Fasting and caloric restriction in cancer prevention and treatment

Recent Results in Cancer Research

Volumn 207, Issue , 2016, Pages 241-266

  Brandhorst, Sebastian ^a   Longo, Valter D ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b FIRC INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Caloric restriction; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Dietary restriction; Fasting; Sensitization; Stress resistance

Indexed keywords

AGING; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CANCER CELL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER THERAPY; DIET; DIET RESTRICTION; FASTING MIMICKING DIET; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; LIFESPAN; MAMMAL; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PERIODIC FASTING; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS; DIET THERAPY; NEOPLASMS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; UNITED STATES;

CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIET; FASTING; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84984601511     PISSN: 00800015     EISSN: 21976767     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42118-6_12     Document Type: Chapter

References (166)

1. Arum O, Bonkowski MS, Rocha JS, Bartke A (2009) The growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mouse fails to respond to an intermittent fasting diet. Aging cell 8(6):756-760. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00520.x ACE520 [pii]
2. Bahr C, Groner B (2004) The insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) as a drug target: novel approaches to cancer therapy. Growth Hormone IGF Res Off J Growth Hormone Res Soc Int IGF Res Soc 14(4):287-295. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2004.02.004
3. Barger JL, Kayo T, Vann JM, Arias EB, Wang J, Hacker TA, Wang Y, Raederstorff D, Morrow JD, Leeuwenburgh C, Allison DB, Saupe KW, Cartee GD, Weindruch R, Prolla TA (2008) A low dose of dietary resveratrol partially mimics caloric restriction and retards aging parameters in mice. PLoS One 3(6):e2264. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002264
4. Bartke A, Chandrashekar V, Bailey B, Zaczek D, Turyn D (2002) Consequences of growth hormone (GH) overexpression and GH resistance. Neuropeptides 36(2-3):201-208. S0143417902908899 [pii]
5. Berrigan D, Perkins SN, Haines DC, Hursting SD (2002) Adult-onset calorie restriction and fasting delay spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Carcinogenesis 23(5):817-822
6. Bianchi G, Martella R, Ravera S, Marini C, Capitanio S, Orengo A, Emionite L, Lavarello C, Amaro A, Petretto A, Pfeffer U, Sambuceti G, Pistoia V, Raffaghello L, Longo VD (2015) Fasting induces anti-Warburg effect that increases respiration but reduces ATP-synthesis to promote apoptosis in colon cancer models. Oncotarget 6(14):11806-11819
7. Huisman SA, Bijman-Lagcher W, JN IJ, Smits R, de Bruin RW (2015) Fasting protects against the side effects of irinotecan but preserves its anti-tumor effect in Apc15lox mutant mice. Cell Cycle 14(14):2333-2339. doi:10.1080/15384101.2015.1044170
8. Bloom WL (1959) Fasting as an introduction to the treatment of obesity. Metabolism 8(3):214-220
9. Bonkowski MS, Dominici FP, Arum O, Rocha JS, Al Regaiey KA, Westbrook R, Spong A, Panici J, Masternak MM, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A (2009) Disruption of growth hormone receptor prevents calorie restriction from improving insulin action and longevity. PLoS One 4 (2):e4567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004567
10. Bonorden MJ, Rogozina OP, Kluczny CM, Grossmann ME, Grambsch PL, Grande JP, Perkins S, Lokshin A, Cleary MP (2009) Intermittent calorie restriction delays prostate tumor detection and increases survival time in TRAMP mice. Nutr Cancer 61(2):265-275 doi:10.1080/01635580802419798 908921174 [pii]
11. Brandhorst S, Wei M, Hwang S, Morgan TE, Longo VD (2013) Short-term calorie and protein restriction provide partial protection from chemotoxicity but do not delay glioma progression. Exp Gerontol doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.016 S0531-5565(13)00047-8 [pii]
12. Brandhorst S, Choi IY, Wei M, Cheng CW, Sedrakyan S, Navarrete G, Dubeau L, Yap LP, Park R, Vinciguerra M, Di Biase S, Mirzaei H, Mirisola MG, Childress P, Ji L, Groshen S, Penna F, Odetti P, Perin L, Conti PS, Ikeno Y, Kennedy BK, Cohen P, Morgan TE, Dorff TB, Longo VD (2015) A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab 22(1):86-99. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012
13. Brawley OW (2011) Avoidable cancer deaths globally. CA Cancer J Clin 61(2):67-68. caac.20108 [pii]
14. Brown-Borg HM (2009) Hormonal control of aging in rodents: the somatotropic axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 299(1):64-71. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.001
15. Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG (2000) Catalase expression in delayed and premature aging mouse models. Exp Gerontol 35(2):199-212. S0531-5565(00)00079-6 [pii]
16. Brown-Borg HM, Borg KE, Meliska CJ, Bartke A (1996) Dwarf mice and the ageing process. Nature 384(6604):33. doi:10.1038/384033a0
17. Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Romanick MA, Kennedy MA (2002) Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on hepatocyte antioxidative enzymes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227(2):94-104
18. Caffa I, D’Agostino V, Damonte P, Soncini D, Cea M, Monacelli F, Odetti P, Ballestrero A, Provenzani A, Longo VD, Nencioni A (2015) Fasting potentiates the anticancer activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors by strengthening MAPK signaling inhibition. Oncotarget 6 (14):11820-11832
19. Cahill GF Jr, Owen OE (1968) Starvation and survival. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 79:13-20
20. Cahill GJ Jr, Owen OE, Morgan AP (1968) The consumption of fuels during prolonged starvation. Adv Enzyme Regul 6:143-150
21. Campisi J, Andersen JK, Kapahi P, Melov S (2011) Cellular senescence: a link between cancer and age-related degenerative disease? Semin Cancer Biol 21(6):354-359. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.001 S1044-579X(11)00050-2 [pii]
22. Cheng C-W, Adams Gregor B, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam Ben S, Da Sacco S, Mirisola M, Quinn David I, Dorff Tanya B, Kopchick John J, Longo Valter D (2014) Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell 14(6):810-823. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014
23. Clancy DJ, Gems D, Harshman LG, Oldham S, Stocker H, Hafen E, Leevers SJ, Partridge L (2001) Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein. Science 292(5514):104-106. doi:10.1126/science.1057991 292/5514/104 [pii]
24. Colman RJ, Anderson RM, Johnson SC, Kastman EK, Kosmatka KJ, Beasley TM, Allison DB, Cruzen C, Simmons HA, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch R (2009) Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 325(5937): 201-204. 325/5937/201 [pii]
25. Coschigano KT, Holland AN, Riders ME, List EO, Flyvbjerg A, Kopchick JJ (2003) Deletion, but not antagonism, of the mouse growth hormone receptor results in severely decreased body weights, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I levels and increased life span. Endocrinology 144(9):3799-3810
26. Cuervo AM, Bergamini E, Brunk UT, Droge W, Ffrench M, Terman A (2005) Autophagy and aging: the importance of maintaining "clean" cells. Autophagy 1(3):131-140. 2017 [pii]
27. Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M (2005) Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 366(9499):1784-1793. S0140-6736(05)67725-2 [pii]
28. D’Aronzo M, Vinciguerra M, Mazza T, Panebianco C, Saracino C, Pereira SP, Graziano P, Pazienza V (2015) Fasting cycles potentiate the efficacy of gemcitabine treatment in in vitro and in vivo pancreatic cancer models. Oncotarget 6(21):18545-18557
29. Davis LM, Pauly JR, Readnower RD, Rho JM, Sullivan PG (2008) Fasting is neuroprotective following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 86(8):1812-1822. doi:10.1002/jnr.21628
30. de Groot S, Vreeswijk MP, Welters MJ, Gravesteijn G, Boei JJ, Jochems A, Houtsma D, Putter H, van der Hoeven JJ, Nortier JW, Pijl H, Kroep JR (2015) The effects of short-term fasting on tolerance to (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-negative breast cancer patients: a randomized pilot study. BMC Cancer 15:652. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1663-5
31. DePinho RA (2000) The age of cancer. Nature 408(6809):248-254. doi:10.1038/35041694
32. Descamps O, Riondel J, Ducros V, Roussel AM (2005) Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and incidence of age-associated lymphoma in OF1 mice: effect of alternate-day fasting. Mech Ageing Dev 126(11):1185-1191. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2005.06.007 S0047-6374(05)00147-8 [pii]
33. Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Walker DK, Reidy PT, Borack MS, Drummond MJ, Arora M, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2014) Leucine-enriched amino acid ingestion after resistance exercise prolongs myofibrillar protein synthesis and amino acid transporter expression in older men. J Nutr 144(11):1694-1702. doi:10.3945/jn.114.198671
34. Drenick EJ, Smith R (1964) Weight reduction by prolonged starvation. Practical management. Postgrad Med 36:A95-100
35. Fabrizio P, Longo VD (2003) The chronological life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aging Cell 2(2):73-81
36. Fabrizio P, Pozza F, Pletcher SD, Gendron CM, Longo VD (2001) Regulation of longevity and stress resistance by Sch9 in yeast. Science 292(5515):288-290. doi:10.1126/science.10594971059497 [pii]
37. Fabrizio P, Liou LL, Moy VN, Diaspro A, Valentine JS, Gralla EB, Longo VD (2003) SOD2 functions downstream of Sch9 to extend longevity in yeast. Genetics 163(1):35-46
38. Fontana L, Weiss EP, Villareal DT, Klein S, Holloszy JO (2008) Long-term effects of calorie or protein restriction on serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentration in humans. Aging Cell 7 (5):681-687
39. Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD (2010) Extending healthy life span-from yeast to humans. Science 328(5976):321-326. doi:10.1126/science.1172539 328/5976/321 [pii]
40. Frystyk J, Delhanty PJ, Skjaerbaek C, Baxter RC (1999) Changes in the circulating IGF system during short-term fasting and refeeding in rats. Am J Physiol 277(2 Pt 1):E245-E252
41. Giannakou ME, Partridge L (2007) Role of insulin-like signalling in Drosophila lifespan. Trends Biochem Sci 32(4):180-188 doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2007.02.007 S0968-0004(07)00064-3 [pii]
42. Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Liu Y, Platz EA, Majeed N, Rimm EB, Willett WC (2003) Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(2):84-89
43. Goldhamer AC (2002) Initial cost of care results in medically supervised water-only fasting for treating high blood pressure and diabetes. J Altern Complement Med 8(6):696-697. doi:10.1089/10755530260511694
44. Goldhamer A, Lisle D, Parpia B, Anderson SV, Campbell TC (2001) Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of hypertension. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 24(5):335-339. doi:10.1067/mmt.2001.115263 S0161-4754(01)85575-5 [pii]
45. Gonidakis S, Finkel SE, Longo VD (2010) Genome-wide screen identifies Escherichia coli TCA-cycle-related mutants with extended chronological lifespan dependent on acetate metabolism and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor ArcA. Aging Cell 9(5):868-881. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00618.x
46. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK, Reynolds MA, Freeman JR, Cider NL (1982) Effects of intermittent feeding upon growth and life span in rats. Gerontology 28(4):233-241
47. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK, Reynolds MA, Freeman JR, Cider N (1990) Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mech Ageing Dev 55(1):69-87. 0047-6374(90)90107-Q [pii]
48. Grandison RC, Wong R, Bass TM, Partridge L, Piper MD (2009) Effect of a standardised dietary restriction protocol on multiple laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 4(1): e4067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004067
49. Grasl-Kraupp B, Bursch W, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Wagner A, Lauer B, Schulte-Hermann R (1994) Food restriction eliminates preneoplastic cells through apoptosis and antagonizes carcinogenesis in rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(21):9995-9999
50. Greer EL, Dowlatshahi D, Banko MR, Villen J, Hoang K, Blanchard D, Gygi SP, Brunet A (2007) An AMPK-FOXO pathway mediates longevity induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in C. elegans. Current Biol CB 17(19):1646-1656. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.047
51. Gualberto A, Pollak M (2009) Emerging role of insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibitors in oncology: early clinical trial results and future directions. Oncogene 28(34):3009-3021. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.172
52. Guarente L, Kenyon C (2000) Genetic pathways that regulate ageing in model organisms. Nature 408(6809):255-262. doi:10.1038/35041700
53. Guevara-Aguirre J, Balasubramanian P, Guevara-Aguirre M, Wei M, Madia F, Cheng CW, Hwang D, Martin-Montalvo A, Saavedra J, Ingles S, de Cabo R, Cohen P, Longo VD (2011) Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Sci Transl Med 3(70):70ra13 doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001845 3/70/70ra13 [pii]
54. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100(1):57-70. S0092-8674(00)81683-9 [pii]
55. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144(5):646-674. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 S0092-8674(11)00127-9 [pii]
56. Harrison DE, Archer JR (1989) Natural selection for extended longevity from food restriction. Growth Dev Aging GDA 53(1-2):3
57. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, Cuzick J, Jebb SA, Martin B, Cutler RG, Son TG, Maudsley S, Carlson OD, Egan JM, Flyvbjerg A, Howell A (2011) The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. Int J Obes 35(5):714-727. doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.171 ijo2010171 [pii]
58. Henis-Korenblit S, Zhang P, Hansen M, McCormick M, Lee SJ, Cary M, Kenyon C (2010) Insulin/IGF-1 signaling mutants reprogram ER stress response regulators to promote longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(21):9730-9735. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002575107 1002575107 [pii]
59. Hine C, Harputlugil E, Zhang Y, Ruckenstuhl C, Lee BC, Brace L, Longchamp A, Trevino-Villarreal JH, Mejia P, Ozaki CK, Wang R, Gladyshev VN, Madeo F, Mair WB, Mitchell JR (2015) Endogenous hydrogen sulfide production is essential for dietary restriction benefits. Cell 160(1-2):132-144. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.048
60. Holzenberger M, Dupont J, Ducos B, Leneuve P, Geloen A, Even PC, Cervera P, Le Bouc Y (2003) IGF-1 receptor regulates lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress in mice. Nature 421 (6919):182-187. doi:10.1038/nature01298 nature01298 [pii]
61. Honjoh S, Yamamoto T, Uno M, Nishida E (2009) Signalling through RHEB-1 mediates intermittent fasting-induced longevity in C. elegans. Nature 457(7230):726-730. doi:10.1038/nature07583
62. Hsu AL, Murphy CT, Kenyon C (2003) Regulation of aging and age-related disease by DAF-16 and heat-shock factor. Science 300(5622):1142-1145. doi:10.1126/science.1083701300/5622/1142 [pii]
63. Hursting SD, Perkins SN, Phang JM (1994) Calorie restriction delays spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-knockout transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(15):7036-7040
64. Imae M, Fu Z, Yoshida A, Noguchi T, Kato H (2003) Nutritional and hormonal factors control the gene expression of FoxOs, the mammalian homologues of DAF-16. J Mol Endocrinol 30 (2):253-262
65. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, Thun MJ (2008) Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 58 (2):71-96. CA.2007.0010 [pii]
66. Jenkins DE, Schultz JE, Matin A (1988) Starvation-induced cross protection against heat or H2O2 challenge in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170(9):3910-3914
67. Johnson TE (1990) Increased life-span of age-1 mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and lower Gompertz rate of aging. Science 249(4971):908-912
68. Kalaany NY, Sabatini DM (2009) Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction. Nature 458(7239):725-731. doi:10.1038/nature07782 nature07782 [pii]
69. Kenyon C (2001) A conserved regulatory system for aging. Cell 105(2):165-168. S0092-8674(01)00306-3 [pii]
70. Kerndt PR, Naughton JL, Driscoll CE, Loxterkamp DA (1982) Fasting: the history, pathophysiology and complications. West J Med 137(5):379-399
71. Ketelslegers JM, Maiter D, Maes M, Underwood LE, Thissen JP (1995) Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I. Metabolism 44(10 Suppl 4):50-57
72. Kim SK, Demetri GD (1996) Chemotherapy and neutropenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 10 (2):377-395
73. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87(2):159-170.S0092-8674(00)81333-1 [pii]
74. Koubova J, Guarente L (2003) How does calorie restriction work? Genes Dev 17(3):313-321. doi:10.1101/gad.1052903
75. Kristan DM (2008) Calorie restriction and susceptibility to intact pathogens. Age (Dordr) 30(2-3):147-156. doi:10.1007/s11357-008-9056-1
76. Kroemer G, Marino G, Levine B (2010) Autophagy and the integrated stress response. Mol Cell 40 (2):280-293. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.023 S1097-2765(10)00751-3 [pii]
77. Larson-Meyer DE, Newcomer BR, Heilbronn LK, Volaufova J, Smith SR, Alfonso AJ, Lefevre M, Rood JC, Williamson DA, Ravussin E (2008) Effect of 6-month calorie restriction and exercise on serum and liver lipids and markers of liver function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16 (6):1355-1362. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.201 oby2008201 [pii]
78. Lee C, Longo VD (2011) Fasting vs dietary restriction in cellular protection and cancer treatment: from model organisms to patients. Oncogene 30(30):3305-3316. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.91onc201191 [pii]
79. Lee SJ, Murphy CT, Kenyon C (2009) Glucose shortens the life span of C. elegans by downregulating DAF-16/FOXO activity and aquaporin gene expression. Cell Metab 10 (5):379-391. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.10.003
80. Lee C, Safdie FM, Raffaghello L, Wei M, Madia F, Parrella E, Hwang D, Cohen P, Bianchi G, Longo VD (2010) Reduced levels of IGF-I mediate differential protection of normal and cancer cells in response to fasting and improve chemotherapeutic index. Cancer Res 70(4):1564-1572. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3228 0008-5472.CAN-09-3228 [pii]
81. Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Martin-Montalvo A, Pistoia V, Wei M, Hwang S, Merlino A, Emionite L, de Cabo R, Longo VD (2012) Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003293 scitranslmed.3003293 [pii]
82. Levine ME, Suarez JA, Brandhorst S, Balasubramanian P, Cheng CW, Madia F, Fontana L, Mirisola MG, Guevara-Aguirre J, Wan J, Passarino G, Kennedy BK, Wei M, Cohen P, Crimmins EM, Longo VD (2014) Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab 19(3):407-417. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006
83. Li Y, Xu W, McBurney MW, Longo VD (2008) SirT1 inhibition reduces IGF-I/IRS-2/Ras/ERK1/2 signaling and protects neurons. Cell Metab 8(1):38-48. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.05.004 S1550-4131(08)00148-4 [pii]
84. Liao CY, Rikke BA, Johnson TE, Diaz V, Nelson JF (2010) Genetic variation in the murine lifespan response to dietary restriction: from life extension to life shortening. Aging Cell 9 (1):92-95. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00533.x
85. Longo VD (1999) Mutations in signal transduction proteins increase stress resistance and longevity in yeast, nematodes, fruit flies, and mammalian neuronal cells. Neurobiol Aging 20 (5):479-486. S0197-4580(99)00089-5 [pii]
86. Longo VD, Finch CE (2003) Evolutionary medicine: from dwarf model systems to healthy centenarians? Science 299(5611):1342-1346. doi:10.1126/science.1077991 299/5611/1342 [pii]
87. Longo VD, Fontana L (2010) Calorie restriction and cancer prevention: metabolic and molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 31(2):89-98. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.004 S0165-6147(09)00202-8 [pii]
88. Longo VD, Mattson MP (2014) Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab 19(2):181-192. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008
89. Longo VD, Ellerby LM, Bredesen DE, Valentine JS, Gralla EB (1997) Human Bcl-2 reverses survival defects in yeast lacking superoxide dismutase and delays death of wild-type yeast. J Cell Biol 137(7):1581-1588
90. Love RR, Leventhal H, Easterling DV, Nerenz DR (1989) Side effects and emotional distress during cancer chemotherapy. Cancer 63(3):604-612
91. Maccario M, Aimaretti G, Grottoli S, Gauna C, Tassone F, Corneli G, Rossetto R, Wu Z, Strasburger CJ, Ghigo E (2001) Effects of 36 hour fasting on GH/IGF-I axis and metabolic parameters in patients with simple obesity. comparison with normal subjects and hypopituitary patients with severe GH deficiency. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25(8):1233-1239. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801671
92. Madia F, Wei M, Yuan V, Hu J, Gattazzo C, Pham P, Goodman MF, Longo VD (2009) Oncogene homologue Sch9 promotes age-dependent mutations by a superoxide and Rev1/Polzeta-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biol 186(4):509-523. doi:10.1083/jcb.200906011
93. Mahoney LB, Denny CA, Seyfried TN (2006) Caloric restriction in C57BL/6J mice mimics therapeutic fasting in humans. Lipids Health Dis 5:13. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-5-131476-511X-5-13 [pii]
94. Marino G, Madeo F, Kroemer G (2010) Autophagy for tissue homeostasis and neuroprotection. Curr Opin Cell Biol 23(2):198-206 doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.10.001 S0955-0674(10)00172-9[pii]
95. Matsuzaki J, Kuwamura M, Yamaji R, Inui H, Nakano Y (2001) Inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide are suppressed in 40 % energy-restricted mice. J Nutr 131(8):2139-2144
96. Mattison JA, Roth GS, Beasley TM, Tilmont EM, Handy AM, Herbert RL, Longo DL, Allison DB, Young JE, Bryant M, Barnard D, Ward WF, Qi W, Ingram DK, de Cabo R (2012) Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 489(7415):318-321. doi:10.1038/nature11432 nature11432 [pii]
97. Mattson MP (2005) Energy intake, meal frequency, and health: a neurobiological perspective. Annu Rev Nutr 25:237-260. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092526
98. Mattson MP (2012) Energy intake and exercise as determinants of brain health and vulnerability to injury and disease. Cell Metab 16(6):706-722. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.012 S1550-4131(12)00402-0 [pii]
99. Mattson MP, Wan R (2005) Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. J Nutr Biochem 16(3):129-137. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.12.007 S0955-2863(04)00261-X [pii]
100. Medema RH, Bos JL (1993) The role of p21ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Crit Rev Oncog 4(6):615-661
101. Mercken EM, Crosby SD, Lamming DW, JeBailey L, Krzysik-Walker S, Villareal DT, Capri M, Franceschi C, Zhang Y, Becker K, Sabatini DM, de Cabo R, Fontana L (2013) Calorie restriction in humans inhibits the PI3 K/AKT pathway and induces a younger transcription profile. Aging Cell 12(4):645-651. doi:10.1111/acel.12088
102. Merimee TJ, Fineberg SE (1974) Growth hormone secretion in starvation: a reassessment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39(2):385-386. doi:10.1210/jcem-39-2-385
103. Michalsen A, Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Backer M, Langhorst J, Dobos GJ (2005) Incorporation of fasting therapy in an integrative medicine ward: evaluation of outcome, safety, and effects on lifestyle adherence in a large prospective cohort study. J Altern Complement Med 11(4):601-607. doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.601
104. Mirzaei H, Suarez JA, Longo VD (2014) Protein and amino acid restriction, aging and disease: from yeast to humans. Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM 25(11):558-566. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.002
105. Mitchell JR, Verweij M, Brand K, van de Ven M, Goemaere N, van den Engel S, Chu T, Forrer F, Muller C, de Jong M, van IW, Jn IJ, Hoeijmakers JH, de Bruin RW (2009) Short-term dietary restriction and fasting precondition against ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Aging Cell 9 (1):40-53. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00532.x ACE532[pii]
106. Moller N, Jorgensen JO (2009) Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr Rev 30(2):152-177. doi:10.1210/er.2008-0027er.2008-0027 [pii]
107. Moreschi (1909) Beziehungen zwischen Ernährung und Tumorwachstum. Z Immunitätsforsch Orig (2): 651-675
108. Morselli E, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Criollo A, Maiuri MC, Tavernarakis N, Madeo F, Kroemer G (2009a) Autophagy mediates pharmacological lifespan extension by spermidine and resveratrol. Aging (Albany NY) 1(12):961-970
109. Morselli E, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Vicencio JM, Criollo A, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G (2009) Anti- and pro-tumor functions of autophagy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1793(9):1524-1532. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.006 S0167-4889(09)00024-X [pii]
110. Mukherjee P, Abate LE, Seyfried TN (2004) Antiangiogenic and proapoptotic effects of dietary restriction on experimental mouse and human brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res 10(16):5622-5629. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0308 10/16/5622 [pii]
111. Murakami S (2006) Stress resistance in long-lived mouse models. Exp Gerontol 41(10):1014-1019. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.06.061 S0531-5565(06)00236-1 [pii]
112. Nicklin P, Bergman P, Zhang B, Triantafellow E, Wang H, Nyfeler B, Yang H, Hild M, Kung C, Wilson C, Myer VE, MacKeigan JP, Porter JA, Wang YK, Cantley LC, Finan PM, Murphy LO (2009) Bidirectional transport of amino acids regulates mTOR and autophagy. Cell 136 (3):521-534. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.044
113. Palmblad J, Levi L, Burger A, Melander A, Westgren U, von Schenck H, Skude G (1977) Effects of total energy withdrawal (fasting) on thelevels of growth hormone, thyrotropin, cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, T4, T3, and rT3 in healthy males. Acta Medica Scandinavica 201(1-2):15-22
114. Pamplona R, Barja G (2006) Mitochondrial oxidative stress, aging and caloric restriction: the protein and methionine connection. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1757(5-6):496-508. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.01.009 S0005-2728(06)00022-3 [pii]
115. Paoletti R, Bolego C, Poli A, Cignarella A (2006) Metabolic syndrome, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2(2):145-152
116. Paradis S, Ailion M, Toker A, Thomas JH, Ruvkun G (1999) A PDK1 homolog is necessary and sufficient to transduce AGE-1 PI3 kinase signals that regulate diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev 13(11):1438-1452
117. Partridge AH, Burstein HJ, Winer EP (2001) Side effects of chemotherapy and combined chemohormonal therapy in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 30:135-142
118. Piper MD, Partridge L (2007) Dietary restriction in Drosophila: delayed aging or experimental artefact? PLoS Genet 3(4):e57. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030057
119. Premoselli F, Sesca E, Binasco V, Caderni G, Tessitore L (1998) Fasting/re-feeding before initiation enhances the growth of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon and rectum. Int J Cancer 77(2):286-294. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980717)77:2<286:AIDIJC19> 3.0.CO;2-9
120. Raffaghello L, Lee C, Safdie FM, Wei M, Madia F, Bianchi G, Longo VD (2008) Starvation-dependent differential stress resistance protects normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(24):8215-8220. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708100105 0708100105 [pii]
121. Reed MJ, Penn PE, Li Y, Birnbaum R, Vernon RB, Johnson TS, Pendergrass WR, Sage EH, Abrass IB, Wolf NS (1996) Enhanced cell proliferation and biosynthesis mediate improved wound repair in refed, caloric-restricted mice. Mech Ageing Dev 89(1):21-43.004763749601737X [pii]
122. Rikke BA, Liao CY, McQueen MB, Nelson JF, Johnson TE (2010) Genetic dissection of dietary restriction in mice supports the metabolic efficiency model of life extension. Exp Gerontol 45 (9):691-701. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2010.04.008
123. Ruckenstuhl C, Buttner S, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Eisenberg T, Kroemer G, Sigrist SJ, Frohlich KU, Madeo F (2009) The Warburg effect suppresses oxidative stress induced apoptosis in a yeast model for cancer. PLoS One 4(2):e4592. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004592
124. Runcie J, Thomson TJ (1970) Prolonged starvation-a dangerous procedure? Br Med J 3 (5720):432-435
125. Safdie FM, Dorff T, Quinn D, Fontana L, Wei M, Lee C, Cohen P, Longo VD (2009) Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: a case series report. Aging (Albany NY) 1(12):988-1007
126. Safdie F, Brandhorst S, Wei M, Wang W, Lee C, Hwang S, Conti PS, Chen TC, Longo VD (2012) Fasting enhances the response of glioma to chemo- and radiotherapy. PloS One 7(9):e44603. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044603 PONE-D-12-00123 [pii]
127. Salmon AB, Murakami S, Bartke A, Kopchick J, Yasumura K, Miller RA (2005) Fibroblast cell lines from young adult mice of long-lived mutant strains are resistant to multiple forms of stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289(1):E23-E29. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00575.200400575.2004 [pii]
128. Sans MD, Lee SH, D’Alecy LG, Williams JA (2004) Feeding activates protein synthesis in mouse pancreas at the translational level without increase in mRNA. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287(3):G667-G675. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00505.2003
129. Selman C, Tullet JM, Wieser D, Irvine E, Lingard SJ, Choudhury AI, Claret M, Al-Qassab H, Carmignac D, Ramadani F, Woods A, Robinson IC, Schuster E, Batterham RL, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Carling D, Okkenhaug K, Thornton JM, Partridge L, Gems D, Withers DJ (2009) Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 signaling regulates mammalian life span. Science 326 (5949):140-144 doi:10.1126/science.1177221 326/5949/140 [pii]
130. Sesca E, Premoselli F, Binasco V, Bollito E, Tessitore L (1998) Fasting-refeeding stimulates the development of mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Nutr Cancer 30 (1):25-30. doi:10.1080/01635589809514636
131. Sharma HS, Nyberg F, Gordh T, Alm P, Westman J (2000) Neurotrophic factors influence upregulation of constitutive isoform of heme oxygenase and cellular stress response in the spinal cord following trauma. An experimental study using immunohistochemistry in the rat. Amino Acids 19(1):351-361
132. Shi Y, Felley-Bosco E, Marti TM, Orlowski K, Pruschy M, Stahel RA (2012) Starvation-induced activation of ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin. BMC Cancer 12:571 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-571 1471-2407-12-571 [pii]
133. Shim HS, Wei M, Brandhorst S, Longo VD (2015) Starvation promotes REV1 SUMOylation and p53-dependent sensitization of melanoma and breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 75(6):1056-1067. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2249
134. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A (2012) Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 62(1):10-29. doi:10.3322/caac.20138
135. Smith GD, Gunnell D, Holly J (2000) Cancer and insulin-like growth factor-I. A potential mechanism linking the environment with cancer risk. Bmj 321(7265):847-848
136. Smith ED, Kaeberlein TL, Lydum BT, Sager J, Welton KL, Kennedy BK, Kaeberlein M (2008) Age- and calorie-independent life span extension from dietary restriction by bacterial deprivation in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Dev Biol 8:49. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-8-49
137. Sohal RS, Forster MJ (2014) Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique. Free Radic Biol Med 73:366-382. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.015
138. Sohal RS, Weindruch R (1996) Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science 273 (5271):59-63
139. Sonntag WE, Lynch CD, Cefalu WT, Ingram RL, Bennett SA, Thornton PL, Khan AS (1999) Pleiotropic effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 on biological aging: inferences from moderate caloric-restricted animals. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 54(12):B521-B538
140. Steuerman R, Shevah O, Laron Z (2011) Congenital IGF1 deficiency tends to confer protection against post-natal development of malignancies. Eur J Endocrinol/Eur Fed Endocr Soc 164 (4):485-489. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-0859
141. Tagliaferro AR, Ronan AM, Meeker LD, Thompson HJ, Scott AL, Sinha D (1996) Cyclic food restriction alters substrate utilization and abolishes protection from mammary carcinogenesis female rats. J Nutr 126(5):1398-1405
142. Tannenbaum A (1940) The initiation and growth of tumour. Introduction. 1. Effects of underfeeding. Am J Cancer 38:335-350
143. Tannenbaum A (1996) The dependence of tumor formation on the composition of the calorie-restricted diet as well as on the degree of restriction. 1945. Nutrition 12(9):653-654.S0899900796001797 [pii]
144. Tannenbaum GS, Rorstad O, Brazeau P (1979) Effects of prolonged food deprivation on the ultradian growth hormone rhythm and immunoreactive somatostatin tissue levels in the rat. Endocrinology 104(6):1733-1738
145. Tessitore L, Tomasi C, Greco M (1999) Fasting-induced apoptosis in rat liver is blocked by cycloheximide. Eur J Cell Biol 78(8):573-579 doi:10.1016/S0171-9335(99)80023-5S0171-9335(99)80023-5 [pii]
146. Tettweiler G, Miron M, Jenkins M, Sonenberg N, Lasko PF (2005) Starvation and oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila are mediated through the eIF4E-binding protein, d4E-BP. Genes Dev 19(16):1840-1843. doi:10.1101/gad.1311805
147. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A (2015) Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):87-108. doi:10.3322/caac.21262
148. Underwood LE, Thissen JP, Lemozy S, Ketelslegers JM, Clemmons DR (1994) Hormonal and nutritional regulation of IGF-I and its binding proteins. Horm Res 42(4-5):145-151
149. Unger RH, Eisentraut AM, Madison LL (1963) The effects of total starvation upon the levels of circulating glucagon and insulin in man. J Clin Investig 42:1031-1039. doi:10.1172/JCI104788
150. van Ginhoven TM, Mitchell JR, Verweij M, Hoeijmakers JH, Ijzermans JN, de Bruin RW (2009) The use of preoperative nutritional interventions to protect against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Liver Transpl 15(10):1183-1191. doi:10.1002/lt.21871
151. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324(5930):1029-1033. doi:10.1126/science.1160809 324/5930/1029 [pii]
152. Vaughn AE, Deshmukh M (2008) Glucose metabolism inhibits apoptosis in neurons and cancer cells by redox inactivation of cytochrome c. Nat Cell Biol 10(12):1477-1483. doi:10.1038/ncb1807
153. Verweij M, van Ginhoven TM, Mitchell JR, Sluiter W, van den Engel S, Roest HP, Torabi E, Ijzermans JN, Hoeijmakers JH, de Bruin RW (2011) Preoperative fasting protects mice against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury: mechanisms and effects on liver regeneration. Liver Transpl 17(6):695-704. doi:10.1002/lt.22243
154. Vigne P, Frelin C (2007) Diet dependent longevity and hypoxic tolerance of adult Drosophila melanogaster. Mech Ageing Dev 128(5-6):401-406. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2007.05.008
155. Villa-Cuesta E, Sage BT, Tatar M (2010) A role for Drosophila dFoxO and dFoxO 5‘UTR internal ribosomal entry sites during fasting. PLoS One 5(7):e11521. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011521
156. Wang T, Hung CC, Randall DJ (2006) The comparative physiology of food deprivation: from feast to famine. Annu Rev Physiol 68:223-251. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105739
157. Warburg O (1956) On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 124(3215):269-270
158. Wei M, Fabrizio P, Hu J, Ge H, Cheng C, Li L, Longo VD (2008) Life span extension by calorie restriction depends on Rim15 and transcription factors downstream of Ras/PKA, Tor, and Sch9. PLoS Genet 4(1):e13 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040013 07-PLGE-RA-0807 [pii]
159. Weindruch R, Walford RL (1982) Dietary restriction in mice beginning at 1 year of age: effect on life-span and spontaneous cancer incidence. Science 215(4538):1415-1418
160. Weindruch R, Walford RL, Fligiel S, Guthrie D (1986) The retardation of aging in mice by dietary restriction: longevity, cancer, immunity and lifetime energy intake. J Nutr 116(4):641-654
161. Weinkove D, Halstead JR, Gems D, Divecha N (2006) Long-term starvation and ageing induce AGE-1/PI 3-kinase-dependent translocation of DAF-16/FOXO to the cytoplasm. BMC Biol 4:1. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-4-1
162. Weraarchakul N, Strong R, Wood WG, Richardson A (1989) The effect of aging and dietary restriction on DNA repair. Exp Cell Res 181(1):197-204. 0014-4827(89)90193-6 [pii]
163. Withers SS, Kass PH, Rodriguez CO Jr, Skorupski KA, O’Brien D, Guerrero TA, Sein KD, Rebhun RB (2014) Fasting reduces the incidence of delayed-type vomiting associated with doxorubicin treatment in dogs with lymphoma. Transl Oncol. doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2014.04.014
164. Wohlgemuth SE, Julian D, Akin DE, Fried J, Toscano K, Leeuwenburgh C, Dunn WA Jr (2007) Autophagy in the heart and liver during normal aging and calorie restriction. Rejuvenation Res 10(3):281-292. doi:10.1089/rej.2006.0535
165. Youngman LD (1993) Protein restriction (PR) and caloric restriction (CR) compared: effects on DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and oxidative damage. Mutat Res 295(4-6):165-179
166. Zapf J, Hauri C, Futo E, Hussain M, Rutishauser J, Maack CA, Froesch ER (1995) Intravenously injected insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I/IGF binding protein-3 complex exerts insulin-like effects in hypophysectomized, but not in normal rats. J Clin Investig 95(1):179-186. doi:10.1172/JCI117636