Biological functions of selenium and its potential influence on Parkinson’s disease

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1655-1674

  Ellwanger, Joel H ^a   Franke, Silvia I R ^b   Bordin, Diana L ^a   Prá, Daniel ^b   Henriques, João Antonio Pêgas ^a,c  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CRUZ DO SUL   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAXIAS DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Neurodegeneration; Nutrition; Oxidative stress; Parkinson s disease; Selenium

Indexed keywords

SELENIUM;

BRAIN; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; HUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

BRAIN; DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; SELENIUM; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

EID: 84997343220     PISSN: 00013765     EISSN: 16782690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150595     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Adams Jr JD, Chang ML and Klaidman L. 2001. Parkinson’s disease-redox mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 8: 809-814.
2. Aguilar MV et al. 1998. Cerebrospinal fluid selenium and chromium levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 105: 1245-1251.
3. Akil M, Bicer M, Kilic M, Avunduk MC, Mogulkoc R and Baltaci AK. 2011. Effect of intraperitoneal selenium administration on liver glycogen levels in rats subjected to acute forced swimming. Biol Trace Elem Res 139: 341-346.
4. Alipanah N, Varadhan R, Sun K, Ferrucci L, Fried LP and Semba RD. 2009. Low serum carotenoids are associated with a decline in walking speed in older women. J Nutr Health Aging 13: 170-175.
5. Arigony A.L.V, De Oliveira IM, Machado M, Bordin DL, Bergter L, Prá D and Henriques J.A.P. 2013. The influence of micronutrients in cell culture: a reflection on viability and genomic stability. Biomed Res Int 2013: 22.
6. Ayuso-Peralta L, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Cabrera-Valdivia F, Molina JA, Javier MR, Almazán, De Pedro-Cuesta J, Tabernero C and Giménez-Roldán S. 1997. Premorbid dietetic habits and risk for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 3: 55-61.
7. Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, De Lourdes Bastos M, Tsatsakis AM, Duarte JA and Carvalho F. 2014. Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases-A mechanistic approach. Toxicol Lett 230: 85-103.
8. Barayuga SM, Pang X, Andres MA, Panee J and Bellinger FP. 2013. Methamphetamine decreases levels of glutathione peroxidases 1 and 4 in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells: protective effects of selenium. Neurotoxicology 37: 240-246.
9. Barnard ND et al. 2014. Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 35(Suppl 2): S74-S78.
10. Bellinger FP et al. 2012. Changes in selenoprotein P in substantia nigra and putamen in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2: 115-126.
11. Benton D. 2002. Selenium intake, mood and other aspects of psychological functioning. Nutr Neurosci 5: 363-374.
12. Blazina T, Sun Y, Voegelin A, Lenz M, Berg M and Winkel L.H.E. 2014. Terrestrial selenium distribution in China is potentially linked to monsoonal climate. Nat Commun 5: 4717.
13. Boyd R. 2011. Selenium stories. Nat Chem 3: 570.
14. Brenneisen P, Steinbrenner H and Sies H. 2005. Selenium, oxidative stress, and health aspects. Mol Aspects Med 26: 256-267.
15. Brenner S. 2014. Parkinson’s disease may be due to failure of melanin in the Substantia Nigra to produce molecular hydrogen from dissociation of water, to protect the brain from oxidative stress. Med Hypotheses 82: 503.
16. Brigelius-Flohé R and Maiorino M. 2013. Glutathione peroxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830: 3289-3303.
17. Brozmanová J, Mániková D, Vlčková V and Chovanec M. 2010. Selenium: a double-edged sword for defense and offence in cancer. Arch Toxicol 84: 919-938.
18. Burk RF and Hill KE. 2009. Selenoprotein P-expression, functions, and roles in mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790: 1441-1447.
19. Burk RF, Hill KE, Motley AK, Winfrey VP, Kurokawa S, Mitchell SL and Zhang W. 2014. Selenoprotein P and apolipoprotein E receptor-2 interact at the blood-brain barrier and also within the brain to maintain an essential selenium pool that protects against neurodegeneration. FASEB J 28: 3579-3588.
20. Byrns CN, Pitts MW, Gilman CA, Hashimoto AC and Berry MJ. 2014. Mice lacking selenoprotein P and selenocysteine lyase exhibit severe neurological dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and audiogenic seizures. J Biol Chem 289: 9662-9674.
21. Cadet JL. 1986. The potential use of vitamin E and selenium in parkinsonism. Med Hypotheses 20: 87-94.
22. Caito SW, Milatovic D, Hill KE, Aschner M, Burk RF and Valentine WM. 2011. Progression of neurodegeneration and morphologic changes in the brains of juvenile mice with selenoprotein P deleted. Brain Res 1398: 1-12.
23. Canugovi C, Misiak M, Ferrarelli LK, Croteau DL and Bohr VA. 2013. The role of DNA repair in brain related disease pathology. DNA Repair (Amst) 12: 578-587.
24. Cardoso BR, Roberts BR, Bush AI and Hare DJ. 2015. Selenium, selenoproteins and neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 7: 1213-1228.
25. Castaño A, Ayala A, Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Herrera AJ, Cano J and Machado A. 1997. Low selenium diet increases the dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex of the rat. Neurochem Int 30: 549-555.
26. Celardo I, Martins LM and Gandhi S. 2014. Unravelling mitochondrial pathways to Parkinson’s disease. Br J Pharmacol 171: 1943-1957.
27. Chai C and Lim KL. 2013. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Curr Genomics 14: 486-501.
28. Chen J and Berry MJ. 2003. Selenium and selenoproteins in the brain and brain diseases. J Neurochem 86: 1-12.
29. Chen J, Guan Z, Wang L, Song G, Ma B and Wang Y. 2014. Meta-analysis: overweight, obesity, and Parkinson’s disease. Int J Endocrinol 2014: 7.
30. Chiva-Blanch G, Badimon L and Estruch R. 2014. Latest evidence of the effects of the Mediterranean diet in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 16: 446.
31. Combs Jr GF. 2001. Selenium in global food systems. Br J Nutr 85: 517-547.
32. Cominetti C, De Bortoli MC, Garrido Jr AB and Cozzolino S.M.F. 2012. Brazilian nut consumption improves selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduces atherogenic risk in obese women. Nutr Res 32: 403-407.
33. Cornetta T, Palma S, Aprile I, Padua L, Tonali P, Testa A and Cozzi R. 2009. Levodopa therapy reduces DNA damage in peripheral blood cells of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Cell Biol Toxicol 25: 321-330.
34. Dai D et al. 2014. Association of and polymorphisms with Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis of 15 genetic association studies. Biomed Rep 2: 713-718.
35. Daniels LA. 1996. Selenium metabolism and bioavailability. Biol Trace Elem Res 54: 185-199.
36. Dauer W and Przedborski S. 2003. Parkinson’s disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron 39: 889-909.
37. De Lau L.M.L and Breteler M.M.B. 2006. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol 5: 525-535.
38. Dexter DT and Jenner P. 2013. Parkinson disease: from pathology to molecular disease mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 62: 132-144.
39. Dias V, Junn E and Mouradian MM. 2013. The role of oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 3: 461-491.
40. Dickson DW. 2012. Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism: neuropathology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2: a009258.
41. Dong J, Beard JD, Umbach DM, Park Y, Huang X, Blair A, Kamel F and Chen H. 2014. Dietary fat intake and risk for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 29: 1623-1630.
42. Dorszewska J, Prendecki M, Lianeri M and Kozubski W. 2014. Molecular effects of L-dopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Genomics 15: 11-17.
43. Elenberg Y and Shaoul R. 2014. The role of infant nutrition in the prevention of future disease. Front Pediatr 2: 73.
44. Ellwanger JH, Molz P, Dallemole DR, Pereira dos Santos A, Müller TE, Capp elletti L, Gonçalves da Silva M, Franke S.I.R, Prá D and Pêgas Henriques JA. 2015. Selenium reduces bradykinesia and DNA damage in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Nutrition 31: 359-365.
45. Ellwanger JH, Prá D, Rieger A and Franke S.I.R. 2011. Influência do estado nutricional de selênio sobre a progressão da infecção pelo HIV. Nutrire 36: 109-122.
46. Estevez AO, Mueller CL, Morgan KL, Szewczyk NJ, Teece L, Miranda-Vizuete A and Estevez M. 2012. Selenium induces cholinergic motor neuron degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurotoxicology 33: 1021-1032.
47. Ferguson LR, Karunasinghe N, Zhu S and Wang AH. 2012. Selenium and its’ role in the maintenance of genomic stability. Mutat Res 733: 100-110.
48. Flax VL et al. 2014. Plasma and breast-milk selenium in HIV-infected Malawian mothers are positively associated with infant selenium status but are not associated with maternal supplementation: results of the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition study. Am J Clin Nutr 99: 950-956.
49. Gad MA and Abd El-Twab SM. 2009. Selenium toxicosis assessment (in vivo and in vitro) and the protective role of vitamin B12 in male quail (Coturnix Coturnix). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 27: 7-16.
50. Gaki GS and Papavassiliou AG. 2014. Oxidative stressinduced signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Neuromolecular Med 16: 217-230.
51. Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, O’Reilly EJ, Wang H and Ascherio A. 2010. Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson’s disease in men. Mov Disord 25: 2654-2657.
52. Giacosa A, Faliva MA, Perna S, Minoia C, Ronchi A and Rondanelli M. 2014. Selenium fortification of an Italian rice cultivar via foliar fertilization with sodium selenate and its effects on human serum selenium levels and on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity. Nutrients 6: 1251-1261.
53. Giovannelli L, Decorosi F, Dolara P and Pulvirenti L. 2003. Vulnerability to DNA damage in the aging rat substantia nigra: a study with the comet assay. Brain Res 969: 244-247.
54. Goetz CG. 2011. The history of Parkinson’s disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 1: a008862.
55. Hart WE, Marczak SP, Kneller AR, French RA and Morris Jr DL. 2013. The abilities of selenium dioxide and selenite ion to coordinate DNA-bound metal ions and decrease oxidative DNA damage. J Inorg Biochem 125: 1-8.
56. Hatfield DL, Tsuji PA, Carlson BA and Gladyshev VN. 2014. Selenium and selenocysteine: roles in cancer, health, and development. Trends Biochem Sci 39: 112-120.
57. Hauser DN and Hastings TG. 2013. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and monogenic parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 51: 35-42.
58. Hill KE, Zhou J, McMahan WJ, Motley AK, Atkins JF, Gesteland RF and Burk RF. 2003. Deletion of selenoprotein P alters distribution of selenium in the mouse. J Biol Chem 278: 13640-13646.
59. Hwang O. 2013. Role of oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurobiol 22: 11-17.
60. Ide K et al. 2015. Lymphocyte vitamin C levels as potential biomarker for progression of Parkinson’s disease. Nutrition 31: 406-408.
61. Imam SZ and Ali SF. 2000. Selenium, an antioxidant, attenuates methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity and peroxynitrite generation. Brain Res 855: 186-191.
62. Iom-Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Food and Nutrition Board Whashington, DC: National Academies Press.
63. Janda E, Isidoro C, Carresi C and Mollace V. 2012. Defective autophagy in Parkinson’s disease: role of oxidative stress. Mol Neurobiol 46: 639-661.
64. Jeppesen DK, Bohr VA and Stevnsner T. 2011. DNA repair deficiency in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 94: 166-200.
65. Jiang W, Ju C, Jiang H and Zhang D. 2014. Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 29: 613-619.
66. Kamel F. 2013. Paths from pesticides to Parkinson’s. Science 341: 722-723.
67. Kamel F et al. 2014. Dietary fat intake, pesticide use, and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20: 82-87.
68. Khan HA. 2010. Selenium partially reverses the depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites in MPTP-treated C57BL mice. Neurochem Int 57: 489-491.
69. Kim HC, Jhoo WK, Choi DY, Im DH, Shin EJ, Suh JH, Floyd RA and Bing G. 1999. Protection of methamphetamine nigrostriatal toxicity by dietary selenium. Brain Res 851: 76-86.
70. Kirbas A, Kirbas S, Cure MC and Tufekci A. 2014. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activity and total oxidative/ anti-oxidative status in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci 21: 451-455.
71. Kondo K et al. 2014. A high-fiber, low-fat diet improves periodontal disease markers in high-risk subjects: a pilot study. Nutr Res 34: 491-498.
72. Kouti L, Noroozian M, Akhondzadeh S, Abdollahi M, Javadi MR, Faramarzi MA, Mousavi S and Ghaeli P. 2013. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite serum levels in Parkinson’s disease: correlation of oxidative stress and the severity of the disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17: 964-970.
73. Kowal SL, Dall TM, Chakrabarti R, Storm MV and Jain A. 2013. The current and projected economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the United States. Mov Disord 28: 311-318.
74. Kristal AR et al. 2014. Baseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 106: djt456.
75. Labbé C and Ross OA. 2014. Association studies of sporadic Parkinson’s disease in the genomic era. Curr Genomics 15: 2-10.
76. Lamarche F, Signorini-Allibe N, Gonthier B and Barret L. 2004. Influence of vitamin E, sodium selenite, and astrocyte-conditioned medium on neuronal survival after chronic exposure to ethanol. Alcohol 33: 127-138.
77. Lees AJ, Hardy J and Revesz T. 2009. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 373: 2055-2066.
78. Lei XG, Cheng WH and McClung JP. 2007. Metabolic regulation and function of glutathione peroxidase-1. Annu Rev Nutr 27: 41-61.
79. Lemire M, Fillion M, Barbosa Jr F, Guimarães JR and Mergler D. 2010. Elevated levels of selenium in the typical diet of Amazonian riverside populations. Sci Total Environ 408: 4076-4084.
80. Lemire M, Fillion M, Frenette B, Passos C.J.S, Guimarães JR, Barbosa Jr F and Mergler D. 2011. Selenium from dietary sources and motor functions in the Brazilian Amazon. Neurotoxicology 32: 944-953.
81. Letavayová L, Vlčková V and Brozmanová J. 2006. Selenium: from cancer prevention to DNA damage. Toxicology 227: 1-14.
82. Lewitt PA, Li J, Lu M, Beach TG, Adler CH, Guo L and Arizona Parkinson’s Disease Consortium. 2013. 3-hydroxykynurenine and other Parkinson’s disease biomarkers discovered by metabolomic analysis. Mov Disord 28: 1653-1660.
83. Li X, Yin D, Yin J, Chen Q and Wang R. 2014. Dietary selenium protect against redox-mediated immune suppression induced by methylmercury exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 72: 169-177.
84. Li WH, Shi YC, Tseng IL and Liao V.H.C. 2013. Protective efficacy of selenite against lead-induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS ONE 8: e62387.
85. Liu ZW, Zhu HT, Chen KL, Qiu C, Tang KF and Niu XL. 2013. Selenium attenuates high glucose-induced ROS/ TLR-4 involved apoptosis of rat cardiomyocyte. Biol Trace Elem Res 156: 262-270.
86. Logroscino G, Gao X, Chen H, Wing A and Ascherio A. 2008. Dietary iron intake and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Epidemiol 168: 1381-1388.
87. Loscalzo J. 2014. Keshan disease, selenium deficiency, and the selenoproteome. N Engl J Med 370: 1756-1760.
88. Lu Z et al. 2014. Altered selenium status in Huntington’s disease: neuroprotection by selenite in the N171-82Q mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 71: 34-42.
89. Lubomski M, Louise Rush worth R, Lee W, Bertram KL and Williams DR. 2014. Sex differences in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci 21: 1503-1506.
90. Machado MS, Rosa RM, Dantas AS, Reolon GK, Appelt HR, Braga AL, Henriques J.A.P and Roesler R. 2006. An organic selenium compound attenuates apomorphine-induced stereotypy in mice. Neurosci Lett 410: 198-202.
91. Maldonado PD et al. 2012. Selenium-induced antioxidant protection recruits modulation of thioredoxin reductase during excitotoxic/pro-oxidant events in the rat striatum. Neurochem Int 61: 195-206.
92. Maraldi T, Riccio M, Zambonin L, Vinceti M, De Pol A and Hakim G. 2011. Low levels of selenium compounds are selectively toxic for a human neuron cell line through ROS/RNS increase and apoptotic process activation. Neurotoxicology 32: 180-187.
93. Marcondes Sari MH, Guerra Souza AC, Gonçalves Rosa S, Souza D, Dorneles Rodrigues OE and Wayne Nogueira C. 2014. Contribution of dopaminergic and adenosinergic systems in the antinociceptive effect of p-chloro-selenosteroid. Eur J Pharmacol 725: 79-86.
94. Martin I, Kim JW, Dawson VL and Dawson TM. 2014. LRRK2 pathobiology in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 131: 554-565.
95. Mazzoni P, Shabbott B and Cortés JC. 2012. Motor control abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2: a009282.
96. McCormack AL, Thiruchelvam M, Manning-Bog AB, Thiffault C, Langston JW, Cory-Slechta DA and Di Monte DA. 2002. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson’s disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol Dis 10: 119-127.
97. Mehanna R, Moore S, Hou JG, Sarwar AI and Lai EC. 2014. Comparing clinical features of young onset, middle onset and late onset Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20: 530-534.
98. Mehdi Y, Hornick JL, Istasse L and Dufrasne I. 2013. Selenium in the environment, metabolism and involvement in body functions. Molecules 18: 3292-3311.
99. Miorelli ST, Rosa RM, Moura DJ, Rocha JC, Lobo L.A.C, Henriques J.A.P and Saffi J. 2008. Antioxidant and anti-mutagenic effects of ebselen in yeast and in cultured mammalian V79 cells. Mutagenesis 23: 93-99.
100. Mischley LK, Allen J and Bradley R. 2012. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 318: 72-75.
101. Moreira PL, Villas Boas Pjf and Ferreira Ala. 2014. Association between oxidative stress and nutritional status in the elderly. Rev Assoc Med Bras 60: 75-83.
102. Müller SK, Bender A, Laub C, Högen T, Schlaudraff F, Liss B, Klopstock T and Elstner M. 2013. Lewy body pathology is associated with mitochondrial DNA damage in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 34: 2231-2233.
103. Nalls MA et al. 2014. Large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies six new risk loci for Parkinson’s disease. Nat Genet 46: 989-993.
104. Navarro-Alarcon M and Cabrera-Vique C. 2008. Selenium in food and the human body: a review. Sci Total Environ 400: 115-141.
105. Naziroğlu M, Şenol N, Ghazizadeh V and Yürüker V. 2014. Neuroprotection induced by N-acetylcysteine and selenium against traumatic brain injury-induced apoptosis and calcium entry in hippocampus of rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 34: 895-903.
106. Nikam S, Nikam P, Ahaley SK and Sontakke AV. 2009. Oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. Indian J Clin Biochem 24: 98-101.
107. Niranjan R. 2014. The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease: focus on astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 49: 28-38.
108. Nogueira CW and Rocha J.B.T. 2011. Toxicology and pharmacology of selenium: emphasis on synthetic organoselenium compounds. Arch Toxicol 85: 1313-1359.
109. Nuss baum RL and Ellis CE. 2003. Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 348: 1356-1364.
110. Othman AI and El Missiry MA. 1998. Role of selenium against lead toxicity in male rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 12: 345-349.
111. Parlato R and Liss B. 2014. How Parkinson’s disease meets nucleolar stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842: 791-797.
112. Peters MM, Hill KE, Burk RF and Weeber EJ. 2006. Altered hippocampus synaptic function in selenoprotein P deficient mice. Mol Neurodegener 1: 12.
113. Peterson AL. 2014. A review of vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease. Maturitas 78: 40-44.
114. Pillai R, Uyehara-Lock JH and Bellinger FP. 2014. Selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders. IUBMB Life 66: 229-239.
115. Pitts MW, Byrns CN, Ogawa-Wong AN, Kremer P and Berry MJ. 2014. Selenoproteins in nervous system development and function. Biol Trace Elem Res 161: 231-245.
116. Pringsh eim T, Jette N, Frolkis A and Steeves TD. 2014. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 29: 1583-1590.
117. Qureshi GA, Qureshi AA, Memon SA and Parvez SH. 2006. Impact of selenium, iron, copper and zinc in on/off Parkinson’s patients on L-dopa therapy. J Neural Transm 71(Suppl): 229-236.
118. Rahimdel AG, Ayatollahi P, Zeinali A, Mehrabanian N and Mellat-Ardekani A. 2012. The effect of selenium administration on restless leg syndrome treatment. Iran Red Crescent Med J 14: 14-19.
119. Rahmanto AS and Davies MJ. 2012. Selenium-containing amino acids as direct and indirect antioxidants. IUBMB Life 64: 863-871.
120. Rayman MP. 2012. Selenium and human health. Lancet 379: 1256-1268.
121. Rayman MP, Infante HG and Sargent M. 2008. Foodchain selenium and human health: spotlight on speciation. Br J Nutr 100: 238-253.
122. Rodríguez-Leyva et al. 2014. α-Synuclein inclusions in the skin of Parkinson›s disease and parkinsonism. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 1: 471-478.
123. Roman M, Jitaru P and Barbante C. 2014. Selenium biochemistry and its role for human health. Metallomics 6: 25-54.
124. Romero-Ramos M, Venero JL, Cano J and Machado A. 2000. Low selenium diet induces tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme in nigrostriatal system of the rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 84: 7-16.
125. Saito Y. 2014. Oxidized DJ-1 as a possible biomarker of Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr 54: 138-144.
126. Sanchez V, Camarero J, O’Shea E, Green AR and Colado MI. 2003. Differential effect of dietary selenium on the long-term neurotoxicity induced by MDMA in mice and rats. Neuropharmacology 44: 449-461.
127. Sanders LH and Greenamyre JT. 2013. Oxidative damage to macromolecules in human Parkinson disease and the rotenone model. Free Radic Biol Med 62: 111-120.
128. Sanders LH, McCoy J, Hu X, Mastroberardino PG, Dickinson BC, Chang CJ, Chu CT, Van Houten B and Greenamyre JT. 2014. Mitochondrial DNA damage: molecular marker of vulnerable nigral neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 70: 214-223.
129. Schweizer U, Bräuer AU, Köhrle J, Nitsch R and Savaskan NE. 2004. Selenium and brain function: a poorly recognized liaison. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 45: 164-178.
130. Searles Nielsen S, Bammler TK, Gallagher LG, Farin FM, Longstreth Jr WT, Franklin GM, Swanson PD and Checkoway H. 2013. Genotype and age at Parkinson disease diagnosis. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 4: 61-69.
131. Seet RCS et al. 2010. Oxidative damage in Parkinson disease: Measurement using accurate biomarkers. Free Radic Biol Med 48: 560-566.
132. Şenol N, Naziroğlu M and Yürüker V. 2014. N-acetylcysteine and selenium modulate oxidative stress, antioxidant vitamin and cytokine values in traumatic brain injuryinduced rats. Neurochem Res 39: 685-692.
133. Shahar A, Patel KV, Semba RD, Bandinelli S, Shahar DR, Ferrucci L and Guralnik JM. 2010. Plasma selenium is positively related to performance in neurological tasks assessing coordination and motor speed. Mov Disord 25: 1909-1915.
134. Shchedrina VA, Everley RA, Zhang Y, Gygi SP, Hatfield DL and Gladyshev VN. 2011. Selenoprotein K binds multiprotein complexes and is involved in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. J Biol Chem 286: 42937-42948.
135. Smeyne M and Smeyne RJ. 2013. Glutathione metabolism and Parkinson’s disease. Free Radic Biol Med 62: 13-25.
136. Song E et al. 2014. Selenium supplementation shows protective effects against patulin-induced brain damage in mice via increases in GSH-related enzyme activity and expression. Life Sci 109: 37-43.
137. Speckmann B and Grune T. 2015. Epigenetic effects of selenium and their implications for health. Epigenetics 10: 179-190.
138. Squitti R, Siotto M and Polimanti R. 2014. Low-copper diet as a preventive strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 35(Suppl 2): S40-S50.
139. Steinbrenner H and Sies H. 2013. Selenium homeostasis and antioxidant selenoproteins in brain: implications for disorders in the central nervous system. Arch Biochem Biophys 536: 152-157.
140. Stelmash ook EV, Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, A melkina GA, Khasp ekov LG, Skrebitsky VG and Illarioshkin SN. 2014. Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Biochemistry (Mosc) 79: 391-396.
141. Stockler-Pinto MB, Mafra D, Farage NE, Boaventura GT and Cozzolino S.M.F. 2010. Effect of Brazil nut supplementation on the blood levels of selenium and glutathione peroxidase in hemodialysis patients. Nutrition 26: 1065-1069.
142. Subramaniam SR and Chesselet MF. 2013. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 106-107: 17-32.
143. Sudfeld CR, Aboud S, Kupka R, Mugusi FM and Fawzi WW. 2014. Effect of selenium supplementation on HIV-1 RNA detection in breast milk of Tanzanian women. Nutrition 30: 1081-1084.
144. Tanner CM et al. 2011. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson’s disease. Environ Health Perspect 119: 866-872.
145. Taylor JM, Main BS and Crack PJ. 2013. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress: co-conspirators in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem Int 62: 803-819.
146. Thiry C, Schneider YJ, Puss emier L, De Temmerman L and Ruttens A. 2013. Selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability in Se-enriched food supplements. Biol Trace Elem Res 152: 152-160.
147. Thomson CD. 2004. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr 58: 391-402.
148. Tian L, Zhang S, Xu L, Li W, Wang Y, Chen W, Ding J and Chen S. 2012. Selenite benefits embryonic stem cells therapy in the animal models of Parkinson’s disease through inhibiting inflammation. Mol Neurodegener 7(Suppl 1): L25.
149. Tsang AHK and Chung K.K.K. 2009. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in Parkinson’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1792: 643-650.
150. Vieira Rocha A, Cardoso BR, Cominetti C, Bueno RB, De Bortoli MC, Farias LA, Favaro D.I.T, Camargo L.M.A and Cozzolino S.M.F. 2014. Selenium status and hair mercury levels in riverine children from Rondonia, Amazonia. Nutrition 30: 1318-1323.
151. Vinceti M, Mandrioli J, Borella P, Michalke B, Tsatsakis A and Finkelstein Y. 2014. Selenium neurotoxicity in humans: bridging laboratory and epidemiologic studies. Toxicol Lett 230: 295-303.
152. Vinceti M, Nacci G, Rocchi E, Cass inadri T, Vivoli R, Marchesi C and Bergomi M. 2000. Mortality in a population with long-term exposure to inorganic selenium via drinking water. J Clin Epidemiol 53: 1062-1068.
153. Wang A, Costello S, Cockburn M, Zhang X, B ronstein J and Ritz B. 2011. Parkinson’s disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides. Eur J Epidemiol 26: 547-555.
154. Wang D, Zhai JX, Zhang LM and Liu DW. 2014. Null genotype of GSTT1 contributes to increased Parkinson’s disease risk in Caucasians: evidence from a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 41: 7423-7430.
155. Watanabe C, Kasanuma Y and Satoh H. 1997. Deficiency of selenium enhances the K+-induced release of dopamine in the striatum of mice. Neurosci Lett 236: 49-52.
156. Watanabe C and Satoh H. 1994. Brain selenium status and behavioral development in selenium-deficient preweanling mice. Physiol Behav 56: 927-932.
157. Weeks BS, Hanna MS and Cooperstein D. 2012. Dietary selenium and selenoprotein function. Med Sci Monit 18: RA127-RA132.
158. Wen Z, Shu Y, Gao C, Wang X, QI G, Zhang P, LI M, Shi J and Tian B. 2014. CDK5-mediated phosphorylation and autophagy of RKIP regulate neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 35: 2870-2880.
159. Yakubov E, Buchfelder M, Eyüpoglu IY and Savaskan NE. 2014. Selenium action in neuro-oncology. Biol Trace Elem Res 161: 246-254.
160. Yan MH, Wang X and Zhu X. 2013. Mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. Free Radic Biol Med 62: 90-101.
161. Yang X, Bao Y, Fu H, LI L, Ren T and Yu X. 2014. Selenium protects neonates against neurotoxicity from prenatal exposure to manganese. PLoS ONE 9: e86611.
162. Yen GC and Hsieh CL. 1997. Antioxidant effects of dopamine and related compounds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61: 1646-1649.
163. Yeo JE, Kim JH and Kang SK. 2008. Selenium attenuates ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death of injured spinal cord through prevention of mitochondria dysfunction; in vitro and in vivo study. Cell Physiol Biochem 21: 225-238.
164. Younes-Mhenni S et al. 2013. Serum copper, zinc and selenium levels in Tunisian patients with Parkinson’s disease. Tunis Med 91: 402-405.
165. Yu H, Sternad D, Corcos DM and Vaillancourt DE. 2007. Role of hyperactive cerebellum and motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroimage 35: 222-233.
166. Zafar KS, Siddiqui A, Sayeed I, Ahmad M, Salim S and Islam F. 2003. Dose-dependent protective effect of selenium in rat model of Parkinson’s disease: neurobehavioral and neurochemical evidences. J Neurochem 84: 438-446.
167. Zhang H, Duan C and Yang H. 2015. Defective autophagy in Parkinson’s disease: lessons from genetics. Mol Neurobiol 51: 89-104.
168. Zhang Q, Chen L, Guo K, Zheng L, Liu B, Yu W, Guo C, Liu Z, Chen Y and Tang Z. 2013. Effects of different selenium levels on gene expression of a subset of selenoproteins and antioxidative capacity in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 154: 255-261.
169. Zhang S, Rocourt C and Cheng WH. 2010. Selenoproteins and the aging brain. Mech Ageing Dev 131: 253-260.
170. Zhao HW, Lin J, Wang XB, Cheng X, Wang JY, Hu BL, Zhang Y, Zhang X and Zhu JH. 2013. Assessing plasma levels of selenium, copper, iron and zinc in patients of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS ONE 8: e83060.
171. Zuo L and Motherwell MS. 2013. The impact of reactive oxygen species and genetic mitochondrial mutations in Parkinson’s disease. Gene 532: 18-23.