Current challenges of cancer anti-angiogenic therapy and the promise of nanotherapeutics

Theranostics

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 533-549

  Abdalla, Ahmed M E ^a,b   Xiao, Lin ^a   Ullah, Muhammad Wajid ^a   Yu, Miao ^c   Ouyang, Chenxi ^d   Yang, Guang ^a  

^a HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BAHRI   (Sudan)

^c NINGXIA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d FUWAI HOSPITAL   (China)

Author keywords

Anti angiogenic agents; Biomarkers; Cancer; Drug resistance; Metastasis; Nanotherapeutics; Tumor microenvironment; Tumor vessels

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; METAL NANOPARTICLE; NANOPARTICLE; POLYMER; TRACE METAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DRUG DESIGN; GROWTH REGULATION; HUMAN; METASTASIS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; REVIEW; THERAPY RESISTANCE; TUMOR INVASION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; ANIMAL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; NEOPLASM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PROCEDURES;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC;

EID: 85035087991     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18387640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/thno.21674     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Wolinsky JB, Colson YL, Grinstaff MW. Local drug delivery strategies for cancer treatment: gels, nanoparticles, polymeric films, rods, and wafers. J Control Release. 2012;159:14-26.
2. Bellon JR, Come SE, Gelman RS, et al. Sequencing of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in early-stage breast cancer: updated results of a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1934-40.
3. Ghadjar P, Vock J, Vetterli D, et al. Acute and late toxicity in prostate cancer patients treated by dose escalated intensity modulated radiation therapy and organ tracking. Radiat Oncol. 2008;3:35.
4. Holohan C, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB, et al. Cancer drug resistance: an evolving paradigm. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13:714-26.
5. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Principles and mechanisms of vessel normalization for cancer and other angiogenic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10:417-27.
6. Heath VL, Bicknell R. Anticancer strategies involving the vasculature. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6:395-404.
7. Ebos JM, Lee CR, Kerbel RS. Tumor and host-mediated pathways of resistance and disease progression in response to antiangiogenic therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:5020-5.
8. Benny O, Fainaru O, Adini A, et al. An orally delivered small-molecule formulation with antiangiogenic and anticancer activity. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:799-807.
9. Jia F, Liu X, Li L, et al. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of immune activating and cancer therapeutic agents. J Control Release. 2013;172:1020-34.
10. Huang S, Shao K, Liu Y, et al. Tumor-targeting and microenvironment-responsive smart nanoparticles for combination therapy of antiangiogenesis and apoptosis. ACS Nano. 2013;7:2860-71.
11. Vivek AK, Nichole LT, Shi S, et al. Highly angiogenic peptide nanofibers. ACS Nano. 2015;9:860-8.
12. Zhang XQ, Lam R, Xu X, et al. Multimodal nanodiamond drug delivery carriers for selective targeting, imaging, and enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy. Adv Mater. 2011;23:4770-5.
13. Brannon-Peppas L, Blanchette JO. Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:206-12.
14. Liang XJ, Chen C, Zhao Y, et al. Circumventing tumor resistance to chemotherapy by nanotechnology. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;596:467-88.
15. Tredan O, Galmarini CM, Patel K, et al. Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1441-54.
16. Hashizume H, Baluk P, Morikawa S, et al. Openings between defective endothelial cells explain tumor vessel leakiness. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:1363-80.
17. Farkkila A, Anttonen M, Pociuviene J, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 are highly expressed in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164:115-22.
18. Logan P, Burnier J, Burnier MN. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and inhibition in uveal melanoma cell lines. Ecancermedicalscience. 2013;7:336.
19. Jain RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science. 2005;307:58-62.
20. Annamaria R, Melillo G. Role of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment in the resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. Drug Resist Updat. 2009;12:74-80.
21. Jain RK, Stylianopoulos T. Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7:653-64.
22. Khazaei T, McGuigan A, Mahadevan R. Ensemble modeling of cancer metabolism. Front Physiol. 2012;3:135.
23. Bae YM, Park YI, Nam SH, et al. Endocytosis, intracellular transport, and exocytosis of lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles in single living cells. Biomaterials. 2012;33:9080-6.
24. Jain RK, Tong RT, Munn LL. Effect of vascular normalization by antiangiogenic therapy on interstitial hypertension, peritumor edema, and lymphatic metastasis: insights from a mathematical model. Cancer Res. 2007;67:2729-35.
25. De Bock K, Cauwenberghs S, Carmeliet P. Vessel abnormalization: another hallmark of cancer? Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011;21:73-9.
26. Potente M, Gerhardt H, Carmeliet P. Basic and therapeutic aspects of angiogenesis. Cell. 2011;146:873-87.
27. Fukumura D, Jain RK. Tumor microvasculature and microenvironment: targets for anti-angiogenesis and normalization. Microvasc Res. 2007;74:72-84.
28. Van de Veire S, Stalmans I, Heindryckx F, et al. Further pharmacological and genetic evidence for the efficacy of PlGF inhibition in cancer and eye disease. Cell. 2010;141:178-90.
29. Fischer C, Jonckx B, Mazzone M, et al. Anti-PlGF inhibits growth of VEGF(R)-inhibitor-resistant tumors without affecting healthy vessels. Cell. 2007;131:463-75.
30. Rolny C, Mazzone M, Tugues S, et al. HRG inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing macrophage polarization and vessel normalization through downregulation of PlGF. Cancer Cell. 2011;19:31-44.
31. Hellberg C, Östman A, Heldin CH. PDGF and vessel maturation. Cancer Res. 2010;180:103-14.
32. Augustin HG, Young Koh G, Thurston G, et al. Control of vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis through the angiopoietin-Tie system. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009;10:165-77.
33. Hamzah J, Jugold M, Kiessling F, et al. Vascular normalization in Rgs5-deficient tumours promotes immune destruction. Nature. 2008;453:410-4.
34. Kashiwagi S, Tsukada K, Xu L, et al. Perivascular nitric oxide gradients normalize tumor vasculature. Nat Med. 2008;14:255-7.
35. Desgrosellier JS, Cheresh DA. Integrins in cancer: biological implications and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10:9-22.
36. Cordes N, Cerniglia GJ, Pore N, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition modulates the microenvironment by vascular normalization to improve chemotherapy and radiotherapy efficacy. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6539.
37. Izumi Y, Xu L, di Tomaso E, et al. Tumour biology: herceptin acts as an anti-angiogenic cocktail. Nature. 2002;416:279-80.
38. Mazzone M, Dettori D, Leite de Oliveira R, et al. Heterozygous deficiency of PHD2 restores tumor oxygenation and inhibits metastasis via endothelial normalization. Cell. 2009;136:839-51.
39. Ellis LM, Hicklin DJ. Pathways mediating resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6371-5.
40. Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4722-9.
41. Robert JM, Thomas EH, Piotr T, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:115-24.
42. Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Jozef M, et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1061-8.
43. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:125-34.
44. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;259:378-90.
45. Michael AT, Ezra EWC, Yazdi KP, et al. Pharmacokinetics of single-agent axitinib across multiple solid tumor types. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;74:1279-89.
46. Ramalingam SS, Mack PC, Vokes EE, et al. Cediranib (AZD2171) for the treatment of recurrent small cell lung cancer (SCLC): A California Consortium phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:431-6.
47. Sobrero AF, Paolo B. Vatalanib in advanced colorectal cancer: two studies with identical results. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1938-40.
48. Hung H, Van Chanh N, Joseph F, et al. Brivanib alaninate, a dual inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, induces growth inhibition in mouse models of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6146-53.
49. Reck M, Kaiser R, Mellemgaard A, et al. Nintedanib (bibf 1120) plus docetaxel in nsclc patients progressing after first-line chemotherapy: lume lung 1, a randomized, double-blind phase iii trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2631-2.
50. Brassard M, Rondeau G. Role of vandetanib in the management of medullary thyroid cancer. Biologics. 2012;6:59-66.
51. Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3499-506.
52. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al. Temsirolimus, inter-feron alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2271-81.
53. Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T, et al. Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011 2011;364:514-23.
54. Abouammoh M, Sharma S. Ranibizumab versus bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2011;22:152-8.
55. Hariprasad SM, Shah GK, Blinder KJ. Short-term intraocular pressure trends following intravitreal pegaptanib (Macugen) injection. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:200-1.
56. Tong RT, Boucher Y, Kozin SV, et al. Vascular normalization by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 blockade induces a pressure gradient across the vasculature and improves drug penetration in tumors. Cancer Res. 2004;64:3731-6.
57. Bagri A, Berry L, Gunter B, et al. Effects of anti-VEGF treatment duration on tumor growth, tumor regrowth, and treatment efficacy. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:3887-900.
58. Chauhan VP, Stylianopoulos T, Martin JD, et al. Normalization of tumour blood vessels improves the delivery of nanomedicines in a size-dependent manner. Nat Nanotechnol. 2012;7:383-8.
59. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:427-34.
60. Miller KD, Chap LI, Holmes FA, et al. Randomized phase III trial of capecitabine compared with bevacizumab plus capecitabine in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:792-9.
61. Kamba T, McDonald DM. Mechanisms of adverse effects of anti-VEGF therapy for cancer. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:1788-95.
62. Quesada AR, Medina MA, Alba E. Playing only one instrument may be not enough: limitations and future of the antiangiogenic treatment of cancer. Bioessays. 2007;29:1159-68.
63. Ebos JM, Kerbel RS. Antiangiogenic therapy: impact on invasion, disease progression, and metastasis. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8:210-21.
64. Shojaei F. Anti-angiogenesis therapy in cancer: current challenges and future perspectives. Cancer Lett. 2012;320:130-7.
65. Smith NR, Baker D, James NH, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 are localized primarily to the vasculature in human primary solid cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:3548-61.
66. Parveen S, Misra R, Sahoo SK. Nanoparticles: a boon to drug delivery, therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging. Nanomedicine. 2012;8:147-66.
67. Li Y, Wu Y, Huang L, et al. Sigma receptor-mediated targeted delivery of anti-angiogenic multifunctional nanodrugs for combination tumor therapy. J Control Release. 2016;228:107-19.
68. Wang JS, Ren TN, Xi T. Ursolic acid induces apoptosis by suppressing the expression of FoxM1 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Med Oncol. 2012;29:10-5.
69. Park JW, Kirpotin DB, Hong K, et al. Tumor targeting using anti-her2 immunoliposomes. J Control Release. 2001;74:95-113.
70. Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Barenholz Y. Pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: review of animal and human studies. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42:419-36.
71. Griffon-Etienne G, Boucher Y, Brekken C, et al. Taxane-induced apoptosis decompresses blood vessels and lowers interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumors: clinical implications. Cancer Res. 1999;59:3776-82
72. Kim SH, Jeong JH, Lee SH, et al. Local and systemic delivery of VEGF siRNA using polyelectrolyte complex micelles for effective treatment of cancer. J Control Release. 2008;129:107-16.
73. Thambi T, Son S, Lee DS, et al. Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lysine) copolymer bearing nitroaromatics for hypoxia-sensitive drug delivery. Acta Biomater. 2016;29:261-70.
74. Jiang W, Huang Y, An Y, et al. Remodeling tumor vasculature to enhance delivery of intermediate-sized nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2015;9:8689-96.
75. Griset AP, Walpole J, Liu R, et al. Expansile nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and in vivo efficacy of an acid-responsive polymeric drug delivery system. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:2469-71.
76. Ruan S, Cao X, Cun X, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive size-shrinkable nanoparticles for deep tumor penetration and pH triggered doxorubicin release. Biomaterials. 2015;60:100-10.
77. He Q, Shi J. MSN anti-cancer nanomedicines: chemotherapy enhancement, overcoming of drug resistance, and metastasis inhibition. Adv Mater. 2014;26:391-411.
78. Soma CE, Dubernet C, Bentolila D, et al. Reversion of multidrug resistance by co-encapsulation of doxorubicin and cyclosporin A in polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2000;21:1-7.
79. Devalapally H, Duan Z, Seiden MV, et al. Modulation of drug resistance in ovarian adenocarcinoma by enhancing intracellular ceramide using tamoxifen-loaded biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:3193-203.
80. Loges S, Schmidt T, Carmeliet P. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy and development of third-generation anti-angiogenic drug candidates. Genes Cancer. 2010;1:12-25.
81. Auguste P, Lemiere S, Larrieu-Lahargue F, et al. Molecular mechanisms of tumor vascularization. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;54:53-61.
82. Bergers G, Hanahan D. Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:592-603.
83. Batchelor TT, Sorensen AG, di Tomaso E, et al. AZD2171, a pan-VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor vasculature and alleviates edema in glioblastoma patients. Cancer Cell. 2007;11:83-95.
84. Crawford Y, Kasman I, Yu L, et al. PDGF-C mediates the angiogenic and tumorigenic properties of fibroblasts associated with tumors refractory to anti-VEGF treatment. Cancer Cell. 2009;15:21-34
85. Vroling L, van der Veldt AAM, de Haas RR, et al. Increased numbers of small circulating endothelial cells in renal cell cancer patients treated with sunitinib. Angiogenesis. 2009;12:69-79.
86. Xian X, Hakansson J, Stahlberg A, et al. Pericytes limit tumor cell metastasis. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:642-51.
87. Hirota K, Semenza GL. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;59:15-26.
88. Wang X, Li J, Wang Y, et al. A folate receptor-targeting nanoparticle minimizes drug resistance in a human cancer model. ACS Nano. 2011;5:6184-94.
89. Albanese A, Tang PS, Chan WC. The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;14:1-16.
90. Arvizo RR, Rana S, Miranda OR, et al. Mechanism of anti-angiogenic property of gold nanoparticles: role of nanoparticle size and surface charge. Nanomedicine. 2011;7:580-7.
91. Gyanchandani R, Ortega Alves MV, Myers JN, et al. A proangiogenic signature is revealed in FGF-mediated bevacizumab-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res. 2013;11:1585-96.
92. Kopetz S, Hoff PM, Morris JS, et al. Phase II trial of infusional fluorouracil, irinotecan, and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer: efficacy and circulating angiogenic biomarkers associated with therapeutic resistance. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:453-9.
93. Li D, Xie K, Zhang L, et al. Dual blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) exhibits potent anti-angiogenic effects. Cancer Lett. 2016;377:164-73.
94. Lucio-Eterovic AK, Piao Y, de Groot JF. Mediators of glioblastoma resistance and invasion during antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:4589-99.
95. Pàez-Ribes M, Allen E, Hudock J, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local Invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2009;15:220-31.
96. Moserle L, Casanovas O. Anti-angiogenesis and metastasis: a tumour and stromal cell alliance. J Intern Med. 2013;273:128-37.
97. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Tomczak P, et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:552-62.
98. Miles D, Harbeck N, Escudier B, et al. Disease course patterns after discontinuation of bevacizumab: pooled analysis of randomized phase III trials. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:83-8.
99. Stein WD, Yang J, Bates SE, et al. Bevacizumab reduces the growth rate constants of renal carcinomas: A novel algorithm suggests early discontinuation of bevacizumab resulted in a lack of survival advantage. Oncologist. 2008;13:1055-62.
100. Ellis LM, Hicklin DJ. Resistance to targeted therapies: refining anticancer therapy in the era of molecular oncology. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:7471-8.
101. Li M, Deng H, Peng H, et al. Functional nanoparticles in targeting glioma diagnosis and therapies. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;14:415-32.
102. Yuan X, Kang C, Zhao Y, et al. Surface multi-functionalization of poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles and C6 glioma cell targeting in vivo. Chinese J Polym Sci. 2009;27:231-9.
103. Hao R, Xing R, Xu Z, et al. Synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2010;22:2729-42.
104. Panyam J, Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:61-71.
105. Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang X, et al. Prevention of local liver cancer recurrence after surgery using multilayered cisplatin-loaded polylactide electrospun nanofibers. Chinese J Polym Sci. 2014;32:1111-8.
106. Schluep T, Hwang J, Cheng J, et al. Preclinical efficacy of the camptothecin-polymer conjugate IT-101 in multiple cancer models. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:1606-14.
107. Yen Y, Synold T, Schluep T, et al. First-in-human phase I trial of a cyclodextrin-containing polymer-camptothecin nanoparticle in patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:14078.
108. Relf M, LeJeune S, Scott PAE, et al. Expression of the angiogemc factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor growth factor a 3-1, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, placenta growth factor, and pleiotrophin in human primary breast cancer and its relation to angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 1997;7:963-9.
109. Jain RK, Duda DG, Willett CG, et al. Biomarkers of response and resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6:327-38.
110. Zhu AX, Sahani DV, Duda DG, et al. Efficacy, Safety, and potential biomarkers of sunitinib monotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3027-35.
111. Burstein HJ, Chen YH, Parker LM, et al. VEGF as a marker for outcome among advanced breast cancer patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy with bevacizumab and vinorelbine chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:7871-7.
112. de Bazelaire C, Alsop DC, George D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-measured blood flow change after antiangiogenic therapy with PTK787/ZK 222584 correlates with clinical outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:5548-54.
113. Zhu AX, Holalkere NS, Muzikansky A, et al. Early antiangiogenic activity of bevacizumab evaluated by computed tomography perfusion scan in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist. 2008;13:120-5.
114. Schneider BP, Wang M, Radovich M, et al. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 genetic polymorphisms with outcome in a trial of paclitaxel compared with paclitaxel plus bevacizumab in advanced breast cancer: ECOG 2100. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4672-8.
115. Chen Y, Rini BI, Bair AH, et al. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of 24-h diastolic ambulatory blood pressure changes mediated by axitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54:397-407.
116. Ferretti S, Allegrini PR, Becquet MM, et al. Tumor interstitial fluid pressure as an early-response marker for anticancer therapeutics. Neoplasia. 2009;11:874-81.
117. Yang J, McNeish B, Butterfield C, et al. Lipocalin 2 is a novel regulator of angiogenesis in human breast cancer. FASEB J. 2013;27:45-50.
118. Yang J, Bielenberg DR, Rodig SJ, et al. Lipocalin 2 promotes breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:3913-8.
119. Guo P, Yang J, Jia D, et al. ICAM-1-targeted, Lcn2 siRNA-encapsulating liposomes are potent anti-angiogenic agents for triple negative breast cancer. Theranostics. 2016;6:1-13.
120. Banerjee I, De K, Mukherjee D, et al. Paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with Tyr-3-octreotide for enhanced anti-angiogenic and anti-glioma therapy. Acta Biomater. 2016;38:69-81.
121. Wagner S, Rothweiler F, Anhorn MG, et al. Enhanced drug targeting by attachment of an anti alphav integrin antibody to doxorubicin loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010;31:2388-98.
122. Banerjee D, Harfouche R, Sengupta S. Nanotechnology-mediated targeting of tumor angiogenesis. Vasc Cell. 2011;3:3.
123. Anderson SA, Rader RK, Westlin WF, et al. Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement of neovasculature with avb3-targeted nanoparticles. Magnet Reson Med. 2000;44:433-9.
124. Xie J, Shen Z, Li KC, et al. Tumor angiogenic endothelial cell targeting by a novel integrin-targeted nanoparticle. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2:479-85.
125. Jarzyna PA, Deddens LH, Kann BH, et al. Tumor angiogenesis phenotyping by nanoparticle-facilitated magnetic resonance and near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging. Neoplasia. 2012;14:964-73.
126. Winter PM, Morawski AM, Caruthers SD, et al. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in early-stage atherosclerosis with alpha(v)beta3-integrin-targeted nanoparticles. Circulation. 2003;108:2270-4.
127. Dvorak HF, Harfouche R, Sengupta S. VPF/VEGF and the angiogenic response. Vasc Cell. 2011;24:75-8.
128. Giri S, Karakoti A, Graham RP, et al. Nanoceria: a rare-earth nanoparticle as a novel anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent in ovarian cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54578.
129. Song H, Wang W, Zhao P, et al. Cuprous oxide nanoparticles inhibit angiogenesis via down regulation of VEGFR2 expression. Nanoscale. 2014;6:3206-16.
130. Meng H, Xing G, Sun B, et al. Potent angiogenesis inhibition by the particulate form of fullerene derivatives. ACS Nano. 2010;4:2773-83.
131. Hu H, You Y, He L, et al. The rational design of NAMI-A-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles as antiangiogenic nanosystems. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med. 2015;3:6338-46.
132. Xu Y, Wen Z, Xu Z. Chitosan nanoparticles inhibit the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts through an antiangiogenic mechanism. Anticancer Res. 2009;29:5103-9.
133. Wang Y, Liu P, Duan Y, et al. Specific cell targeting with APRPG conjugated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for treating ovarian cancer. Biomaterials. 2014;35:983-92.
134. Pan Y, Ding H, Qin L, et al. Gold nanoparticles induce nanostructural reorganization of VEGFR2 to repress angiogenesis. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9:1746-56.
135. Gurunathan S, Lee KJ, Kalishwaralal K, et al. Antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6341-50.
136. Baharara J, Namvar F, Mousavi M, et al. Anti-angiogenesis effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using saliva officinalis on chick chorioalantoic membrane (CAM). Molecules. 2014;19:13498-508.
137. Zhang R. aηβ3-targeted copper nanoparticles incorporating an Sn 2 lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug for photoacoustic neovascular imaging and treatment. Theranostics. 2015;5:124-33.
138. Mroczek-Sosnowska N, Lukasiewicz M, Wnuk A, et al. In vivo administration of copper nanoparticles and copper sulfate positively influences chicken performance. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96:3058-62.
139. Lord MS, Tsoi B, Gunawan C, et al. Anti-angiogenic activity of heparin functionalised cerium oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2013;34:8808-18.
140. Alpaslan E, Yazici H, Golshan NH, et al. pH-dependent activity of dextran-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles on prohibiting osteosarcoma cell proliferation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2015;1:1096-103.
141. Wierzbicki M, Sawosz E, Grodzik M, et al. Comparison of anti-angiogenic properties of pristine carbon nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2013;8:1-8.
142. Chen Y, Wang X, Liu T, et al. Highly effective antiangiogenesis via magnetic mesoporous silica-based siRNA vehicle targeting the VEGF gene for orthotopic ovarian cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:2579-94.
143. Satchi-Fainaro R, Puder M, Davies JW, et al. Targeting angiogenesis with a conjugate of HPMA copolymer and TNP-470. Nat Med. 2004;10:255-61.
144. Anand P, Nair HB, Sung B, et al. Design of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles formulation with enhanced cellular uptake, and increased bioactivity in vitro and superior bioavailability in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;79:330-8.
145. Gu G, Hu Q, Feng X, et al. PEG-PLA nanoparticles modified with APTEDB peptide for enhanced anti-angiogenic and anti-glioma therapy. Biomaterials. 2014;35:8215-26.
146. Pille JY, Li H, Blot E, et al. Intravenous delivery of anti-RhoA small interfering RNA loaded in nanoparticles of chitosan in mice: safety and efficacy in xenografted aggressive breast cancer. Hum Gene Ther. 2006;17:1019-26.
147. Carrasquillo KG, Ricker JA, Rigas IK, et al. Controlled delivery of the anti-VEGF aptamer EYE001 with poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid microspheres. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 2003;44:290-9.
148. Yang F, Cho SW, Son SM, et al. Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhanced angiogenesis using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:3317-22.
149. Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R, Wang P, et al. Antiangiogenic properties of gold nanoparticles. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:3530-4.
150. Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P, Xiong Z, et al. Gold nanoparticles inhibit VEGF165-induced proliferation of HUVEC cells. Nano Lett. 2004;4:2479-81.
151. Melamed JR, Riley RS, Valcourt DM, et al. Using gold nanoparticles to disrupt the tumor microenvironment: an emerging therapeutic strategy. ACS Nano. 2016;10:10631-5.
152. Saha S, Xiong X, Chakraborty PK, et al. Gold nanoparticle reprograms pancreatic tumor microenvironment and inhibits tumor growth. ACS Nano. 2016;10:10636-51.
153. Kalishwaralal K, Banumathi E, Ram Kumar Pandian S, et al. Silver nanoparticles inhibit VEGF induced cell proliferation and migration in bovine retinal endothelial cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2009;73:51-7.
154. Bitar A, Ahmad NM, Fessi H, et al. Silica-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today. 2012;17:1147-54.
155. Jo DH, Kim JH, Yu YS, et al. Antiangiogenic effect of silicate nanoparticle on retinal neovascularization induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. Nanomedicine. 2012;8:784-91.
156. Grodzik M, Sawosz E, Wierzbicki M, et al. Nanoparticles of carbon allotropes inhibit glioblastoma multiforme angiogenesis in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:3041-8.
157. Murugesan S, Mousa SA, O'Connor LJ, et al. Carbon inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor- and fibroblast growth factor-promoted angiogenesis. FEBS Lett. 2007;581:1157-60.
158. Jayakumar R, Menon D, Manzoor K, et al. Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanomaterials-A short review. Carbohyd Polym. 2010;82:227-32.
159. Shi Z, Gao X, Ullah MW, et al. Electroconductive natural polymer-based hydrogels. Biomaterials. 2016;111:40-54.
160. Nguyen TX, Huang L, Liu L, et al. Chitosan-coated nano-liposomes for the oral delivery of berberine hydrochloride. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med. 2014;2:7149-59.
161. Xu Y, Wen Z, Xu Z. Chitosan nanoparticles inhibit the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts through an antiangiogenic mechanism. Anticancer Res. 2010;30:5103-10.
162. Bates DO, Cui TG, Doughty JM, et al. VEGF165b, an inhibitory splice variant of vascular endothelial growth factor, is down-regulated in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4123-31.
163. Lim DK, Wylie RG, Langer R, et al. Selective binding of C-6 OH sulfated hyaluronic acid to the angiogenic isoform of VEGF(165). Biomaterials. 2016;77:130-8.
164. Wang AZ, Langer R, Farokhzad OC. Nanoparticle delivery of cancer drugs. Annu Rev Med. 2012;63:185-98.
165. Chaudhuri P, Harfouche R, Soni S, et al. Shape effect of carbon nanovectors on angiogenesis. ACS Nano. 2015;4:574-82.
166. Cabral H, Matsumoto Y, Mizuno K, et al. Accumulation of sub-100 nm polymeric micelles in poorly permeable tumours depends on size. Nat Nanotechnol. 2011;6:815-23.
167. Davis ME, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7:771-82.
168. Nugent L J, Jain RK. Extravascular diffusion in normal and neoplastic tissues. Cancer Res. 1984;44:238-44.
169. Geng YAN, Dalhaimer P, Cai S, et al. Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nat Nanotechnol. 2007;2:249-55.
170. Bartczak D, Muskens OL, Sanchez-Elsner T, et al. Manipulation of in vitro angiogenesis using peptide-coated gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2013;7:5628-36.
171. Helmlinger G, Yuan F, Dellian M, et al. Interstitial pH and pO2 gradients in solid tumors in vivo: high-resolution measurements reveal a lack of correlation. Nat Med. 1997;3:177-82.
172. Koren E, Apte A, Jani A, et al. Multifunctional PEGylated 2C5-immunoliposomes containing pH-sensitive bonds and TAT peptide for enhanced tumor cell internalization and cytotoxicity. J Control Release. 2012;160:264-73.
173. Juan L, Yuran H, Anil K, et al. pH-sensitive nano-systems for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Biotechnol Adv. 2014;32:693-710.
174. Plank C, Scherer F, Schillinger U, et al. Magnetofection: enhancing and targeting gene delivery by magnetic force. Eur Cell Mater. 2002;3:79-80.
175. Julia K, Lina P, Anders H, et al. Photochemically enhanced gene delivery of EGF receptor-targeted DNA polyplexes. J Drug Target. 2004;12:205-13.
176. Zintchenko A, Ogris M, Wagner E. Temperature dependent gene expression induced by PNIPAM-based copolymers: potential of hyperthermia in gene transfer. Bioconjugate Chem. 2006;17:766-72.