Arguments about the nature of concepts: Symbols, embodiment, and beyond

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 941-958

  Mahon, Bradford Z ^a,b   Hickok, Gregory ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Actions and objects; Concept organization; Concept representation; Embodied cognition; Grounded cognition; Neural basis of concepts; Semantic categories; Symbols; Word meaning

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; CONCEPT FORMATION; HUMAN; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEMANTICS; SYMBOLISM;

BRAIN; CONCEPT FORMATION; HUMANS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEMANTICS; SYMBOLISM;

EID: 84973623360     PISSN: 10699384     EISSN: 15315320     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1045-2     Document Type: Article

References (261)

1. Aglioti, S., DeSouza, F. X., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand. Current Biology, 5, 679–685.
2. Allison, T., Ginter, H., McCarthy, G., Nobre, A. C., Puce, A., Luby, M., & Spencer, D. D. (1994). Face recognition in human extrastriate cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 71, 821–825.
3. Allport, D. A. (1985). Distributed memory, modular subsystems and dysphasia. In S. P. Newman & R. Epstein (Eds.), Current perspectives in dysphasia (pp. 32–60). Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone.
4. Almeida, J., Fintzi, A. R., & Mahon, B. Z. (2013). Tool manipulation knowledge is retrieved by way of the ventral visual object processing pathway. Cortex, 49, 2334–2344.
5. Anderson, A. J., Zinszer, B., & Raizada, R. D. S. (2016). Representational similarity encoding for fMRI: Pattern-based synthesis to predict brain activity using stimulus-model-similarities. NeuroImage, 128, 44–53.
6. Avenanti, A., Candidi, M., & Urgesi, C. (2013). Vicarious motor activation during action perception: Beyond correlational evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–8.
7. Baillargeon, R. (1998). Infants’ understanding of the physical world. In M. Sabourin, F. Craik, & M. Robert (Eds.), Advances in psychological science: 2. Biological and cognitive aspects (pp. 503–529). London, UK: Psychology Press.
8. Bak, T. H., O’Donovan, D. G., Xuereb, J. H., Boniface, S., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). Selective impairment of verb processing associated with pathological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the motor neurone disease-dementia-aphasia syndrome. Brain, 124, 103–120.
9. Bar, M., & Aminoff, E. (2003). Cortical analysis of visual context. Neuron, 38, 347–358.
10. Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577–609, disc. 609–660. doi:10.1017/S0140525X99002149
11. Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Situated simulation in the human conceptual system. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18, 513–562.
12. Barsalou, L. W. (2008a). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–645. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639
13. Barsalou, L. W. (2008b). Situating concepts. In P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 236–263). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
14. Barsalou, L. W. (2016a). On staying grounded and avoiding quixotic dead ends. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1028-3
15. Barsalou, L. W. (2016b). Situated conceptualization: Theory and applications. In Y. Coello & M. H. Fischer (Eds.), Foundations of embodied cognition: Vol. 1. Perceptual and emotional embodiment (pp. x–xx). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
16. Beauchamp, M. S., Lee, K. E., Haxby, J. V., & Martin, A. (2002). Parallel visual motion processing streams for manipulable objects and human movements. Neuron, 24, 149–159.
17. Beauchamp, M. S., Lee, K. E., Haxby, J. V., & Martin, A. (2003). fMRI responses to video and point-light displays of moving humans and manipulable objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 991–1001. doi:10.1162/089892903770007380
18. Beauvois, M.-F. (1982). Optic aphasia: A process of interaction between vision and language. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 298, 35–47.
19. Bedny, M., Caramazza, A., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2012). Typical neural representations of action verbs develop without vision. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 286–293. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr081
20. Behrmann, M., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (1992). Dissociation between mental imagery and object recognition in a brain-damaged patient. Nature, 359, 636–637.
21. Binder, J. R. (2016). In defense of abstract conceptual representations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0909-1
22. Bonner, M. F., & Grossman, M. (2012). Gray matter density of auditory association cortex relates to knowledge of sound concepts in primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 7986–7991.
23. Borgo, F., & Shallice, T. (2001). When living things and other “sensory-quality” categories behave in the same fashion: A novel category-specific effect. Neurocase, 7, 201–220.
24. Borgo, F., & Shallice, T. (2003). Category specificity and feature knowledge: Evidence from new sensory-quality categories. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 327–353.
25. Bouhali, F., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Pinel, P., Poupon, C., Mangin, J.-F., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2014). Anatomical connections of the visual word form area. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 15402–15414.
26. Boulenger, V., Roy, A. C., Paulignan, Y., Deprez, V., Jeannerod, M., & Nazir, T. A. (2006). Cross-talk between language processes and overt motor behavior in the first 200 ms of processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1607–1615.
27. Bouvier, S. E., & Engel, S. A. (2006). Behavioral deficits and cortical damage loci in cerebral achromatopsia. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 183–191.
28. Brambati, S. M., Myers, D., Wilson, A., Rankin, K. P., Allison, S. C., Rosen, H. J., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2006). The anatomy of category-specific object naming in neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1644–1653.
29. Brambati, S. M., Myers, D., Wilson, A., Rankin, K. P., Allison, S. C., Rosen, H. J., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2008). The anatomy of category-specific object naming in neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1644–1653.
30. Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., … Freund, H. J. (2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 400–404.
31. Buccino, G., Riggio, L., Melli, G., Binkofski, F., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Listening to action related sentences modulates the activity of the motor system: A combined TMS and behavioral study. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 355–363.
32. Büchel, C., Price, C., & Friston, K. (1998). A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway. Nature, 394, 274–277.
33. Buxbaum, L. J., Veramonti, T., & Schwartz, M. F. (2000). Function and manipulation tool knowledge in apraxia: Knowing “what for” but not “how.”. Neurocase, 6, 83–97.
34. Cantlon, J. F. (2012). Math, monkeys, and the developing brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 10725–10732.
35. Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Mahon, B., & Caramazza, A. (2003). What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 213–261. doi:10.1080/02643290244000266
36. Caporale, N., & Dan, Y. (2008). Spike timing-dependent plasticity: A Hebbian learning rule. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 25–46.
37. Caramazza, A., Anzellotti, S., Strnad, L., & Lingnau, A. (2014). Embodied cognition and mirror neurons: A critical assessment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37, 1–15. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950
38. Caramazza, A., & Hillis, A. E. (1991). Lexical organization of nouns and verbs in the brain. Nature, 349, 788–790.
39. Caramazza, A., Hillis, A. E., Rapp, B. C., & Romani, C. (1990). The multiple semantics hypothesis: Multiple confusions? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 7, 161–189. doi:10.1080/02643299008253441
40. Caramazza, A., & Mahon, B. Z. (2003). The organization of conceptual knowledge: The evidence from category-specific semantic deficits. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 354–361.
41. Caramazza, A., & Shelton, J. R. (1998). Domain specific knowledge systems in the brain: The animate–inanimate distinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 1–34. doi:10.1162/089892998563752
42. Carey, S. (1987). Conceptual change in childhood. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Carey, S., & Spelke, E. S. (1994). Domain specific knowledge and conceptual change. In L. Hirschfeld & S. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 169–200). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
44. Casasanto, D., & Lupyan, G. (2015). All concepts are ad hoc concepts. In E. Margolis & S. Laurence (Eds.), The conceptual mind: New directions in the study of concepts (pp. 543–566). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. Chao, L. L., Haxby, J. V., & Martin, A. (1999). Attribute-based neural substrates in posterior temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 913–919.
46. Chao, L. L., & Martin, A. (2000). Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream. NeuroImage, 12, 478–484. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0635
47. Chao, L. L., Weisberg, J., & Martin, A. (2002). Experience-dependent modulation of category related cortical activity. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 545–551.
48. Chatterjee, A. (2010). Disembodying cognition. Language and Cognition, 2, 79–116. doi:10.1515/LANGCOG.2010.004
49. Chen, L., & Rogers, T. (2014). Revisiting domain-general accounts of category specificity in mind and brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 327–344.
50. Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of Skinner’s Verbal behavior. Language, 35, 26–58.
51. Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M. A., & Michel, F. (2000). The visual word form area: Spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain, 123(Pt. 2), 291–307.
52. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1994). Origins of domain specificity: The evolution of functional organization. In L. Hirschfeld & S. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain-specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 85–116). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
53. Cree, G. S., & McRae, K. (2003). Analyzing the factors underlying the structure and computation of the meaning of chipmunk, cherry, chisel, cheese, and cello (and many other such concrete nouns). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 163–201. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.163
54. Crutch, S. J., & Warrington, E. K. (2003). The selective impairment of fruit and vegetable knowledge: A multiple processing channels account of fine-grain category specificity. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 355–372.
55. Cubelli, R., Marchetti, C., Boscolo, G., & Della Sala, S. (2000). Cognition in action: Testing a model of limb apraxia. Brain and Cognition, 44, 144–165.
56. Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Tranel, D., & Hichwa, R. D. (1996). A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature, 380, 499–505.
57. Daniele, A., Giustolisi, L., Silveri, M. C., Colosimo, C., & Gainotti, G. (1994). Evidence for a possible neuroanatomical basis for lexical processing of nouns and verbs. Neuropsychologia, 32, 1325–1341. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)00066-2
58. Dehaene, S. (2011). The number sense (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
59. Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., & Vinckier, F. (2005). The neural code for written words: A proposal. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 335–341. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.004
60. Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Le Clec’H, G., Koechlin, E., Mueller, M., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., … Le Bihan, D. (1998). Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature, 395, 597–600. doi:10.1038/26967
61. Desmurget, M., Epstein, C. M., Turner, R. S., Prablanc, C., Alexander, G. E., & Grafton, S. T. (1999). Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 563–567.
62. Devlin, J., Gonnerman, L., Andersen, E., & Seidenberg, M. (1998). Category-specific semantic deficits in focal and widespread brain damage: A computational account. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 77–94.
63. di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992). Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91, 176–180. doi:10.1007/BF00230027
64. Dils, A. T., & Boroditsky, L. (2010). Visual motion aftereffect from understanding motion language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16396–16400.
65. Dingemanse, M., Blasi, D. E., Lupyan, G., Chistiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (2015). Arbitrariness, iconicity, and systematicity in language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19, 603–615.
66. Dinstein, I., Thomas, C., Behrmann, M., & Heeger, D. (2008). A mirror up to nature. Current Biology, 18, R13–R18.
67. Dove, G. (2009). Beyond perceptual symbols: A call for representational pluralism. Cognition, 110, 412–431.
68. Dove, G. (2016). Three symbol ungrounding problems: Abstract concepts and the future of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0825-4
69. Downing, P. E., Chan, A. W., Peelen, M. V., Dodds, C. M., & Kanwisher, N. (2006). Domain specificity in visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 1453–1461. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj086
70. Downing, P. E., Jiang, Y., Shuman, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science, 293, 2470–2473.
71. Duchaine, B. C., Yovel, G., Butterworth, E. J., & Nakayama, K. (2006). Prosopagnosia as an impairment to face-specific mechanisms: Elimination of the alternative hypotheses in a developmental case. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23, 714–747.
72. Ellis, A. W., Young, A. W., & Critchley, E. M. R. (1989). Loss of memory for people following temporal lobe damage. Brain, 112, 1469–1483. doi:10.1093/brain/112.6.1469
73. Epstein, R., & Kanwisher, N. (1998). A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Nature, 392, 598–601. doi:10.1038/33402
74. Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2003). Visual categorization: Accessing abstraction in non-human primates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 358, 1215–1223.
75. Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., Buccino, G., & Rizzolatti, G. (2002). Speech listening specifically modulates the excitability of tongue muscles: A TMS study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 399–402.
76. Farah, M. J., & McClelland, J. (1991). A computational model of semantic memory impairment: Modality specificity and emergent category specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 339–357. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.120.4.339
77. Feigenson, L., Dehaene, S., & Spelke, E. (2004). Core systems of number. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 307–314. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002
78. Fodor, J. (1975). The language of thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
79. Gainotti, G. (2000). What the locus of brain lesion tells us about the nature of the cognitive defect underlying category-specific disorders: A review. Cortex, 36, 539–559. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70537-9
80. Galantucci, B., Fowler, C. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2006). The motor theory of speech perception reviewed. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 361–377. doi:10.3758/BF03193857
81. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119, 593–609.
82. Gallese, V., & Lakoff, G. (2005). The brain’s concepts: The role of the sensory–motor system in conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 455–479. doi:10.1080/02643290442000310
83. Gallistel, C. R. (1990). The organization of learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84. Garcea, F. E., & Mahon, B. Z. (2014). Parcellation of left parietal tool representations by functional connectivity. Neuropsychologia, 60, 131–143.
85. Garcea, F. E., Dombovy, M., & Mahon, B. Z. (2013). Preserved tool knowledge in the context of impaired action knowledge: Implications for models of semantic memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–18.
86. Garrard, P., Patterson, K., Watson, P. C., & Hodges, J. R. (1998). Category-specific semantic loss in dementia of Alzheimer’s type: Functional–anatomical correlations from cross-sectional analyses. Brain, 121, 633–646.
87. Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 191–197.
88. Gelman, R. (1990). First principles organize attention to and learning about relevant data: Number and the animate–inanimate distinction as examples. Cognitive Science, 14, 79–106.
89. Glenberg, A. M. (2015a). Few believe the world is flat: How embodiment is changing the scientific understanding of cognition. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 165–171.
90. Glenberg, A. M. (2015b). Response to Mahon: Unburdening cognition from abstract symbols. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 181–182.
91. Glenberg, A. M., & Kaschak, M. P. (2002). Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 558–565. doi:10.3758/BF03196313
92. Glezer, L. S., Jiang, X., & Riesenhuber, M. (2009). Evidence for highly selective neuronal tuning to whole words in the “visual word form area.”. Neuron, 62, 199–204.
93. Goldinger, S. D., Papesh, M. H., Barnhart, A. S., Hansen, W. A., & Hout, M. C. (2016). The poverty of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0860-1
94. Gonnerman, L. M., Andersen, E. S., Devlin, J. T., Kempler, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1997). Double dissociation of semantic categories in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Language, 57, 254–279.
95. Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences, 15, 20–25. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
96. Goodale, M. A., Milner, A. D., Jakobson, L. S., & Carey, D. P. (1991). A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them. Nature, 349, 154–156. doi:10.1038/349154a0
97. Goodglass, H., Klein, B., Carey, P., & Jones, K. (1966). Specific semantic word categories in aphasia. Cortex, 2, 74–89. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(66)80029-1
98. Gotts, S. J. (2016). Incremental learning of perceptual and conceptual representations and the puzzle of neural repetition suppression. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0855-y
99. Grill-Spector, K., & Malach, R. (2004). The human visual cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 649–677. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144220
100. Harris, R. (1988). Language, Saussure and Wittgenstein. London, UK: Routledge.
101. Hart, J., Jr., Berndt, R. S., & Caramazza, A. (1985). Category-specific naming deficit following cerebral infarction. Nature, 316, 439–440.
102. Hasson, U., Levy, I., Behrmann, M., Hendler, T., & Malach, R. (2004). Eccentricity bias as an organizing principle for human high-order object areas. Neuron, 34, 479–490.
103. Hauk, O. (2016). Only time will tell—Why temporal information is essential for our neuroscientific understanding of semantics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0873-9
104. Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I., & Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41, 301–307. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00838-9
105. Hauk, O., & Tschentscher, N. (2013). The body of evidence: What can neuroscience tell us about embodied semantics? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 50. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00050
106. Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science, 293, 2425–2430.
107. He, C., Peelen, M. V., Han, Z., Lin, N., Caramazza, A., & Bi, Y. (2013). Selectivity for large nonmanipulable objects in scene-selective visual cortex does not require visual experience. NeuroImage, 79, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.051
108. Hécaen, H., & De Ajuriaguerra, J. (1956). Agnosie visuelle pour les objets inanimées par lésion unilatérale gauche. Revue Neurologique, 94, 222–233.
109. Henson, R. (2006). Forward inference using functional neuroimaging: Dissociations versus associations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 64–69. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.005
110. Hermer, L., & Spelke, E. S. (1994). A geometric process for spatial reorientation in young children. Nature, 370, 57–59.
111. Hickok, G. (2009). Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1229–1243.
112. Hickok, G. (2010). The role of mirror neurons in speech perception and action word semantics. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 749–776. doi:10.1080/01690961003595572
113. Hickok, G. (2014). The myth of mirror neurons: The real neuroscience of communication and cognition. New York, NY: Norton.
114. Hickok, G., Costanzo, M., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2011). The role of Broca’s area in speech perception: Evidence from aphasia revisited. Brain and Language, 119, 214–220.
115. Hillis, A. E., & Caramazza, A. (1991). Category-specific naming and comprehension impairment: A double dissociation. Brain, 114, 2081–2094.
116. Humphreys, G. W., & Forde, E. M. E. (2001). Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: “Category-specific” neuropsychological deficits. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 453–475.
117. Hutchison, R. M., Culham, J. C., Everling, S., Flanagan, J. R., & Gallivan, J. P. (2014). Distinct and distributed functional connectivity patterns across cortex reflect the domain-specific constraints of object, face, scene, body, and tool category-selective modules in the ventral visual pathway. NeuroImage, 96, 216–236. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.068
118. Jamrozik, A., McQuire, M., Cardillo, E. R., & Chatterjee, A. (2016). Metaphor: Bridging embodiment to abstraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0861-0
119. Jeannerod, M., & Jacob, P. (2005). Visual cognition: A new look at the two-visual systems model. Neuropsychologia, 43, 301–312.
120. Johnson-Frey, S. H. (2004). The neural bases of complex tool use in humans. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 71–78.
121. Jones, M. N., & Mewhort, D. J. K. (2007). Representing word meaning and order information in a composite holographic lexicon. Psychological Review, 114, 1–37. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.1
122. Kable, J. W., Lease-Spellmeyer, J., & Chatterjee, A. (2002). Neural substrates of action event knowledge. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 795–805.
123. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302–4311.
124. Keil, F. C. (1981). Constraints on knowledge and cognitive development. Psychological Review, 88, 197–227.
125. Kemmerer, D. (2015). Are the motor features of verb meanings represented in the precentral motor cortices? Yes, but within the context of a flexible, multilevel architecture for conceptual knowledge. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 1068–1075. doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0784-1
126. Kemmerer, D., Miller, L., MacPherson, M. K., Huber, J., & Tranel, D. (2013). An investigation of semantic similarity judgments about action and non-action verbs in Parkinson’s disease Implications for the Embodied Cognition Framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 146. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00146
127. Kemmerer, D., Rudrauf, D., Manzel, K., & Tranel, D. (2012). Behavioral patterns and lesion sites associated with impaired processing of lexical and conceptual knowledge of actions. Cortex, 48, 826–848.
128. Kerr, N. H. (1983). The role of vision in “visual imagery” experiments: Evidence from the congenitally blind. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 265–277. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.112.2.265
129. Kiefer, M., & Pulvermüller, F. (2011). Conceptual representations in mind and brain: Theoretical developments, current evidence and future directions. Cortex, 48, 805–825. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.006
130. Kiefer, M., Sim, E.-J., Herrnberger, B., Grothe, J., & Hoenig, K. (2008). The sound of concepts: Four markers for a link between auditory and conceptual brain systems. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 12224–12230.
131. Konkle, T., & Oliva, A. (2012). A real-world size organization of object responses in occipitotemporal cortex. Neuron, 74, 1114–1124. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.04.036
132. Kosslyn, S. M. (1973). Scanning visual images: Some structural implications. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 90–94. doi:10.3758/BF03198621
133. Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of mental imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 635–652.
134. Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Kim, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995). Topographic representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature, 378, 496–498.
135. Kriegeskorte, N., Goebel, R., & Bandettini, P. (2006). Information-based functional brain mapping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 3863–3868.
136. Kriegeskorte, N. Mur, M., Ruff, D. A., Kiani, R., Bodurka, J., Esteky, H., … Bandettini, P. A. (2008). Matching categorical object representations in inferior temporal cortex of man and monkey. Neuron, 60, 1126–1141. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.043
137. Lambon Ralph, M. A., Graham, K. S., Ellis, A. W., & Hodges, J. R. (1998). Naming in semantic dementia—What matters? Neuropsychologia, 36, 775–784. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00169-3
138. Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). Introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25, 259–284. doi:10.1080/01638539809545028
139. Leshinskaya, A., & Caramazza, A. (2016). For a cognitive neuroscience of concepts: Moving beyond the grounding issue. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0870-z
140. Levy, I., Hasson, U., Avidan, G., Hendler, T., & Malach, R. (2001). Center–periphery organization of human object areas. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 533–539.
141. Lewis, J. W. (2006). Cortical networks related to human use of tools. The Neuroscientist, 12, 211–231.
142. Lhermitte, F., & Beauvois, M.-F. (1973). A visual speech disconnection syndrome: Report of a case with optic aphasia, agnosic alexia and color agnosia. Brain, 96, 695–714.
143. Liberman, A. M., Cooper, F. S., Shankweiler, D. P., & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967). Perception of the speech code. Psychological Review, 74, 431–461. doi:10.1037/h0020279
144. Liberman, A. M., & Mattingly, I. G. (1985). The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition, 21, 1–36.
145. Lingnau, A., Gesierich, B., & Caramazza, A. (2009). Asymmetric fMRI adaptation reveals no evidence for mirror neurons in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9925–9930.
146. Livingstone, M., & Hubel, D. (1988). Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science, 240, 740–749.
147. Lotto, A. J., Hickok, G. S., & Holt, L. L. (2009). Reflections on mirror neurons and speech perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 110–114. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.008
148. Luzzatti, C., & Davidoff, J. (1994). Impaired retrieval of object–color knowledge with preserved color naming. Neuropsychologia, 32, 933–950.
149. Lyons, F., Kay, J., Hanley, J. R., & Haslam, C. (2006). Selective preservation of memory for people in the context of semantic memory disorder: Patterns of association and dissociation. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2887–2898.
150. Machery, E. (2007). Concept empiricism: A methodological critique. Cognition, 104, 19–46.
151. Machery, E. (2016). The amodal brain and the offloading hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0878-4
152. Mahon, B. Z. (2015a). The burden of embodied cognition. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 172–178.
153. Mahon, B. Z. (2015b). Response to Glenberg: Conceptual content does not constrain the representational format of concepts. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 179–180.
154. Mahon, B. Z. (2015c). What is embodied about cognition? Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30, 420–429. doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.987791
155. Mahon, B. Z., Anzellotti, S., Schwarzbach, J., Zampini, M., & Caramazza, A. (2009). Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience. Neuron, 63, 397–405. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.012
156. Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2005). The orchestration of the sensory–motor systems: Clues from neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 480–494.
157. Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2008). A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content. Journal of Physiology, 102, 59–70. doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.004
158. Mahon, B. Z & Caramazza, A. (2009). Concepts & categories: A cognitive neuropsychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 27–51.
159. Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2011). What drives the organization of object knowledge in the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 97–103.
160. Mahon, B. Z., Milleville, S., Negri, G. A. L., Rumiati, R. I., Martin, A., & Caramazza, A. (2007). Action-related properties of objects shape object representations in the ventral stream. Neuron, 55, 507–520.
161. Mahon, B. Z., Schwarzbach, J., & Caramazza, A. (2010). The representation of tools in left parietal cortex independent of visual experience. Psychological Science, 21, 764–771.
162. Mahon, B. Z., Kumar, N., & Almeida, J. (2013). Spatial frequency tuning reveals interactions between the dorsal and ventral visual systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 862–871.
163. Marotta, J., Behrmann, M., & Goodale, M. (1997). The removal of binocular cues disrupts the calibration of grasping in patients with visual form agnosia. Experimental Brain Research, 116, 113–121.
164. Martin, A. (2007). The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 25–45. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190143
165. Martin, A. (2009). Circuits in mind: The neural foundations for object concepts. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (4th ed., pp. 1031–1045). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
166. Martin, A. (2016). GRAPES—Grounding representations in action, perception, and emotion systems: How object properties and categories are represented in the human brain. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0842-3
167. Martin, A., Haxby, J. V., Lalonde, F. M., Wiggs, C. L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Discrete cortical regions associated with knowledge of color and knowledge of action. Science, 270, 102–105. doi:10.1126/science.270.5233.102
168. Martin, A., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (2000). Category specificity and the brain: The sensory/motor model of semantic representations of objects. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), Higher cognitive functions: The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1023–1036). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
169. McClelland, J. L., & Rogers, T. T. (2003). The parallel distributed processing approach to semantic cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 310–322.
170. Meister, I., Wilson, S., Deblieck, C., Wu, A., & Iacoboni, M. (2007). The essential role of premotor cortex in speech perception. Current Biology, 17, 1692–1616.
171. Merigan, W. H., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1993). How parallel are the primate visual pathways? Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 369–402.
172. Mesulam, M.-M. (1982). Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Annals of Neurology, 11, 592–598.
173. Miceli, G., Capasso, R., Daniele, A., Esposito, T., Magarelli, M., & Tomaiuolo, F. (2000). Selective deficit for people’s names following left temporal damage: An impairment of domain-specific conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 489–516.
174. Miceli, G., Fouch, E., Capasso, R., Shelton, J. R., Tamaiuolo, F., & Caramazza, A. (2001). The dissociation of color from form and function knowledge. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 662–667.
175. Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (2007). The visual brain in action (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
176. Milner, A. D., Perrett, D. I., Johnston, R. S., Benson, O. J., Jordan, T. R, Heeley, D. W., … Davidson, D. L. W. (1991). Perception and action “visual form agnosia.” Brain, 114, 405–428. doi:10.1093/brain/114.1.405
177. Mitchell, J. P., Heatherton, T. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2002). Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99, 15238–15243.
178. Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 555–604.
179. Möttönen, R., & Watkins, K. (2012). Using TMS to study the role of the articulatory motor system in speech perception. Aphasiology, 26, 1103–1118.
180. Murphy, G. L. (2016). Is there an exemplar theory of concepts? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0834-3
181. Navarrete, E., & Costa, A. (2005). Phonological activation of ignored pictures: Further evidence for a cascade model of lexical access. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 359–377.
182. Negri, G. A. L., Rumiati, R. I., Zadini, A., Ukmar, M., Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2007). What is the role of motor simulation in action and object recognition? Evidence from apraxia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24, 795–816. doi:10.1080/02643290701707412
183. Noppeney, U., Price, C. J., Penny, W. D., & Friston, K. J. (2006). Two distinct neural mechanisms for category-selective responses. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 437–445.
184. Ochipa, C., Rothi, L. J. G., & Heilman, K. M. (1989). Ideational apraxia: A deficit in tool selection and use. Annals of Neurology, 25, 190–193.
185. Op de Beeck, H. P., Haushofer, J., & Kanwisher, N. G. (2008). Interpreting fMRI data: Maps, modules, and dimensions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 123–135.
186. Osher, D. E., Saxe, R. R., Koldewyn, K., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Kanwisher, N., & Saygin, Z. M. (2016). Structural connectivity fingerprints predict cortical selectivity for multiple visual categories across cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 26, 1668–1683. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu303
187. Papeo, L., Lingnau, A., Agosta, S., Pascual-Leone, A., Battelli, L., & Caramazza, A. (2015). The origin of word-related motor activity. Cerebral Cortex, 25, 1668–1675. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht423
188. Papesh, M. H. (2015). Just out of reach: On the reliability of the action-sentence compatibility effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, e116–e141. doi:10.1037/xge0000125
189. Patterson, K., Nestor, P. J., & Rogers, T. T. (2007). In which do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 976–987. doi:10.1038/nrn2277
190. Pavan, A., & Baggio, G. (2010). Linguistic representations of motion do not depend on the visual motion system. Psychological Science, 24, 181–188.
191. Pazzaglia, M., Pizzamiglio, L., Pes, E., & Aglioti, S. M. (2008). The sound of actions in apraxia. Current Biology, 18, 1766–1772.
192. Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Verifying different-modality properties for concepts produces switching costs. Psychological Science, 14, 119–124. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01429
193. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature, 331, 585–589.
194. Peterson, R. R., & Savoy, P. (1998). Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 539–557. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.3.539
195. Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
196. Pirog Revill, K., Aslin, R. N., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Bavelier, D. (2008). Neural correlates of partial lexical activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 13110–13114.
197. Pisella, L., Binkofski, B. F., Lasek, K., Toni, I., & Rossetti, Y. (2006). No double-dissociation between optic ataxia and visual agnosia: Multiple sub-streams for multiple visuo-manual integrations. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2734–2748.
198. Plaut, D. C. (2002). Graded modality-specific specialization in semantics: A computational account of optic aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, 603–639.
199. Plaut, D. C., & Behrmann, M. (2011). Complementary neural representations for faces and words: A computational exploration. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28, 251–275.
200. Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 59–63.
201. Polk, T. A., Park, J., Smith, M. R., & Park, D. C. (2007). Nature versus nurture in ventral visual cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of twins. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 13921–13925.
202. Posner, M. I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science, 240, 1627–1631.
203. Postle, N., McMahon, K. L., Ashton, R., Meredith, M., & de Zubicaray, G. I. (2008). Action word meaning representations in cytoarchitectonically defined primary and premotor cortices. NeuroImage, 43, 634–644.
204. Prinz, J. J. (2002). Furnishing the mind. Concepts and their perceptual basis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
205. Puce, A., Allison, T., Bentin, S., Gore, J. C., & McCarthy, G. (1998). Temporal cortex activation in humans viewing eye and mouth movements. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 2188–2199.
206. Pulvermüller, F. (2005). Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 576–582.
207. Pulvermüller, F. (2013). How neurons make meaning: Brain mechanisms for embodied and abstract-symbolic semantics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 458–470.
208. Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973). What the mind’s eye tells the mind’s brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 1–24. doi:10.1037/h0034650
209. Pylyshyn, Z. (2003). Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 113–118. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00003-2
210. Rapcsak, S. Z., Ochipa, C., Anderson, K. C., & Poizner, H. (1995). Progressive ideomotor apraxia: Evidence for a selective impairment in the action production system. Brain and Cognition, 27, 213–236.
211. Reilly, J., Peelle, J. E., Garcia, A., & Crutch, S. J. (2016). Linking somatic and symbolic representation in semantic memory: The dynamic multilevel reactivation framework. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0824-5
212. Riddoch, M. J., Humphreys, G. W., Coltheart, M., & Funnell, E. (1988). Semantic systems or system? Neuropsychological evidence re-examined. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 3–25.
213. Riesenhuber, M. (2007). Appearance isn’t everything: News on object representation in cortex. Neuron, 55, 341–344.
214. Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169–192. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
215. Rizzolatti, G., & Matelli, M. (2003). Two different streams form the dorsal visual system: Anatomy and functions. Experimental Brain Research, 153, 146–157.
216. Rogalsky, C., Love, T., Driscoll, D., Anderson, S. W., & Hickok, G. (2011). Are mirror neurons the basis of speech perception? Evidence from five cases with damage to the purported human mirror system. Neurocase, 17, 178–187.
217. Rogers, T. T., Hocking, J., Mechelli, A., Patterson, K., & Price, C. (2005). Fusiform activation to animals is driven by the process, not the stimulus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 434–445. doi:10.1162/0898929053279531
218. Rommers, J., Meyer, A. S., & Huettig, F. (2013). Object shape and orientation do not routinely influence performance during language processing. Psychological Science, 24, 2218–2225.
219. Rosci, C., Chiesa, V., Laiacona, M., & Capitani, E. (2003). Apraxia is not associated to a disproportionate naming impairment for manipulable objects. Brain and Cognition, 53, 412–415.
220. Rothi, L. J., Ochipa, C., & Heilman, K. M. (1991). A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 8, 443–458.
221. Rumiati, R., & Foroni, F. (2016). We are what we eat: How food is represented in our mind/brain. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0908-2
222. Rumiati, R. I., Zanini, S., Vorano, L., & Shallice, T. (2001). A form of ideational apraxia as a selective deficit of contention scheduling. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18, 617–642. doi:10.1080/02643290126375
223. Sacchett, C., & Humphreys, G. W. (1992). Calling a squirrel a squirrel but a canoe a wigwam: A categoryspecific deficit for artifactual objects and body parts. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 9, 73–86.
224. Sartori, G., & Lombardi, L. (2004). Semantic relevance and semantic disorders. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 439–452.
225. Shallice, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
226. Shallice, T. (1993). Multiple confusions: Whose confusions? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 10, 251–261.
227. Simmons, W. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). The similarity-in-topography principle: Reconciling theories of conceptual deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 451–486. doi:10.1080/02643290342000032
228. Simmons, W. K., & Martin, A. (2012). Spontaneous resting-state BOLD fluctuations reveal persistent domain-specific neural networks. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 467–475.
229. Simmons, W. K., Ramjee, V., Beauchamp, M. S., McRae, K., Martin, A., & Barsalou, L. W. (2007). A common neural substrate for perceiving and knowing about color. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2802–2810. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.002
230. Simmons, W. K., Rapuano, K. M., Kallman, S. J., Ingeholm, J. E., Miller, B., Gotts, S. J., & Martin, A. (2013). Category-specific integration of homeostatic signals in caudal but not rostral human insula. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 1551–1554.
231. Spiridon, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2002). How distributed is visual category information in human occipital-temporal cortex? An fMRI study. Neuron, 35, 1157–1165.
232. Stasenko, A., Bonn, C., Teghipco, A., Garcea, F. E., Sweet, C., Dombovy, M., … Mahon, B. Z. (2015). A causal test of the motor theory of speech perception: A case of impaired speech production and spared speech perception. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 32, 38–57.
233. Stasenko, A., Garcea, F. E., Dombovy, M., & Mahon, B. Z. (2014). When concepts lose their color: A case of object color knowledge impairment. Cortex, 58, 217–238.
234. Stasenko, A., Garcea, F. E., & Mahon, B. Z. (2013). What happens to the motor theory of perception when the motor system is damaged? Language and Cognition, 5, 225–238.
235. Stevens, W. D., Tessler, M. H., Peng, C. S., & Martin, A. (2015). Functional connectivity constrains the category-related organization of human ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 36, 2187–2206. doi:10.1002/hbm.22764
236. Striem-Amit, E., Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., & Amedi, A. (2012). Reading with sounds: Sensory substitution selectively activates the visual word form area in the blind. Neuron, 76, 640–652. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.026
237. Striem-Amit, E., Dakwar, O., Reich, L., & Amedi, A. (2012). The large-scale organization of “visual” streams emerges without visual experience. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 1698–1709. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr253
238. Strnad, L., Peelen, M. V., Bedny, M., & Caramazza, A. (2013). Multivoxel pattern analysis reveals auditory motion information in MT+ of both congenitally blind and sighted individuals. PLoS ONE, 8, e63198. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063198
239. Tarr, M. J., & Gauthier, I. (2000). FFA: A flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 764–769.
240. Tettamanti, M., Manenti, R., Della Rosa, P. A., Falini, A., Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., & Moro, A. (2008). Negation in the brain: Modulating action representations. NeuroImage, 43, 358–367.
241. Thomas, C., Avidan, G., Humphreys, K., Jung, K., Gao, F., & Behrmann, M. (2009). Reduced structural connectivity in ventral visual cortex in congenital prosopagnosia. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 29–31.
242. Thompson, R. K., & Oden, D. L. (2000). Categorical perception and conceptual judgments by nonhuman primates: The paleological monkey and the analogical ape. Cognitive Science, 24, 363–396.
243. Tootell, R. B. H., Nelissen, K., Vanduffel, W., & Orban, G. A. (2004). Search for color “center(s)” in Macaque visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 353–363.
244. Tranel, D., Kemmerer, D., Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2003). Neural correlates of conceptual knowledge for actions. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 409–432. doi:10.1080/02643290244000248
245. Tranel, D., Logan, C. G., Frank, R. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Explaining category-related effects in the retrieval of conceptual and lexical knowledge of concrete entities: Operationalization and analysis of factor. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1329–1339.
246. Tyler, L. K., & Moss, H. E. (2001). Toward a distributed account of conceptual knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 244–252. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01651-X
247. Ungerleider, L. G., & Mishkin, M. (1982). Two cortical visual systems. In D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, & R. J. Mansfield (Eds.), Analysis of visual behavior (pp. 549–580). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
248. van Dam, W. O., van Dijk, M., Bekkering, H., & Rueschemeyer, S.-A. (2012). Flexibility in embodied lexical-semantic representations. Human Brain Mapping, 33, 2322–2333. doi:10.1002/hbm.21365
249. Vannuscorps, G., & Caramazza, A. (2016). Typical action perception and interpretation without motor simulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 86–91.
250. Vinson, D. P., Vigliocco, G., Cappa, S., & Siri, S. (2003). The breakdown of semantic knowledge: Insights from a statistical model of meaning representation. Brain and Language, 86, 347–365. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00144-5
251. Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. (1983). Category specific access dysphasia. Brain, 106, 859–878.
252. Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. A. (1987). Categories of knowledge: Further fractionations and an attempted integration. Brain, 110, 1273–1296.
253. Warrington, E. K., & Shallice, T. (1984). Category specific semantic impairment. Brain, 107, 829–854. doi:10.1093/brain/107.3.829
254. Wellman, H. M., & Gelman, S. A. (1992). Cognitive development: Foundational theories of core domains. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 337–375.
255. Willems, R. M., & Casasanto, D. (2011). Flexibility in embodied language understanding. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 116. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00116
256. Wilmer, J. B., Germine, L., Chabris, C. F., Chatterjee, G., Williams, M., Loken, E., … Duchaine, B. (2010). Human face recognition ability is specific and highly heritable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16, 5238–5241.
257. Yee, E., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2016). Putting concepts in context. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0948-7
258. Zentall, T. R., Wasserman, E. A., Lazareva, O. F., Thompson, R. K., & Rattermann, M. J. (2008). Concept learning in animals. Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews, 3, 13–45.
259. Zwaan, R. A. (2004). The immersed experiencer: Toward an embodied theory of language comprehension. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 44, pp. 35–62). New York, NY: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0079-7421(03)44002-4
260. Zwaan, R. A. (2016). Situation models, mental simulations, and abstract concepts in discourse comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0864-x
261. Zwaan, R. A., Stanfield, R. A., & Yaxley, R. H. (2002). Language comprehenders mentally represent the shapes of objects. Psychological Science, 13, 168–171.