Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities

Handbook of the Economics of Education

Volumn 5, Issue , 2016, Pages 1-74

  Lavecchia, A M ^a   Liu, H ^b   Oreopoulos, P ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^d CANADIAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Behavioral economics of education; Education; Policymakers; Present bias

Indexed keywords

EID: 84978296163     PISSN: 15740692     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63459-7.00001-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (270)

1. Abdulkadiroglu A., Angrist J.D., Hull P.D., Pathak P.A. Charters Without Lotteries: Testing Takeovers in New Orleans and Boston 2015, IZA Discussion Paper No. 8985.
2. Acemoglu D., Angrist J.D. How large are human-capital externalities? Evidence from compulsory-schooling laws. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000 2001, 9-74. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.S. Bernanke, K. Rogoff (Eds.).
3. Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance Access Denied: Restoring the Nation's Commitment to Equal Educational Opportunity 2001, Department of Education, Washington, D.C.
4. Agnew J.R., Szykman L.R. Asset allocation and information overload: the influence of information display, asset choice and investor experience. J. Behav. Finance 2005, 6(2):57-70.
5. Akerlof G.A., Kranton R.E. Economics and identity. Q. J. Econ. 2000, 115(3):715-753.
6. Akerlof G.A., Kranton R.E. Identity and schooling: some lessons for the economics of education. J. Econ. Lit. 2002, 40(4):1167-1201.
7. Akerlof G.A., Kranton R.E. Identity Economics: How Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being 2010, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
8. Anderson D.M. In school and out of trouble? The minimum dropout age and juvenile crime. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2014, 96(2):318-331.
9. Angrist J.D., Krueger A.B. The effect of age at school entry on educational attainment: an application of instrumental variables with moments from two samples. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1992, 87(418):326-336.
10. Angrist J.D., Lavy V. The effects of high stakes high school achievement awards: evidence from a randomized trial. Am. Econ. Rev. 2009, 99(4):1384-1414.
11. Angrist J.D., Lang D., Oreopoulos P. Incentives and services for college achievement: evidence from a randomized trial. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 2009, 1(1):1-29.
12. Angrist J.D., Dynarski S.M., Kane T.J., Pathak P.A., Walters C.R. Who benefits from KIPP?. J. Policy Anal. Manage. 2012, 31(4):837-860.
13. Angrist J.D., Cohodes S.R., Dynarski S.M., Pathak P.A., Walters C.R. Stand and deliver: effects of Boston's charter high schools on college preparation, entry and choice. J. Labor. Econ. 2014, 34(2). Forthcoming.
14. Angrist J., Philip Oreopoulos D., Williams T. When opportunity knocks, who answers? New evidence on college achievement awards. J. Hum. Resour. 2014, 49(3):572-610.
15. Ariely D., Wertenbroch K. Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: self-control by precommitment. Psychol. Sci. 2002, 13(3):219-224.
16. Aronson J., Fried C.B., Good C. Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 38(2):113-125.
17. Atkins S.M., Bunting M.F., Bolger D.J., Dougherty M.R. Training the adolescent brain: neural plasticity and the acquisition of cognitive abilities. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
18. Austen-Smith D., Fryer R.G. An economic analysis of 'acting white'. Q. J. Econ. 2005, 120(2):551-583.
19. Avery C. Evaluation of the College Possible Program: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial 2013, NBER Working Paper 19562, National Bureau of Economic Research.
20. Avery C., Hoxby C.M. Do and Should Financial Aid Packages Affect Students' College Choices? 2003, NBER Working Paper 9482, National Bureau of Economic Research.
21. Avery C., Kane T.J. Student perceptions of college opportunities: the Boston coach program. College Choices: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay for It 2004, 355-394. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. C.M. Hoxby (Ed.).
22. Avery C., Turner S. Student loans: do college students borrow too much - or not enough?. J. Econ. Perspect. 2012, 26(1):165-192.
23. Avvisati F., Gurgand M., Guyon N., Maurin E. Getting parents involved in deprived schools. Rev. Econ. Stud. 2014, 81(1):57-83.
24. Banerji R., Berry J., Shotland M. The Impact of Mother Literacy and Participation Programs on Child Learning: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India 2013, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), Cambridge, MA.
25. Banks J., Mazzonna F. The effect of education on old age cognitive abilities: evidence from a regression discontinuity design. Econ. J. 2011, 122(560):418-448.
26. Barrington B.L., Hendricks B. Differentiating characteristics of high school graduates, dropouts and nongraduates. J. Educ. Res. 1989, 82(6):309-319.
27. Barrow L., Richburg-Hayes L., Rouse C.E., Brock T. Paying for performance: the education impacts of a community college scholarship program for low-income adults. J. Labor. Econ. 2014, 32(3):563-599.
28. Baum S., Schwartz S. Student Aid, Student Behavior, and Educational Attainment 2013, The George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development.
29. Baum S., Scott-Clayton J. Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty-First Century 2013, The Hamilton Project.
30. Baum S., Kurose C., Ma J. How College Shapes Lives: Understanding the Issues 2013, Trends in Higher Education Working Paper Series, October 2013.
31. Becker G. Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. J. Polit. Econ. 1962, 70(2):9-49.
32. Becker G.S., Mulligan C.B. The endogenous determination of time preferences. Q. J. Econ. 1997, 112(3):729-758.
33. Benartzi S., Thaler R. Heuristics and biases in retirement savings behavior. J. Econ. Perspect. 2007, 21(3):81-104.
34. Benenson J.F., Pascoe J., Radmore N. Children's altruistic behavior in the dictator game. Evol. Hum. Behav. 2007, 28(3):168-175.
35. Benhassine N., Devoto F., Duflo E., Dupas P., Pouliquen V. Turning a Shove into a Nudge? A 'Labeled Cash Transfer' for Education 2013, NBER Working Paper 19227, National Bureau of Economic Research.
36. Benjamin D.J., Choi J.J., Joshua Strickland A. Social identity and preferences. Am. Econ. Rev. 2010, 100(4):1913-1928.
37. Bergman P. Parent-Child Information Frictions and Human Capital Investment: Evidence from a Field Experiment 2014, Working paper.
38. Berman J., Bos J. Evaluation of the SOURCE Program: An Intervention to Promote College Application and Enrollment among Urban Youth. BPA Report 2010, Berkley Policy Associates, Oakland.
39. Bernheim B.D., Rangel A. Beyond revealed preference: choice theoretic foundations for behavioral welfare economics. Q. J. Econ. 2009, 124(1):51-104.
40. Bertrand M., Karlan D., Mullainathan S., Shafir E., Zinman J. What's advertising content worth? Evidence from a consumer credit marketing field experiment. Q. J. Econ. 2010, 125(1):263-306.
41. Beshears J., Choi J.J., Laibson D.I., Madrian B.C. Simplification and savings. J. Econ. Behav. Org. 2013, 95:130-145.
42. Bettinger E. How financial aid affects persistence. College Choices: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay for It 2004, 207-237. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. C.M. Hoxby (Ed.).
43. Bettinger E. Need-Based Aid and Student Outcomes: The Effects of the Ohio College Opportunity Grant 2010, Working Paper.
44. Bettinger E. Paying to learn: the effect of financial incentives on elementary school test scores. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2012, 94(3):686-698.
45. Bettinger E., Baker R. The effects of student coaching in college: an evaluation of a randomized experiment in student mentoring. Educ. Eval. Policy Anal. 2014, 36(1):3-19.
46. Bettinger E., Slonim R. Patience among children. J. Public Econ. 2007, 91(1-2):343-363.
47. Bettinger E., Long B.T., Oreopoulos P., Sanbonmatsu L. The role of application assistance and information in college decisions: results from the H&R block FAFSA experiment. Q. J. Econ. 2012, 127(3):1205-1242.
48. Bettinger E., Boatman A., Long B.T. Student supports: developmental education and other academic programs. Future Child. 2013, 23(1):93-115.
49. Bird K., Castleman B.L. Here Today, Gone tomorrow? Investigating Rates and Patterns of Financial Aid Renewal Among College Freshman 2014, EdPolicy Works Working Paper Series No. 25, May 2014.
50. Bishop J.H. Drinking from the fountain of knowledge: student incentive to study and learn-externalities, information problems and peer pressure. Handbook of Economics of Education 2006, vol. 2:909-944. Elsevier, Amsterdam. E.A. Hanushek, F. Welch (Eds.).
51. Black S.E., Devereux P.J., Salvanes K.G. The more the merrier? The effect of family size and birth order on children's education. Q. J. Econ. 2005, 120(2):669-700.
52. Blackwell L.S., Trzesniewski K.H., Dweck C.S. Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across and adolescent transition: a longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Dev. 2007, 78(1):246-263.
53. Borghans L., Duckworth A., Heckman J., ter Weel B. The economics and psychology of personality traits. J. Hum. Resour. 2008, 31(1):27-56.
54. Borghans L., Golsteyn B.H.H., Stenberg A. Does Expert Advice Improve Educational Choice? 2013, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7649.
55. Brewster A.B., Bowen G.L. Teacher support and the school engagement of Latino middle and high school students at risk of school failure. Child Adolesc. Soc. Work. J. 2004, 21(1):47-65.
56. Bridgeland J.M., DiIulio J.J., Morison K.B. The Silent Epidemic: Perspectives of High School Dropouts 2006, Civic Enterprises, Chicago, IL.
57. Brunello G., Fort M., Weber G. Changes in compulsory schooling, education, and the distribution of wages in Europe. Econ. J. 2009, 119(536):516-539.
58. Brunello G., Weber G., Weiss C.T. Books Are Forever: Early Life Conditions, Education and Lifetime Income 2012, IZA Discussion Paper No. 6386.
59. Bursztyn L., Coffman L.C. The schooling decision: family preferences, intergenerational conflict, and moral hazard in the Brazilian favelas. J. Polit. Econ. 2012, 120(3):359-397.
60. Bursztyn L., Jensen R. How does peer pressure affect educational investments. Q. J. Econ. 2015, 130(3):1329-1367.
61. Buser T., Niederle M., Oosterbeek H. Gender, competitiveness and career choices. Q. J. Econ. 2014, 129(3):1409-1447.
62. Busse M.R., Pope D.G., Pope J.C., Silva-Risso J. Projection Bias in the Car and Housing Markets 2012, NBER Working Paper 18212, National Bureau of Economic Research.
63. Cabrera A.F., La Nasa S.M. Understanding the college-choice process. New Dir. Inst. Res. 2000, 107:5-22.
64. Cadena B.C., Keys B.J. Human capital and the lifetime costs of impatience. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 2015, 7(3):126-153.
65. Caetano G., Patrinos H.A., Palacios M. Measuring Aversion to Debt: An Experiment Among Student Loan Candidates 2011, Working Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5737.
66. Carrell S.E., Sacerdote B. Late Interventions Matter Too: The Case of College Coaching New Hampshire 2013, NBER Working Paper 19031, National Bureau of Economic Research.
67. Carroll G.D., Choi J.J., Laibson D.I., Madrian B.C., Metrick A. Optimal defaults and active decisions. Q. J. Econ. 2009, 124(4):1639-1674.
68. Castillo M., Ferraro P.J., Jordan J.L., Petrie R. The today and tomorrow of kids: time preferences and educational outcomes of children. J. Public Econ. 2011, 95(11-12):1377-1385.
69. Castleman B.L. Prompts, Personalization, and Pay-Offs: Strategies to Improve the Design and Delivery of College and Financial Aid Information 2013, The George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development.
70. Castleman B.L. The Impact of Partial and Full Merit Scholarships on College Entry and Success: Evidence from the Florida Bright Futures Scholarship Program 2014, EdPolicy Works Working Paper No. 17, February 2014.
71. Castleman B.L., Page L.C. A trickle or a torrent? Understanding the extent of summer "melt" among college-intending high school graduates. Soc. Sci. Q. 2014, 95(1):202-220.
72. Castleman B.L., Page L.C. Freshman Year Financial Aid Nudges: An Experiment to Increase FAFSA Renewal and College Persistence 2014, EdPolicy Works Working Paper Series No. 29, June 2014.
73. Castleman B.L., Page L.C. Summer nudging: can personalized text messages and peer mentor outreach increase college going among low-income high school graduates?. J. Econ. Behav. Org. 2015, 115:144-160.
74. Castleman B.L., Arnold K., Wartman K.L. Stemming the tide of summer melt: an experimental study of the effects of post-high school summer intervention on low-income students' college enrollment. J. Res. Educ. Eff. 2012, 5(1):1-17.
75. Castleman B.L., Page L.C., Schooley K. The forgotten summer: does the offer of college counseling after high school mitigate summer melt among college-intending, low-income high school graduates?. J. Policy Anal. Manage. 2014, 33(2):320-344.
76. Catterall J.S. Risk and resilience in student transitions to high school. Am. J. Educ. 1998, 106(2):302-333.
77. Cha P., Patel R. Rewarding Progress, Reducing Debt: Early Results from Ohio's Performance-Based Scholarship Demonstration for Low-Income Parents. MDRC Report, October 2010, MDRC, New York and Oakland.
78. Chapman S.B., Gamino J.F., Anand Mudar R. Higher-order strategic gist reasoning in adolescence. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
79. Chetty R. Behavioral economics and public policy: a pragmatic perspective. Am. Econ. Rev. 2015, 105(5):1-33.
80. Chetty R., Looney A., Kroft K. Salience and taxation: theory and evidence. Am. Econ. Rev. 2009, 99(4):1145-1177.
81. Chetty R., Friedman J.N., Rockoff J.E. The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood 2011, NBER Working Paper 17699, National Bureau of Economic Research.
82. Chetty R., Friedman J.N., Leth-Petersen S., Nielsen T., Olsen T. Active vs. passive decisions and crowd-out in retirement savings accounts: evidence from Denmark. Q. J. Econ. 2014, 129(3):1141-1219.
83. Chick C.F., Reyna V.F. A fuzzy trace theory of adolescent risk taking: beyond self-control and sensation seeking. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
84. Choi J.J., Laibson D.I., Madrian B.C., Metrick A. Defined contribution pensions: plan rules, participant choices, and the path of least resistance. Tax Policy and the Economy 2002, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. J. Poterba (Ed.).
85. Choi J.J., Laibson D.I., Madrian B.C. Plan design and 401(k) savings outcomes. Natl. Tax J. 2004, 57(2):275-298.
86. Cohen G.L., Garcia J., Apfel N., Master A. Reducing the racial achievement gap: a social-psychological intervention. Science 2006, 313(5791):1307-1310.
87. Cohodes S., Goodman J. Merit aid, college quality and college completion: Massachusetts' Adams scholarship as an in-kind subsidy. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 2014, 6(4):251-285.
88. Coleman J.S. The Adolescent Society 1961, The Free Press, New York.
89. Cook P.J., Dodge K., Farkas G., Fryer R.G., Guryan J., Ludwig J., Mayer S., Pollack H., Steinberg L. The (Surprising) Efficacy of Academic and Behavioral Intervention with Disadvantaged Youth: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Chicago 2014, NBER Working Paper 19862, National Bureau of Economic Research.
90. Cornwell C., Lee K.H., Mustard D.B. Student responses to merit scholarship retention rules. J. Hum. Resour. 2005, 40(4):895-917.
91. Council of Economic Advisors: National Economic Council Simplifying Student Aid: The Case for an Easier, Faster and More Accurate FAFSA 2009, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C.
92. Croninger R.G., Lee V.E. Social capital and dropping out of high school: benefits to at-risk students of teachers' support and guidance. Teach. Coll. Rec. 2001, 103(4):548-581.
93. Cunha F., Heckman J.J. Formulating, identifying and estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. J. Hum. Resour. 2008, 43(4):738-782.
94. Curto V.E., Fryer R.G. The potential of urban working schools for the poor: evidence from SEED. J. Labor. Econ. 2014, 32(1):65-93.
95. Cusick P. Inside High School 1973, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
96. Dearden L., Emmerson C., Frayne C., Meghir C. Conditional cash transfers and school dropout rates. J. Hum. Resour. 2009, 44(4):827-857.
97. Deci E.L., Ryan R.M. Self-determination. Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology 2010, vols. 1-2. Wiley, New York. I.B. Weiner, W.E. Craighead (Eds.).
98. Dee T. Stereotype threat and the student athlete. Econ. Inq. 2014, 52(1):173-182.
99. DellaVigna S. Psychology and economics: evidence from the field. J. Econ. Lit. 2009, 47(2):315-372.
100. DellaVigna S., Daniele Paserman M. Job search and impatience. J. Labor Econ. 2005, 23(3):527-588.
101. Demming D., Dynarski S. Into College, OUT of poverty? Policies to Increase the Postsecondary Attainment of the Poor 2009, NBER Working Paper 15387, National Bureau of Economic Research.
102. Devereux P.J., Hart R.A. Forced to be rich? Returns to compulsory schooling in Britain. Econ. J. 2010, 120(549):1345-1364.
103. Behavioral Economics and Its Applications 2007, Princeton University Press, Princeton. P. Diamond, H. Vartiainen (Eds.).
104. Dinkleman T., Martinez C. Investing in schooling in Chile: the role of information about financial aid for higher education. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2014, 96(2):244-257.
105. Dobbie W., Fryer R.G. Are high-quality schools enough to increase achievement among the poor? Evidence from the Harlem Children's Zone. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 2011, 3(3):158-187.
106. Dobkin C., Gil R., Marion J. Skipping class in college and exam performance: evidence from a regression discontinuity classroom experiment. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2010, 29(4):566-575.
107. Dohmen T., Falk A., Huffman D., Sunde U. The intergenerational transmission of risk and trust attitudes. Rev. Econ. Stud. 2011, 79(2):645-677.
108. Duckworth A.L., Carlson S.M. Self-regulation and school success. Self-Regulation and Autonomy: Social and Developmental Dimensions of Human Conduct 2013, 208-230. Cambridge University Press, New York. B.W. Sokol, F.M.E. Grouzet, U. Mueller (Eds.).
109. Duckworth A.L., Steinberg L. Understanding and Cultivating Self-Control 2014, Working Paper.
110. Duckworth A.L., Grant H., Lowe B., Oettingen G., Gollwitzer P.M. Self-regulation strategies improve self-discipline in adolescents: benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions. Educ. Psychol. 2011, 31(1):17-26.
111. Duckworth A.L., Quinn P.D., Tsukayama E. What no child left behind leaves behind: the roles of IQ and self-control in predicting standardized achievement test scores and report card grades. J. Educ. Psychol. 2012, 104(2):439-451.
112. Duckworth A.L., Gendler T.S., Gross J.J. Self-control in school-age children. Educ. Psychol. 2014, 49(3):199-217.
113. Dweck C.S. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success 2007, Random House, New York.
114. Dweck C.S., Leggett E.L. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychol. Rev. 1988, 95(2):256-273.
115. Dweck C.S., Sorich L.A. Mastery-oriented thinking. Coping: The Psychology of What Works 1999, 232-251. Oxford, University Press, New York. L.C.R. Snyder (Ed.).
116. Dynarski S.M. Who benefits from the education saving incentives? Income, educational expectations and the value of the 529 and Coverdell. Natl. Tax J. 2004, 57(2):359-383.
117. Dynarski S. Building the stock of college-educated labor. J. Hum. Resour. 2008, 43(3):924-937.
118. Dynarski S., Scott-Clayton J. The cost of complexity in federal student aid: lessons from optimal tax theory and behavioral economics. Natl. Tax J. 2006, 59(2):319-356.
119. Everhart R.B. Reading, Writing, and Resistance: Adolescence and Labor in a Junior High School 1983, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Boston, MA.
120. Fan C.-P. Teaching children cooperation - an application of experimental game theory. J. Econ. Behav. Org. 2000, 41(3):191-209.
121. Fehr E., Rützler D., Sutter M. The development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence. Eur. Econ. Rev. 2013, 64:369-383.
122. Field E. Educational debt burden and career choice: evidence from a financial aid experiment at NYU law school. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 2009, 1(1):1-21.
123. Ford R., Frenette M., Nicholson C., Kwakye I., Shek-wai Hui T., Hutchison J., Dorber S., Smith Fowler H., Hébert S. Future to Discover: Post-secondary Impacts Report 2012, Social Research and Demonstration Corporation (SDRC), Ottawa, Ontario.
124. Frederick S., Loewenstein G., O'Donoghue T. Time discounting and time preference: a critical review. J. Econ. Lit. 2002, 40(2):351-401.
125. Fryer R.G. Financial incentives and student achievement: evidence from randomized trials. Q. J. Econ. 2011, 126(5):1755-1798.
126. Fryer R.G. Injecting charter school best practices into traditional public schools: evidence from field experiments. Q. J. Econ. 2014, 129(3):1355-1407.
127. Fudenberg D., Levine D.K. A dual-self model of impulse control. Am. Econ. Rev. 2006, 96(5):1449-1476.
128. Fuhrman T. Keeping students on track with a mobile 'nudge'. Campus Technology 2014, (July 17). Accessed August 23, 2014. http://campustechnology.com/Articles/2014/07/17/Keeping-Students-on-Track-With-a-Mobile-Nudge.
129. Fuster J.M. Frontal lobe and cognitive development. J. Neurocytol. 2002, 31(3-5):373-385.
130. Galvan A. Risky behavior in adolescents: the role of the developing brain. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
131. Giedd J.N., Stockman M., Weddle C., Liverpool M., Wallace G.L., Reitano Lee N., Lalonde F., Lenroot R.K. Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging of the developing child and adolescent brain. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
132. Glimcher P.W. Value-based decision making. Neuroeconomics 2014, Academic Press, New York, (Chapter 10). second ed. P.W. Glimcher, E. Fehr (Eds.).
133. Glimcher P.W., Fehr E. Neuroeconomics 2014, Academic Press, New York. second ed.
134. Gneezy U., Meier S., Rey-Biel P. When and why incentives (don't) work to modify behavior. J. Econ. Perspect. 2011, 25(4):191-210.
135. Gollwitzer A., Oettingen G., Kirby T.A., Duckworth A.L., Mayer D. Mental contrasting facilitates academic performance in school children. Motiv. Emot. 2011, 35(4):403-412.
136. Golsteyn B.H.H., Grönqvist H., Lindahl L. Adolescent time preferences predict lifetime outcomes. Econ. J. 2014, 124(580):F739-F761.
137. Good C., Aronson J., Inzlicht M. Improving adolescents' standardized test performance: an intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2003, 24:645-662.
138. Gordon W.C. The Social System of the High School 1957, The Free Press, Chicago.
139. Green L., Fry A.F., Myerson J. Discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison. Psychol. Sci. 1994, 5(1):33-36.
140. Grenet J. Is extending compulsory schooling alone enough to raise earnings? Evidence from French and British compulsory schooling laws. Scand. J. Econ. 2011, 115(1):176-210.
141. Grodner A., Rupp N.G. The role of homework in student learning outcomes: evidence from a field experiment. J. Econ. Educ. 2013, 44(2):93-109.
142. Guryan J., Kim J.S., Park K. Motivation and Incentives in Education: Evidence from a Summer Reading Program 2015, NBER Working Paper 20918, National Bureau of Economic Research.
143. Hall G.S. Adolescence 1904, Appleton, New York.
144. Hammer K. TDSB uses a personal touch to bring dropouts back to school. The Globe and Mail 2012, Accessed August 23, 2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/tdsb-uses-a-personal-touch-to-bring-dropouts-back-to-school/article4219643/.
145. Harackiewicz J.M., Rozek C.S., Hulleman C.S., Hyde J.S. Helping parents to motivate adolescents in mathematics and science: an experimental test of a utility-value intervention. Psychol. Sci. 2012, 23(8):899-906.
146. Harmon C., Walker I. Estimates of the economic return to schooling for the United Kingdom. Am. Econ. Rev. 1995, 85(5):1278-1286.
147. Hastings J.S., Weinstein J.M. Information, school choice, and academic achievement: evidence from two experiments. Q. J. Econ. 2008, 123(4):1373-1414.
148. Haun D.B.M., van Leeuwen J.C., Edelson M.G. Majority influence in children and other animals. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 2013, 3:61-71.
149. Hershfield H.E., Goldstein D.G., Sharpe W.F., Fox J., Yeykelis L., Carstensen L.L., Bailenson J.N. Increasing saving behavior through age-progressed renderings of the future self. J. Mark. Res. 2011, 48:S23-S37.
150. Hoffman M. How Is Information (Under-) Valued? Evidence from Framed Field Experiments 2012, Working Paper.
151. Hollingshead A.B. Four Factor Index of Social Status 1975, Yale University, New Haven, CT, Unpublished manuscript.
152. Horn L.J., Chen X., Chapman C. Getting Ready to Pay for College: What Students and Their Parents Know About the Cost of College Tuition and What They Are Doing to Find Out. NCES Report No. 2003-030 2003, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, D.C.
153. Hough D.E. Irrationality in Health Care: What Behavioral Economics Reveals About What We Do and Why 2013, Stanford Economics and Finance, Palo Alto.
154. Hoxby C.M., Avery C. The Missing "One-Offs": The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students 2013, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
155. Hoxby C.M., Turner S. Expanding College Opportunities for High-Achieving, Low Income Students 2013, SIEPR Discussion Paper 12-014, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
156. Iyengar S.S., Lepper M.R. When choice is demotivating: can one desire too much of a good thing?. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2000, 79(6):995-1006.
157. Iyengar S.S., Huberman G., Jiang H. How much choice is too much? Contributions to 401(k) retirement plans. Pension Design and Structure: New Lessons from Behavioral Finance 2005, Oxford Scholarship Online. O.S. Mitchell, S.P. Utkus (Eds.).
158. Jabbar H. The behavioral economics of education: new directions for research. Educ. Res. 2011, 40(9):446-452.
159. Jackson P.W. Life in Classrooms 1968, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York.
160. Jackson C.K. A little now for a lot later: a look at a Texas advanced placement incentive program. J. Hum. Resour. 2010, 45(3):591-639.
161. Jensen R. The (perceived) returns to education and the demand for schooling. Q. J. Econ. 2010, 125(2):515-548.
162. Johnson S.B., Blum R.W., Giedd J.N. Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy. J. Adolesc. Health 2009, 45(3):216-221.
163. Kable J.W., Glimcher P.W. The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1625-1633.
164. Kable J.W., Glimcher P.W. An "as soon as possible" effect in human intertemporal decision making: behavioral evidence and neural mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 2010, 103(5):2513-2531.
165. Kahneman D. Maps of bounded rationality: psychology for behavioral economics. Am. Econ. Rev. 2003, 93(5):1449-1475.
166. Kahneman D., Frederick S. Representativeness revisited: attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. Heuristic and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment 2002, 49-81. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman (Eds.).
167. Kahneman D., Tversky A. On the psychology of prediction. Psychol. Rev. 1973, 80(4):237-251.
168. Kerr S.P., Pekkarinen T., Sarvimaki M., Uusitalo R. Educational Choice and Information on Labor Market Prospects: A Randomized Field Experiment 2014, Working Paper.
169. Kling J.R., Mullainathan S., Shafir E., Vermeulen L.C., Wrobel M.V. Comparison friction: experimental evidence from medicare drug plans. Q. J. Econ. 2012, 127(1):199-235.
170. Koch A., Nafziger J., Nielson H.S. Behavioral economics of education. J. Econ. Behav. Org. 2015, 115:3-17.
171. Kosse F., Pfeiffer F. Impatience among preschool children and their mothers. Econ. Lett. 2012, 115(3):493-495.
172. Kraft M.A., Dougherty S.M. The effect of teacher-family communication on student engagement: evidence from a randomized field experiment. J. Res. Educ. Eff. 2013, 6(3):199-222.
173. Kraft M.A., Rogers T. The underutilized potential of teacher-to-parent communication: evidence from a field experiment. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2015, 47:49-63.
174. Kremer M., Miguel E., Thorton R. Incentives to learn. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2009, 91(3):437-456.
175. Laibson D.I. Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Q. J. Econ. 1997, 112(2):443-477.
176. Lamdin D.J. Evidence of student attendance as an independent variable in education production functions. J. Educ. Res. 1996, 89(3):155-162.
177. Lee V.E., Burkham D.T. Dropping out of high school: the role of school organization and structure. Am. Educ. Res. J. 2003, 40(2):353-393.
178. Lergetporer P., Angerer S., Glätzle-Rützler D., Sutter M. Third-party punishment increases cooperation in children through (misaligned) expectations and conditional cooperation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2014, 111(19):6916-6921.
179. Leuven E., Oosterbeek H., van der Klaauw B. The effect of financial rewards on students' achievement: evidence from a randomized experiment. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 2010, 8(6):1243-1265.
180. Leuven E., Oosterbeek H., Sonnemans J., van der Klaauw B. Incentives versus sorting in tournaments: evidence from a field experiment. J. Labor Econ. 2011, 29(3):637-658.
181. Levin I.P., Hart S.S. Risk preferences in young children: early evidence of individual differences in reaction to potential gains and losses. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 2003, 16(5):397-413.
182. Levine P.B. Simplifying Estimates of College Costs 2013, The Hamilton Project, Washington, D.C, Policy Memo 2013-06.
183. Levitt S.D., List J.A., Neckermann S., Sadoff S. The Behavioralist Goes to School: Leveraging Behavioral Economics to Improve Educational Performance 2012, NBER Working Paper 18165, National Bureau of Economic Research.
184. Lleras-Muney A. The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States. Rev. Econ. Stud. 2005, 72(1):189-221.
185. Lochner L., Monge-Naranjo A. Credit constraints in education. Annu. Rev. Econ. 2012, 4:225-256.
186. Lochner L., Moretti E. The effect of education on crime: evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self reports. Am. Econ. Rev. 2004, 94(1):155-189.
187. Loewenstein G., O'Donoghue T., Rabin M. Projection bias in predicting future utility. Q. J. Econ. 2003, 118(4):1209-1248.
188. MacDonald H., Bernstein L., Price C. Foundations for Success: Short-Term Impacts Report. Report to the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation 2009.
189. Madrian B.C. Applying insights from behavioral economics to policy design. Annu. Rev. Econ. 2014, 6:663-668.
190. Mangels J.A., Good C., Whiteman R.C., Maniscalo B., Dweck C.S. Emotion blocks the path to learning under stereotype threat. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2012, 7(2):230-241.
191. Mani A., Mullainathan S., Shafir E., Zhao J. Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science 2013, 341(6149):976-980.
192. McClure S.M., Laibson D.I., Loewenstein G., Cohen J.D. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 2004, 306(5695):503-507.
193. McGuigan M., McNally S., Wyness G. Student Awareness of Costs and Benefits of Educational Decisions: Effects of an Information Campaign 2012, CEE Discussion Paper 139, Centre for the Economics of Education.
194. Meghir C., Palme M. Educational reform, ability and family background. Am. Econ. Rev. 2005, 95(1):414-424.
195. Meghir C., Palme M., Simeonova E. Education, Cognition and Health: Evidence from a Social Experiment 2013, NBER Working Paper 19002, National Bureau of Economic Research.
196. Mensch B.S., Kandel D.B. Dropping out of high school and drug involvement. Sociol. Educ. 1988, 61(2):95-113.
197. Messacar D., Oreopoulos P. Staying in school: a proposal for raising high school graduation rates. Issues Sci. Technol. 2013, 29(2):55-61.
198. Miller C., Binder M., Harris V., Krause K. Saying on Track: Early Findings from a Performance-Based Scholarship Program at the University of Mexico. MDRC Report, August 2011.
199. Milligan K. Who uses RESPs and why. Higher Education in Canada 2005, 467-494. John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. C.M. Beach, R.W. Boadway, R. McInnis (Eds.).
200. Morisano D., Hirsh J.B., Peterson J.B., Pihl R.O., Shore B.M. Setting, elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance. J. Appl. Psychol. 2010, 95(2):255-264.
201. Mullainathan S., Shafir E. Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much 2013, Times Books: Henry Hold and Company, LLC, New York.
202. Nayar SmartSaver: Final Evaluation Report. Online Report Accessed August 31, 2014 2013, http://www.theomegafoundation.ca/documents/SmartSAVER%20Final%20Evaluation%20Report.pdf.
203. Nguyen T. Information, Role Models and Perceived Returns to Education: Experimental Evidence from Madagascar 2008, MIT Working Paper.
204. O'Rourke E., Haimovitz K., Ballwebber C., Dweck C.S., Popovic Z. Brain Points: A Growth Mindset Incentive Structure Boosts Persistence in an Educational Game 2014.
205. Oreopoulos P. Canadian Compulsory Schooling Laws and Their Impact on Educational Attainment and Future Earnings 2005, Statistics Canada Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper No. 251.
206. Oreopoulos P., Dunn R. Information and college access: evidence from a randomized field experiment. Scand. J. Econ. 2013, 115(1):3-26.
207. Oreopoulos, P., Ford, R., 2014. Life after high school: an experiment to help all high school seniors during class through the college application process. In progress.
208. Oreopoulos P., Petronijevic U. Making college worth it: a review of research on the returns to higher education. Future Child. 2013, 23(1):41-65.
209. Oreopoulos P., Salvanes K.G. Priceless: the nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. J. Econ. Perspect. 2011, 25(1):159-184.
210. Oreopoulos P., Brown R.S., Lavecchia A.M. Pathways to Education: An Integrated Approach to Helping At-Risk High School Students 2014, NBER Working Paper 20430, National Bureau of Economic Research.
211. Oswald Y., Backes-Gellner U. Learning for a bonus: how financial incentives interact with preferences. J. Public Econ. 2014, 118:52-61.
212. Pallais A. Small differences that matter: mistakes in applying to college. J. Labor Econ. 2013, 33(2):493-520.
213. De Paola M., Maria V.S., Nistico R. Monetary incentives and student achievement in a depressed labor market: results from a randomized experiment. J. Hum. Cap. 2012, 6(1):56-85.
214. Pennebaker J.W., Gosling S.D., Ferrell J.D. Daily online testing in large classes: boosting college performance while reducing achievement gaps. PLoS One 2013, 8(11). e79774.
215. Peterson J.S., Colangelo N. Gifted achievers and underachievers: a comparison of patterns found in school files. J. Counsel. Dev. 1996, 74(4):399-407.
216. Pischke J.-S., von Wachter T. Zero returns to compulsory schooling in Germany: evidence and interpretation. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2008, 90(3):592-598.
217. Price J.A., Shireman R.M. Go to Class! Participate! Study! How Might Altered Incentives - Including Cash Rewards - Affect Student Success in College? 2013, The George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development.
218. Rabin M. Healthy habits: some thoughts on the role of public policy in healthful eating and exercise under limited rationality. Behavioural Public Policy 2013, 115-147. Cambridge University Press, New York. A. Oliver (Ed.).
219. Read D., Read N.L. Time discounting over the lifespan. Org. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 2004, 94(1):22-32.
220. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
221. Riccio J., Dechausay N., Miller C., Nunez S., Verma N., Yang E. Conditional Cash Transfers New York City: The Continuing Story of the Opportunity NYC - Family Rewards Demonstration. MDRC Report, September 2013.
222. Richburg-Hayes L., Sommo C., Welbeck R. Promoting Full-Time Attendance Among Adults in Community College: Early Impacts from the Performance-Based Scholarship Demonstration in New York. MDRC Report, May 2011.
223. Rick S., Loewenstein G. The role of emotion of economic behavior. Handbook of Emotions 2008, 138-156. Guilford Publications, New York. M. Lewis, J. Haviland-Jones, L.F. Barrett (Eds.).
224. Roderick M. The Path to Dropping Out 1993, Auburn House, Westport, MA.
225. Rodríguez-Planas N. Longer-term impacts of mentoring, educational services, and learning incentives: evidence from a randomized trial in the United States. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 2012, 4(4):121-139.
226. Romer D. Do students go to class? Should they?. J. Econ. Perspect. 1993, 7(3):167-174.
227. Romine C.B., Reynolds C.R. A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: findings from a meta-analysis. Appl. Neuropsychol. 2005, 12(4):190-201.
228. Ross R., White S., Wright J., Knapp L. Using Behavioral Economics for Postsecondary Success 2013, ideas42, New York.
229. Schneider S.L., Caffrey C.M. Affective motivators and experience in adolescents' development of health-related behavior patterns. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
230. Schneider S., Peters J., Bromberg U., Brassen S., Miedl S., Banaschweski T., Barker G.J., Conrod P., Flor H., Garavan H., Heinz A., Ittermann B., Lathrop M., Loth E., Mann K., Martinot J.-L., Nees F., Paus T., Rietschel M., Robbins T.W., Smolka M.N., Spangel R., Ströhle A., Struve M., Schumann G., Büchel C. Risk taking and the adolescent reward system: a potential common link to substance abuse. Am. J. Psychiatry 2012, 169(1):39-46.
231. Scott-Clayton J. On money and motivation: a quasi-experimental analysis of financial incentives for college achievement. J. Hum. Resour. 2011, 46(3):614-646.
232. Scott-Clayton J. What explains trends in labor supply among U.S. undergraduates. Natl. Tax J. 2012, 65(1):181-210.
233. Scott-Clayton J. The Shapeless River: Does a Lack of Structure Inhibit Students' Progress at Community Colleges 2012, CCRC Working Paper No. 25, Community College Research Center.
234. Scrivener S., Weiss M.J. More Graduates: Two-Year Results from an Evaluation of Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) for Developmental Education Students 2013, MDRC Policy Brief, December.
235. Sirin S.R. Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: a meta-analytic review of research. Rev. Educ. Res. 2005, 75(3):417-453.
236. Sjoquist D.L., Winters J.V. Building the stock of college-educated labor revisited. J. Hum. Resour. 2012, 47(1):270-285.
237. Sjoquist D.L., Winters J.V. State Merit-Based Financial Aid Programs and College Attainment 2012, IZA Discussion Paper No. 6801, Institute for the Study of Labor.
238. Springer M.G., Rosenquist B., Swain W.A. Monetary and non-monetary student incentives for tutoring services: a randomized controlled trial. J. Res. Edu. Eff. 2015, 8(4):453-474.
239. Stanca L. The effects of attendance on academic performance: panel data evidence for introductory microeconomics. J. Econ. Educ. 2006, 37(3):251-266.
240. Stanovich K.E., West R.F., Toplak M.E. Judgment and decision making in adolescence: separating intelligence from rationality. The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning and Decision Making 2012, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. V.F. Reyna, S.B. Chapman, M.R. Dougherty, J. Confrey (Eds.).
241. Steele C.M. A threat in the air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and preference. Am. Psychol. 1997, 52(6):613-629.
242. Steele C.M., Aronson J. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1995, 69(5):797-811.
243. Steinberg L., Graham S., O'Brien L., Woolard J., Cauffman E., Banich M. Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Dev. 2009, 80(1):28-44.
244. Stephens M., Yang D.-Y. Compulsory education and the benefits of schooling. Am. Econ. Rev. 2014, 104(6):1777-1792.
245. Stinebrickner R., Stinebrickner T.R. Working during school and academic performance. J. Labor Econ. 2003, 21(2):473-491.
246. Strickland V. Attendance and Grade Point Average: A Study. Report No. SP038147 1998, National Center for Research on Teacher Learning, Fast Lansing, MI, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED423224).
247. Sunstein C. Behavioral law and economics. Cambridge Series on Judgement and Decision Making 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H. Arkes, L. Lopes, J. Baron (Eds.).
248. Sutter M., Glätzle-Rützler D. Gender differences in competition emerge early in life and persist. Manag. Sci. 2015, 61(10):2339-2354.
249. Sutter M., Kocher M.G. Trust and trustworthiness across different age groups. Games Econ. Behav. 2007, 59(2):364-382.
250. Sutter M., Kocher M.G., Glätzle-Rützler D., Trautmann S.T. Impatience and uncertainty: experimental decisions predict adolescents' field behavior. Am. Econ. Rev. 2013, 103(1):510-531.
251. Teffer K., Semendeferi K. Human prefrontal cortex: evolution, development and pathology. Progress in Brain Research: Evolution of the Primate Brain from Neuron to Behavior 2012, 191-218. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. M.A. Hofman, D. Falk (Eds.).
252. Thaler R. Advances in behavioral finance. The Roundtable Series in Behavioral Economics 2005, vol. 2. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
253. Thaler R., Sunstein C. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness 2008, Penguin Books, New York.
254. Thompson C., Barresi J., Moore C. The development of future-oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers. Cogn. Dev. 1997, 12(2):199-212.
255. Todd P.E., Wolpin K.I. The production of cognitive achievement in children: home, school and racial test score gaps. J. Hum. Cap. 2007, 1(1):91-136.
256. Tversky A., Kahneman D. Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: the conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychol. Rev. 1983, 90(4):293-315.
257. Usher A. Income-Related Barriers to Post-Secondary Education, Council of Ministers of Education 1998, Canada Working Paper as Part of Postsecondary Education Project, Learner Pathways and Transitions.
258. Walton G.M. The new science of wise psychological interventions. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2015, 23(1):73-82.
259. Walton G.M., Cohen G.L. A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students. Science 2011, 331(6023):1447-1451.
260. Walton G.M., Logel C., Peach J.M., Spencer S.J., Zanna M.P. Two brief interventions to mitigate a "chilly climate" transform women's experience, relationships, and achievement in engineering. J. Educ. Psychol. 2015, 107(2):468-485.
261. Ware M., Weissman E., McDermott D. Aid Like a Paycheck: Incremental Aid to Promote Student Success 2013, MDRC Policy Brief, September.
262. Watt N. Cameron promises 'land of opportunity' where young people must earn or learn. The Guardian 2013.
263. Willis P. Learning to Labour 1977, Saxon House, Westmead.
264. Wilson T.D., Linville P.W. Improving the academic performance of college freshman: attribution therapy revisited. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1982, 42(2):367-376.
265. Wilson T.D., Linville P.W. Improving the performance of college freshmen with attributional techniques. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1985, 49(1):287-293.
266. Wölfel O., Heineck G. Parental risk attitudes and children's secondary track choice. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2012, 31(5):727-743.
267. Wulfert E., Block J.A., Ana E.S., Rodriguez M.L., Colsman M. Delay of gratification: impulsive choices and problem behaviors in early and late adolescence. J. Pers. 2002, 70(4):533-552.
268. Yeager D.S., Walton G.M. Social-psychological interventions in education: they're not magic. Rev. Educ. Res. 2011, 81(2):267-301.
269. Yeager D.S., Henderson M.D., Paunesku D., Walton G.M., D'Mello S., Spitzer B.J., Duckworth A.L. Boring but important: a self-transcendent purpose for learning fosters academic self-regulation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2014, 107(4):559-580.
270. Zimmerman S. The returns to college admission for academically marginal students. J. Labor Econ. 2014, 32(4):711-754.