What is causing the worldwide rise in body weight?

US Endocrinology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 44-52

  Shook, Robin P ^a   Blair, Steven N ^a   Duperly, John ^b   Hand, Gregory A ^a   Matsudo, Sandra M ^c   Slavin, Joanne L ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES   (Colombia)

^c Physical Fitness Research Center for Sa tildo Caetano do Sul   (Brazil)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Diet; Energy balance; Energy expenditure; Energy flux; Energy intake; Guidelines; Obesity epidemic; Overweight; Physical activity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906962398     PISSN: 17583918     EISSN: 17583926     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17925/use.2014.10.01.44     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Curbing the obesity epidemic, Lancet, 2006;367:1549
2. Desapriya E, Obesity epidemic, Lancet, 2004;364:1488
3. Friedrich MJ, Epidemic of obesity expands its spread to developing countries, JAMA, 2002;287:1382-6
4. James WP, WHO recognition of the global obesity epidemic, Int J Obes (Lond), 2008;32(Suppl. 7):S120-6.
5. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW, Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries, Nutr Rev, 2012;70:3-21
6. Spanier PA, Marshall SJ, Faulkner GE, Tackling the obesity pandemic: a call for sedentary behaviour research, Can J Public Health, 2006;97:255-7
7. World Health Organization, Unhealthy diets and physical inactivity, 2009; available at: http://www.who.int/nmh/ publications/fact_sheet_diet_en.pdf (accessed May 30, 2014).
8. Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, et al., National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants, Lancet, 2011;377:557-67.
9. Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, et al., Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030, Int J Obes (Lond), 2008;32:1431-7.
10. Moura EC, Claro RM, Estimates of obesity trends in Brazil, 2006-2009, Int J Public Health, 2012;57:127-33
11. Webber L, Kilpi F, Marsh T, et al., High rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases predicted across Latin America, PLoS One, 2012;7:e39589.
12. Xia Q, Grant SF, The genetics of human obesity, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2013;1281:178-90
13. van Dijk SJ, Molloy PL, Varinli H, et al., Epigenetics and human obesity, Int J Obes (Lond), 2014;Epub ahead of print.
14. Hill JO, Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity: an energy balance perspective, Endocr Rev, 2006;27:750-61
15. Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Peters JC, Energy balance and obesity, Circulation, 2012;126:126-32
16. Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Peters JC, The importance of energy balance, US Endocrinology, 2013;9:27-31
17. Webber J, Energy balance in obesity, Proc Nutr Soc, 2003;62:539-43
18. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition for Africa: A Resource Book for Teachers of Africa. Chapter 7: Food, nutrients and diets, 1997; available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-w0078e/index.html (accessed May 30, 2014).
19. Schaefer O, Eskimos (Inuit). In: Burkitt DP, Trowell HC (eds), Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention, 1981; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press:114.
20. Atwater WO, Foods: nutritive value and cost, US Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin, 1894; Bulletin No. 23, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Available at: http://www.ars. usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/hist/oes_1894_ farm_bul_23.pdf (accessed May 30, 2014).
21. Atwater WO, Principles of nutrition and nutritive value of food, US Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin, 1902;142:48
22. Milner RD, The cost of food as related to its nutritive value (National Agricultural Library Digital Repository), Agriculture Yearbook, 1902;387-406
23. Hunt CL, Food for young children, US Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin, 1916;717
24. Hunt CL, A weeks food for an average family, US Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin, 1921;1228:25
25. Stiebeling HK, Ward M, Diets at four levels of nutrition content and cost, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Circular, 1933;296:59.
26. US Federal Security Agency, US Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services, National Nutrition Conference for Defense, Proceedings of the National Nutrition Conference for Defense, Washington, DC, 1941; Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1942
27. US Department of Agriculture. War Food Administration. Nutrition and Food Conservation Branch. National wartime nutrition guide, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1943;(folder no. NFC-4).
28. Page L, Phipard EF, Essentials of an Adequate Diet. Facts for Nutrition Programs, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Circular, 1956;ARS-62-4.
29. US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Dietary goals for the United States. 2nd ed, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
30. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Fats and oils in human nutrition: report of a joint expert consultation (WHO/FAO), FAO Paper 57, 1994; available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/v4700e/ v4700e00.htm (accessed May 30, 2014).
31. Krauss RM, Deckelbaum RJ, Ernst N, et al., Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults. A statement for health professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association, Circulation, 1996;94:1795-800.
32. Griel AE, Ruder EH, Kris-Etherton PM, The changing roles of dietary carbohydrates: from simple to complex, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006;26:1958-65
33. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Guide Pyramid. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 252, 1992; available at: http://www.cnpp. usda.gov/publications/mypyramid/originalfoodguidepyramids/ fgp/fgppamphlet.pdf (accessed May 30, 2014).
34. United States Department of Agriculture, Nutrition Evidence Library, 2013; available at: http://www.nel.gov/publications (accessed May 30, 2014).
35. United States Department of Agriculture, ChooseMyPlate.gov, 2011; available at: http://www.choosemyplate.gov/ (accessed May 30, 2013).
36. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al., Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review, JAMA, 2003;289:1837-50.
37. Buchholz AC, Schoeller DA, Is a calorie a calorie? Am J Clin Nutr, 2004;79:899S-906S
38. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al., Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, N Engl J Med, 2009;360:859-73.
39. International Obesity Taskforce, Trends in Adult Obesity Prevalence in Europe, 2014; available at: http://ec.europa. eu/health/ph_determinants/life_style/nutrition/documents/ iotf_en.pdf (accessed May 30, 2014).
40. Popkin BM, Is the obesity epidemic a national security issue around the globe? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2011;18:328-31
41. Abelson P, Kennedy D, The obesity epidemic, Science, 2004;304:1413
42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014; available at: http://www.cdc. gov/nchs/nhanes.htm (accessed May 30, 2014).
43. Dwyer J, Picciano MF, Raiten DJ, et al., Estimation of usual intakes: What We Eat in America-NHANES, J Nutr, 2003;133:609S-23S.
44. Archer E, Hand GA, Blair SN, Validity of U.S. nutritional surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric energy intake data, 1971-2010, PLoS One, 2013;8:e76632.
45. Morris JN, Foreword, in: Lee IM, Blair SN, Manson JE, Pfenbarger RS (eds), Epidemiologic Methods in Physical Activity Studies, 2009; New York: Oxford University Press:3-12
46. Church TS, Thomas DM, Tudor-Locke C, et al., Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity, PLoS One, 2011;6:e19657.
47. Archer E, Shook RP, Thomas DM, et al., 45-Year trends in women's use of time and household management energy expenditure, PLoS One, 2013;8:e56620.
48. Archer E, Lavie CJ, McDonald SM, et al., Maternal inactivity: 45-year trends in mothers' use of time, Mayo Clin Proc, 2013;88:1368-77.
49. Brownson RC, Boehmer TK, Luke DA, Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors? Annu Rev Public Health, 2005;26:421-43
50. US Department of Transportation, National Household Travel Survey - NHTS Brief 2008; available at: http://nhts.ornl.gov/ briefs/Travel%20To%20School.pdf (accessed May 30, 2014).
51. Monda KL, Adair LS, Zhai F, et al., Longitudinal relationships between occupational and domestic physical activity patterns and body weight in China, Eur J Clin Nutr, 2008;62:1318-25.
52. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al., Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy, Lancet, 2012;380:219-29.
53. Matsudo SM, Matsudo VR, Araujo TL, et al., The Agita Sao Paulo Program as a model for using physical activity to promote health, Rev Panam Salud Publica, 2003;14:265-72.
54. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Matsudo SM, et al., A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity in Brazil, 1996-1997, Rev Panam Salud Publica, 2003;14:246-54.
55. Matsudo V, The role of partnerships in promoting physical activity: the experience of Agita Sao Paulo, Health Place, 2012;18:121-2
56. Matsudo SM, Matsudo VR, Andrade DR, et al., Physical activity promotion: experiences and evaluation of the Agita São Paulo Program using the ecological mobile model, J Phys Act Health, 2004;1:81-97.
57. Sallis JF, Owen N, Ecological models, in: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK (eds), Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice, 2nd ed, 1997; San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass, 403-24
58. Matsudo SM, Matsudo VK, Andrade DR, et al., Evaluation of a physical activity promotion program: The example of Agita Sao Paulo, Eval Program Plann, 2006;29:301-11.
59. Lavie CJ, Johannsen N, Swift D, et al., Exercise is medicine-the importance of physical activity, exercise training, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, US Endocrinology, 2013;9:95-100.
60. EIM Global Partners, Exercise is Medicine, Your Prescription for Health Series, 2008; available at: http://exerciseismedicine.org/ action.htm (accessed May 30, 2014).
61. Lobelo F, Stoutenberg M, Hutber A, The Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative: a 2014 update, Br J Sports Med, 2014;Epub ahead of print
62. Matsudo VK, Matsudo SM, Araujo TL, et al., Time trends in physical activity in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: 2002-2008, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2010;42:2231-6.
63. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS, Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure, Lancet, 2002;360:473-82
64. Lin B-H, Guthrie J, Frazao E, American children's diets not making the grade, Food Review, 2001;24:8-17
65. van den Berg SW, Boer JM, Scholtens S, et al., Quantification of the energy gap in young overweight children. The PIAMA birth cohort study, BMC Public Health, 2011;11:326.
66. Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Food availability (per capita) data system, 2014; available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-availability-(per-capita)-data-system/.aspx (accessed May 30, 2014).
67. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, et al., The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments, Lancet, 2011;378:804-14.
68. Austin GL, Ogden LG, Hill JO, Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals: 1971-2006, Am J Clin Nutr, 2011;93:836-43
69. Drewnowski A, Specter SE, Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs, Am J Clin Nutr, 2004;79:6-16
70. Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Barnes PM, Body weight status of adults: United States, 1997-98, Adv Data, 2002;1-15
71. Drewnowski A, The cost of US foods as related to their nutritive value, Am J Clin Nutr, 2010;92:1181-8
72. Drewnowski A, Darmon N, Food choices and diet costs: an economic analysis, J Nutr, 2005;135:900-4
73. Cozma AI, Sievenpiper JL, The role of fructose, sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup in diabetes, US Endocrinology, 2013;9:128-38
74. Joseph RJ, Alonso-Alonso M, Bond DS, et al., The neurocognitive connection between physical activity and eating behaviour, Obes Rev, 2011;12:800-12.