Effects of saponins on lipid metabolism: A review of potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity

Molecules

Volumn 21, Issue 10, 2016, Pages

  Marrelli, Mariangela ^a   Conforti, Filomena ^a   Araniti, Fabrizio ^b   Statti, Giancarlo A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALABRIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDITERRANEA OF REGGIO CALABRIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Lipid Metabolism; Medicinal Plant; Obesity; Phytochemicals; Saponins

Indexed keywords

SAPONIN;

ANIMAL; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECTS; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; MEDICINAL PLANT; OBESITY; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; OBESITY; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; SAPONINS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 84992317010     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101404     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Fröhbeck, G.; Toplak, H.; Woodward, E.; Yumuk, V.; Maislos, M.; Oppert, J.-M. Obesity: The gateway to ill health-An EASO position statement on a rising public health, clinical and scientific challenge in Europe. Obes. Facts 2013, 6, 117-120.
2. Shook, R.P.; Blair, S.N.; Duperly, J.; Hand, G.A.; Matsudo, S.M.; Slavin, J.L. What is causing the worldwide rise in body weight? US Endocrinol. 2014, 10, 44-52.
3. Avena, N.M.; Gold, J.A.; Kroll, C.; Gold, M.S. Further developments in the neurobiology of food and addiction: Update on the state of the science. Nutrition 2012, 28, 341-343.
4. Martinez, J.A. Body-weight regulation: Causes of obesity. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2000, 59, 337-345.
5. Spiegelman, B.M.; Flier, J.S. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell 2001, 104, 531-543.
6. Guh, D.P.; Zhang, W.; Bansback, N.; Amarsi, Z.; Birmingham, C.L.; Anis, A.H. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health 2009, 9.
7. Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P. Anti-obesity drugs: A review about their effects and their safety. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 2012, 11, 459-471.
8. Al-Suwailem, K.; Al-Tamimi, A.; Al-Omar, M.; Al-Suhibani, M. Safety and mechanism of action of orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) as the first local antiobesity drug. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2006, 2, 205-208.
9. Kang, J.G.; Park, C.-Y. Anti-obesity drugs: A review about their effects and safety. Diabetes Metab. J. 2012, 36, 13-25.
10. Hwang, Y.P.; Choi, J.H.; Kim, H.G.; Lee, H.-S.; Chung, Y.C.; Jeong, H.G. Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit hepatic lipogenesis through induction of SIRT1 and activation of AMP-Activated protein kinase in high-glucose-induced HepG2 cells. Food Chem. 2013, 140, 115-123.
11. Birari, R.B.; Bhutani, K.K. Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources: Unexplored potential. Drug Discov. Today 2007, 12, 879-889.
12. De la Garza, A.L.; Milagro, F.I.; Boque, N.; Campión, J.; Martínez, J.A. Natural inhibitors of pancreatic lipase as new players in obesity treatment. Planta Med. 2011, 77, 773-785.
13. Gooda Sahib, N.; Saari, N.; Ismail, A.; Khatib, A.; Mahomoodally, F.; Abdul Hamid, A. Plants' metabolites as potential antiobesity agents. Sci. World J. 2012, 2012.
14. Hasani-Ranjbar, S.; Nayebi, N.; Larijani, B.; Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 15, 3073-3085.
15. Wong, C.P.; Kaneda, T.; Morita, H. Plant natural products as an anti-lipid droplets accumulation agent. J. Nat. Med. 2014, 68, 253-266.
16. Moro, C.; Basile, G. Obesity and medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 2000, 71, S73-S82.
17. Seyedan, A.; Alshawsh, M.A.; Alshagga, M.A.; Koosha, S.; Mohamed, Z. Medicinal plants and their inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase: A review. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 2015.
18. Torres-Fuentes, C.; Schellekens, H.; Dinan, T.G.; Cryan, J.F. A natural solution for obesity: Bioactives for the prevention and treatment of weight gain. A review. Nutr. Neurosci. 2015, 18, 49-65.
19. Vasudeva, N.; Yadav, N.; Sharma, S.K. Natural products: A safest approach for obesity. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2012, 18, 473-480.
20. Vermaak, I.; Viljoen, A.M.; Hamman, J.H. Natural products in anti-obesity therapy. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2011, 28, 1493-1533.
21. Williams, D.J.; Edwards, D.; Hamernig, I.; Jian, L.; James, A.P.; Johnson, S.K.; Tapsell, L.C. Vegetables containing phytochemicals with potential anti-obesity properties: A review. Food Res. Int. 2013, 52, 323-333.
22. Yun, J.W. Possible anti-obesity therapeutics from nature-A review. Phytochemistry 2010, 71, 1625-1641.
23. Zhang, W.L.; Zhu, L.; Jiang, J.G. Active ingredients from natural botanicals in the treatment of obesity. Obes. Rev. 2014, 15, 957-967.
24. Wang, S.; Moustaid-Moussa, N.; Chen, L.; Mo, H.; Shastri, A.; Su, R.; Bapat, P.; Kwun, I.; Shen, C.-L. Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 1-18.
25. Meydani, M.; Hasan, S.T. Dietary polyphenols and obesity. Nutrients 2010, 2, 737-751.
26. Uchiyama, S.; Taniguchi, Y.; Saka, A.; Yoshida, A.; Yajima, H. Prevention of diet-induced obesity by dietary black tea polyphenols extract in vitro and in vivo. Nutrition 2011, 27, 287-292.
27. Lu, C.; Zhu, W.; Shen, C.-L.; Gao, W. Green tea polyphenols reduce body weight in rats by modulating obesity-related genes. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e38332.
28. Balunas, M.J.; Kinghorn, A.D. Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci. 2005, 78, 431-441.
29. Newman, D.J.; Cragg, G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J. Nat. Prod. 2012, 75, 311-335.
30. Bongarde, U.; Shinde, V. Review on natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Innov. Technol. 2014, 3, 431-436.
31. Guarrera, P.M.; Salerno, G.; Caneva, G. Food, flavouring and feed plant traditions in the Tyrrhenian sector of Basilicata, Italy. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2006, 2.
32. Kaufman, P.B.; Cseke, L.J.;Warber, S.; Duke, J.A.; Brielmann, H.L. Natural Products from Plants; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1999.
33. Capuzzo, A.; Maffei, M.E.; Occhipinti, A. Supercritical fluid extraction of plant flavors and fragrances. Molecules 2013, 18, 7194-7238.
34. Araniti, F.; Sunseri, F.; Abenavoli, M.R. Phytotoxic activity and phytochemical characterization of Lotus ornithopodioides L., a spontaneous species of Mediterranean area. Phytochem. Lett. 2014, 8, 179-183.
35. Araniti, F.; Sorgonà, A.; Lupini, A.; Abenavoli, M. Screening of Mediterranean wild plant species for allelopathic activity and their use as bio-herbicides. Allelopath. J. 2012, 29, 107-124.
36. Araniti, F.; Lupini, A.; Mercati, F.; Statti, G.A.; Abenavoli, M.R. Calamintha nepeta L. (Savi) as source of phytotoxic compounds: Bio-guided fractionation in identifying biological active molecules. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2013, 35, 1979-1988.
37. Lupini, A.; Araniti, F.; Sunseri, F.; Abenavoli, M.R. Coumarin interacts with auxin polar transport to modify root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regul. 2014, 74, 23-31.
38. Batish, D.R.; Singh, H.P.; Kohli, R.K.; Kaur, S. Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. For. Ecol. Manag. 2008, 256, 2166-2174.
39. Isman, M.B. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot. 2000, 19, 603-608.
40. Singh, G.; Suresh, S.; Bayineni, V.K.; Kadeppagari, R.K. Lipase inhibitors from plants and their medical applications. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 7, 1-5.
41. Ninomiya, K.; Matsuda, H.; Shimoda, H.; Nishida, N.; Kasajima, N.; Yoshino, T.; Morikawa, T.; Yoshikawa, M. Carnosic acid, a new class of lipid absorption inhibitor from sage. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 1943-1946.
42. Trigueros, L.; Peña, S.; Ugidos, A.; Sayas-Barberá, E.; Pérez-Álvarez, J.; Sendra, E. Food ingredients as anti-obesity agents: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013, 53, 929-942.
43. Velasquez, M.T.; Bhathena, S.J. Role of dietary soy protein in obesity. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2007, 4, 72-82.
44. Francis, G.; Kerem, Z.; Makkar, H.P.; Becker, K. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 88, 587-605.
45. Netala, V.R.; Ghosh, S.B.; Bobbu, P.; Anitha, D.; Tartte, V. Triterpenoid saponins: A review on biosynthesis, applications and mechanism of their action. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 7, 24-28.
46. Milgate, J.; Roberts, D. The nutritional & biological significance of saponins. Nutr. Res. 1995, 15, 1223-1249.
47. Baumann, E.; Stoya, G.; Völkner, A.; Richter, W.; Lemke, C.; Linss, W. Hemolysis of human erythrocytes with saponin affects the membrane structure. Acta Histochem. 2000, 102, 21-35.
48. Cannon, J.G.; Burton, R.A.; Wood, S.G.; Owen, N.L. Naturally occurring fish poisons from plants. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81.
49. Wina, E.; Muetzel, S.; Becker, K. The Impact of Saponins or Saponin-Containing Plant Materials on Ruminant Production A Review. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 8093-8105.
50. Podolak, I.; Galanty, A.; Sobolewska, D. Saponins as cytotoxic agents: A review. Phytochem. Rev. 2010, 9, 425-474.
51. Kerwin, S. Soy saponins and the anticancer effects of soybeans and soy-based foods. Curr. Med. Chem. Anti-Cancer Agents 2004, 4, 263-272.
52. Fuchs, H.; Bachran, D.; Panjideh, H.; Schellmann, N.; Weng, A.; Melzig, M.; Sutherland, M.; Bachran, C. Saponins as tool for improved targeted tumor therapies. Curr. Drug Targets 2009, 10, 140-151.
53. Park, J.H.; Kwak, J.H.; Khoo, J.H.; Park, S.-H.; Kim, D.U.; Ha, D.M.; Choi, S.U.; Kang, S.C.; Zee, O.P. Cytotoxic effects of triterpenoid saponins from Androsace umbellata against multidrug resistance (MDR) and non-MDR cells. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2010, 33, 1175-1180.
54. Rooney, S.; Ryan, M. Effects of alpha-hederin and thymoquinone, constituents of Nigella sativa, on human cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25, 2199-2204.
55. Kiem, P.V.; Thu, V.K.; Yen, P.H.; Nhiem, N.X.; Tung, N.H.; Cuong, N.X.; Minh, C.V.; Huong, H.T.; Hyun, J.-H.; Kang, H.-K. New triterpenoid saponins from Glochidion eriocarpum and their cytotoxic activity. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 57, 102-105.
56. Zhou, L.-B.; Chen, T.-H.; Bastow, K.F.; Shibano, M.; Lee, K.-H.; Chen, D.-F. Filiasparosides AD, cytotoxic steroidal saponins from the roots of Asparagus filicinus. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1263-1267.
57. Elekofehinti, O.O. Saponins: Anti-diabetic principles from medicinal plants-A review. Pathophysiology 2015, 22, 95-103.
58. Reis, P.; Holmberg, K.; Watzke, H.; Leser, M.; Miller, R. Lipases at interfaces: A review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 147, 237-250.
59. Han, L.-K.; Xu, B.-J.; Kimura, Y.; Zheng, Y.-N.; Okuda, H. Platycodi radix affects lipid metabolism in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 2760-2764.
60. Oishi, Y.; Sakamoto, T.; Udagawa, H.; Taniguchi, H.; Kobayashi-Hattori, K.; Ozawa, Y.; Takita, T. Inhibition of increases in blood glucose and serum neutral fat by Momordica charantia saponin fraction. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2007, 71, 735-740.
61. Hu, J.-N.; Zhu, X.-M.; Han, L.-K.; Saito, M.; Sun, Y.-S.; Yoshikawa, M.; Kimura, Y.; Zheng, Y.-N. Anti-obesity effects of escins extracted from the seeds of Aesculus turbinata BLUME (Hippocastanaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 56, 12-16.
62. Zheng, Q.; Li, W.; Han, L.; Koike, K. Pancreatic lipase-inhibiting triterpenoid saponins from Gypsophila oldhamiana. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 646-650.
63. Yao, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Gao, Y.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Y.; Ren, G. Suppressive effects of saponin-enriched extracts from quinoa on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 3282-3290.
64. Kim, J.H.; Hahm, D.H.; Yang, D.C.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, H.J.; Shim, I. Effect of crude saponin of Korean red ginseng on high-fat diet-induced obesity in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2005, 97, 124-131.
65. Karu, N.; Reifen, R.; Kerem, Z. Weight gain reduction in mice fed Panax ginseng saponin, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 2824-2828.
66. Hamao, M.; Matsuda, H.; Nakamura, S.; Nakashima, S.; Semura, S.; Maekubo, S.;Wakasugi, S.; Yoshikawa, M. Anti-obesity effects of the methanolic extract and chakasaponins from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis in mice. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011, 19, 6033-6041.
67. Elekofehinti, O.; Kamdem, J.; Kade, I.; Rocha, J.; Adanlawo, I. Hypoglycemic, antiperoxidative and antihyperlipidemic effects of saponins from Solanum anguivi Lam. fruits in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2013, 88, 56-61.
68. Khan, N.; Akhtar, M.S.; Khan, B.A.; de Andrade Braga, V.; Reich, A. Antiobesity, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Achyranthes aspera seed saponins in high cholesterol fed albino rats. Arch. Med. Sci. 2015, 11, 1261-1271.
69. Liu, W.; Zheng, Y.; Han, L.; Wang, H.; Saito, M.; Ling, M.; Kimura, Y.; Feng, Y. Saponins (Ginsenosides) from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Phytomedicine 2008, 15, 1140-1145.
70. Reddy, R.M.I.; Latha, P.B.; Vijaya, T.; Rao, D.S. The saponin-rich fraction of a Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. aqueous leaf extract reduces cafeteria and high-fat diet-induced obesity. Z. Naturforsch. C 2012, 67, 39-46.
71. Xu, B.J.; Han, L.K.; Zheng, Y.N.; Lee, J.H.; Sung, C.K. In vitro inhibitory effect of triterpenoidal saponins from Platycodi Radix on pancreatic lipase. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2005, 28, 180-185.
72. Lee, E.J.; Kang, M.; Kim, Y.S. Platycodin D inhibits lipogenesis through AMPK-PPAR2 in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice. Planta Med. 2012, 78, 1536-1542.
73. Han, L.K.; Nose, R.; Li, W.; Gong, X.J.; Zheng, Y.N.; Yoshikawa, M.; Koike, K.; Nikaido, T.; Okuda, H.; Kimura, Y. Reduction of fat storage in mice fed a high-fat diet long term by treatment with saponins prepared from Kochia scoparia fruit. Phytother. Res. 2006, 20, 877-882.
74. Kimura, H.; Ogawa, S.; Jisaka, M.; Kimura, Y.; Katsube, T.; Yokota, K. Identification of novel saponins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume) after treatment with wooden ashes and their nutraceutical activity. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 41, 1657-1665.
75. Sun, B.-S.; Chen, Y.-P.;Wang, Y.-B.; Tang, S.-W.; Pan, F.-Y.; Li, Z.; Sung, C.-K. Anti-obesity effects of mogrosides extracted from the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii (Cucurbitaceae). Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2012, 6, 1492-1501.
76. Li, F.; Li, W.; Fu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Koike, K. Pancreatic lipase-inhibiting triterpenoid saponins from fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 1087-1089.
77. Yoshizumi, K.; Hirano, K.; Ando, H.; Hirai, Y.; Ida, Y.; Tsuji, T.; Tanaka, T.; Satouchi, K.; Terao, J. Lupane-Type saponins from leaves of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus and their inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 335-341.
78. Nguyen, P.H.; Gauhar, R.; Hwang, S.L.; Dao, T.T.; Park, D.C.; Kim, J.E.; Song, H.; Huh, T.L.; Oh, W.K. New dammarane-Type glucosides as potential activators of AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011, 19, 6254-6260.
79. Seo, J.B.; Park, S.W.; Choe, S.S.; Jeong, H.W.; Park, J.Y.; Choi, E.-W.; Seen, D.-S.; Jeong, J.-Y.; Lee, T.G. Foenumoside B from Lysimachia foenum-graecum inhibits adipocyte differentiation and obesity induced by high-fat diet. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417, 800-806.
80. Kim, H.-J.; Hwang, J.-T.; Kim, M.J.; Yang, H.-J.; Sung, M.J.; Kim, S.-H.; Park, S.; Gu, E.-J.; Park, Y.; Kwon, D.Y. The inhibitory effect of saponin derived from Cheonggukjang on adipocyte differentiation In vitro. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2014, 23, 1273-1278.
81. Poudel, B.; Lim, S.-W.; Ki, H.-H.; Nepali, S.; Lee, Y.-M.; Kim, D.-K. Dioscin inhibits adipogenesis through the AMPK/MAPK pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2014, 34, 1401-1408.
82. Wang, T.; Choi, R.C.; Li, J.; Bi, C.W.; Ran, W.; Chen, X.; Dong, T.T.; Bi, K.; Tsim, K.W. Trillin, a steroidal saponin isolated from the rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica, exerts protective effects against hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 139, 214-220.
83. Zhao, H.; Sim, J.; Shim, S.; Ha, Y.; Kang, S.; Kim, Y. Antiobese and hypolipidemic effects of platycodin saponins in diet-induced obese rats: Evidences for lipase inhibition and calorie intake restriction. Int. J. Obes. 2005, 29, 983-990.
84. Su, J.; Wang, H.; Ma, C.; Liu, C.; Rahman, M.T.; Gao, C.; Nie, R. Hypolipidemic mechanism of gypenosides via inhibition of pancreatic lipase and reduction in cholesterol micellar solubility. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2016, 242, 305-312.
85. Gauhar, R.; Hwang, S.-L.; Jeong, S.-S.; Kim, J.-E.; Song, H.; Park, D.C.; Song, K.-S.; Kim, T.Y.; Oh, W.K.; Huh, T.-L. Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-Activated protein kinase. Biotechnol. Lett. 2012, 34, 1607-1616.
86. Megalli, S.; Davies, N.M.; Roufogalis, B.D. Anti-hyperlipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Zucker fatty rat. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 9, 281-291.
87. Konturek, P.; Konturek, J.; Czésnikiewicz-Guzik, M.; Brzozowski, T.; Sito, E.; Konturek, S. Neuro-hormonal control of food intake: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications. J. Physiol. Pharm. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc. 2005, 56, 5-25.
88. Konturek, S.; Konturek, P.; Pawlik, T.; Brzozowski, T. Brain-gut axis and its role in the control of food intake. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2004, 55, 137-154.
89. Kim, J.H.; Kang, S.A.; Han, S.M.; Shim, I. Comparison of the antiobesity effects of the protopanaxadiol-And protopanaxatriol-Type saponins of red ginseng. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 78-85.
90. Morton, G.; Cummings, D.; Baskin, D.; Barsh, G.; Schwartz, M. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature 2006, 443, 289-295.
91. Wang, Q.; Bing, C.; Al-Barazanji, K.; Mossakowaska, D.E.; Wang, X.-M.; McBay, D.L.; Neville, W.A.; Taddayon, M.; Pickavance, L.; Dryden, S. Interactions between leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis in the rat. Diabetes 1997, 46, 335-341.
92. Court, W.E. Ginseng: The Genus Panax; Harwood Academic: Reading, UK, 2000.
93. Nirosha, K.; Divya, M.; Vamsi, S.; Sadiq, M. A review on hyperlipidemia. Int. J. Novel Trends Pharm. Sci. 2014, 4, 81-92.
94. Latha, B.P.; Vijaya, T.; Reddy, R.; Ismail, M.; Rao, S.D. Therapeutic efficacy of Achyranthes aspera saponin extract in high fat diet induced hyperlipidaemia in male wistar rats. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 10, 17038-17042.
95. De Resende, P.E.; Verza, S.G.; Kaiser, S.; Gomes, L.F.; Kucharski, L.C.; Ortega, G.G. The activity of mate saponins (Ilex paraguariensis) in intra-Abdominal and epididymal fat, and glucose oxidation in maleWistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 144, 735-740.
96. Liu, R.; Zhang, J.; Liu, W.; Kimura, Y.; Zheng, Y. Anti-obesity effects of protopanaxdiol types of ginsenosides isolated from the leaves of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Fitoterapia 2010, 81, 1079-1087.
97. Heck, C.I.; De Mejia, E.G. Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): A comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. J. Food Sci. 2007, 72, R138-R151.
98. Pang, J.; Choi, Y.; Park, T. Ilex paraguariensis extract ameliorates obesity induced by high-fat diet: Potential role of AMPK in the visceral adipose tissue. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 476, 178-185.
99. Kim, H.J.; Ko, J.; Storni, C.; Song, H.J.; Cho, Y.G. Effect of green mate in overweight volunteers: A randomized placebo-controlled human study. J. Funct. Foods 2012, 4, 287-293.
100. Martins, F.; Noso, T.M.; Porto, V.B.; Curiel, A.; Gambero, A.; Bastos, D.H.; Ribeiro, M.L.; Carvalho, P.D.O. Maté Tea Inhibits In vitro Pancreatic Lipase Activity and Has Hypolipidemic Effect on High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mice. Obesity 2010, 18, 42-47.
101. Arçari, D.P.; Bartchewsky, W.; Santos, T.W.; Oliveira, K.A.; Funck, A.; Pedrazzoli, J.; Souza, M.F.; Saad, M.J.; Bastos, D.H.; Gambero, A. Antiobesity Effects of yerba maté Extract (Ilex paraguariensis) in High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mice. Obesity 2009, 17, 2127-2133.
102. Lathaa, B.P.; Reddya, I.R.M.; Vijaya, T.; Raoc, S.D.; Ismaild, S.M.; Girisha, B. Effect of saponin rich extract of Achyranthes aspera on high fat diet fed male wistar rats. J. Pharm. Res. 2011, 4, 3190-3193.
103. Chaudhary, N.; Bhardwaj, J.; Seo, H.J.; Kim, M.Y.; Shin, T.S.; Kim, J.D. Camellia sinensis fruit peel extract inhibits angiogenesis and ameliorates obesity induced by high-fat diet in rats. J. Funct. Foods 2014, 7, 479-486.
104. Lin, N.; Cai, D.-L.; Jin, D.; Chen, Y.; Shi, J.-J. Ginseng panaxoside Rb1 reduces body weight in diet-induced obese mice. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2014, 68, 189-194.
105. Han, L.-K.; Zheng, Y.-N.; Yoshikawa, M.; Okuda, H.; Kimura, Y. Anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from Panax japonicus rhizomes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2005, 5.