Modulation of PPAR expression and activity in response to polyphenolic compounds in high fat diets

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 17, Issue 7, 2016, Pages

  Abraham Dominguez Avila J ^a   González Aguilar, Gustavo A ^a   Alvarez Parrilla, Emilio ^b   de la Rosa, Laura A ^b  

^a CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ALIMENTACIÓN Y DESARROLLO   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Gene expression; High fat; Polyphenols; PPAR

Indexed keywords

BERBERINE; CAFFEIC ACID; CHLOROGENIC ACID; COUMARIC ACID; EPICATECHIN; EPICATECHIN GALLATE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; EROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; GALLOCATECHIN; MANGIFERIN; MESSENGER RNA; MYRICETIN; OLEUROPEIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; QUERCETIN; RESVERATROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; POLYPHENOL;

BERRY; CROP; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EDIBLE PLANT; ENERGY METABOLISM; FRUIT JUICE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID DIET; LIPOGENESIS; MEDICINAL PLANT; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TEA; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; VEGETABLE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER; METABOLISM; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; DIET, HIGH-FAT; ENERGY METABOLISM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS; POLYPHENOLS;

EID: 84976573126     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071002     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Krey, G.; Braissant, O.; LHorset, F.; Kalkhoven, E.; Perroud, M.; Parker, M.G.; Wahli, W. Fatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic agents identified as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay. Mol. Endocrinol. 1997, 11, 779-791. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Braissant, O.; Foufelle, F.; Scotto, C.; Dauca, M.; Wahli, W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): Tissue distribution of PPAR-α, -β, and γ- in the adult rat. Endocrinology 1996, 137, 354-366. [PubMed]
3. Grygiel-Gorniak, B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: Nutritional and clinical implications—A review. Nutr. J. 2014, 13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Hihi, A.K.; Michalik, L.; Wahli, W. PPARs: Transcriptional effectors of fatty acids and their derivatives. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2002, 59, 790-798. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Youssef, J.A.; Badr, M.Z. Tissue distribution and versatile functions of PPARS. In Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Discovery and Recent Advances; Youssef, A.J., Badr, Z.M., Eds.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, USA, 2013; pp. 33-69
6. Wagner, K.D.; Wagner, N. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPAR β/ δ) acts as regulator of metabolism linked to multiple cellular functions. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 125, 423-435. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Ahmadian, M.; Suh, J.M.; Hah, N.; Liddle, C.; Atkins, A.R.; Downes, M.; Evans, R.M. PPARγ signaling and metabolism: The good, the bad and the future. Nat. Med. 2013, 19, 557-566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Janani, C.; Ranjitha Kumari, B.D. PPAR gamma gene—A review. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2015, 9, 46-50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Medina-Gomez, G.; Gray, S.L.; Yetukuri, L.; Shimomura, K.; Virtue, S.; Campbell, M.; Curtis, R.K.; Jimenez-Linan, M.; Blount, M.; Yeo, G.S.H., et al. PPAR gamma 2 prevents lipotoxicity by controlling adipose tissue expandability and peripheral lipid metabolism. PLoS Genet. 2007, 3, e64. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Frazier-Wood, A.C.; Ordovas, J.M.; Straka, R.J.; Hixson, J.E.; Borecki, I.B.; Tiwari, H.K.; Arnett, D.K. The PPAR αgene is associated with triglyceride, low-density cholesterol and inflammation marker response to fenofibrate intervention: The goldn study. Pharmacogenom. J. 2013, 13, 312-317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Cheng, H.S.; Yaw, H.P.; Ton, S.H.; Choy, S.M.; Kong, J.M.X.F.; Abdul Kadir, K. Glycyrrhizic acid prevents high calorie diet-induced metabolic aberrations despite the suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression. Nutrition 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Rasouli, N.; Kern, P.A.; Elbein, S.C.; Sharma, N.K.; Das, S.K. Improved insulin sensitivity after treatment with PPAR and PPAR α ligands is mediated by genetically modulated transcripts. Pharmacogenet. Genom. 2012, 22, 484-497. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Fuentes, E.; Fuentes, F.; Vilahur, G.; Badimon, L.; Palomo, I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediat. Inflamm. 2013. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Sugden, M.C.; Warlow, M.P.; Holness, M.J. The involvement of PPARs in the causes, consequences and mechanisms for correction of cardiac lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol. 2012, 5, 224-240. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Wu, L.; Wang, Q.; Guo, F.; Ma, X.; Ji, H.; Liu, F.; Zhao, Y.; Qin, G. Microrna-27a induces mesangial cell injury by targeting of PPAR, and itsin vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 26072. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Hu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Ding, L.X.; He, X.M.; Takahashi, Y.; Gao, Y.; Shen, W.; Cheng, R.; Chen, Q.; Qi, X.P., et al. Pathogenic role of diabetes-induced PPAR-αdown-regulation in microvascular dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 15401-15406. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Tsao, R. Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2010, 2, 1231-1246. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Hillebrand, S.; Schwarz, M.; Winterhalter, P. Characterization of anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins from blood orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck] juice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 7331-7338. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Salamone, F.; Li Volti, G.; Titta, L.; Puzzo, L.; Barbagallo, I.; La Delia, F.; Zelber-Sagi, S.; Malaguarnera, M.; Pelicci, P.G.; Giorgio, M., et al. Moro orange juice prevents fatty liver in mice. World J. Gastroenterol. 2012, 18, 3862-3868. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Lin, Y.L.; Chou, C.H.; Yang, D.J.; Chen, J.W.; Tzang, B.S.; Chen, Y.C. Hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice on high-fat/cholesterol-dietary hamsters. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2012, 67, 294-302. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Tian, C.; Ye, X.; Zhang, R.; Long, J.; Ren, W.; Ding, S.; Liao, D.; Jin, X.; Wu, H.; Xu, S., et al. Green tea polyphenols reduced fat deposits in high fat-fed rats via ERK1/2-PPAR-adiponectin pathway. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e53796. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Zaveri, N.T. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci. 2006, 78, 2073-2080. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Murase, T.; Haramizu, S.; Shimotoyodome, A.; Tokimitsu, I. Reduction of diet-induced obesity by a combination of tea-catechin intake and regular swimming. Int. J. Obes. 2006, 30, 561-568. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Chen, N.; Bezzina, R.; Hinch, E.; Lewandowski, P.A.; Cameron-Smith, D.; Mathai, M.L.; Jois, M.; Sinclair, A.J.; Begg, D.P.; Wark, J.D., et al. Green tea, black tea, and epigallocatechin modify body composition, improve glucose tolerance, and differentially alter metabolic gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr. Res. 2009, 29, 784-793. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Murase, T.; Misawa, K.; Minegishi, Y.; Aoki, M.; Ominami, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Shibuya, Y.; Hase, T. Coffee polyphenols suppress diet-induced body fat accumulation by downregulating srebp-1c and related molecules in c57bl/6j mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endoc. Metab. 2011, 300, E122-E133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Heck, C.I.; De Mejia, E.G. Yerba mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis): A comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. J. Food Sci. 2007, 72, R138-R151. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Arcari, D.P.; Bartchewsky, W.; dos Santos, T.W.; Oliveira, K.A.; Funck, A.; Pedrazzoli, J.; de Souza, M.F.; Saad, M.J.; Bastos, D.H.; Gambero, A., et al. Antiobesity effects of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Obesity 2009, 17, 2127-2133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Bogacka, I.; Smith, J.M.; Gettys, T.W.; Xie, H.; de Jonge, L.; Greenway, F.; Nguyen, T.; Smith, S.R. The effect of β-adrenergic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- stimulation on target genes related to lipid metabolism in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Diabetes Care 2007, 30, 1179-1186. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Sell, H.; Berger, J.P.; Samson, P.; Castriota, G.; Lalonde, J.; Deshaies, Y.; Richard, D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism increases the capacity for sympathetically mediated thermogenesis in lean and ob/ob mice. Endocrinology 2004, 145, 3925-3934. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Yang, X.R.; Wat, E.; Wang, Y.P.; Ko, C.H.; Koon, C.M.; Siu, W.S.; Gao, S.; Cheung, D.W.; Lau, C.B.; Ye, C.X., et al. Effect of dietary cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla) supplementation on high-fat diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and hyperlipidemia in mice. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 783860. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Kim, H.; Bartley, G.E.; Rimando, A.M.; Yokoyama, W. Hepatic gene expression related to lower plasma cholesterol in hamsters fed high-fat diets supplemented with blueberry peels and peel extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 3984-3991. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Kalt, W.; Blumberg, J.B.; McDonald, J.E.; Vinqvist-Tymchuk, M.R.; Fillmore, S.A.; Graf, B.A.; O’Leary, J.M.; Milbury, P.E. Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 705-712. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Arabshahi-Delouee, S.; Urooj, A. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts ofmulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Food Chem. 2007, 102, 1233-1240. [CrossRef]
34. Ou, T.T.; Hsu, M.J.; Chan, K.C.; Huang, C.N.; Ho, H.H.; Wang, C.J. Mulberry extract inhibits oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation via reduction of lipogenesis and promotion of hepatic lipid clearance. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011, 91, 2740-2748. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Kobayashi, Y.; Miyazawa, M.; Kamei, A.; Abe, K.; Kojima, T. Ameliorative effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves on hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet: Induction of fatty acid oxidation, inhibition of lipogenesis, and suppression of oxidative stress. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2010, 74, 2385-2395. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Collins, B.; Hoffman, J.; Martinez, K.; Grace, M.; Lila, M.A.; Cockrell, C.; Nadimpalli, A.; Chang, E.; Chuang, C.C.; Zhong, W., et al. A polyphenol-rich fraction obtained from table grapes decreases adiposity, insulin resistance and markers of inflammation and impacts gut microbiota in high-fat-fed mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2016, 31, 150-165. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Pascual, M.E.; Slowing, K.; Carretero, E.; Mata, D.S.; Villar, A. Lippia: Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 76, 201-214. [CrossRef]
38. Herranz-Lopez, M.; Barrajon-Catalan, E.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Menendez, J.A.; Joven, J.; Micol, V. Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) polyphenols alleviate obesity-related disturbances in hypertrophic adipocytes through ampk-dependent mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2015, 22, 605-614. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Vissers, M.N.; Zock, P.L.; Katan, M.B. Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of olive oil phenols in humans: A review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 58, 955-965. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Kim, M.S.; Koppula, S.; Sung, S.J.; Lee, S.R.; Park, Y.D.; Lee, K.A.; Park, T.K.; Kang, H. Olea europaea linn (oleaceae) fruit pulp exhibits hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects via regulation of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha in high-fat diet-fed rats. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2014, 13, 31-39. [CrossRef]
41. Caponio, F.; Alloggio, V.; Gomes, T. Phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil: Influence of paste preparation techniques. Food Chem. 1999, 64, 203-209. [CrossRef]
42. Wall, M.M. Ascorbic acid and mineral composition of longan (Dimocarpus longan), lychee (litchi chinensis) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) cultivars grown in hawaii. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2006, 19, 655-663. [CrossRef]
43. Yang, D.J.; Chang, Y.Y.; Hsu, C.L.; Liu, C.W.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.C. Protective effect of a litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)-flower-water-extract on cardiovascular health in a high-fat/cholesterol-dietary hamsters. Food Chem. 2010, 119, 1457-1464. [CrossRef]
44. Wang, L.; Yamasaki, M.; Katsube, T.; Sun, X.; Yamasaki, Y.; Shiwaku, K. Antiobesity effect of polyphenolic compounds from molokheiya (corchorus olitorius l.) leaves in ldl receptor-deficient mice. Eur. J. Nutr. 2011, 50, 127-133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Azuma, K.; Nakayama, M.; Koshioka, M.; Ippoushi, K.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Kohata, K.; Yamauchi, Y.; Ito, H.; Higashio, H. Phenolic antioxidants from the leaves of corchorus olitorius l. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 3963-3966. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Hu, C.; Zawistowski, J.; Ling, W.H.; Kitts, D.D. Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 5271-5277. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Jang, H.H.; Park, M.Y.; Kim, H.W.; Lee, Y.M.; Hwang, K.A.; Park, J.H.; Park, D.S.; Kwon, O. Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in c57bl/6 j mice fed a high-fat diet via fatty acid oxidation. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 9, 27. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Jia, Y.Y.; Kim, J.Y.; Jun, H.J.; Kim, S.J.; Lee, J.H.; Hoang, M.H.; Kim, H.S.; Chang, H.I.; Hwang, K.Y.; Um, S.J., et al. Cyanidin is an agonistic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α reducing hepatic lipid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2013, 1831, 698-708. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Park, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Chung, I.M.; Park, Y. Sorghum extract exerts an anti-diabetic effect by improving insulin sensitivity via PPAR- in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr. Res. Pract. 2012, 6, 322-327. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Awika, J.M.; Rooney, L.W. Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact on human health. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 1199-1221. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Bozan, B.; Temelli, F. Chemical composition and oxidative stability of flax, safflower and poppy seed and seed oils. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 6354-6359. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Fukumitsu, S.; Aida, K.; Ueno, N.; Ozawa, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Kobori, M. Flaxseed lignan attenuates high-fat diet-induced fat accumulation and induces adiponectin expression in mice. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 100, 669-676. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Wang, L.Q.; Meselhy, M.R.; Li, Y.; Qin, G.W.; Hattori, M. Human intestinal bacteria capable of transforming secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 1606-1610. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Burdock, G.A. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem. Toxicol. 1998, 36, 347-363. [CrossRef]
55. Ichi, I.; Hori, H.; Takashima, Y.; Adachi, N.; Kataoka, R.; Okihara, K.; Hashimoto, K.; Kojo, S. The beneficial effect of propolis on fat accumulation and lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74, H127-H131. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. Falcao, S.I.; Vilas-Boas, M.; Estevinho, L.M.; Barros, C.; Domingues, M.R.; Cardoso, S.M. Phenolic characterization of northeast portuguese propolis: Usual and unusual compounds. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 396, 887-897. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Kumazawa, S.; Ueda, R.; Hamasaka, T.; Fukumoto, S.; Fujimoto, T.; Nakayama, T. Antioxidant prenylated flavonoids from propolis collected in okinawa, Japan. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 7722-7725. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Zhang, Q.Y.; Ye, M. Chemical analysis of the chinese herbal medicine gan-cao (licorice). J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 1954-1969. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Honda, K.; Kamisoyama, H.; Tominaga, Y.; Yokota, S.; Hasegawa, S. The molecular mechanism underlying the reduction in abdominal fat accumulation by licorice flavonoid oil in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Anim. Sci. J. 2009, 80, 562-569. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Kuo, D.H.; Yeh, C.H.; Shieh, P.C.; Cheng, K.C.; Chen, F.A.; Cheng, J.T. Effect of shanzha, a chinese herbal product, on obesity and dyslipidemia in hamsters receiving high-fat diet. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 124, 544-550. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Zhang, Z.; Chang, Q.; Zhu, M.; Huang, Y.; Ho, W.K.; Chen, Z. Characterization of antioxidants present in hawthorn fruits. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2001, 12, 144-152. [CrossRef]
62. Ikarashi, N.; Toda, T.; Okaniwa, T.; Ito, K.; Ochiai, W.; Sugiyama, K. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of acacia polyphenol in obese diabetic kkay mice fed high-fat diet. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2011, 2011, 952031. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Yang, J.S.; Lin, C.W.; Hsin, C.H.; Hsieh, M.J.; Chang, Y.C. Selaginella tamariscina attenuates metastasis via akt pathways in oral cancer cells. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e68035. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Zheng, X.K.; Zhang, L.; Wang, W.W.; Wu, Y.Y.; Zhang, Q.B.; Feng, W.S. Anti-diabetic activity and potential mechanism of total flavonoids of selaginella tamariscina (beauv.) spring in rats induced by high fat diet and low dose stz. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137, 662-668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Cho, A.S.; Jeon, S.M.; Kim, M.J.; Yeo, J.; Seo, K.I.; Choi, M.S.; Lee, M.K. Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 937-943. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Guo, F.; Huang, C.; Liao, X.; Wang, Y.; He, Y.; Feng, R.; Li, Y.; Sun, C. Beneficial effects of mangiferin on hyperlipidemia in high-fat-fed hamsters. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 1809-1818. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Ragab, S.M.M.; Abd Elghaffar, S.K.; El-Metwally, T.H.; Badr, G.; Mahmoud, M.H.; Omar, H.M. Effect of a high fat, high sucrose diet on the promotion of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in male rats: The ameliorative role of three natural compounds. Lipids Health Dis. 2015, 14, 1-11. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Erlund, I. Review of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin, and naringenin. Dietary sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, and epidemiology. Nutr. Res. 2004, 24, 851-874. [CrossRef]
69. Zadernowski, R.; Naczk, M.; Nesterowicz, J. Phenolic acid profiles in some small berries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 2118-2124. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Amritpal, S.; Sanjiv, D.; Navpreet, K.; Jaswinder, S. Berberine: Alkaloid with wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. J. Nat. Prod. India 2010, 3, 64-75
71. Wein, S.; Behm, N.; Petersen, R.K.; Kristiansen, K.; Wolffram, S. Quercetin enhances adiponectin secretion by a PPAR-gamma independent mechanism. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 41, 16-22. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Chang, C.J.; Tzeng, T.F.; Liou, S.S.; Chang, Y.S.; Liu, I.M. Myricetin increases hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha protein expression and decreases plasma lipids and adiposity in rats. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 787152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Hassen, I.; Casabianca, H.; Hosni, K. Biological activities of the natural antioxidant oleuropein: Exceeding the expectation—A mini-review. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 18, 926-940. [CrossRef]
74. Kuem, N.; Song, S.J.; Yu, R.; Yun, J.W.; Park, T. Oleuropein attenuates visceral adiposity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice through the modulation of wnt10b- and galanin-mediated signalings. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014, 58, 2166-2176. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Fernandez-Mar, M.I.; Mateos, R.; Garcia-Parrilla, M.C.; Puertas, B.; Cantos-Villar, E. Bioactive compounds in wine: Resveratrol, hydroxytyrosol and melatonin: A review. Food Chem. 2012, 130, 797-813. [CrossRef]
76. Andrade, J.M.O.; Paraiso, A.F.; de Oliveira, M.V.M.; Martins, A.M.E.; Neto, J.F.; Guimaraes, A.L.S.; de Paula, A.M.; Qureshi, M.; Santos, S.H.S. Resveratrol attenuates hepatic steatosis in high-fat fed mice by decreasing lipogenesis and inflammation. Nutrition 2014, 30, 915-919. [CrossRef] [PubMed]