lipoprotein subfractions in metabolic syndrome and obesity: Clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. Nutrients 2013; 5(3): 928-48.
80. Vollenweider P, von Eckardstein A, Widmann C. HDLs, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224: 405-21.
81. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: An update. Metabolism 2016; 65(8): 1109-23.
82. Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Casado N, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Relevance of postprandial lipemia in metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013; 11(6): 920-7.
83. Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, Berneis K, et al. European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses: A statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses: Executive summary. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9(5): 531-2.
84. Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, et al. European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses: A statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9(5): 533-71.
85. Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, et al. Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides: An expert panel statement. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9(3): 258-70.
86. Katsiki N, Al-Rasadi K, Mikhailidis DP. Lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk: The show must go on. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24(10): 989-1006.
87. Dai Y, Zhu J, Meng D, Yu C, Li Y. Association of homocysteine level with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58(1): 76-83.
88. Catena C, Colussi G, Nait F, Capobianco F, Sechi LA. Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28(7): 943-50.
89. Nam JS, Jo S, Kang S, Ahn CW, Kim KR, Park JS. Association between lipoprotein(a) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 461: 14-8.
90. Ntaios G, Savopoulos C, Chatzopoulos S, Mikhailidis D, Hatzitolios A. Iatrogenic hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214(1): 11-9.
91. Kostapanos MS, Florentin M, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Hemostatic factors and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013; 11(6): 880-905.
92. Potze W, Siddiqui MS, Sanyal AJ. Vascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41(5): 488-93.
93. Fan Y, Wei F, Zhou Y, Zhang H. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with impaired endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation: A meta-analysis. Hepatol Res 2016; 46(3): 165-73.
94. Madan SA, John F, Pitchumoni CS. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mean platelet volume: A systemic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50(1): 69-74.
95. Targher G, Chonchol M, Miele L, Zoppini G, Pichiri I, Muggeo M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a contributor to hypercoagulation and thrombophilia in the metabolic syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009; 35(3): 277-87.
96. Targher G, Byrne CD. Diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its hemostatic/thrombotic and vascular complications. Semin Thromb Hemost 2013; 39(2): 214-28.
97. McNeill AM, Rosamond WD, Girman CJ, et al. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and carotid arterial thickening in patients with the metabolic syndrome (The ARIC Study). Am J Cardiol 2004; 94(10): 1249-54.
98. Gorter PM, Olijhoek JK, van der Graaf Y, Algra A, Rabelink TJ, Visseren FL; SMART Study Group. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2004; 173(2): 363-9.
99. Zidi W, Allal-Elasmi M, Zayani Y, et al. Metabolic syndrome, independent predictor for coronary artery disease. Clin Lab 2015; 61(10): 1545-52.
100. Zhao XQ, Krasuski RA, Baer J, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy on coronary stenosis progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease patients with metabolic syndrome: A combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS). Am J Cardiol 2009; 104(11): 1457-64.
101. Vassallo P, Driver SL, Stone NJ. Metabolic syndrome: An evolving clinical construct. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 59(2): 172-77.
102. Gaddam KK, Ventura HO, Lavie CJ. Metabolic syndrome and heart failure-the risk, paradox, and treatment. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13(2): 142-8.
103. Perrone-Filardi P, Paolillo S, Costanzo P, Savarese G, Trimarco B, Bonow RO. The role of metabolic syndrome in heart failure. Eur Heart J 2014; 36(39): 2630-4.
104. Tie HT, Shi R, Li ZH, Zhang M, Zhang C, Wu QC. Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with metabolic syndrome after revascularization: A meta-analysis of eighteen cohorts with 18,457 patients. Metabolism 2015; 64(10): 1224-34.
105. Mantovani A, Ballestri S, Lonardo A, Targher G. Cardiovascular disease and myocardial abnormalities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61(5): 1246-67.
106. Ballestri S, Lonardo A, Bonapace S, Byrne CD, Loria P, Targher G. Risk of cardiovascular, cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(7): 1724-45.
107. Francque SM, van der Graaff D, Kwanten WJ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: Pathophysiological mechanisms and implications. J Hepatol 2016; 65(2): 425-43.
108. Wong VW, Wong GL, Yeung JC, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes after fatty liver screening in patients undergoing coronary angiogram: A prospective cohort study. Hepatology 2016; 63(3): 754-63.
109. Shi KQ, Wu FL, Liu WY, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of in-stent restenosis after bare metal stenting in native coronary arteries. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41(7): 4713-20.
110. Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP. Should we expand the concept of coronary heart disease equivalents? Curr Opin Cardiol 2014; 29(4): 389-95.
111. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Wierzbicki AS. Epicardial fat and vascular risk: A narrative review. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013; 28(4): 458-63.
112. Rabkin SW. The relationship between epicardial fat and indices of obesity and the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12(1): 31-42.
113. Iacobellis G, Barbarini G, Letizia C, Barbaro G. Epicardial fat thickness and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22(2): 332-6.
114. Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Abnormal peri-organ or intra-organ fat (APIFat) deposition: An underestimated predictor of vascular risk? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2016; 14(5): 432-41.
115. Shimabukuro M, Kozuka C, Taira S, et al. Ectopic fat deposition and global cardiometabolic risk: new paradigm in cardiovascular medicine. J Med Invest 2013; 60(1-2): 1-14.
116. Stump CS, Henriksen EJ, Wei Y, Sowers JR. The metabolic syndrome: Role of skeletal muscle metabolism. Ann Med 2006; 38: 389-402.
117. Haberka M, Gąsior Z. Carotid extra-media thickness in obesity and metabolic syndrome: A novel index of perivascular adipose tissue: Extra-media thickness in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239(1): 169-77.
118. Lehman SJ, Massaro JM, Schlett CL, et al. Peri-aortic fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and aortic calcification: The framingham heart study. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210: 656-61.
119. Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Demirci H, et al. The effect of fatty pancreas on serum glucose parameters in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26: 37-41.
120. Tariq H, Nayudu S, Akella S, Glandt M, Chilimuri S. Non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease: A review of literature. Gastroenterology Res 2016; 9(6): 87-91.
121. Alempijevic T, Dragasevic S, Zec S, Popovic D, Milosavljevic T. Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease. Postgrad Med J 2017; 93(1098): 226-30.
122. Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Metabolic syndrome and non-cardiac vascular diseases: An update from human studies. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20(31): 4944-52.
123. Gluba A, Mikhailidis DP, Lip GY, Hannam S, Rysz J, Banach M. Metabolic syndrome and renal disease. Int J Cardiol 2013; 164(2): 141-50.
124. Prasad GV. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease: Current status and future directions. World J Nephrol 2014; 3(4): 210-9.
125. Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly associated with carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review. J Hepatol 2008; 49(4): 600-7.
126. Musso G, Cassader M, Cohney S, et al. Fatty liver and chronic kidney disease: Novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(10): 1830-45.
127. Targher G, Chonchol MB, Byrne CD. CKD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64(4): 638-52.
128. Katsiki N, Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP. Erectile dysfunction and coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2015; 30(4): 416-21.
129. Besiroglu H, Otunctemur A, Ozbek E. The relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components, and erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Sex Med 2015; 12(6): 1309-18.
130. Kaya E, Sikka SC, Gur S. A comprehensive review of metabolic syndrome affecting erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2015; 12(4): 856-75.
131. Duman DG, Biçakci E, Çelikel ÇA, Akbal C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with erectile dysfunction: A prospective pilot study. J Sex Med 2016; 13(3): 383-8.
132. Rizzo M, Obradovic M, Labudovic-Borovic M, et al. Uric acid metabolism in pre-hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 12(4): 572-85.
133. Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Characteristics other than the diagnostic criteria associated with metabolic syndrome: An overview. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 12(4): 627-41.
134. Chung GE, Choi SY, Kim D, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor of arterial stiffness measured by the cardioankle vascular index. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94(12): e654.
135. Salvi P, Ruffini R, Agnoletti D, et al. Increased arterial stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The cardio-GOOSE study. J Hypertens 2010; 28(8): 1699-707.
136. Sunbul M, Agirbasli M, Durmus E, et al. Arterial stiffness in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is related to fibrosis stage and epicardial adipose tissue thickness. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237(2): 490-3.
137. Li N, Zhang GW, Zhang JR, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with progression of arterial stiffness. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25(2): 218-23.
138. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Clement K, Pépin JL. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Metabolism 2016; 65(8): 1124-35.
139. Wijarnpreecha K, Panjawatanan P, Lekuthai N, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Ungprasert P. Hyperuricaemia and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis. Liver Int 2017; 37(6): 906-18.
140. Sun DQ, Wu SJ, Liu WY, et al. Serum uric acid: A new therapeutic target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20(3): 375-87.
141. Mortada R, Williams T. Metabolic syndrome: Polycystic ovary syndrome. FP Essent 2015; 435: 30-42.
142. Ramezani-Binabaj M, Motalebi M, Karimi-Sari H, Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Alavian SM. Are women with polycystic ovarian syndrome at a high risk of non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease; a meta-analysis. Hepat Mon 2014; 14(11): e23235.
143. Kelley CE, Brown AJ, Diehl AM, Setji TL. Review of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(39): 14172-84.
144. Pan GT, Guo JF, Mei SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 62(4): 213-9.
145. Iruzubieta P, Terán Á, Crespo J, Fábrega E. Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. World J Hepatol 2014; 6(12): 901-15.
146. Wimalawansa SJ. Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 175: 177-89.
147. Barchetta I, Del Ben M, Angelico F, et al. No effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Med 2016; 14: 92.
148. Kirpich IA, Marsano LS, McClain CJ. Gut-liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Biochem 2015; 48(13-14): 923-30.
149. Quigley EM, Abu-Shanab A, Murphy EF, Stanton C, Monsour HP Jr. The metabolic role of the microbiome: Implications for NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Semin Liver Dis 2016; 36(4): 312-6.
150. Bashiardes S, Shapiro H, Rozin S, Shibolet O, Elinav E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver and the gut microbiota. Mol Metab 2016; 5(9): 782-94.
151. Yamaoka K, Tango T. Effects of lifestyle modification on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2012; 10: 138.
152. Musso G, Cassader M, Rosina F, Gambino R. Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Diabetologia 2012; 55(4): 885-904.
153. Garcia M, Bihuniak JD, Shook J, Kenny A, Kerstetter J, Huedo-Medina TB. The effect of the traditional mediterranean-style diet on metabolic risk factors: A meta-analysis. Nutrients 2016; 8(3): 168.
154. Sofi F, Casini A. Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: New therapeutic option around the corner? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(23): 7339-46.
155. Edwardson CL, Gorely T, Davies MJ, et al. Association of sedentary behaviour with metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7(4): e34916.
156. Kim J, Tanabe K, Yokoyama N, Zempo H, Kuno S. Objectively measured light-intensity lifestyle activity and sedentary time are independently associated with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study of Japanese adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10: 30.
157. Bower G, Toma T, Harling L, et al. Bariatric surgery and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review of liver biochemistry and histology. Obes Surg 2015; 25(12): 2280-9.
158. Mummadi RR, Kasturi KS, Chennareddygari S, Sood GK. Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6(12): 1396-402.
159. Aguilar-Olivos NE, Almeda-Valdes P, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. The role of bariatric surgery in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2016; 65(8): 1196-207.
160. Corcelles R, Daigle CR, Schauer PR. Management of endocrine disease: Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174(1): 19-28.
161. Athyros VG, Ganotakis E, Kolovou GD, et al. Assessing the treatment effect in metabolic syndrome without perceptible diabetes (ATTEMPT): A prospective-randomized study in middle aged men and women. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9(6): 647-57.
162. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Didangelos TP, et al. Effect of multifactorial treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in metabolic syndrome: A randomised study. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22(5): 873-83.
163. Didangelos TP, Thanopoulou AK, Bousboulas SH, et al. The ORLIstat and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (ORLICARDIA) study. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20(9): 1393-401.
164. Hsieh CJ, Wang PW, Liu RT, et al. Orlistat for obesity: Benefits beyond weight loss. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67(1): 78-83.
165. Filippatos TD, Liberopoulos EN, Kostapanos M, et al. The effects of orlistat and fenofibrate, alone or in combination, on high-density lipoprotein subfractions and pre-beta1-HDL levels in obese patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10(6): 476-83.
166. Filippatos TD, Derdemezis CS, Gazi IF, Nakou ES, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Orlistat-associated adverse effects and drug interactions: A critical review. Drug Saf 2008; 31(1): 53-65.
167. Zelber-Sagi S, Kessler A, Brazowsky E, et al. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4(5): 639-44.
168. Omran Z. Obesity: Current treatment and future horizons. Mini Rev Med Chem 2017; 17(1): 51-61.
169. Krentz AJ, Fujioka K, Hompesch M. Evolution of pharmacological obesity treatments: Focus on adverse side-effect profiles. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18(6): 558-70.
170. http://www.orexigen.com/products/mysimba.html. [Accessed on Feb 15, 2017].
171. Pucci A, Finer N. New medications for treatment of obesity: Metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31(2): 142-52.
172. Greig SL, Keating GM. Naltrexone ER/Bupropion ER: A review in obesity management. Drugs 2015; 75(11): 1269-80.
173. Vorsanger MH, Subramanyam P, Weintraub HS, et al. Cardiovascular effects of the new weight loss agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68(8): 849-59.
174. Kiortsis DN. A review of the metabolic effects of controlled-release Phentermine/Topiramate. Hormones 2013; 12(4): 507-16.
175. Christou GA, Katsiki N, Kiortsis DN. The current role of liraglutide in the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2016; 14(2): 201-7.
176. Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, et al. The role of renin-angiotensin system inhibition in the treatment of hypertension in metabolic syndrome: Are all the angiotensin receptor blockers equal? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11(2): 191-205.
177. Bellis A, Trimarco B. Pharmacological approach to cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14(6): 403-9.
178. Goh GB, Pagadala MR, Dasarathy J, et al. Renin-angiotensin system and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2015; 35(3): 979-85.
179. Alam S, Kabir J, Mustafa G, Gupta U, Hasan SK, Alam AK. Effect of telmisartan on histological activity and fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A 1-year randomized control trial. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(1): 69-76.
180. Srikanth S, Deedwania P. Management of dyslipidemia in patients with hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18(10): 76.
181. Kushner PA, Cobble ME. Hypertriglyceridemia: The importance of identifying patients at risk. Postgrad Med 2016; 128(8): 848-58.
182. Bragg DA, Walling A. Metabolic syndrome: Hyperlipidemia. FP Essent 2015; 435: 17-23.
183. Halcox J, Misra A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and mixed dyslipidemia: How similar, how different, and how to treat? Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13(1): 1-21.
184. Katsiki N, Nikolic D, Montalto G, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M. The role of fibrate treatment in dyslipidemia: An overview. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19(17): 3124-31.
185. Katsiki N, Theocharidou E, Karagiannis A, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Ezetimibe therapy for dyslipidemia: An update. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19(17): 3107-14.
186. Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Effects of statins and antidiabetic drugs. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31(3): 521-22.
187. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Katsiki N, Doumas M, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Cardiovascular risk across the histological spectrum and the clinical manifestations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(22): 6820-34.
188. Eslami L, Merat S, Malekzadeh R, Nasseri-Moghaddam S, Aramin H. Statins for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (12): CD008623.
189. Nseir W, Mahamid M. Statins in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: Updated review. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 15(3): 305.
190. Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H, et al. The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An Expert Panel Statement. Metabolism 2017; 71: 17-32.
191. Kargiotis K, Athyros VG, Giouleme O, et al. Resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by rosuvastatin monotherapy in patients with metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(25): 7860-8.
192. Dongiovanni P, Petta S, Mannisto V, et al. Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals. J Hepatol 2015; 63(3): 705-12.
193. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, et al; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: A post-hoc analysis. Lancet 2010; 376(9756): 1916-22.
194. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A bright future? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22(9): 1089-93.
195. Gandhi N, Lenton R, Bhartia M, Abbas A, Raju J, Ramachandran S. Effect of fibrate treatment on liver function tests in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Springerplus 2014; 3: 14.
196. Wierzbicki AS, Oben J. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23(4): 345-52.
197. Simon TG, Corey KE, Chung RT, Giugliano R. Cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The potential role of ezetimibe. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61(12): 3425-35.
198. Averna M. The effect of ezetimibe on NAFLD. Atheroscler Suppl 2015; 17: 27-34.
199. Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK. Pharmacologic therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20(31): 5025-38.
200. Ladeiras-Lopes R, Fontes-Carvalho R, Bettencourt N, Sampaio F, Gama V, Leite-Moreira A. Novel therapeutic targets of metformin: Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19(7): 869-77.
201. Swislocki AL, Siegel D, Jialal I. Pharmacotherapy for the metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012; 10(2): 187-205.
202. Sawangjit R, Chongmelaxme B, Phisalprapa P, et al. Comparative efficacy of interventions on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and network meta-analysis. Medicine 2016; 95(32): e4529.
203. Shao N, Kuang HY, Hao M, Gao XY, Lin WJ, Zou W. Benefits of exenatide on obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with elevated liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30(6): 521-9.
204. Tang W, Xu Q, Hong T, et al. Comparative efficacy of antidiabetic agents on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32(2): 200-16.
205. Younossi ZM, Reyes MJ, Mishra A, Mehta R, Henry L. Systematic review with meta-analysis: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - a case for personalised treatment based on pathogenic targets. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39(1): 3-14.
206. Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet 2016; 387(10019): 679-90.
207. Gluud LL, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Effects of lixisenatide on elevated liver transaminases: Systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open 2014; 4(12): e005325.
208. Hussain M, Majeed Babar MZ, Hussain MS, Akhtar L. Vildagliptin ameliorates biochemical, metabolic and fatty changes associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32(6): 1396-401.
209. Macauley M, Hollingsworth KG, Smith FE, et al. Effect of vildagliptin on hepatic steatosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100(4): 1578-85.
210. Jojima T, Tomotsune T, Iijima T, Akimoto K, Suzuki K, Aso Y. Empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor), alone or in combination with linagliptin (a DPP-4 inhibitor), prevents steatohepatitis in a novel mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8: 45.
211. Michurina SV, Ishenko IJ, Klimontov VV, et al. Linagliptin alleviates fatty liver disease in diabetic db/db mice. World J Diabetes 2016; 7(19): 534-46.
212. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Theodorakis MJ. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i): Their role in cardiometabolic risk management. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23(10): 1522-32.
213. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A. Editorial: Can glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) agonists or sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in people with or without diabetes? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2016; 14(6): 494-7.
214. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP. Editorial: Resolution of non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis. more than one drug needed? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2016; 14(4): 313-5.