Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy

Cell Research

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 74-95

  Sabado, Rachel L ^a   Balan, Sreekumar ^a   Bhardwaj, Nina ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

dendritic cell; immunotherapy

Indexed keywords

TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ANIMAL; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; CYTOLOGY; DENDRITIC CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; DENDRITIC CELLS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; VACCINATION;

EID: 85007439991     PISSN: 10010602     EISSN: 17487838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.157     Document Type: Review

References (243)

1. Steinman RM. Decisions about dendritic cells: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:1-22.
2. Liu K, Nussenzweig MC. Origin and development of dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:45-54.
3. Lee J, Breton G, Oliveira TY, et al. Restricted dendritic cell and monocyte progenitors in human cord blood and bone marrow. J Exp Med 2015; 212:385-399.
4. Breton G, Lee J, Zhou YJ, et al. Circulating precursors of human CD1c+ and CD141+ dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2015; 212:401-413.
5. Schlitzer A, Sivakamasundari V, Chen J, et al. Identification of cDC1-and cDC2-committed DC progenitors reveals earlylineage priming at the common DC progenitor stage in the bone marrow. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:718-728.
6. Breton G, Lee J, Liu K, Nussenzweig MC. Defining human dendritic cell progenitors by multiparametric flow cytometry. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1407-1422.
7. Merad M, Sathe P, Helft J, Miller J, Mortha A. The dendritic cell lineage: ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:563-604.
8. Collin M, McGovern N, Haniffa M. Human dendritic cell subsets. Immunology 2013; 140:22-30.
9. Haniffa M, Shin A, Bigley V, et al. Human tissues contain CD141hi cross-presenting dendritic cells with functional homology to mouse CD103+ nonlymphoid dendritic cells. Immunity 2012; 37:60-73.
10. Murphy TL, Grajales-Reyes GE, Wu X, et al. Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:93-119.
11. Meixlsperger S, Leung CS, Ramer PC, et al. CD141+ dendritic cells produce prominent amounts of IFN- after dsRNA recognition and can be targeted via DEC-205 in humanized mice. Blood 2013; 121:5034-5044.
12. Zhang S, Kodys K, Li K, Szabo G. Human type 2 myeloid dendritic cells produce interferon- and amplify interferon- in response to hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:414-425.e7.
13. Huysamen C, Willment JA, Dennehy KM, Brown GD. CLEC9A is a novel activation C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on BDCA3+ dendritic cells and a subset of monocytes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16693-16701.
14. Sancho D, Joffre OP, Keller AM, et al. Identification of a dendritic cell receptor that couples sensing of necrosis to immunity. Nature 2009; 458:899-903.
15. Cohn L, Chatterjee B, Esselborn F, et al. Antigen delivery to early endosomes eliminates the superiority of human blood BDCA3+ dendritic cells at cross presentation. J Exp Med 2013; 210:1049-1063.
16. McKenna K, Beignon AS, Bhardwaj N. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: linking innate and adaptive immunity. J Virol 2005; 79:17-27.
17. Tel J, Schreibelt G, Sittig SP, et al. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells efficiently cross-present exogenous Ags to CD8+ T cells despite lower Ag uptake than myeloid dendritic cell subsets. Blood 2013; 121:459-467.
18. Lui G, Manches O, Angel J, Molens JP, Chaperot L, Plumas J. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells capture and cross-present viral antigens from influenza-virus exposed cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7111.
19. O'Brien M, Manches O, Wilen C, et al. CD4 receptor is a key determinant of divergent HIV-1 sensing by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005553.
20. Salio M, Cella M, Vermi W, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells prime IFN-gamma-secreting melanoma-specific CD8 lymphocytes and are found in primary melanoma lesions. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:1052-1062.
21. Hartmann E, Wollenberg B, Rothenfusser S, et al. Identification and functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2003; 63:6478-6487.
22. Gerlini G, Urso C, Mariotti G, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells represent a major dendritic cell subset in sentinel lymph nodes of melanoma patients and accumulate in metastatic nodes. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:184-193.
23. Battaglia A, Buzzonetti A, Baranello C, et al. Metastatic tumour cells favour the generation of a tolerogenic milieu in tumour draining lymph node in patients with early cervical cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1363-1373.
24. Sharma MD, Baban B, Chandler P, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2570-2582.
25. Munn DH, Sharma MD, Hou D, et al. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:280-290.
26. Segura E, Amigorena S. Inflammatory dendritic cells in mice and humans. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:440-445.
27. McGovern N, Schlitzer A, Gunawan M, et al. Human dermal CD14(+) cells are a transient population of monocyte-derived macrophages. Immunity 2014; 41:465-477.
28. Jaensson E, Uronen-Hansson H, Pabst O, et al. Small intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells display unique functional properties that are conserved between mice and humans. J Exp Med 2008; 205:2139-2149.
29. Agace WW, Persson EK. How vitamin A metabolizing dendritic cells are generated in the gut mucosa. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:42-48.
30. Reis e Sousa C. Dendritic cells in a mature age. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:476-483.
31. Jego G, Pascual V, Palucka AK, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells control B cell growth and differentiation. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2005; 8:124-139.
32. Munz C, Dao T, Ferlazzo G, de Cos MA, Goodman K, Young JW. Mature myeloid dendritic cell subsets have distinct roles for activation and viability of circulating human natural killer cells. Blood 2005; 105:266-273.
33. Fujii S, Shimizu K, Kronenberg M, Steinman RM. Prolonged IFN-gamma-producing NKT response induced with -galactosylceramide-loaded DCs. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:867-874.
34. Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:499-511.
35. Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 2006; 441:101-105.
36. Pedra JH, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS. Sensing pathogens and danger signals by the inflammasome. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:10-16.
37. Skoberne M, Beignon AS, Bhardwaj N. Danger signals: a time and space continuum. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:251-257.
38. Gallo PM, Gallucci S. The dendritic cell response to classic, emerging, and homeostatic danger signals. Implications for autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:138.
39. Blum JS, Wearsch PA, Cresswell P. Pathways of antigen processing. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:443-473.
40. Segura E, Amigorena S. Cross-presentation in mouse and human dendritic cells. Adv Immunol 2015; 127:1-31.
41. Nair-Gupta P, Baccarini A, Tung N, et al. TLR signals inducephagosomal MHC-I delivery from the endosomal recycling compartment to allow cross-presentation. Cell 2014; 158:506-521.
42. Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C, et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18:767-811.
43. Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Thery C, Amigorena S. Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:621-667.
44. Joffre OP, Segura E, Savina A, Amigorena S. Cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:557-569.
45. Brentville VA, Metheringham RL, Gunn B, et al. Citrullinated vimentin presented on MHC-II in tumor cells is a target for CD4+ T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2016; 76:548-560.
46. Cobbold M, De La Pena H, Norris A, et al. MHC class I-associated phosphopeptides are the targets of memory-like immunity in leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:203ra125.
47. Geijtenbeek TB, Gringhuis SI. Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:465-479.
48. Benvenuti F. The dendritic cell synapse: a life dedicated to T cell activation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:70.
49. Penna G, Vulcano M, Sozzani S, Adorini L. Differential migration behavior and chemokine production by myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:1164-1171.
50. Roberts EW, Broz ML, Binnewies M, et al. Critical role for CD103+/CD141+ dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:324-336.
51. Gerner MY, Torabi-Parizi P, Germain RN. Strategically localized dendritic cells promote rapid T cell responses to lymphborne particulate antigens. Immunity 2015; 42:172-185.
52. Colino J, Shen Y, Snapper CM. Dendritic cells pulsed with intact Streptococcus pneumoniae elicit both protein-and polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vivo through distinct mechanisms. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1-13.
53. Yamazaki C, Miyamoto R, Hoshino K, et al. Conservation of a chemokine system, XCR1 and its ligand, XCL1, between human and mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:756-761.
54. Fox JC, Nakayama T, Tyler RC, Sander TL, Yoshie O, Volkman BF. Structural and agonist properties of XCL2, the other member of the C-chemokine subfamily. Cytokine 2015; 71:302-311.
55. Skoberne M, Beignon AS, Larsson M, Bhardwaj N. Apoptotic cells at the crossroads of tolerance and immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 289:259-292.
56. Cools N, Ponsaerts P, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Balancing between immunity and tolerance: an interplay between dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, and effector T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1365-1374.
57. Mellor AL, Munn DH. IDO expression by dendritic cells: tolerance and tryptophan catabolism. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:762-774.
58. Munn DH, Mellor AL. IDO and tolerance to tumors. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:15-18.
59. Levings MK, Gregori S, Tresoldi E, Cazzaniga S, Bonini C, Roncarolo MG. Differentiation of Tr1 cells by immature dendritic cells requires IL-10 but not CD25+CD4+ Tr cells. Blood 2005; 105:1162-1169.
60. Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH. Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4(+) T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1213-1222.
61. Woo EY, Chu CS, Goletz TJ, et al. Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in tumors from patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and late-stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4766-4772.
62. Liyanage UK, Moore TT, Joo HG, et al. Prevalence of regulatory T cells is increased in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of patients with pancreas or breast adenocarcinoma. J Immunol 2002; 169:2756-2761.
63. Tang Q, Bluestone JA. The Foxp3+ regulatory T cell: a jack of all trades, master of regulation. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:239-244.
64. Idoyaga J, Fiorese C, Zbytnuik L, et al. Specialized role of migratory dendritic cells in peripheral tolerance induction. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:844-854.
65. Skoberne M, Somersan S, Almodovar W, et al. The apoptotic-cell receptor CR3, but not v5, is a regulator of human dendritic-cell immunostimulatory function. Blood 2006; 108:947-955.
66. Frleta D, Ochoa CE, Kramer HB, et al. HIV-1 infection-induced apoptotic microparticles inhibit human DCs via CD44. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4685-4697.
67. Kalialis LV, Drzewiecki KT, Klyver H. Spontaneous regression of metastases from melanoma: review of the literature. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:275-282.
68. Wang RF, Rosenberg SA. Human tumor antigens for cancer vaccine development. Immunol Rev 1999; 170:85-100.
69. Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K. Cancer immunoediting from immune surveillance to immune escape. Immunology 2007; 121:1-14.
70. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:329-360.
71. Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Sapp M, et al. Rapid generation of broad T-cell immunity in humans after a single injection of mature dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:173-180.
72. Constantino J, Gomes C, Falcao A, Cruz MT, Neves BM. Antitumor dendritic cell-based vaccines: lessons from 20 years of clinical trials and future perspectives. Transl Res 2016; 168:74-95.
73. Lundberg K, Albrekt AS, Nelissen I, et al. Transcriptional profiling of human dendritic cell populations and models-unique profiles of in vitro dendritic cells and implications on functionality and applicability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52875.
74. Carpentier S, Vu Manh TP, Chelbi R, et al. Comparative genomics analysis of mononuclear phagocyte subsets confirms homology between lymphoid tissue-resident and dermal XCR1+ DCs in mouse and human and distinguishes them from Langerhans cells. J Immunol Methods 2016; 432:35-49.
75. Gandhi RT, O'Neill D, Bosch RJ, et al. A randomized therapeutic vaccine trial of canarypox-HIV-pulsed dendritic cells vs. canarypox-HIV alone in HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Vaccine 2009; 27:6088-6094.
76. Palucka AK, Ueno H, Connolly J, et al. Dendritic cells loadedwith killed allogeneic melanoma cells can induce objective clinical responses and MART-1 specific CD8+ T-cell immunity. J Immunother 2006; 29:545-557.
77. Redman BG, Chang AE, Whitfield J, et al. Phase Ib trial assessing autologous, tumor-pulsed dendritic cells as a vaccine administered with or without IL-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2008; 31:591-598.
78. O'Neill DW, Bhardwaj N. Differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes into dendritic cells. Curr Protoc Immunol 2005; Chapter 22:Unit 22F.24.
79. O'Neill D, Bhardwaj N. Generation of autologous peptideand protein-pulsed dendritic cells for patient-specific immunotherapy. Methods Mol Med 2005; 109:97-112.
80. Florcken A, Kopp J, van Lessen A, et al. Allogeneic partially HLA-matched dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor cell lysate as a vaccine in metastatic renal cell cancer: a clinical phase I/II study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1217-1227.
81. Kumar J, Kale V, Limaye L. Umbilical cord blood-derived CD11c(+) dendritic cells could serve as an alternative allogeneic source of dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:184.
82. Pinzon-Charry A, Maxwell T, Lopez JA. Dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer: a mechanism for immunosuppression. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:451-461.
83. Wells JW, Cowled CJ, Darling D, et al. Semi-allogeneic dendritic cells can induce antigen-specific T-cell activation, which is not enhanced by concurrent alloreactivity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1861-1873.
84. Fabre JW. The allogeneic response and tumor immunity. Nat Med 2001; 7:649-652.
85. Ratzinger G, Baggers J, de Cos MA, et al. Mature human Langerhans cells derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors stimulate greater cytolytic T lymphocyte activity in the absence of bioactive IL-12p70, by either single peptide presentation or cross-priming, than do dermal-interstitial or monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 2004; 173:2780-2791.
86. Romano E, Rossi M, Ratzinger G, et al. Peptide-loaded Langerhans cells, despite increased IL15 secretion and T-cell activation in vitro, elicit antitumor T-cell responses comparable to peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1984-1997.
87. Yuan J, Latouche JB, Reagan JL, et al. Langerhans cells derived from genetically modified human CD34+ hemopoietic progenitors are more potent than peptide-pulsed Langerhans cells for inducing antigen-specific CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte responses. J Immunol 2005; 174:758-766.
88. Lee J, Breton G, Aljoufi A, et al. Clonal analysis of human dendritic cell progenitor using a stromal cell culture. J Immunol Methods 2015; 425:21-26.
89. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:411-422.
90. Small EJ, Schellhammer PF, Higano CS, et al. Placebo-controlled phase III trial of immunologic therapy with sipuleucel-T (APC8015) in patients with metastatic, asymptomatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:3089-3094.
91. Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM, et al. Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:3894-3903.
92. Sheikh NA, Jones LA. CD54 is a surrogate marker of antigen presenting cell activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1381-1390.
93. GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Fan LQ, et al. Humoral immune response against nontargeted tumor antigens after treatment with sipuleucel-T and its association with improved clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3619-3630.
94. Sheikh NA, Petrylak D, Kantoff PW, et al. Sipuleucel-T immune parameters correlate with survival: an analysis of the randomized phase 3 clinical trials in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:137-147.
95. Fong L, Carroll P, Weinberg V, et al. Activated lymphocyte recruitment into the tumor microenvironment following preoperative sipuleucel-T for localized prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106.
96. Marroquin CE, Westwood JA, Lapointe R, et al. Mobilization of dendritic cell precursors in patients with cancer by flt3 ligand allows the generation of higher yields of cultured dendritic cells. J Immunother 2002; 25:278-288.
97. Anandasabapathy N, Breton G, Hurley A, et al. Efficacy and safety of CDX-301, recombinant human Flt3L, at expanding dendritic cells and hematopoietic stem cells in healthy human volunteers. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:924-930.
98. Chen W, Antonenko S, Sederstrom JM, et al. Thrombopoietin cooperates with FLT3-ligand in the generation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors from human hematopoietic progenitors. Blood 2004; 103:2547-2553.
99. Tel J, Aarntzen EH, Baba T, et al. Natural human plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce antigen-specific T-cell responses in melanoma patients. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1063-1075.
100. Schreibelt G, Bol KF, Westdorp H, et al. Effective clinical responses in metastatic melanoma patients after vaccination with primary myeloid dendritic cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2155-2166.
101. Carreno BM, Magrini V, Becker-Hapak M, et al. A dendritic cell vaccine increases the breadth and diversity of melanoma neoantigen-specific T cells. Science 2015; 348:803-808.
102. De Vries IJ, Krooshoop DJ, Scharenborg NM, et al. Effective migration of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells to lymph nodes in melanoma patients is determined by their maturation state. Cancer Res 2003; 63:12-17.
103. Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Krasovsky J, Munz C, Bhardwaj N. Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193:233-238.
104. Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM. Antigen-bearing immature dendritic cells induce peptide-specific CD8(+) regulatory T cells in vivo in humans. Blood 2002; 100:174-177.
105. de Vries IJ, Lesterhuis WJ, Scharenborg NM, et al. Maturation of dendritic cells is a prerequisite for inducing immune responses in advanced melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:5091-5100.
106. Lee AW, Truong T, Bickham K, et al. A clinical grade cocktail of cytokines and PGE2 results in uniform maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: implications for immunotherapy. Vaccine 2002; 20 Suppl 4:A8-A22.
107. Jongmans W, Tiemessen DM, van Vlodrop IJ, Mulders PF, Oosterwijk E. Th1-polarizing capacity of clinical-grade dendritic cells is triggered by Ribomunyl but is compromised by PGE2: the importance of maturation cocktails. J Immunother 2005; 28:480-487.
108. Krause P, Singer E, Darley PI, Klebensberger J, Groettrup M, Legler DF. Prostaglandin E2 is a key factor for monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation: enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity despite IDO. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1106-1114.
109. Morelli AE, Thomson AW. Dendritic cells under the spell of prostaglandins. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:108-111.
110. Scandella E, Men Y, Gillessen S, Forster R, Groettrup M. Prostaglandin E2 is a key factor for CCR7 surface expression and migration of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 2002; 100:1354-1361.
111. Krause P, Bruckner M, Uermosi C, Singer E, Groettrup M, Legler DF. Prostaglandin E(2) enhances T-cell proliferation by inducing the costimulatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and 4-1BBL on dendritic cells. Blood 2009; 113:2451-2460.
112. Ma DY, Clark EA. The role of CD40 and CD154/CD40L in dendritic cells. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:265-272.
113. Carreno BM, Becker-Hapak M, Huang A, et al. IL-12p70-producing patient DC vaccine elicits Tc1-polarized immunity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3383-3394.
114. Schnare M, Barton GM, Holt AC, Takeda K, Akira S, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:947-950.
115. Napolitani G, Rinaldi A, Bertoni F, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. selected toll-like receptor agonist combinations synergistically trigger a T helper type 1-polarizing program in dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:769-776.
116. Boullart AC, Aarntzen EH, Verdijk P, et al. Maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells with toll-like receptor 3 and 7/8 ligands combined with prostaglandin E2 results in high interleukin-12 production and cell migration. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1589-1597.
117. Mailliard RB, Wankowicz-Kalinska A, Cai Q, et al. -type-1 polarized dendritic cells: a novel immunization tool with optimized CTL-inducing activity. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5934-5937.
118. Lee JJ, Foon KA, Mailliard RB, Muthuswamy R, Kalinski P. Type 1-polarized dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor are a potent immunogen against chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:319-325.
119. Okada H, Kalinski P, Ueda R, et al. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against novel glioma-associated antigen peptides and clinical activity by vaccinations with -type 1 polarized dendritic cells and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:330-336.
120. Chiang CL, Kandalaft LE, Tanyi J, et al. A dendritic cell vaccine pulsed with autologous hypochlorous acid-oxidized ovarian cancer lysate primes effective broad antitumor immunity: from bench to bedside. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4801-4815.
121. Kolanowski ST, Sritharan L, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Van Schijndel GM, Van Ham SM, ten Brinke A. Comparison of media and serum supplementation for generation of monophosphoryl lipid A/interferon-gamma-matured type I dendritic cells for immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:826-834.
122. Pantel A, Cheong C, Dandamudi D, et al. A new synthetic TLR4 agonist, GLA, allows dendritic cells targeted with antigen to elicit Th1 T-cell immunity in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:101-109.
123. Schreibelt G, Benitez-Ribas D, Schuurhuis D, et al. Commonly used prophylactic vaccines as an alternative for synthetically produced TLR ligands to mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 2010; 116:564-574.
124. Bol KF, Aarntzen EH, Pots JM, et al. Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:327-339.
125. Langenkamp A, Messi M, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Kinetics of dendritic cell activation: impact on priming of TH1, TH2 and nonpolarized T cells. Nat Immunol 2000; 1:311-316.
126. Dohnal AM, Graffi S, Witt V, et al. Comparative evaluation of techniques for the manufacturing of dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:125-135.
127. Bijker MS, van den Eeden SJ, Franken KL, Melief CJ, van der Burg SH, Offringa R. Superior induction of anti-tumor CTL immunity by extended peptide vaccines involves prolonged, DC-focused antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1033-1042.
128. Linnemann C, van Buuren MM, Bies L, et al. High-throughput epitope discovery reveals frequent recognition of neo-antigens by CD4+ T cells in human melanoma. Nat Med 2015; 21:81-85.
129. Kenter GG, Welters MJ, Valentijn AR, et al. Phase I immunotherapeutic trial with long peptides spanning the E6 and E7 sequences of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 in end-stage cervical cancer patients shows low toxicity and robust immunogenicity. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:169-177.
130. Welters MJ, Kenter GG, Piersma SJ, et al. Induction of tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immunity in cervical cancer patients by a human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 long peptides vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:178-187.
131. Kenter GG, Welters MJ, Valentijn AR, et al. Vaccination against HPV-16 oncoproteins for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1838-1847.
132. de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Lowik MJ, et al. A placebo-controlled randomized HPV16 synthetic long-peptide vaccination study in women with high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1485-1492.
133. Leffers N, Lambeck AJ, Gooden MJ, et al. Immunization with a P53 synthetic long peptide vaccine induces P53-specific immune responses in ovarian cancer patients, a phase II trial. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2104-2113.
134. Sabbatini P, Tsuji T, Ferran L, et al. Phase I trial of overlapping long peptides from a tumor self-antigen and poly-ICLC shows rapid induction of integrated immune response in ovarian cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6497-6508.
135. Zeestraten EC, Speetjens FM, Welters MJ, et al. Addition of interferon- to the p53-SLP(R) vaccine results in increased production of interferon-gamma in vaccinated colorectal cancer patients: a phase I/II clinical trial. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:1581-1591.
136. Speetjens FM, Kuppen PJ, Welters MJ, et al. Induction of p53-specific immunity by a p53 synthetic long peptide vaccine in patients treated for metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1086-1095.
137. Rosario M, Borthwick N, Stewart-Jones GB, et al. Primeboost regimens with adjuvanted synthetic long peptides elicit T cells and antibodies to conserved regions of HIV-1 in macaques. AIDS 2012; 26:275-284.
138. Barrou B, Benoit G, Ouldkaci M, et al. Vaccination of prostatectomized prostate cancer patients in biochemical relapse, with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant human PSA. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:453-460.
139. Salcedo M, Bercovici N, Taylor R, et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients using dendritic cells loaded with an allogeneic tumor cell lysate. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:819-829.
140. Mahdian R, Kokhaei P, Najar HM, Derkow K, Choudhury A, Mellstedt H. Dendritic cells, pulsed with lysate of allogeneic tumor cells, are capable of stimulating MHC-restricted antigen-specific antitumor T cells. Med Oncol 2006; 23:273-282.
141. Schnurr M, Galambos P, Scholz C, et al. Tumor cell lysate-pulsed human dendritic cells induce a T-cell response against pancreatic carcinoma cells: an in vitro model for the assessment of tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6445-6450.
142. Thumann P, Moc I, Humrich J, et al. Antigen loading of dendritic cells with whole tumor cell preparations. J Immunol Methods 2003; 277:1-16.
143. Schnurr M, Chen Q, Shin A, et al. Tumor antigen processing and presentation depend critically on dendritic cell type and the mode of antigen delivery. Blood 2005; 105:2465-2472.
144. Vandenberk L, Belmans J, Van Woensel M, Riva M, Van Gool SW. Exploiting the immunogenic potential of cancer cells for improved dendritic cell vaccines. Front Immunol 2015; 6:663.
145. Somersan S, Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Basu S, Srivastava P, Bhardwaj N. Primary tumor tissue lysates are enriched in heat shock proteins and induce the maturation of human dendritic cells. J Immunol 2001; 167:4844-4852.
146. Hatfield P, Merrick AE, West E, et al. Optimization of dendritic cell loading with tumor cell lysates for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother 2008; 31:620-632.
147. Garg AD, Vandenberk L, Koks C, et al. Dendritic cell vaccines based on immunogenic cell death elicit danger signals and T cell-driven rejection of high-grade glioma. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:328ra327.
148. Rosenblatt J, Vasir B, Uhl L, et al. Vaccination with dendritic cell/tumor fusion cells results in cellular and humoral antitumor immune responses in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2011; 117:393-402.
149. Jenne L, Schuler G, Steinkasserer A. Viral vectors for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:102-107.
150. Brockstedt DG, Dubensky TW. Promises and challenges for the development of Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1069-1084.
151. Bellone S, El-Sahwi K, Cocco E, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) virus-like particle L1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are equally effective as E7-specific CD8+ CTLs in killing autologous HPV-16-positive tumor cells in cervical cancer patients: implications for L1 dendritic cell-based therapeutic vaccines. J Virol 2009; 83:6779-6789.
152. Carrasco J, Van Pel A, Neyns B, et al. Vaccination of a melanoma patient with mature dendritic cells pulsed with MAGE-
153. peptides triggers the activity of nonvaccine anti-tumor cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:3585-3593.
154. Butterfield LH, Comin-Anduix B, Vujanovic L, et al. Adenovirus MART-1-engineered autologous dendritic cell vaccine for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2008; 31:294-309.
155. Veron P, Allo V, Riviere C, Bernard J, Douar AM, Masurier C. Major subsets of human dendritic cells are efficiently transduced by self-complementary adeno-associated virus vectors
156. and 2. J Virol 2007; 81:5385-5394.
157. Skoberne M, Yewdall A, Bahjat KS, et al. KBMA Listeria monocytogenes is an effective vector for DC-mediated induction of antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3990-4001.
158. Oldham RA, Berinstein EM, Medin JA. Lentiviral vectors in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:271-284.
159. Breckpot K, Heirman C, De Greef C, van der Bruggen P, Thielemans K. Identification of new antigenic peptide presented by HLA-Cw7 and encoded by several MAGE genes using dendritic cells transduced with lentiviruses. J Immunol 2004; 172:2232-2237.
160. He Y, Zhang J, Mi Z, Robbins P, Falo LD Jr. Immunization with lentiviral vector-transduced dendritic cells induces strong and long-lasting T cell responses and therapeutic immunity. J Immunol 2005; 174:3808-3817.
161. Dullaers M, Van Meirvenne S, Heirman C, et al. Induction of effective therapeutic antitumor immunity by direct in vivo administration of lentiviral vectors. Gene Ther 2006; 13:630-640.
162. Schroers R, Sinha I, Segall H, et al. Transduction of human PBMC-derived dendritic cells and macrophages by an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector system. Mol Ther 2000; 1:171-179.
163. Dyall J, Latouche JB, Schnell S, Sadelain M. Lentivirus-transduced human monocyte-derived dendritic cells efficiently stimulate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood 2001; 97:114-121.
164. Lizee G, Gonzales MI, Topalian SL. Lentivirus vector-mediated expression of tumor-associated epitopes by human antigen presenting cells. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:393-404.
165. Bobadilla S, Sunseri N, Landau NR. Efficient transduction of myeloid cells by an HIV-1-derived lentiviral vector that packages the Vpx accessory protein. Gene Ther 2013; 20:514-520.
166. Varela-Rohena A, Carpenito C, Perez EE, et al. Genetic engineering of T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Immunol Res 2008; 42:166-181.
167. Sundarasetty BS, Chan L, Darling D, et al. Lentivirus-induced 'Smart' dendritic cells: pharmacodynamics and GMP-compliant production for immunotherapy against TRP2-positive melanoma. Gene Ther 2015; 22:707-720.
168. Woller N, Knocke S, Mundt B, et al. Virus-induced tumor inflammation facilitates effective DC cancer immunotherapy in a Treg-dependent manner in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2570-2582.
169. Nair SK, Morse M, Boczkowski D, et al. Induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer patients by autologous tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Ann Surg2002; 235:540-549.
170. Muller MR, Tsakou G, Grunebach F, Schmidt SM, Brossart P. Induction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-specific CD4-and CD8-mediated T-cell responses using RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Blood 2004; 103:1763-1769.
171. Nencioni A, Muller MR, Grunebach F, et al. Dendritic cells transfected with tumor RNA for the induction of antitumor CTL in colorectal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:209-214.
172. Milazzo C, Reichardt VL, Muller MR, Grunebach F, Brossart P. Induction of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T cells using dendritic cells transfected with tumor-derived RNA. Blood 2003; 101:977-982.
173. Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Cancer immunotherapy with mRNA-transfected dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:251-263.
174. Heiser A, Maurice MA, Yancey DR, Coleman DM, Dahm P, Vieweg J. Human dendritic cells transfected with renal tumor RNA stimulate polyclonal T-cell responses against antigens expressed by primary and metastatic tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3388-3393.
175. Strobel I, Berchtold S, Gotze A, Schulze U, Schuler G, Steinkasserer A. Human dendritic cells transfected with either RNA or DNA encoding influenza matrix protein M1 differ in their ability to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Gene Ther 2000; 7:2028-2035.
176. Koido S, Kashiwaba M, Chen D, Gendler S, Kufe D, Gong J. Induction of antitumor immunity by vaccination of dendritic cells transfected with MUC1 RNA. J Immunol 2000; 165:5713-5719.
177. Heiser A, Coleman D, Dannull J, et al. Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:409-417.
178. Routy JP, Boulassel MR, Yassine-Diab B, et al. Immunologic activity and safety of autologous HIV RNA-electroporated dendritic cells in HIV-1 infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Immunol 2010; 134:140-147.
179. Amin A, Dudek AZ, Logan TF, et al. Survival with AGS-003, an autologous dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, in combination with sunitinib in unfavorable risk patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC): phase 2 study results. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:14.
180. Obeid J, Hu Y, Slingluff CL Jr. Vaccines, adjuvants, and dendritic cell activators-current status and future challenges. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:549-561.
181. Schumacher TN, Schreiber RD. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Science 2015; 348:69-74.
182. Brown SD, Warren RL, Gibb EA, et al. Neo-antigens predicted by tumor genome meta-analysis correlate with increased patient survival. Genome Res 2014; 24:743-750.
183. Rooney MS, Shukla SA, Wu CJ, Getz G, Hacohen N. Molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated with local immune cytolytic activity. Cell 2015; 160:48-61.
184. Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, et al. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science 2015; 348:124-128.
185. Snyder A, Makarov V, Merghoub T, et al. Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2189-2199.
186. Van Allen EM, Miao D, Schilling B, et al. Genomic correlates of response to CTLA-4 blockade in metastatic melanoma. Science 2015; 350:207-211.
187. Hugo W, Zaretsky JM, Sun L, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic features of response to anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma. Cell 2016; 165:35-44.
188. Carreno BM, Magrini V, Becker-Hapak M, et al. Cancer immunotherapy. A dendritic cell vaccine increases the breadth and diversity of melanoma neoantigen-specific T cells. Science 2015; 348:803-808.
189. Verdijk P, Aarntzen EH, Lesterhuis WJ, et al. Limited amounts of dendritic cells migrate into the T-cell area of lymph nodes but have high immune activating potential in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2531-2540.
190. Fujiwara S, Wada H, Miyata H, et al. Clinical trial of the intratumoral administration of labeled DC combined with systemic chemotherapy for esophageal cancer. J Immunother 2012; 35:513-521.
191. Lesterhuis WJ, de Vries IJ, Schreibelt G, et al. Route of administration modulates the induction of dendritic cell vaccine-induced antigen-specific T cells in advanced melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5725-5735.
192. Aarntzen EH, Srinivas M, Bonetto F, et al. Targeting of 111in-labeled dendritic cell human vaccines improved by reducing number of cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1525-1533.
193. Mitchell DA, Batich KA, Gunn MD, et al. Tetanus toxoid and CCL3 improve dendritic cell vaccines in mice and glioblastoma patients. Nature 2015; 519:366-369.
194. Headley MB, Bins A, Nip A, et al. Visualization of immediate immune responses to pioneer metastatic cells in the lung. Nature 2016; 531:513-517.
195. Yewdall AW, Drutman SB, Jinwala F, Bahjat KS, Bhardwaj N. CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cell vaccines requires antigen transfer to endogenous antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11144.
196. Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic -catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2015; 523:231-235.
197. Salmon H, Idoyaga J, Rahman A, et al. Expansion and activation of CD103+ dendritic cell progenitors at the tumor site enhances tumor responses to therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF inhibition. Immunity 2016; 44:924-938.
198. Shortman K, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I. Improving vaccines by targeting antigens to dendritic cells. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:61-66.
199. Tacken PJ, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Targeting antigens to dendritic cells in vivo. Immunobiology 2006; 211:599-608.
200. Jinushi M, Hodi FS, Dranoff G. Enhancing the clinical activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor cell vaccines. Immunol Rev 2008; 222:287-298.
201. Jinushi M, Tahara H. Cytokine gene-mediated immunotherapy: current status and future perspectives. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1389-1396.
202. Lutz ER, Wu AA, Bigelow E, et al. Immunotherapy converts nonimmunogenic pancreatic tumors into immunogenic foci of immune regulation. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:616-631.
203. Le DT, Wang-Gillam A, Picozzi V, et al. Safety and survival with GVAX pancreas prime and Listeria monocytogenes-expressing mesothelin (CRS-207) boost vaccines for metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1325-1333.
204. Filipazzi P, Valenti R, Huber V, et al. Identification of a new subset of myeloid suppressor cells in peripheral blood of melanoma patients with modulation by a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulation factor-based antitumor vaccine. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:2546-2553.
205. Sica A, Bronte V. Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1155-1166.
206. Nowak AK, Robinson BW, Lake RA. Synergy between chemotherapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of established murine solid tumors. Cancer Res 2003; 63:4490-4496.
207. Beatty GL, Torigian DA, Chiorean EG, et al. A phase I study of an agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (CP-870,893) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6286-6295.
208. Bajor DL, Xu X, Torigian DA, et al. Immune activation and a 9-year ongoing complete remission following CD40 antibody therapy and metastasectomy in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1051-1058.
209. Winograd R, Byrne KT, Evans RA, et al. Induction of T-cell immunity overcomes complete resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-
210. blockade and improves survival in pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:399-411.
211. van Kooyk Y. C-type lectins on dendritic cells: key modulators for the induction of immune responses. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:1478-1481.
212. Idoyaga J, Lubkin A, Fiorese C, et al. Comparable T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8 T-cell immunity by targeting HIV gag p24 to CD8 dendritic cells within antibodies to Langerin, DEC205, and Clec9A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108:2384-2389.
213. Kato Y, Zaid A, Davey GM, et al. Targeting antigen to Clec9A primes follicular Th cell memory responses capable of robust recall. J Immunol 2015; 195:1006-1014.
214. Lahoud MH, Ahmet F, Kitsoulis S, et al. Targeting antigen to mouse dendritic cells via Clec9A induces potent CD4 T cell responses biased toward a follicular helper phenotype. J Immunol 2011; 187:842-850.
215. Li J, Ahmet F, Sullivan LC, et al. Antibodies targeting Clec9A promote strong humoral immunity without adjuvant in mice and non-human primates. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:854-864.
216. Tullett KM, Leal Rojas IM, Minoda Y, et al. Targeting CLEC9A delivers antigen to human CD141+ DC for CD4+ and CD8+T cell recognition. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87102.
217. Wang B, Zaidi N, He LZ, et al. Targeting of the non-mutated tumor antigen HER2/neu to mature dendritic cells induces an integrated immune response that protects against breast cancer in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R39.
218. Cheong C, Choi JH, Vitale L, et al. Improved cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo following targeting of HIV Gag to dendritic cells within human anti-human DEC205 monoclonal antibody. Blood 2010; 116:3828-3838.
219. Tacken PJ, de Vries IJ, Gijzen K, et al. Effective induction of naive and recall T-cell responses by targeting antigen to human dendritic cells via a humanized anti-DC-SIGN antibody. Blood 2005; 106:1278-1285.
220. Ramakrishna V, Treml JF, Vitale L, et al. Mannose receptor targeting of tumor antigen pmel17 to human dendritic cells directs anti-melanoma T cell responses via multiple HLA molecules. J Immunol 2004; 172:2845-2852.
221. Trumpfheller C, Longhi MP, Caskey M, et al. Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines: a novel approach to induce T-cell immunity. J Int Med 2012; 271:183-192.
222. Hartung E, Becker M, Bachem A, et al. Induction of potent CD8 T cell cytotoxicity by specific targeting of antigen to cross-presenting dendritic cells in vivo via murine or human XCR1. J Immunol 2015; 194:1069-1079.
223. Terhorst D, Fossum E, Baranska A, et al. Laser-assisted intradermal delivery of adjuvant-free vaccines targeting XCR1+ dendritic cells induces potent antitumoral responses. J Immunol 2015; 194:5895-5902.
224. Fossum E, Grodeland G, Terhorst D, et al. Vaccine molecules targeting Xcr1 on cross-presenting DCs induce protective CD8+ T-cell responses against influenza virus. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:624-635.
225. Kranz LM, Diken M, Haas H, et al. Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy. Nature 2016; 534:396-401.
226. Saeterdal I, Bjorheim J, Lislerud K, et al. Frameshift-mutation-derived peptides as tumor-specific antigens in inherited and spontaneous colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:13255-13260.
227. Sharma A, Koldovsky U, Xu S, et al. HER-2 pulsed dendritic cell vaccine can eliminate HER-2 expression and impact ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer 2012; 118:4354-4362.
228. Draube A, Klein-Gonzalez N, Mattheus S, et al. Dendritic cell based tumor vaccination in prostate and renal cell cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18801.
229. Bennaceur K, Chapman J, Brikci-Nigassa L, Sanhadji K, Touraine JL, Portoukalian J. Dendritic cells dysfunction in tumour environment. Cancer Lett 2008; 272:186-196.
230. Aptsiauri N, Cabrera T, Mendez R, Garcia-Lora A, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Role of altered expression of HLA class I molecules in cancer progression. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007; 601:123-131.
231. Bronte V, Mocellin S. Suppressive influences in the immune response to cancer. J Immunother 2009; 32:1-11.
232. Chang CC, Ogino T, Mullins DW, et al. Defective human leukocyte antigen class I-associated antigen presentation caused by a novel beta2-microglobulin loss-of-function in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18763-18773.
233. Wilgenhof S, Corthals J, Heirman C, et al. Phase II study of autologous monocyte-derived mRNA electroporated dendritic cells (TriMixDC-MEL) plus ipilimumab in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:1330-1338.
234. Pol J, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. First oncolytic virus approved for melanoma immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1115641.
235. Lawler SE, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic virus-mediated immunotherapy: a combinatorial approach for cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2812-2814.
236. Salazar AM, Erlich RB, Mark A, Bhardwaj N, Herberman RB. Therapeutic in situ autovaccination against solid cancers with intratumoral poly-ICLC: case report, hypothesis, andclinical trial. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:720-724.
237. Brody JD, Ai WZ, Czerwinski DK, et al. In situ vaccination with a TLR9 agonist induces systemic lymphoma regression: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4324-4332.
238. de Vries CR, Kaufman HL, Lattime EC. Oncolytic viruses: focusing on the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:169-171.
239. Corrales L, Glickman LH, McWhirter SM, et al. Direct activation of STING in the tumor microenvironment leads to potent and systemic tumor regression and immunity. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1018-1030.
240. Senju S, Hirata S, Motomura Y, et al. Pluripotent stem cells as source of dendritic cells for immune therapy. Int J Hematol 2010; 91:392-400.
241. Li Y, Liu M, Yang ST. Dendritic cells derived from pluripotent stem cells: potential of large scale production. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:1-10.
242. Zeng J, Wu C, Wang S. Antigenically modified human pluripotent stem cells generate antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15262.
243. White MK, Khalili K. CRISPR/Cas9 and cancer targets: future possibilities and present challenges. Oncotarget 2016; 7:12305-12317.