Prebiotics, FODMAPs and dietary fiber — conflicting concepts in development of functional food products?

Current Opinion in Food Science

Volumn 20, Issue , 2018, Pages 30-37

  Yan, Ya Lu ^a   Hu, Ying ^a   Gänzle, Michael G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85043772264     PISSN: 22147993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.009     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Carmody, R.N., Gerber, G.K., Luevano, J.M. Jr., Gatti, D.M., Somes, L., Svenson, K.L., Turnbaugh, P.J., Diet dominates host genotype in shaping the murine gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 17 (2015), 72–84.
2. Flint, H.J., Bayer, E.A., Rincon, M.T., Lamed, R., White, B.A., Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6 (2008), 121–131.
3. Hutkins, R.W., Krumbeck, J.A., Bindels, L.B., Cani, P.D., Fahey, G. Jr., Goh, Y.J., Hamaker, B., Martens, E.C., Mills, D.A., Rastal, R.A., et al. Prebiotics: why definitions matter. Curr Opin Biotechnol 37 (2016), 1–7.
4. Bindels, L.B., Delzenne, N.M., Cani, P.D., Walter, J., Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12 (2015), 303–310 The article provides a comprehensive re-assessment of the definition of the term prebiotics to reconcile the concept with advances related to composition and function of intestinal microbiota. In keeping with known mechanisms underlying health benefits of prebiotics, the article emphasizes function of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites over composition and ‘selective’ stimulation.
5. Global Market Insights. Prebiotics Market Report. URL: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/prebiotics-market.
6. Staudacher, H.M., Whelan, K., Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet. Proc Nutr Soc 75 (2016), 306–318.
7. Laatikainen, R., Koskenpato, J., Hongisto, S.M., Loponen, J., Poussa, T., Hillilä M., Korpela, R., Randomised clinical trial: low-FODMAP rye bread vs. regular rye bread to relieve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 44 (2016), 460–470 One of the first examples of successful product development for low-FODMAP cereal products for IBS patients.
8. Cummings, J.H., Stephen, A.M., Carbohydrate terminology and classification. Eur J Clin Nutr 61:Suppl. 1 (2007), S5–S18.
9. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Report of the 30th Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses., 2008, ALINORM, Cape Town, South Africa.
10. Deehan, E.C., Duar, R.M., Armet, A.M., Perez-Muñoz, M.E., Jin, M., Walter, J., Modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome with nondigestible fermentable carbohydrates to improve human health. Microbiol Spectr, 5, 2017, 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0019-2017.
11. Hamaker, B.R., Tuncil, Y.E., A perspective on the complexity of dietary fiber structures and their potential effect on the gut microbiota. J Mol Biol 426 (2014), 3838–3850 An excellent overview on structures of dietary fibre in foods and the microbial enzymes involved in their degradation.
12. Verspreet, J., Damen, B., Broekaert, W.F., Verbeke, K., Delcour, J.A., Courtin, C.M., A critical look at prebiotics within the dietary fiber concept. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 7 (2016), 167–190.
13. De Giorgio, R., Volta, U., Gibson, P.R., Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction?. Gut 65 (2016), 169–178.
14. Louis, P., Flint, H.J., Michel, C., How to manipulate the microbiota: prebiotics. Adv Exp Med Biol 902 (2016), 119–142 Essential reading for the understanding of carbohydrate metabolism by colonic microbiota.
15. Chassard, C., Lacroix, C., Carbohydrates and the human gut microbiota. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16 (2013), 453–460.
16. Reichardt, N., Vollmer, M., Holtrop, G., Farquharson, F.M., Wefers, D., Bunzel, M., Duncan, S.H., Drew, J.E., Williams, L.M., Milligan, G., Preston, T., Morrison, D., Flint, H.J., Louis, P., Specific substrate-driven changes in human faecal microbiota composition contrast with functional redundancy in short-chain fatty acid production. ISME J 12 (2018), 610–622 Essential reading for the understanding of carbohydrate metabolism by colonic microbiota.
17. Shanahan, F., Fiber man meets microbial man. Am J Clin Nutr 101 (2015), 1–2.
18. Minekus, M., Alminger, M., Alvito, P., Ballance, S., Bohn, T., Bourlieu, C., Carrière, F., Boutrou, R., Corredig, M., Dupont, D., et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food — an international consensus. Food Funct 5 (2014), 1113–1124.
19. Hooton, D., Lentle, R., Monro, J., Wickham, M., Simpson, R., The secretion and action of brush border enzymes in the mammalian small intestine. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 168 (2015), 59–118.
20. Oku, T., Tanabe, K., Ogawa, S., Sadamori, N., Nakamura, S., Similarity of hydrolyzing activity of human and rat small intestinal disaccharidases. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 4 (2011), 155–161 A detailed description of brush border enzymes in the rat and human intestine and their contribution to oligosaccharide digestion.
21. Chen, X.Y., Gänzle, M.G., Lactose and lactose-derived oligosaccharides: more than prebiotics?. Int Dairy J 67 (2017), 61–72 This publication provides an overview on interaction of GOS with the immune system, and summarized in vivo experiments demonstrating that oligosaccharides binding to bacterial lectins prevent bacterial infection.
22. Ferreira-Lazarte, A., Olano, A., Villamiel, M., Moreno, F.J., Assessment of in vitro digestibility of dietary carbohydrates using rat small intestinal extract. J Agric Food Chem 65 (2017), 8046–8053 A detailed assessment of the digestibility of prebiotics, particularly galacto-oligosaccharides and their derivatives, by in vitro methods based on rat intestinal extract account for the activity of brush border enzymes.
23. Hernández-Hernández, O., Marín-Manzano, M.C., Rubio, L.A., Moreno, F.J., Sanz, M.L., Clemente, A., Monomer and linkage type of galacto-oligosaccharides affect their resistance to ileal digestion and prebiotic properties in rats. J Nutr 142 (2012), 1232–1239.
24. Hu, Y., Winter, V., Chen, X.Y., Gänzle, M.G., Effect of acceptor carbohydrates on oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis by dextransucrase DsrM from Weissella cibaria. Food Res Int 99 (2017), 603–611 A detailed assessment of the digestibility of isomalto-oligosaccharides and their derivatives by in vitro methods based on rat intestinal extract account for the activity of brush border enzymes.
25. Tanabe, K., Nakamura, S., Omagari, K., Oku, T., Determination trial of nondigestible oligosaccharide in processed foods by improved AOAC Method 2009.01 using porcine small intestinal enzyme. J Agric Food Chem 63 (2015), 5747–5752 This publication employed knowledge on oligosaccharide digestion by brush border hydrolases to improve analytical methods for determination of carbohydrate digestibility.
26. Zoetendal, E.G., Raes, J., van den Bogert, B., Arumugam, M., Booijink, C.C., Troost, F.J., Bork, P., Wels, M., de Vos, W.M., Kleerebezem, M., The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates. ISME J 6 (2012), 1415–1426.
27. Gänzle, M.G., Follador, R., Metabolism of oligosaccharides in lactobacilli: a review. Front Microbiol, 3, 2012, 340.
28. Dhital, S., Warren, F.J., Butterworth, P.J., Ellis, P.R., Gidley, M.J., Mechanisms of starch digestion by α-amylase-structural basis for kinetic properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57 (2017), 875–892.
29. Raigond, P., Ezekiel, R., Raigond, B., Resistant starch in food: a review. J Sci Food Agric 95 (2015), 1968–1978.
30. Martinez, I., Kim, J., Duffy, P.R., Schlegel, V.L., Walter, J., Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS ONE, 5, 2010, e15046 One of the first publications to employ high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA sequence tags for determination of the impact of prebiotic carbohydrates on intestinal microbiota.
31. Ze, X., Duncan, S.H., Louis, P., Flint, H.J., Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. ISME J 6 (2012), 1535–1543.
32. Regmi, P.R., Metzler-Zebeli, B.U., Gänzle, M.G., van Kempen, T.A., Zijlstra, R.T., Starch with high amylose content and low in vitro digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. J Nutr 141 (2011), 1273–1280 This manuscript provides a quantitative assessment of starch digestion in pigs by using different chemically well characterized starch sources and a combination of ileal cannulated and portal vein catheterized pigs.
33. Gerbault, P., Liebert, A., Itan, Y., Powell, A., Currat, M., Burger, J., Swallow, D.M., Thomas, M.G., Evolution of lactase persistence: an example of human niche construction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 366 (2011), 863–877.
34. Di Bartolomeo, F., Van den Ende, W., Fructose and fructans: opposite effects on health?. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70 (2015), 227–237.
35. Latulippe, M.E., Skoog, S.M., Fructose malabsorption and intolerance: effects of fructose with and without simultaneous glucose ingestion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 51 (2011), 583–592.
36. Murray, K., Wilkinson-Smith, V., Hoad, C., Costigan, C., Cox, E., Lam, C., Marciani, L., Gowland, P., Spiller, R.C., Differential effects of FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols) on small and large intestinal contents in healthy subjects shown by MRI. Am J Gastroenterol 109 (2014), 110–119 The publication provides a thorough characterization of the negative consequences of fructose and fructan fermentation by intestinal microbiota.
37. Wilder-Smith, C.H., Materna, A., Wermelinger, C., Schuler, J., Fructose and lactose intolerance and malabsorption testing: the relationship with symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37 (2013), 1074–1083.
38. Oku, T., Nakamura, S., Digestion, absorption, fermentation, and metabolism of functional sugar substitutes and their available energy. Pure Appl Chem 74 (2002), 1253–1261.
39. Health Canada. Policy for Labelling and Advertising of Dietary Fibre-Containing Food Products. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/policies/policy-labelling-advertising-dietary-fibre-containing-food-products-2012.html#a3.
40. Tan, J., McKenzie, C., Potamitis, M., Thorburn, A.N., Mackay, C.R., Macia, L., The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 121 (2014), 91–119.
41. Postler, T.S., Ghosh, S., Understanding the holobiont: how microbial metabolites affect human health and shape the immune system. Cell Metab 26 (2017), 110–130 An excellent overview on the role of metabolites of intestinal microbiota, including short chain fatty acids, in shaping physiological functions of the human ‘holobiont’.
42. den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A.K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D.J., Bakker, B.M., The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res 54 (2013), 2325–2340.
43. Kim, M.H., Kang, S.G., Park, J.H., Yanagisawa, M., Kim, C.H., Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice. Gastroenterology 145 (2013), 396–406.
44. Thangaraju, M., Cresci, G.A., Liu, K., Ananth, S., Gnanaprakasam, J.P., Browning, D.D., Mellinger, J.D., Smith, S.B., Digby, G.J., Lambert, N.A., et al. GPR109A is a G-protein-coupled receptor for the bacterial fermentation product butyrate and functions as a tumor suppressor in colon. Cancer Res 69 (2009), 2826–2832.
45. Venema, K., Intestinal fermentation of lactose and prebiotic lactose derivatives, including human milk oligosaccharides. Int Dairy J 22 (2012), 123–140 One of very few publications characterizing intestinal fermentation of lactose.
46. Shepherd, S.J., Lomer, M.C., Gibson, P.R., Short-chain carbohydrates and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 108 (2013), 707–717.
47. Davis, L.M., Martínez, I., Walter, J., Hutkins, R., A dose dependent impact of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides on the intestinal microbiota of healthy adults. Int J Food Microbiol 144 (2010), 285–292 This publication was one of the first to point out that prebiotic activity, particularly the selective stimulation of individual bacterial taxa, is conditional on the individual composition of intestinal microbiota.
48. Payne, A.N., Chassard, C., Lacroix, C., Gut microbial adaptation to dietary consumption of fructose, artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols: implications for host–microbe interactions contributing to obesity. Obes Rev 13 (2012), 799–809.
49. Aune, D., Keum, N., Giovannucci, E., Fadnes, L.T., Boffetta, P., Greenwood, D.C., Tonstad, S., Vatten, L.J., Riboli, E., Norat, T., Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ, 353, 2016, i2716.
50. Chanson-Rolle, A., Meynier, A., Aubin, F., Lappi, J., Poutanen, K., Vinoy, S., Braesco, V., Systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies to support a quantitative recommendation for whole grain intake in relation to Type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 10, 2015, e0131377.
51. Aune, D., Chan, D.S., Lau, R., Vieira, R., Greenwood, D.C., Kampman, E., Norat, T., Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ, 343, 2011, d6617.
52. Fouhse, J.M., Gänzle, M.G., Beattie, A.D., Vasanthan, T., Zijlstra, R.T., Whole grain starch and fiber composition modifies ileal flow of nutrients and nutrient availability in the hindgut, shifting fecal microbial profiles in pigs. J Nutr 147 (2017), 2031–2040.
53. Brahma, S., Martínez, I., Walter, J., Clarke, J., Gonzalez, T., Menon, R., Rose, D.J., Impact of dietary pattern of the fecal donor on in vitro fermentation properties of whole grains and brans. J Funct Foods 29 (2017), 281–289.
54. Vanegas, S.M., Meydani, M., Barnett, J.B., Goldin, B., Kane, A., Rasmussen, H., Brown, C., Vangay, P., Knights, D., Jonnalagadda, S., Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial has a modest effect on gut microbiota and immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 105 (2017), 635–650.
55. De Angelis, M., Montemurno, E., Vannini, L., Cosola, C., Cavallo, N., Gozzi, G., Maranzano, V., Di Cagno, R., Gobbetti, M., Gesualdo, L., Effect of whole-grain barley on the human fecal microbiota and metabolome. Appl Environ Microbiol 81 (2015), 7945–7956.
56. Martínez, I., Lattimer, J.M., Hubach, K.L., Case, J.A., Yang, J., Weber, C.G., Louk, J.A., Rose, D.J., Kyureghian, G., Peterson, D.A., et al. Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements. ISME J 7 (2013), 269–280 This publication highlights the role of diverse fibre sources in whole grains on supporting diversity of colonic microbiota, and strongly supports prior observations related to the role of individual characteristics of intestinal microbiota on the utilization of dietary glycans.
57. Everard, A., Lazarevic, V., Gaïa, N., Johansson, M., Ståhlman, M., Backhed, F., Delzenne, N.M., Schrenzel, J., François, P., Cani, P.D., Microbiome of prebiotic-treated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity. ISME J 8 (2014), 2116–2130.
58. Castagnini, C., Luceri, C., Toti, S., Bigagli, E., Caderni, G., Femia, A.P., Giovannelli, L., Lodovici, M., Pitozzi, V., Salvadori, M., et al. Reduction of colonic inflammation in HLA-B27 transgenic rats by feeding Marie Ménard apples, rich in polyphenols. Br J Nutr 102 (2009), 1620–1628.
59. Koleva, P., Ketabi, A., Valcheva, R., Gänzle, M.G., Dieleman, L.A., Chemically defined diet alters the protective properties of fructo-oligosaccharides and isomalto-oligosaccharides in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. PLOS ONE, 9, 2014, e111717.
60. Lewis, Z.T., Totten, S.M., Smilowitz, J.T., Popovic, M., Parker, E., Lemay, D.G., Van Tassell, M.L., Miller, M.J., Jin, Y.S., German, J.B., et al. Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. Microbiome, 3, 2015, 13.
61. Matsuki, T., Yahagi, K., Mori, H., Matsumoto, H., Hara, T., Tajima, S., Ogawa, E., Kodama, H., Yamamoto, K., Yamada, T., Matsumoto, S., et al. A key genetic factor for fucosyllactose utilization affects infant gut microbiota development. Nat Commun, 7, 2016, 11939 This publication is one of the first to identify fucosyllactose and fucosyllactose utilizing bifidobacteria as key determinants of the development of the intestinal microbiome of breastfed infants.
62. Van Loo, J., Cummings, J., Delzenne, N., Englyst, H., Franck, A., Hopkins, M., Kok, N., Macfarlane, G., Newton, D., Quigley, M., et al. Functional food properties of non-digestible oligosaccharides: a consensus report from the ENDO project (DGXII AIRII-CT94-1095). Br J Nutr 81 (1999), 121–132.
63. Cherbut, C., Ferrier, L., Rozé C., Anini, Y., Blottière, H., Lecannu, G., Galmiche, J.P., Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat. Am J Physiol 275 (1998), G1415–G1422.
64. Sakata, T., Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors. Br J Nutr 58 (1987), 95–103.
65. Canfora, E.E., Jocken, J.W., Blaak, E.E., Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 11 (2015), 577–591.
66. Byrne, C.S., Chambers, E.S., Morrison, D.J., Frost, G., The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond) 39 (2015), 1331–1338.
67. Tolhurst, G., Heffron, H., Lam, Y.S., Parker, H.E., Habib, A.M., Diakogiannaki, E., Cameron, J., Grosse, J., Reimann, F., Gribble, F.M., Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes 61 (2012), 364–371.
68. Smith, P.M., Howitt, M.R., Panikov, N., Michaud, M., Gallini, C.A., Bohlooly, Y.M., Glickman, J.N., Garrett, W.S., The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 341 (2013), 569–573.
69. Kelly, C.J., Zheng, L., Campbell, E.L., Saeedi, B., Scholz, C.C., Bayless, A.J., Wilson, K.E., Glover, L.E., Kominsky, D.J., Magnuson, A., et al. Crosstalk between microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and intestinal epithelial HIF augments tissue barrier function. Cell Host Microbe 17 (2015), 662–671.
70. Holtug, K., Clausen, M.R., Hove, H., Christiansen, J., Mortensen, P.B., The colon in carbohydrate malabsorption: short-chain fatty acids, pH, and osmotic diarrhoea. Scand J Gastroenterol 27 (1992), 545–552.
71. 2]ureide. Isot Environ Health Stud 49 (2013), 464–470.
72. Fukuda, S., Toh, H., Hase, K., Oshima, K., Nakanishi, Y., Yoshimura, K., Tobe, T., Clarke, J.M., Topping, D.L., Suzuki, T., et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature 469 (2011), 543–547.
73. Bouglé D., Vaghefi-Vaezzadeh, N., Roland, N., Bouvard, G., Arhan, P., Bureau, F., Neuville, D., Maubois, J.L., Influence of short-chain fatty acids on iron absorption by proximal colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 37 (2002), 1008–1011.
74. Oku, T., Nakamura, S., Comparison of digestibility and breath hydrogen gas excretion of fructo-oligosaccharide, galactosylsucrose, and isomalto-oligosaccharide in healthy human subjects. Europ J Clin Nutr 57 (2003), 1150–1156.
75. Jeurink, P.V., van Esch, B.C., Rijnierse, A., Garssen, J., Knippels, L.M., Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides. Am J Clin Nutr 98 (2013), 572S–577S.
76. Whitehead, A., Beck, E.J., Tosh, S., Wolever, T.M., Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 100 (2014), 1413–1421.
77. Wang, Y., Harding, S.V., Thandapilly, S.J., Tosh, S.M., Jones, P.J.H., Ames, N.P., Barley β-glucan reduces blood cholesterol levels via interrupting bile acid metabolism. Br J Nutr 118 (2017), 822–829 An excellent contribution related to the mechanisms of reduced cholesterol levels after consumption of β-glucans. While β-glucans have prebiotic characteristics that are comparable to other prebiotic carbohydrates (Table 1), regulatory approval of health benefits of β-glucans and marketing of food enriched with β-glucans relates to the effect on lipid homeostasis rather than prebiotic activity.
78. Louis, P., Scott, K.P., Duncan, S.H., Flint, H.J., Understanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine. J Appl Microbiol 102 (2007), 1197–1208.
79. Schwab, C., Ruscheweyh, H.J., Bunesova, V., Pham, V.T., Beerenwinkel, N., Lacroix, C., Trophic interactions of infant bifidobacteria and Eubacterium hallii during L-fucose and fucosyllactose degradation. Front Microbiol, 8, 2017, 95 An excellent publication describing metabolic cross-feeding based on 1,2-propanediol production and consumption by bifidobacteria and Eubacterium, respectively.
80. Barrett, A.H., Farhadi, N.F., Smith, T.J., Slowing starch digestion and inhibiting digestive enzyme activity using plant flavanols/tannins — a review of efficacy and mechanisms. LWT Food Sci Technol 87 (2018), 394–399.
81. Miao, M., Jiang, B., Jiang, H., Zhang, T., Li, X., Interaction mechanism between green tea extract and human α-amylase for reducing starch digestion. Food Chem 186 (2015), 20–25.
82. Quiros-Sauceda, A.E., Palafox-Carlos, H., Sayago-Ayerdi, S.G., Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Bello-Perez, L.A., Alvarez-Parrilla, E., de la Rosa, L.A., Gonzalez-Cordova, A.F., Gonzalez-Aguilar, G.A., Dietary fiber and phenolic compounds as functional ingredients: interaction and possible effect after ingestion. Food Funct 5 (2014), 1063–1072.
83. Selma, M.V., Espín, J.C., Tomás-Barberán, F.A., Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. J Agric Food Chem 57 (2009), 6485–6501.
84. Engels, C., Schieber, A., Gänzle, M.G., Studies on the inhibitory spectrum and the mode of antimicrobial action of gallotannins from mango kernels (Mangifera indica L.). Appl Environ Microbiol 77 (2011), 2215–2223.
85. Sanchez-Maldonado, A.F., Schieber, A., Gänzle, M.G., Structure–function relationships of the antibacterial activity of phenolic acids and their metabolism by lactic acid bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 111 (2011), 1176–1184.