Obesity and microbiota: An example of an intricate relationship

Genes and Nutrition

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Duranti, Sabrina ^a   Ferrario, Chiara ^a   van Sinderen, Douwe ^b   Ventura, Marco ^a   Turroni, Francesca ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Diet; Microbiota; Obesity; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

FRUCTAN; INULIN; INULIN TYPE FRUCTAN; MALTODEXTRIN; PREBIOTIC AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIFIDOBACTERIUM; BODY MASS; CLINICAL STUDY; DIET; ENERGY METABOLISM; GENOTYPE; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINE FLORA; LACTOBACILLUS; LIPID STORAGE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 85029867587     PISSN: 15558932     EISSN: 18653499     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0566-2     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Robson AA. Preventing diet induced disease: bioavailable nutrient-rich, low-energy-dense diets. Nutr Health.2009;20(2):135-166. doi: 10.1177/026010600902000205.
2. Sonnenburg JL, Backhed F. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism. Nature.2016;535(7610):56-64. doi: 10.1038/nature18846.
3. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature.2014;505(7484):559-563. doi: 10.1038/nature12820.
4. Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2004;101(44):15718-15723. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407076101.
5. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1027-1031. doi: 10.1038/nature05414.
6. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1022-1023. doi: 10.1038/4441022a.
7. Tamboli CP, Neut C, Desreumaux P, Colombel JF. Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut.2004;53(1):1-4. doi: 10.1136/gut.53.1.1.
8. DuPont AW, DuPont HL. The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(9):523-531. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.133.
9. Burcelin R, Courtney M, Amar J. GM and metabolic diseases: from pathogenesis to therapeutic perspective, in metabonomics and gut microbiota in nutrition and disease. London: Springer; 2015.
10. Wang J, Tang H, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Derrien M, Rocher E, van-Hylckama Vlieg JE, Strissel K, Zhao L, Obin M, et al. Modulation of gut microbiota during probiotic-mediated attenuation of metabolic syndrome in high fat diet-fed mice. Isme J. 2015;9(1):1-15. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.99.
11. Martin MA, Sela DA. Infant GM: developmental influences and health outcomes, in Building Babies, eds Clancy K. B. H., Hinde K., Rutherford J. N., editors. (New York, NY: Springer). 2013:233-56. Available online at: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-4060-4.
12. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480-484. doi: 10.1038/nature07540.
13. Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Arora T. Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(1):59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.017.
14. Backhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 2005;307(5717):1915-1920. doi: 10.1126/science.1104816.
15. Cani PD, Everard A. Talking microbes: when gut bacteria interact with diet and host organs. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016;60(1):58-66. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500406.
16. Obesity and overweight [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/]. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
17. Zhang P, Wang R, Gao C, Jiang L, Lv X, Song Y, Li B. Prevalence of central obesity among adults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases in Northeast China. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0160402. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160402.
18. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806-814. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.732.
19. Otto MC, Padhye NS, Bertoni AG, Jacobs DR, Jr, Mozaffarian D. Everything in moderation—dietary diversity and quality, central obesity and risk of diabetes. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141341.
20. Shi J, Wang Y, Cheng W, Shao H, Shi L. Direct health care costs associated with obesity in Chinese population in 2011. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(3):523-28.
21. Diabetes [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/]
22. Chen Y, Copeland WK, Vedanthan R, Grant E, Lee JE, Gu D, Gupta PC, Ramadas K, Inoue M, Tsugane S, et al. Association between body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality in east Asians and south Asians: pooled analysis of prospective data from the Asia Cohort Consortium. BMJ. 2013;347:f5446. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5446.
23. De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer. J Obes. 2013;2013:291546. doi: 10.1155/2013/291546.
24. Kobyliak N, Conte C, Cammarota G, Haley AP, Styriak I, Gaspar L, Fusek J, Rodrigo L, Kruzliak P. Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical view. Nutr Metab. 2016;13:14. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0067-0.
25. Khan MJ, Gerasimidis K, Edwards CA, Shaikh MG. Role of gut microbiota in the aetiology of obesity: proposed mechanisms and review of the literature. J Obes. 2016;2016:7353642. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
26. Koropatkin NM, Cameron EA, Martens EC. How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(5):323-335.
27. Tremaroli V, Backhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature.2012;489(7415):242-249. doi: 10.1038/nature11552.
28. David Ríos-Covián, Patricia Ruas-Madiedo, Abelardo Margolles, Miguel Gueimonde, Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán, and Nuria Salazar. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:185.
29. Carmody RN, Gerber GK, Luevano JM, Jr, Gatti DM, Somes L, Svenson KL, Turnbaugh PJ. Diet dominates host genotype in shaping the murine gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(1):72-84. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.010.
30. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin JJ, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, Almeida M, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Kennedy S, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature.2013;500(7464):541. doi: 10.1038/nature12506.
31. Rodriguez-Hernandez H, Simental-Mendia LE, Rodriguez-Ramirez G, Reyes-Romero MA. Obesity and inflammation: epidemiology, risk factors, and markers of inflammation. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:678159. doi: 10.1155/2013/678159.
32. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(1):3-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x.
33. Slavin JL, Lloyd B. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(4):506-516. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002154.
34. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. J Nutr. 2001;131(3):871S-873S.
35. Kearney J. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philos T R Soc B. 2010;365(1554):2793-2807. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0149.
36. Hariri N, Thibault L. High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):270-299. doi: 10.1017/S0954422410000168.
37. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, Erdman JW, Jr, Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102(18):2284-2299. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2284.
38. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O'Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(2):341-354.
39. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: modulation by replacement nutrients. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2010;12(6):384-390. doi: 10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6.
40. Cappuccio FP. Cardiovascular and other effects of salt consumption. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(4):312-315. doi: 10.1038/kisup.2013.65.
41. Lattimer JM, Haub MD. Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients.2010;2(12):1266-1289. doi: 10.3390/nu2121266.
42. Kieffer DA, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Impact of dietary fibers on nutrient management and detoxification organs: gut, liver, and kidneys. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(6):1111-1121. doi: 10.3945/an.116.013219.
43. Verhoef SP, Meyer D, Westerterp KR. Effects of oligofructose on appetite profile, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY3-36 concentrations and energy intake. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(11):1757-1762. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511002194.
44. So PW, Yu WS, Kuo YT, Wasserfall C, Goldstone AP, Bell JD, Frost G. Impact of resistant starch on body fat patterning and central appetite regulation. PLoS One. 2007;2(12):e1309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001309.
45. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005;308(5728):1635-1638. doi: 10.1126/science.1110591.
46. Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, Dikiy S, van der Veeken J, de Roos P, Liu H, Cross JR, Pfeffer K, Coffer PJ, et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature.2013;504(7480):451-455. doi: 10.1038/nature12726.
47. Ze X, Le Mougen F, Duncan SH, Louis P, Flint HJ. Some are more equal than others: the role of “keystone” species in the degradation of recalcitrant substrates. Gut Microbes. 2013;4(3):236-240. doi: 10.4161/gmic.23998.
48. Louis P, Hold GL, Flint HJ. The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12(10):661-672. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3344.
49. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, Fernandes GR, Tap J, Bruls T, Batto JM, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011;473(7346):174-180. doi: 10.1038/nature09944.
50. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334(6052):105-108. doi: 10.1126/science.1208344.
51. Knights D, Ward TL, McKinlay CE, Miller H, Gonzalez A, McDonald D, Knight R. Rethinking “enterotypes”. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;16(4):433-437. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.013.
52. Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, Webster LM, Holtrop G, Ze X, Brown D, Stares MD, Scott P, Bergerat A, et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. Isme J.2011;5(2):220-230. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.118.
53. Waitzberg DL, Pereira CCA, Logullo L, Jacintho TM, Almeida D, da Silva MDT, Torrinhas RSMD. Microbiota benefits after inulin and partially hydrolized guar gum supplementation—a randomized clinical trial in constipated women. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27(1):123-129.
54. Islam KBMS, Fukiya S, Hagio M, Fujii N, Ishizuka S, Ooka T, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Yokota A. Bile acid is a host factor that regulates the composition of the cecal microbiota in rats. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(5):1773-1781. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.046.
55. Russell WR, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Holtrop G, Ince J, Scobbie L, Duncan G, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Wallace RJ, et al. High-protein, reduced-carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to be detrimental to colonic health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1062-1072. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.002188.
56. Org E, Parks BW, Joo JWJ, Emert B, Schwartzman W, Kang EY, Mehrabian M, Pan C, Knight R, Gunsalus R, et al. Genetic and environmental control of host-gut microbiota interactions. Genome Res. 2015;25(10):1558-1569. doi: 10.1101/gr.194118.115.
57. Leamy LJ, Kelly SA, Nietfeldt J, Legge RM, Ma F, Hua K, Sinha R, Peterson DA, Walter J, Benson AK, et al. Host genetics and diet, but not immunoglobulin A expression, converge to shape compositional features of the gut microbiome in an advanced intercross population of mice. Genome Biol. 2014;15(12):552. doi: 10.1186/s13059-014-0552-6.
58. Goodrich JK, Davenport ER, Beaumont M, Jackson MA, Knight R, Ober C, Spector TD, Bell JT, Clark AG, Ley RE. Genetic determinants of the gut microbiome in UK twins. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(5):731-743. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.017.
59. Bonder MJ, Kurilshikov A, Tigchelaar EF, Mujagic Z, Imhann F, Vila AV, Deelen P, Vatanen T, Schirmer M, Smeekens SP, et al. The effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome. Nat Genet. 2016;48(11):1407-1412. doi: 10.1038/ng.3663.
60. La Cava A, Matarese G. The weight of leptin in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(5):371-379. doi: 10.1038/nri1350.
61. Blekhman R, Goodrich JK, Huang K, Sun Q, Bukowski R, Bell JT, Spector TD, Keinan A, Ley RE, Gevers D, et al. Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites. Genome Biol.2015;16:191. doi: 10.1186/s13059-015-0759-1.
62. Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(31):11070-11075. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504978102.
63. Jeon JP, Shim SM, Nam HY, Ryu GM, Hong EJ, Kim HL, Han BG. Copy number variation at leptin receptor gene locus associated with metabolic traits and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Genomics. 2010;11:426. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-426.
64. Park KS, Shin HD, Park BL, Cheong HS, Cho YM, Lee HK, Lee JY, Lee JK, Oh B, Kimm K. Polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR) - putative association with obesity and T2DM. J Hum Genet.2006;51(2):85-91. doi: 10.1007/s10038-005-0327-8.
65. Waldram A, Holmes E, Wang YL, Rantalainen M, Wilson ID, Tuohy KM, McCartney AL, Gibson GR, Nicholson JK. Top-down systems biology modeling of host metabotype-microbiome associations in obese rodents. J Proteome Res. 2009;8(5):2361-2375. doi: 10.1021/pr8009885.
66. Hsu A, Aronoff DM, Phipps J, Goel D, Mancuso P. Leptin improves pulmonary bacterial clearance and survival in ob/ob mice during pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;150(2):332-339. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03491.x.
67. Curti ML, Jacob P, Borges MC, Rogero MM, Ferreira SR. Studies of gene variants related to inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and obesity: implications for a nutrigenetic approach. J Obes. 2011;2011:497401. doi: 10.1155/2011/497401.
68. Zhang CH, Zhang MH, Wang SY, Han RJ, Cao YF, Hua WY, Mao YJ, Zhang XJ, Pang XY, Wei CC, et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. Isme J. 2010;4(2):232-241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112.
69. Viparelli F, Cassese A, Doti N, Paturzo F, Marasco D, Dathan NA, Monti SM, Basile G, Ungaro P, Sabatella M, et al. Targeting of PED/PEA-15 molecular interaction with phospholipase D1 enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(31):21769-21778. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M803771200.
70. Davenport ER, Cusanovich DA, Michelini K, Barreiro LB, Ober C, Gilad Y. Genome-wide association studies of the human gut microbiota. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0140301. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140301.
71. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, Ouwerkerk JP, Druart C, Bindels LB, Guiot Y, Derrien M, Muccioli GG, Delzenne NM, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(22):9066-9071. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219451110.
72. Rodriguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C, Ross RP, Kober OI, Juge N, Avershina E, Rudi K, Narbad A, Jenmalm MC, et al. The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015;26:26050.
73. den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, Venema K, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(9):2325-2340. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R036012.
74. Tilg H, Adolph TE. Influence of the human intestinal microbiome on obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015;27(4):496-501. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000234.
75. Caesar R, Reigstad CS, Backhed HK, Reinhardt C, Ketonen M, Lunden GO, Cani PD, Backhed F. Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide augments adipose macrophage accumulation but is not essential for impaired glucose or insulin tolerance in mice. Gut. 2012;61(12):1701-1707. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301689.
76. Zuo HJ, Xie ZM, Zhang WW, Li YR, Wang W, Ding XB, Pei XF. Gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationship with gene polymorphism. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(8):1076-1081. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i8.1076.
77. Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, Beaumont M, Van Treuren W, Knight R, Bell JT, et al. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell. 2014;159(4):789-799. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053.
78. Conterno L, Fava F, Viola R, Tuohy KM. Obesity and the gut microbiota: does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease? Genes Nutr. 2011;6(3):241-260. doi: 10.1007/s12263-011-0230-1.
79. Dao MC, Everard A, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Sokolovska N, Prifti E, Verger EO, Kayser BD, Levenez F, Chilloux J, Hoyles L, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut. 2016;65(3):426-436. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778.
80. Chakraborti CK. Role of adiponectin and some other factors linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(15):1296-1308. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i15.1296.
81. Haro C, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, Alcalá-Díaz JF, Gómez-Delgado F, Pérez-Martínez P, Delgado-Lista J, Quintana-Navarro GM, Landa BB, Navas-Cortés JA, Tena-Sempere M, Clemente JC, López-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F, Camargo A. Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154090.
82. Ignacio A, Fernandes MR, Rodrigues VA, Groppo FC, Cardoso AL, Avila-Campos MJ, Nakano V. Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(3):258.e1-8. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.031.
83. Tims S, Derom C, Jonkers DM, Vlietinck R, Saris WH, Kleerebezem M, de Vos WM, Zoetendal EG. Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins. Isme J. 2013;7(4):707-717. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.146.
84. Walters WA, Xu Z, Knight R. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD. Febs Letters. 2014;588(22):4223-4233. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.039.
85. Million M, Angelakis E, Maraninchi M, Henry M, Giorgi R, Valero R, Vialettes B, Raoult D. Correlation between body mass index and gut concentrations of Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis,Methanobrevibacter smithii and Escherichia coli. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37(11):1460-1466. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.20.
86. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schafer K, Beijer S, Bos NA, Donus C, Hardt PD. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity. 2010;18(1):190-195. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.167.
87. Mar Rodríguez M, Pérez D, Javier Chaves F, Esteve E, Marin-Garcia P, Xifra G, Vendrell J, Jové M, Pamplona R, Ricart W, Portero-Otin M, Chacón MR, Fernández Real JM. Obesity changes the human gut mycobiome. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14600. doi:10.1038/srep14600.
88. Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Guo J, Story M, Haines J, Eisenberg M. Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later? J Am Diet Assoc.2006;106(4):559-568. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.003.
89. Saarni SE, Rissanen A, Sarna S, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Weight cycling of athletes and subsequent weight gain in middleage. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30(11):1639-1644. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803325.
90. Thaiss CA, Zmora N, Levy M, Elinav E. The microbiome and innate immunity. Nature. 2016;535(7610):65-74. doi: 10.1038/nature18847.
91. Mueller NT, Bakacs E, Combellick J, Grigoryan Z, Dominguez-Bello MG. The infant microbiome development: mom matters. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21(2):109-117. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.002.
92. Walker WA. The importance of appropriate initial bacterial colonization of the intestine in newborn, child, and adult health. Pediatr Res. 2017. doi:10.1038/pr.2017.111.
93. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(237):237ra265. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599.
94. Cao B, Stout MJ, Lee I, Mysorekar IU. Placental microbiome and its role in preterm birth. NeoReviews.2014;15(12):e537-e545. doi: 10.1542/neo.15-12-e537.
95. Hill CJ, Lynch DB, Murphy K, Ulaszewska M, Jeffery IB, O'Shea CA, Watkins C, Dempsey E, Mattivi F, Touhy K, et al. Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0213-y.
96. Turroni F, Ribbera A, Foroni E, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Human gut microbiota and bifidobacteria: from composition to functionality. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2008;94(1):35-50. doi: 10.1007/s10482-008-9232-4.
97. Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk. Pediatr Res. 2012;72(1):77-85. doi: 10.1038/pr.2012.42.
98. Galley JD, Bailey M, Kamp Dush C, Schoppe-Sullivan S, Christian LM. Maternal obesity is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome in toddlers. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113026. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113026.
99. Kozyrskyj AL, Kalu R, Koleva PT, Bridgman SL. Fetal programming of overweight through the microbiome: boys are disproportionately affected. J Dev Orig Hlth Dis. 2016;7(1):25-34. doi: 10.1017/S2040174415001269.
100. Lm T, Or T. Pre and post-natal risk and determination of factors for child obesity. J Med Life.2016;9(4):386-391.
101. Casazza K, Hanks LJ, Fields DA. The relationship between bioactive components in breast milk and bone mass in infants. BoneKEy reports. 2014;3:577. doi: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.72.
102. Martin R, Jimenez E, Heilig H, Fernandez L, Marin ML, Zoetendal EG, Rodriguez JM. Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(4):965-969. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02063-08.
103. Milani C, Mancabelli L, Lugli GA, Duranti S, Turroni F, Ferrario C, Mangifesta M, Viappiani A, Ferretti P, Gorfer V, Tett A, Segata N, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Exploring Vertical Transmission of Bifidobacteria from Mother to Child. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(20):7078-87.
104. Benito D, Lozano C, Jiménez E, Albújar M, Gómez A, Rodríguez JM, Torres C. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from faeces of healthy neonates and potential mother-to-infant microbial transmission through breastfeeding. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2015;91(3). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiv007.
105. Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, Schutte UM, Beck DL, Abdo Z, Fox LK, Williams JE, McGuire MK, McGuire MA. Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21313. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021313.
106. Khodayar-Pardo P, Mira-Pascual L, Collado MC, Martinez-Costa C. Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota. J Perinatol. 2014;34(8):599-605. doi: 10.1038/jp.2014.47.
107. Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):534-538.
108. Cox LM, Blaser MJ. Antibiotics in early life and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(3):182-190. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.210.
109. Forrest CB, Block JP, Bailey LC. Antibiotics, infections, and childhood obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2017;5(1):2-3. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30314-X.
110. Scott FI, Mamtani R. Antibiotics and obesity—a burgeoning or thinning argument? JAMA Pediatr.2017;171(2):118-120. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4032.
111. Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Life at the beginning: perturbation of the microbiota by antibiotics in early life and its role in health and disease. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(4):307-310. doi: 10.1038/ni.2847.
112. Blaut M, Clavel T. Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: implications for health and disease. J Nutr. 2007;137(3 Suppl 2):751S-5S.
113. Mueller NT, Whyatt R, Hoepner L, Oberfield S, Dominguez-Bello MG, Widen EM, Hassoun A, Perera F, Rundle A. Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015;39(4):665-670. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.180.
114. Lemas DJ, Yee S, Cacho N, Miller D, Cardel M, Gurka M, Janicke D, Shenkman E. Exploring the contribution of maternal antibiotics and breastfeeding to development of the infant microbiome and pediatric obesity. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(6):406-409. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.013.
115. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr. 1995;125(6):1401-1412.
116. Gibson GR, Probert HM, Loo JV, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev. 2004;17(2):259-275. doi: 10.1079/NRR200479.
117. Delmee E, Cani PD, Gual G, Knauf C, Burcelin R, Maton N, Delzenne NM. Relation between colonic proglucagon expression and metabolic response to oligofructose in high fat diet-fed mice. Life Sci.2006;79(10):1007-1013. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.05.013.
118. Dewulf EM, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Van Holle A, Muccioli GG, Deldicque L, Bindels LB, Pachikian BD, Sohet FM, et al. Inulin-type fructans with prebiotic properties counteract GPR43 overexpression and PPAR gamma-related adipogenesis in the white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem.2011;22(8):712-722. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.05.009.
119. FAO/WHO JFWEC. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. 2001.
120. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Morelli L, Canani RB, Flint HJ, Salminen S, et al. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastro Hepat. 2014;11(8):506-514. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66.
121. Rowland I, Capurso L, Collins K, Cummings J, Delzenne N, Goulet O, Guarner F, Marteau P, Meier R. Current level of consensus on probiotic science—report of an expert meeting—London, 23 November 2009. Gut Microbes. 2010;1(6):436-439. doi: 10.4161/gmic.1.6.13610.
122. Sánchez B, Delgado S, Blanco-Míguez A, Lourenço A, Gueimonde M, Margolles A. Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(1). doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600240.
123. Turroni F, Ventura M, Butto LF, Duranti S, O'Toole PW, Motherway MO, van Sinderen D. Molecular dialogue between the human gut microbiota and the host: a Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(2):183-203. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1318-0.
124. O'Leary OF, Felice D, Galimberti S, Savignac HM, Bravo JA, Crowley T, El Yacoubi M, Vaugeois JM, Gassmann M, Bettler B, et al. GABAB(1) receptor subunit isoforms differentially regulate stress resilience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(42):15232-15237. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1404090111.
125. Million M, Angelakis E, Paul M, Armougom F, Leibovici L, Raoult D. Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals. Microb Pathogenesis. 2012;53(2):100-108. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.05.007.
126. Rodes L, Khan A, Paul A, Coussa-Charley M, Marinescu D, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Shao W, Kahouli I, Prakash S. Effect of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on gut-derived lipopolysaccharides and inflammatory cytokines: an in vitro study using a human colonic microbiota model. J Microbiol Biotechn.2013;23(4):518-526. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1205.05018.
127. Rocha CS, Lakhdari O, Blottiere HM, Blugeon S, Sokol H, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A, Dore J, Langella P, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of dairy lactobacilli. Inflamm Bowel Dis.2012;18(4):657-666. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21834.
128. Fåk F, Bäckhed F. Lactobacillus reuteri prevents diet-induced obesity, but not atherosclerosis, in a strain dependent fashion in Apoe-/- mice. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46837. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046837.
129. Diaz-Ropero MP, Martin R, Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, Rodriguez JM, Xaus J, Olivares M. TwoLactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, differently modulate the immune response. J Appl Microbiol.2007;102(2):337-343. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03102.x.
130. Kang JH, Yun SI, Park HO. Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on body weight and adipose tissue mass in diet-induced overweight rats. J Microbiol. 2010;48(5):712-714. doi: 10.1007/s12275-010-0363-8.
131. Jung SP, Lee KM, Kang JH, Yun SI, Park HO, Moon Y, Kim JY. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on overweight and obese adults: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Korean J Fam Med. 2013;34(2):80-89. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.2.80.
132. An HM, Park SY, Lee DK, Kim JR, Cha MK, Lee SW, Lim HT, Kim KJ, Ha NJ. Antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of Bifidobacterium spp in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:116. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-116.
133. Chen J, Wang R, Li XF, Wang RL. Bifidobacterium adolescentis supplementation ameliorates visceral fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity in an experimental model of the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr.2012;107(10):1429-1434. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511004491.
134. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, Geurts L, Naslain D, Neyrinck A, Lambert DM, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009;58(8):1091-1103. doi: 10.1136/gut.2008.165886.
135. Joyce SA, MacSharry J, Casey PG, Kinsella M, Murphy EF, Shanahan F, Hill C, Gahan CG. Regulation of host weight gain and lipid metabolism by bacterial bile acid modification in the gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014;111(20):7421-7426. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323599111.
136. Frazier TH, DiBaise JK, McClain CJ. Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, obesity-induced inflammation, and liver injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(5 Suppl):14S-20S. doi: 10.1177/0148607111413772.
137. Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Li Y, Zhou L, Ding Q, Xu L. Isolated exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG alleviated adipogenesis mediated by TLR2 in mice. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36083. doi: 10.1038/srep36083.
138. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2003;112(12):1821-1830. doi: 10.1172/JCI200319451.
139. Park MK, Ngo V, Kwon YM, Lee YT, Yoo S, Cho YH, Hong SM, Hwang HS, Ko EJ, Jung YJ, et al.Lactobacillus plantarum DK119 as a probiotic confers protection against influenza virus by modulating innate immunity. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75368. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075368.
140. Park S, Ji Y, Jung HY, Park H, Kang J, Choi SH, Shin H, Hyun CK, Kim KT, Holzapfel WH. Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 regulates gut microbiota and adipose tissue accumulation in a diet-induced obesity murine model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;101(4):1605-1614. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7953-2.
141. Kim SW, Park KY, Kim B, Kim E, Hyun CK. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves insulin sensitivity and reduces adiposity in high-fat diet-fed mice through enhancement of adiponectin production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;431(2):258-263. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.121.
142. Dardmeh F, Nielsen HI, Alipour H, Kjaergaard B, Brandsborg E, Gazerani P. Potential nociceptive regulatory effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01 (DSM 14870) on mechanical sensitivity in diet-induced obesity model. Pain Res Manag. 2016;2016:5080438. doi: 10.1155/2016/5080438.
143. Plaza-Diaz J, Gomez-Llorente C, Abadia-Molina F, Saez-Lara MJ, Campana-Martin L, Munoz-Quezada S, Romero F, Gil A, Fontana L. Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034, Bifidobacterium breveCNCM I-4035 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036 on hepatic steatosis in Zucker rats. PLoS One.2014;9(5):e98401. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098401.
144. Savcheniuk O, Kobyliak N, Kondro M, Virchenko O, Falalyeyeva T, Beregova T. Short-term periodic consumption of multiprobiotic from childhood improves insulin sensitivity, prevents development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and adiposity in adult rats with glutamate-induced obesity. BMC Complement Altern Med.2014;14:247. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-247.
145. Li Z, Jin H, Oh SY, Ji GE. Anti-obese effects of two Lactobacilli and two Bifidobacteria on ICR mice fed on a high fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;480(2):222-227. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.031.
146. Gomes AC, de Sousa RG, Botelho PB, Gomes TL, Prada PO, Mota JF. The additional effects of a probiotic mix on abdominal adiposity and antioxidant status: a double-blind, randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017;25(1):30-38. doi: 10.1002/oby.21671.
147. Thomas C, Gioiello A, Noriega L, Strehle A, Oury J, Rizzo G, Macchiarulo A, Yamamoto H, Mataki C, Pruzanski M, et al. TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2009;10(3):167-177. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.001.
148. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C, Christoffolete MA, Kim BW, Sato H, Messaddeq N, Harney JW, Ezaki O, Kodama T, et al. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature. 2006;439(7075):484-489. doi: 10.1038/nature04330.
149. Joyce SA, Shanahan F, Hill C, Gahan CG. Bacterial bile salt hydrolase in host metabolism: Potential for influencing gastrointestinal microbe-host crosstalk. Gut Microbes. 2014;5(5):669-674. doi: 10.4161/19490976.2014.969986.
150. Begley M, Hill C, Gahan CG. Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol.2006;72(3):1729-1738. doi: 10.1128/AEM.72.3.1729-1738.2006.
151. Zhao X, Higashikawa F, Noda M, Kawamura Y, Matoba Y, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. The obesity and fatty liver are reduced by plant-derived Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28 in high fat diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30696. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030696.
152. Everard A, Matamoros S, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Cani PD. Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. MBio. 2014;5(3):e01011-01014. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01011-14.
153. Gauffin Cano P, Santacruz A, Moya A, Sanz Y. Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 ameliorates metabolic and immunological dysfunction in mice with high-fat-diet induced obesity. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41079. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041079.
154. Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt 5):1469-1476. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02873-0.
155. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, Girard M, Muccioli GG, Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Van Holle A, Francois P, de Vos WM, et al. Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):2775-2786. doi: 10.2337/db11-0227.
156. Hansen CH, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Vogensen FK, Hansen LH, Sorensen SJ, Buschard K, Hansen AK. Early life treatment with vancomycin propagates Akkermansia muciniphila and reduces diabetes incidence in the NOD mouse. Diabetologia. 2012;55(8):2285-2294. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2564-7.
157. Schneeberger M, Everard A, Gomez-Valades AG, Matamoros S, Ramirez S, Delzenne NM, Gomis R, Claret M, Cani PD. Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16643. doi: 10.1038/srep16643.
158. Plovier H, Everard A, Druart C, Depommier C, Van Hul M, Geurts L, Chilloux J, Ottman N, Duparc T, Lichtenstein L, et al. A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nat Med. 2017;23(1):107-113. doi: 10.1038/nm.4236.
159. Higashikawa F, Noda M, Awaya T, Danshiitsoodol N, Matoba Y, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. Antiobesity effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28 on overweight subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(5):582-587. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.17.
160. Fernandez-Murga ML, Sanz Y. Safety Assessment of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 Isolated from Stools of Healthy Breast-Fed Infants. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0145503. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145503.
161. Davis LM, Martinez I, Walter J, Goin C, Hutkins RW. Barcoded pyrosequencing reveals that consumption of galactooligosaccharides results in a highly specific bifidogenic response in humans. PLoS One.2011;6(9):e25200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025200.
162. Cani PD, Lecourt E, Dewulf EM, Sohet FM, Pachikian BD, Naslain D, De Backer F, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1236-1243. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28095.
163. Bays HE, Evans JL, Maki KC, Evans M, Maquet V, Cooper R, Anderson JW. Chitin-glucan fiber effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(1):2-7. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.121.
164. Dewulf EM, Cani PD, Claus SP, Fuentes S, Puylaert PG, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB, de Vos WM, Gibson GR, Thissen JP, et al. Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut. 2013;62(8):1112-1121. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303304.
165. Dehghan P, Gargari BP, Jafar-Abadi MA, Aliasgharzadeh A. Inulin controls inflammation and metabolic endotoxemia in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized-controlled clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr.2014;65(1):117-123. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.836738.
166. Salazar N, Dewulf EM, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Mahillon J, de Vos WM, Thissen JP, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, et al. Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacterium species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(3):501-507. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.001.
167. Cani PD, Daubioul CA, Reusens B, Remacle C, Catillon G, Delzenne NM. Involvement of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide on glycaemia-lowering effect of oligofructose in streptozotocin-treated rats. J Endocrinol. 2005;185(3):457-465. doi: 10.1677/joe.1.06100.
168. Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Prebiotic fibres dose-dependently increase satiety hormones and alter Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in lean and obese JCR:LA-cp rats. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(4):601-613. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003163.
169. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Maton N, Delzenne NM. Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: involvement of glucagon-like Peptide-1. Obes Res. 2005;13(6):1000-1007. doi: 10.1038/oby.2005.117.
170. Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(6):1751-1759. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27465.
171. Cani PD, Everard A, Duparc T. Gut microbiota, enteroendocrine functions and metabolism. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(6):935-940. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.09.008.
172. Bodnaruc AM, Prud'homme D, Blanchet R, Giroux I. Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review. Nutr Metab. 2016;13:92. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0153-3.
173. Arora T, Loo RL, Anastasovska J, Gibson GR, Tuohy KM, Sharma RK, Swann JR, Deaville ER, Sleeth ML, Thomas EL, et al. Differential effects of two fermentable carbohydrates on central appetite regulation and body composition. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043263.
174. Parnell JA, Raman M, Rioux KP, Reimer RA. The potential role of prebiotic fibre for treatment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int.2012;32(5):701-711. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02730.x.
175. Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Effect of prebiotic fibre supplementation on hepatic gene expression and serum lipids: a dose-response study in JCR:LA-cp rats. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(11):1577-1584. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509993539.
176. Puertollano E, Kolida S, Yaqoob P. Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014;17(2):139-144. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000025.
177. Daubioul C, Rousseau N, Demeure R, Gallez B, Taper H, Declerck B, Delzenne N. Dietary fructans, but not cellulose, decrease triglyceride accumulation in the liver of obese Zucker fa/fa rats. J Nutr. 2002;132(5):967-973.