Tetracycline antibiotics and resistance

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2016, Pages

  Grossman, Trudy H ^a  

^a Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARAC PROTEIN; CEFTRIAXONE; DOXYCYCLINE; ENDOPEPTIDASE LA; ERAVACYCLINE; MINOCYCLINE; OMADACYCLINE; TETRACYCLINE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TIGECYCLINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ACINETOBACTER; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CARBAPENEM RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CELL PROTECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG BINDING SITE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TRANSPORT; DRUG UPTAKE; ENZYME INACTIVATION; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RIBOSOME; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HISTORY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE; TETRACYCLINES;

EID: 84962436650     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025387     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. Abdallah M, Olafisoye O, Cortes C, Urban C, Landman D, Quale J. 2015. Activity of eravacycline against Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii, including multidrug-resistant isolates, from New York City. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 1802-1805.
2. Alekshun MN, Levy SB. 1997. Regulation of chromosomally mediated multiple antibiotic resistance: The mar regulon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 2067-2075.
3. Al-Hamad A, Upton M, Burnie J. 2009. Molecular cloning and characterization of SmrA, a novel ABC multidrug efflux pump from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Antimicrob Chemother 64: 731-734.
4. Alonso A, Martinez JL. 2001. Expression of multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF by clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 1879-1881.
5. Al-Qadheeb NS, Althawadi S, Alkhalaf A, Hosaini S, Alrajhi AA. 2010. Evolution of tigecycline resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in a single patient. Ann Saudi Med 30: 404-407.
6. Aminov RI. 2013. Evolution in action: Dissemination of tet(X) into pathogenic microbiota. Front Microbiol 4: 192.
7. Amram E, Mikula I, Schnee C, Ayling RD, Nicholas RA, Rosales RS, Harrus S, Lysnyansky I. 2015. 16S rRNA gene mutations associated with decreased susceptibility to tetracycline in Mycopl asma bovis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 796-802.
8. Andersen J, Delihas N. 1990. micF RNA binds to the 50 end of ompF mRNA and to a protein from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 29: 9249-9256.
9. Anthony KB, Fishman NO, Linkin DR, Gasink LB, Edelstein PH, Lautenbach E. 2008. Clinical and microbiological outcomes of serious infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms treated with tigecycline. Clin Infect Dis 46: 567-570.
10. Bantar C, Schell C, Posse G, Limansky A, Ballerini V, Mobilia L. 2008. Comparative time-kill study of doxycycline, tigecycline, sulbactam, and imipenem against several clones of Acinetobacter baumannii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 61: 309-314.
11. Barbosa TM, Levy SB. 2000. Differential expression of over 60 chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli by constitutive expression of MarA. J Bacteriol 182: 3467-3474.
12. Bauer G, Berens C, Projan SJ, Hillen W. 2004. Comparison of tetracycline and tigecycline binding to ribosomes mapped by dimethylsulphate and drug-directed Fe2þ cleavage of 16S rRNA. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 592-599.
13. Beabout K, Hammerstrom TG, Perez AM, Magalhaes BF, Prater AG, Clements TP, Arias CA, Saxer G, Shamoo Y. 2015a. The ribosomal S10 protein is a general target for decreased tigecycline susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 5561-5566.
14. Beabout K, Hammerstrom TG, Wang TT, Bhatty M, Christie PJ, Saxer G, Shamoo Y. 2015b. Rampant parasexuality evolves in a hospital pathogen during antibiotic selection. Mol Biol Evol 32: 2585-2597.
15. Bem AE, Velikova N, Pellicer MT, Baarlen P, Marina A, Wells JM. 2015. Bacterial histidine kinases as novel antibacterial drug targets. ACS Chem Biol 10: 213-224.
16. Bergeron J, Ammirati M, Danley D, James L, Norcia M, Retsema J, Strick CA, Su WG, Sutcliffe J, Wondrack L. 1996. Glycylcyclines bind to the high-affinity tetracycline ribosomal binding site and evade Tet(M)- and Tet(O)-mediated ribosomal protection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 2226-2228.
17. Bialek-Davenet S, Lavigne JP, Guyot K, Mayer N, Tournebize R, Brisse S, Leflon-Guibout V, Nicolas-Chanoine MH. 2015. Differential contribution of AcrAB and OqxAB efflux pumps to multidrug resistance and virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 70: 81-8.
18. Bratu S, Landman D, George A, Salvani J, Quale J. 2009. Correlation of the expression of acrB and the regulatory genes marA, soxS and ramAwith antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae endemic to New York City. J Antimicrob Chemother 64: 278-283.
19. Brodersen DE, Clemons WM Jr, Carter AP, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT, Ramakrishnan V. 2000. The structural basis for the action of the antibiotics tetracycline, pactamycin, and hygromycin B on the 30S ribosomal subunit. Cell 103: 1143-1154.
20. Buck MA, Cooperman BS. 1990. Single protein omission reconstitution studies of tetracycline binding to the 30S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Biochemistry 29: 5374-5379.
21. Burdett V. 1986. Streptococcal tetracycline resistance mediated at the level of protein synthesis. J Bacteriol 165: 564-569.
22. Butler SM, Festa RA, Pearce MJ, Darwin KH. 2006. Selfcompartmentalized bacterial proteases and pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 60: 553-562.
23. Carter AP, Clemons WM, Brodersen DE, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT, Ramakrishnan V. 2000. Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics. Nature 407: 340-348.
24. Castanheira M, Mendes RE, Jones RN. 2014. Update on Acinetobacter species:Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and contemporary in vitro activity of minocycline and other treatment options. Clin Infect Dis 59: S367-S373.
25. Cattoir V, Isnard C, Cosquer T, Odhiambo A, Bucquet F, Guerin F, Giard JC. 2015. Genomic analysis of reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 239-244.
26. Chau SL, Chu YW, Houang ET. 2004. Novel resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux system AdeDE in Acinetobacter genomic DNA group 3. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 4054-4055.
27. Chen J, Kuroda T, Huda MN, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T. 2003. An RND-type multidrug efflux pump SdeXY from Serratia marcescens. J Antimicrob Chemother 52: 176-179.
28. Chen Q, Li X, Zhou H, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Hua X, Yu Y. 2014. Decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in Acinetobacter baumannii mediated by a mutation in trm encoding SAM-dependent methyltransferase. J Antimicrob Chemother 69: 72-76.
29. Chollet R, Chevalier J, Bollet C, ages JM, Davin-Regli A. 2004. RamA is an alternate activator of the multidrug resistance cascade in Enterobacter aerogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 2518-2523.
30. Chopra I, Roberts M. 2001. Tetracycline antibiotics:Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65: 232-260.
31. Chuanchuen R, Narasaki CT, Schweizer HP. 2002. The Mex JK efflux pump of Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires OprM for antibiotic efflux but not for efflux of triclosan. J Bacteriol 184: 5036-5044.
32. Clark RB, Hunt DK, He M, Achorn C, Chen CL, Deng Y, Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Hogan PC, O’Brien WJ, et al. 2012. Fluorocyclines. 2: Optimization of the C-9 sidechain for antibacterial activity and oral efficacy. J Med Chem 55: 606-622.
33. Cohen SP, McMurry LM, Levy SB. 1988. marA locus causes decreased expression of OmpF porin in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) mutants of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170: 5416-5422.
34. Cohen SP, Yan W, Levy SB. 1993. A multidrug resistance regulatory chromosomal locus is widespread among enteric bacteria. J Infect Dis 168: 484-488.
35. Connell SR, Tracz DM, Nierhaus KH, Taylor DE. 2003a. Ribosomal protection proteins and their mechanism of tetracycline resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 3675-3681.
36. Connell SR, Trieber CA, Dinos GP, Einfeldt E, Taylor DE, Nierhaus KH. 2003b. Mechanism of Tet(O)-mediated tetracycline resistance. EMBO J 22: 945-953.
37. Cordina C, Hill R, Deshpande A, Hood J, Inkster T. 2012. Tigecycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis associated with omeprazole use in a surgical patient. JAntimicrob Chemother 67: 1806-1807.
38. Coyne S, Rosenfeld N, Lambert T, Courvalin P, Perichon B. 2010. Overexpression of resistance-nodulation-cell division pump AdeFGH confers multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 4389-4393.
39. Coyne S, Courvalin P, Perichon B. 2011. Efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter sp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 947-953.
40. Cunha BA, Sibley CM, Ristuccia AM. 1982. Doxycycline. Ther Drug Monit 4: 115-135.
41. Damier-Piolle L, Magnet S, Bremont S, Lambert T, Courvalin P. 2008. AdeIJK, a resistance-nodulation-cell division pump effluxing multiple antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 557-562.
42. Daurel C, Fiant AL, Bremont S, Courvalin P, Leclercq R. 2009. Emergence of an Enterobacter hormaechei strain with reduced susceptibility to tigecycline under tigecycline therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 4953-4954.
43. Dean CR, Visalli MA, Projan SJ, Sum PE, Bradford PA. 2003. Efflux-mediated resistance to tigecycline (GAR-936) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 972-978.
44. DeMajumdar S, Veleba M, Finn S, Fanning S, Schneiders T. 2013. Elucidating the regulon of multidrug resistance regulator RarA in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 1603-1609.
45. Deng Y, Grossman T, Clark RB, Xiao XY, Sutcliffe J. 2012. The intravenous pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy of TP-433 in murine infection models with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In Abstr 25th ECCMID, Abstract AbsP1426. London.
46. Deng M, Zhu MH, Li JJ, Bi S, Sheng ZK, Hu FS, Zhang JJ, Chen W, Xue XW, Sheng JF, et al. 2014.Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from a Chinese university hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 297-303.
47. Derbyshire KM, Kramer M, Grindley ND. 1990. Role of instability in the cis action of the insertion sequence IS903 transposase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87: 4048-4052.
48. Diaz-Torres ML, McNab R, Spratt DA, Villedieu A, Hunt N, Wilson M, Mullany P. 2003. Novel tetracycline resistance determinant from the oral metagenome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 1430-1432.
49. Donhofer A, Franckenberg S, Wickles S, Berninghausen O, Beckmann R, Wilson DN. 2012. Structural basis for TetM-mediated tetracycline resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109: 16900-16905.
50. Draper MP, Weir S, Macone A, Donatelli J, Trieber CA, Tanaka SK, Levy SB. 2014.Mechanism of action of the novel aminomethylcycline antibiotic omadacycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 1279-1283.
51. Duggar BM. 1948. Aureomycin; a product of the continuing search for new antibiotics. Ann NYAcad Sci 51: 177-181.
52. Falagas ME, Vardakas KZ, Kapaskelis A, Triarides NA, Roussos NS. 2015. Tetracyclines for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 45: 455-460.
53. Finlay AC, Hobby GL, P’an SY, Regna PP, Routien JB, Seeley DB, Shull GM, Sobin BA, Solomons IA, Vinson JW, et al. 1950. Terramycin, a new antibiotic. Science 111: 85.
54. Forsberg KJ, Patel S, Wencewicz TA, Dantas G. 2015. The tetracycline destructases: A novel family of tetracyclineinactivating enzymes. Chem Biol 22: 888-897.
55. Fyfe C, Sutcliffe JA, Grossman TH. 2013. Susceptibility of tetracyclines to Tet(A) resistance is independent of interdomain loop sequence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 2430-2431.
56. Fyfe C, Norris D, Sutcliffe JA, Grossman TH. 2015. Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae genes involved in tigecycline-resistance using transposon mutagenesis. In Abstr 25th ECCMID, Abstract P1022. Copenhagen, Denmark.
57. Gambino L, Gracheck SJ, Miller PF. 1993. Overexpression of the MarA positive regulator is sufficient to confer multiple antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 175: 2888-2894.
58. George AM, Levy SB. 1983a. Amplifiable resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and other antibiotics in Escherichia coli: Involvement of a non-plasmid-determined efflux of tetracycline. J Bacteriol 155: 531-540.
59. George AM, Levy SB. 1983b. Gene in the major cotransduction gap of the Escherichia coli K-12 linkage map required for the expression of chromosomal resistance to tetracycline and other antibiotics. J Bacteriol 155: 541-548.
60. George AM, Hall RM, Stokes HW. 1995. Multidrug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: A novel gene, ramA, confers a multidrug resistance phenotype in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 141: 1909-1920.
61. Ghosh S, Sadowsky MJ, Roberts MC, Gralnick JA, LaPara TM. 2009. Sphingobacterium sp. strain PM2-P1-29 harbours a functional tet(X) gene encoding for the degradation of tetracycline. J Appl Microbiol 106: 1336-1342.
62. Goff DA, Bauer KA, Mangino JE. 2014. Bad bugs need old drugs: A stewardship program’s evaluation of minocycline for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Clin Infect Dis 1: S381-S387.
63. Griffith KL, Shah IM, Wolf RE Jr, 2004. Proteolytic degradation of Escherichia coli transcription activators SoxS and MarA as the mechanism for reversing the induction of the superoxide (SoxRS) and multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulons. Mol Microbiol 51: 1801-1816.
64. Grkovic S, Brown MH, Skurray RA. 2002. Regulation of bacterial drug export systems. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66: 671-701.
65. Grossman TH, Starosta AL, Fyfe C, O’Brien W, Rothstein DM, Mikolajka A, Wilson DN, Sutcliffe JA. 2012. Target-and resistance-based mechanistic studies with TP-434, a novel fluorocycline antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 2559-2564.
66. Grossman T, Fyfe C, Kerstein K, Sun C, Clark R, Xiao XY, Sutcliffe J. 2014a. In vivo efficacy of novel, fully synthetic tetracyclines in a murine lung infection model challenged with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumonia, Abstract P0300. In Abstr 24th ECCMID, Barcelona, Spain.
67. Grossman T, O’Brien W, Fyfe C, Sutcliffe J. 2014b. Eravacycline is potent against third generation cephalosporin-and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and has isolate-specific bactericidal activity. In Abstr 54th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Abstract C-1374. Washington, DC.
68. Guay GG, Tuckman M, McNicholas P, Rothstein DM. 1993. The tet(K) gene from Staphylococcus aureus mediates the transport of potassium in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 175: 4927-4929.
69. Guay GG, Tuckman M, Rothstein DM. 1994. Mutations in the tetA(B) gene that cause a change in substrate specificity of the tetracycline efflux pump. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 857-860.
70. Guillaume G, Ledent V, Moens W, Collard JM. 2004. Phylogeny of efflux-mediated tetracycline resistance genes and related proteins revisited. Microb Drug Resist 10: 11-26.
71. Hachler H, Cohen SP, Levy SB. 1991. marA, a regulated locus which controls expression of chromosomal multiple antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 173: 5532-5538.
72. Hammerstrom TG, Beabout K, Clements TP, Saxer G, Shamoo Y. 2015. Acinetobacter baumannii repeatedly evolves a hypermutator phenotype in response to tigecycline that effectively surveys evolutionary trajectories to resistance. PLoS ONE 10: e0140489.
73. He F, Fu Y, Chen Q, Ruan Z, Hua X, Zhou H, Yu Y. 2015. Tigecycline susceptibility and the role of efflux pumps in tigecycline resistance in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS ONE 10: e0119064.
74. Hentschke M, Wolters M, Sobottka I, Rohde H, Aepfelbacher M. 2010. ramR mutations in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 2720-2723.
75. Hirata T, Saito A, Nishino K, Tamura N, Yamaguchi A. 2004. Effects of efflux transporter genes on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to tigecycline (GAR-936). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 2179-2184.
76. Hoban DJ, Reinert RR, Bouchillon SK, Dowzicky MJ. 2015. Global in vitro activity of tigecycline and comparator agents: Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial 2004-2013. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 14: 27.
77. Hornsey M, Ellington MJ, Doumith M, Hudson S, Livermore DM, Woodford N. 2010a. Tigecycline resistance in Serratia marcescens associated with up-regulation of the SdeXY-HasF efflux system also active against ciprofloxacin and cefpirome. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 479-482.
78. Hornsey M, Ellington MJ, Doumith M, Scott G, Livermore DM, Woodford N. 2010b. Emergence of AcrAB-mediated tigecycline resistance in a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae during ciprofloxacin treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 35: 478-481.
79. Hornsey M, Ellington MJ, Doumith M, Thomas CP, Gordon NC, Wareham DW, Quinn J, Lolans K, Livermore DM, Woodford N. 2010c. AdeABC-mediated efflux and tigecycline MICs for epidemic clones of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 1589-1593.
80. Hu M, Nandi S, Davies C, Nicholas RA. 2005. High-level chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae results from a point mutation in the rpsJ gene encoding ribosomal protein S10 in combination with the mtrR and penB resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 4327-4334.
81. Jarolmen H, Hewel D, Kain E. 1970. Activity of minocycline against R factor-carrying Enterobacteriaceae. Infect Immun 1: 321-326.
82. Jenner L, Starosta AL, Terry DS, Mikolajka A, Filonava L, Yusupov M, Blanchard SC, Wilson DN, Yusupova G. 2013. Structural basis for potent inhibitory activity of the antibiotic tigecycline during protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110: 3812-3816.
83. Jones CH, Murphy E, Bradford PA. 2008. Genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance and their effect on tetracycline and glycylcycline antibiotics. Anti-Infect Agents Med Chem 7: 84-96.
84. Jones RN, Flonta M, Gurler N, Cepparulo M, Mendes RE, Castanheira M. 2014. Resistance surveillance program report for selected European nations (2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 78: 429-436.
85. Keeney D, Ruzin A, Bradford PA. 2007. Ram A, a transcriptional regulator, and AcrAB, an RND-type efflux pump, are associated with decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in Enterobacter cloacae. Microb Drug Resist 13: 1-6.
86. Keeney D, Ruzin A, McAleese F, Murphy E, Bradford PA. 2008. MarA-mediated overexpression of the AcrAB efflux pump results in decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 46-53.
87. Kim HB, Wang M, Park CH, Kim EC, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC. 2009. oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 3582-3584.
88. Kobayashi T, Nonaka L, Maruyama F, Suzuki S. 2007. Molecular evidence for the ancient origin of the ribosomal protection protein that mediates tetracycline resistance in bacteria. J Mol Evol 65: 228-235.
89. Krulwich TA, Jin J, Guffanti AA, Bechhofer H. 2001. Functions of tetracycline efflux proteins that do not involve tetracycline. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 3: 237-246.
90. Lee EW, Huda MN, Kuroda T, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T. 2003. EfrAB, an ABC multidrug efflux pump in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 3733-3738.
91. Leski TA, Bangura U, Jimmy DH, Ansumana R, Lizewski SE, Stenger DA, Taitt CR, Vora GJ. 2013.Multidrug-resistant tet(X)-containing hospital isolates in Sierra Leone. Int J Antimicrob Agents 42: 83-86.
92. Li XZ, Nikaido H. 2009. Efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria: An update. Drugs 69: 1555-1623.
93. Li W, Atkinson GC, Thakor NS, Allas U, Lu CC, Chan KY, Tenson T, Schulten K, Wilson KS, Hauryliuk V, et al. 2013. Mechanism of tetracycline resistance by ribosomal protection protein Tet(O). Nat Commun 4: 1477.
94. Li XZ, Plesiat P, Nikaido H. 2015. The challenge of effluxmediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 28: 337-418.
95. Lin MF, Lin YY, Yeh HW, Lan CY. 2014. Role of the BaeSR two-component system in the regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii adeAB genes and its correlation with tigecycline susceptibility. BMC Microbiol 14: 1471-2180.
96. Linkevicius M, Sandegren L, Andersson DI. 2013. Mechanisms and fitness costs of tigecycline resistance in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 68: 2809-2819.
97. Lomovskaya O, Sun D, King P, Dudley MN. 2014. Tigecycline (TIG) but not minocycline (MINO) selects for clinically relevant efflux-mediated resistance (R) in Acinetobacter s(ACB). In Abstr 54th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Abstract C1-1087.
98. Lomovskaya O, Sun D, Rubio-Aparicio D, Dudley MN. 2015. Accumulation of several chromosomal mutations have limited impact on the sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii (ACB) to minocycline (MINO). In Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother/Internat Cong Chemother Infect, Abstract C-1009.
99. Lupien A, Gingras H, Leprohon P, Ouellette M. 2015. Induced tigecycline resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants reveals mutations in ribosomal proteins and rRNA. J Antimicrob Chemother 70: 2973-2980.
100. Macone AB, Caruso BK, Leahy RG, Donatelli J, Weir S, Draper MP, Tanaka SK, Levy SB. 2014. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of omadacycline, a novel aminomethylcycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 1127-1135.
101. Marchand I, Damier-Piolle L, Courvalin P, Lambert T. 2004. Expression of the RND-type efflux pump AdeABC in Acinetobacter baumannii is regulated by the AdeRS two-component system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 3298-3304.
102. Martin RG, Rosner JL. 1995. Binding of purified multiple antibiotic-resistance repressor protein (MarR) to mar operator sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 5456-5460.
103. Martin RG, Rosner JL. 2001. The AraC transcriptional activators. Curr Opin Microbiol 4: 132-137.
104. Martin RG, Rosner JL. 2011. Promoter discrimination at class I MarA regulon promoters mediated by glutamic acid 89 of the MarA transcriptional activator of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 193: 506-515.
105. Martin RG, Bartlett ES, Rosner JL, Wall ME. 2008. Activation of the Escherichia coli marA/soxS/rob regulon in response to transcriptional activator concentration. J Mol Biol 380: 278-284.
106. Masuda N, Sakagawa E, Ohya S, Gotoh N, Tsujimoto H, Nishino T. 2000. Substrate specificities of MexABOprM, MexCD-OprJ, and MexXY-oprM efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 3322-3327.
107. Matsuo T, Chen J, Minato Y, Ogawa W, Mizushima T, Kuroda T, Tsuchiya T. 2008. SmdAB, a heterodimeric ABCtype multidrug efflux pump, in Serratia marcescens. J Bacteriol 190: 648-654.
108. Maxwell IH. 1967. Partial removal of bound transfer RNA from polysomes engaged in protein synthesis in vitro after addition of tetracycline. Biochim Biophys Acta 138: 337-346.
109. McAleese F, Petersen P, Ruzin A, Dunman PM, Murphy E, Projan SJ, Bradford PA. 2005. A novelMATE family efflux pump contributes to the reduced susceptibility of laboratory-derived Staphylococcus aureus mutants to tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 1865-1871.
110. McDermott L, Jacobus NV, Snydman DR, Kerstein K, Grossman TH, Sutcliffe JA. 2015. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of eravacycline against a broad spectrum of recent clinical anaerobic isolates. In Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother/Internat Cong Chemother Infect, Abstract C-547.
111. McMurry L, Levy SB. 1978. Two transport systems for tetracycline in sensitive Escherichia coli: Critical role for an initial rapid uptake system insensitive to energy inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 14: 201-209.
112. Mendes RE, Farrell DJ, Sader HS, Streit JM, Jones RN. 2015. Update of the telavancin activity in vitro tested against a worldwide collection of Gram-positive clinical isolates (2013), when applying the revised susceptibility testing method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 81: 275-279.
113. Moore IF, Hughes DW, Wright GD. 2005. Tigecycline is modified by the flavin-dependent monooxygenase TetX. Biochemistry 44: 11829-11835.
114. Morita Y, Komori Y, Mima T, Kuroda T, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T. 2001. Construction of a series of mutants lacking all of the four major mex operons for multidrug efflux pumps or possessing each one of the operons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1: MexCD-OprJ is an inducible pump. FEMS Microbiol Lett 202: 139-143.
115. Morrissey I, Sutcliffe J, Hackel M, Hawser S. 2015a. Assessment of eravacycline against 3,467 recent gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant isolates collected from2013-2014. In Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother/Internat Cong Chemother Infect, Abstract C-563.
116. Morrissey I, Sutcliffe J, Hackel M, Hawser S. 2015b. Assessment of Eravacycline against a recent global collection of 4,462 Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates (2013-2014). In Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother/Internat Cong Chemother Infect, Abstract C-619.
117. Morrissey I, Sutcliffe J, Hackel M, Hawser S. 2015c. Assessment of eravacycline against non-fermenting gram-negative clinical isolates isolated in 2013-2014. Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother/Internat Cong Chemother Infect, Abstract C-095.
118. Mortimer PG, Piddock LJ. 1993. The accumulation of five antibacterial agents in porin-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 32: 195-213.
119. Nagy Z, Chandler M. 2004. Regulation of transposition in bacteria. Res Microbiol 155: 387-398.
120. Nelson ML, Levy SB. 2011. The history of the tetracyclines. Ann NY Acad Sci 1241: 17-32.
121. Neonakis IK, Stylianou K, Daphnis E, Maraki S. 2011. First case of resistance to tigecycline by Klebsiella pneumoniae in a European University Hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol 29: 78-79.
122. Nicoloff H, Andersson DI. 2013. Lon protease inactivation, or translocation of the lon gene, potentiate bacterial evolution to antibiotic resistance. Mol Microbiol 90: 1233-1248.
123. Nicoloff H, Perreten V, McMurry LM, Levy SB. 2006. Role for tandem duplication and lon protease in AcrAB-TolCT dependent multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) in an Escherichia coli mutant without mutations in marRAB or acrRAB. J Bacteriol 188: 4413-4423.
124. Nicoloff H, Perreten V, Levy SB. 2007. Increased genome instability in Escherichia coli lon mutants: Relation to emergence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) mutants caused by insertion sequence elements and large tandem genomic amplifications. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1293-1303.
125. Nielsen LE, Snesrud EC, Onmus-Leone F, Kwak YI, Aviles R, Steele ED, Sutter DE, Waterman PE, Lesho EP. 2014. IS5 element integration, a novel mechanism for rapid in vivo emergence of tigecycline nonsusceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 6151-6156.
126. Nigo M, Cevallos CS, Woods K, Flores VM, Francis G, Perlman DC, Revuelta M, Mildvan D, Waldron M, Gomez T, et al. 2013. Nested case-control study of the emergence of tigecycline resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 5743-5746.
127. Nikaido H, Thanassi DG. 1993. Penetration of lipophilic agentswith multiple protonation sites into bacterial cells: Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones as examples. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37: 1393-1399.
128. Nikaido E, Yamaguchi A, Nishino K. 2008. AcrAB multidrug efflux pump regulation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by RamA in response to environmental signals. J Biol Chem 283: 24245-24253.
129. Noel GJ, Draper MP, Hait H, Tanaka SK, Arbeit RD. 2012. A randomized, evaluator-blind, phase 2 study comparing the safety and efficacy of omadacycline to those of linezolid for treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 5650-5654.
130. Nonaka L, Suzuki S. 2002. New Mg2þ-dependent oxytetracycline resistance determinant tet 34 in Vibrio isolates from marine fish intestinal contents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 1550-1552.
131. Norcia LJ, Silvia AM, Hayashi SF. 1999. Studies on time-kill kinetics of different classes of antibiotics against veterinary pathogenic bacteria including Pasteurella, Actinobacillus and Escherichia coli. J Antibiot 52: 52-60.
132. Noviello S, Ianniello F, Leone S, Fiore M, Esposito S. 2008. In vitro activity of tigecycline: MICs, MBCs, time-kill curves and post-antibiotic effect. J Chemother 20: 577-580.
133. O’Brien W, Fyfe C, Grossman T, Chen CL, Clark R, Deng Y, He M, Hunt D, Sun C, Xiao XY, et al. 2012. In vitro potency of novel tetracyclines against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other major Gram-negative pathogens. In Abstr 22th ECCMID, Abstract P1448. London, United Kingdom.
134. Olson MW, Ruzin A, Feyfant E, Rush TS III, O’Connell J, Bradford PA. 2006. Functional, biophysical, and structural bases for antibacterial activity of tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 2156-2166.
135. Peleg AY, Potoski BA, Rea R, Adams J, Sethi J, Capitano B, Husain S, Kwak EJ, Bhat SV, Paterson DL. 2007. Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection while receiving tigecycline: A cautionary report. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 128-131.
136. Petersen PJ, Jacobus NV, Weiss WJ, Sum PE, Testa RT. 1999. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a novel glycylcycline, the 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (GAR-936). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 738-744.
137. Petersen PJ, Jones CH, Bradford PA. 2007. In vitro antibacterial activities of tigecycline and comparative agents by time-kill kinetic studies in fresh Mueller-Hinton broth. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 59: 347-349.
138. Piddock LJ. 2006. Clinically relevant chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps in bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 382-402.
139. Pioletti M, Schlunzen F, Harms J, Zarivach R, Gluhmann M, Avila H, Bashan A, Bartels H, Auerbach T, Jacobi C, et al. 2001. Crystal structures of complexes of the small ribosomal subunit with tetracycline, edeine and IF3. EMBO J 20: 1829-1839.
140. Pugsley AP, Schnaitman CA. 1978. Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VII: Evidence that bacteriophage-directed protein 2 functions as a pore. J Bacteriol 133: 1181-1189.
141. Pumbwe L, Ueda O, Yoshimura F, Chang A, Smith RL, Wexler HM. 2006. Bacteroides fragilis BmeABC efflux systems additively confer intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 58: 37-46.
142. Ramirez J, Dartois N, Gandjini H, Yan JL, Korth-Bradley J, McGovern PC. 2013. Randomized phase 2 trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy of two high-dosage tigecycline regimens versus imipenem-cilastatin for treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 1756-1762.
143. Rasmussen BA, Kovacs E. 1993. Cloning and identification of a two-component signal-transducing regulatory system from Bacteroides fragilis. Mol Microbiol 7: 765-776.
144. Rasmussen BA, Gluzman Y, Tally FP. 1994. Inhibition of protein synthesis occurring on tetracycline-resistant, TetM-protected ribosomes by a novel class of tetracyclines, the glycylcyclines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 1658-1660.
145. Reid GE, Grim SA, Aldeza CA, Janda WM, Clark NM. 2007. Rapid development of Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to tigecycline. Pharmacotherapy 27: 1198-1201.
146. Reinhardt A, Kuhn F, Heisig A, Heisig P. 2014. Overexpression of ramA from Citrobacter freundii mediates MDR phenotype in various Citrobacter species and also in Escherichia coli. In Abstr 24th ECCMID, Abstract P1102. Barcelona, Spain.
147. Ricci V, Blair JM, Piddock LJ. 2014. Ram A, which controls expression of the MDR efflux pump AcrAB-TolC, is regulated by the Lon protease. J Antimicrob Chemother 69: 643-650.
148. Ritchie DJ, Garavaglia-Wilson A. 2014. A review of intravenous minocycline for treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections. Clin Infect Dis 59: S374-S380.
149. Roberts MC. 2005. Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 245: 195-203.
150. Roberts MC. 2011.Mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance and lessons learned from environmental tetracycline-resistant bacteria. In Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment (ed. Keen P,MontfortsMHMM).Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
151. Rodriguez-Avial C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Merino P, Picazo JJ. 2012. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Development of a mixed population of carbapenem and tigecycline resistance during antimicrobial therapy in a kidney transplant patient. Clin Microbiol Infect 18: 61-66.
152. Rosenblum R, Khan E, Gonzalez G, Hasan R, Schneiders T. 2011. Genetic regulation of the ramA locus and its expression in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 38: 39-45.
153. Ross JI, Eady EA, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ. 1998. 16S rRNA mutation associated with tetracycline resistance in a gram-positive bacterium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42: 1702-1705.
154. Rouquette C, Serre MC, Lane D. 2004. Protective role for H-NS protein in IS1 transposition. J Bacteriol 186: 2091-2098.
155. Ruzin A, Keeney D, Bradford PA. 2005a. AcrAB efflux pump plays a role in decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in Morganella morganii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 791-793.
156. Ruzin A, Visalli MA, Keeney D, Bradford PA. 2005b. Influence of transcriptional activator RamA on expression of multidrug efflux pump AcrAB and tigecycline susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 1017-1022.
157. Ruzin A, Keeney D, Bradford PA. 2007. AdeABC multidrug efflux pump is associated with decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 1001-1004.
158. Ruzin A, Immermann FW, Bradford PA. 2008. Real-time PCR and statistical analyses of acrAB and ramA expression in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 3430-3432.
159. Ruzin A, Immermann FW, Bradford PA. 2010. RT-PCR and statistical analyses of adeABC expression in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. Microb Drug Resist 16: 87-89.
160. Sader HS, Flamm RK, Jones RN. 2013. Tigecycline activity tested against antimicrobial resistant surveillance subsets of clinical bacteria collected worldwide (2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 76: 217-221.
161. Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Jones RN. 2014. Variation in potency and spectrum of tigecycline activity against bacterial strains from U.S. medical centers since its approval for clinical use (2006 to 2012). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 2274-2280.
162. SaiSree L, Reddy M, Gowrishankar J. 2001. IS186 insertion at a hot spot in the lon promoter as a basis for lon protease deficiency of Escherichia coli B: Identification of a consensus target sequence for IS186 transposition. J Bacteriol 183: 6943-6946.
163. Sanchez-Pescador R, Brown JT, Roberts M, Urdea MS. 1988. Homology of the TetM with translational elongation factors: Implications for potential modes of tetM-conferred tetracycline resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 1218.
164. Sapunaric FM, Levy SB. 2005. Substitutions in the interdomain loop of the Tn10 TetA efflux transporter alter tetracycline resistance and substrate specificity. Microbiology 151: 2315-2322.
165. Schedlbauer A, Kaminishi T, Ochoa-Lizarralde B, Dhimole N, Zhou S, Lopez-Alonso JP, Connell SR, Fucini P. 2015. Structural characterization of an alternative mode of tigecycline binding to the bacterial ribosome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 2849-2854.
166. Schweizer HP. 2003. Efflux as a mechanism of resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria: Unanswered questions. Genet Mol Res 2: 48-62.
167. Seoane AS, Levy SB. 1995. Characterization of MarR, the repressor of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177: 3414-3419.
168. Sheng ZK, Hu F, Wang W, Guo Q, Chen Z, Xu X, Zhu D, Wang M. 2014. Mechanisms of tigecycline resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 6982-6985.
169. Sherwood JE, Fraser S, Citron DM, Wexler H, Blakely G, Jobling K, Patrick S. 2011. Multi-drug resistant Bacteroides fragilis recovered from blood and severe leg wounds caused by an improvised explosive device (IED) in Afghanistan. Anaerobe 17: 152-155.
170. Smith MC, Chopra I. 1984. Energetics of tetracycline transport into Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 446-449.
171. Solomkin JS, Ramesh MK, Cesnauskas G, Novikovs N, Stefanova P, Sutcliffe JA, Walpole SM, Horn PT. 2014. Phase 2, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of two dose regimens of eravacycline versus ertapenem for adult community-acquired complicated intraabdominal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 1847-1854.
172. Spanu T, De Angelis G, Cipriani M, Pedruzzi B, D’Inzeo T, Cataldo MA, Sganga G, Tacconelli E. 2012. In vivo emergence of tigecycline resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 4516-4518.
173. Speer BS, Salyers AA. 1988. Characterization of a novel tetracycline resistance that functions only in aerobically grown Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170: 1423-1429.
174. Speer BS, Salyers AA. 1989. Novel aerobic tetracycline resistance gene that chemically modifies tetracycline. J Bacteriol 171: 148-153.
175. Speer BS, Bedzyk L, Salyers AA. 1991. Evidence that a novel tetracycline resistance gene found on two Bacteroides transposons encodes an NADP-requiring oxidoreductase. J Bacteriol 173: 176-183.
176. Srinivasan VB, Venkataramaiah M, Mondal A, Vaidyanathan V, Govil T, Rajamohan G. 2012. Functional characterization of a novel outer membrane porin KpnO, regulated by PhoBR two-component system in Klebsiella pneumoniae NTUH-K2044. PLoS ONE 7: 25.
177. Stein GE, Babinchak T. 2013. Tigecycline: An update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 75: 331-336.
178. Stone NR, Woodford N, Livermore DM, Howard J, Pike R, Mushtaq S, Perry C, Hopkins S. 2011. Breakthrough bacteraemia due to tigecycline-resistant Escherichia coli with New Delhi metallo-b-lactamase (NDM)-1 successfully treated with colistin in a patient with calciphylaxis. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 2677-2678.
179. Sum PE, Petersen P. 1999. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel glycylcycline derivatives leading to the discovery of GAR-936. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 9: 1459-1462.
180. Sun JR, Perng CL, Chan MC, Morita Y, Lin JC, Su CM, Wang WY, Chang TY, Chiueh TS. 2012.AtruncatedAdeS kinase protein generated by ISAba1 insertion correlates with tigecycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS ONE 7: 14.
181. Sun C, Hunt D, Clark R, Fyfe C, Kerstein K, Grossman T, Sutcliffe J, Xiao XY. 2014a. In vitro potency of novel, fully synthetic tetracyclines against MDR Gram-negative pathogens including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In 24th ECCMID, Abstract P0299. Barcelona, Spain.
182. Sun JR, Perng CL, Lin JC, Yang YS, Chan MC, Chang TY, Lin FM, Chiueh TS. 2014b. AdeRS combination codes differentiate the response to efflux pump inhibitors in tigecycline-resistant isolates of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33: 2141-2147.
183. Sun C, Hunt DK, Chen CL, Deng Y, He M, Clark RB, Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Sutcliffe JA, Xiao XY. 2015. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of hexacyclic tetracyclines as potent, broad spectrum antibacterial agents. J Med Chem 20: 20.
184. Sutcliffe JA, O’Brien W, Fyfe C, Grossman TH. 2013. Antibacterial activity of eravacycline (TP-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 5548-5558.
185. Taylor DE, Hiratsuka K, Ray H, Manavathu EK. 1987. Characterization and expression of a cloned tetracycline resistance determinant from Campylobacter jejuni plasmid pUA466. J Bacteriol 169: 2984-2989.
186. Teo JW, Tan TM, Poh CL. 2002. Genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance in Vibrio harveyi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 1038-1045.
187. Tessier PR, Nicolau DP. 2013. Tigecycline displays in vivo bactericidal activity against extended-spectrum-b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae after 72-hour exposure period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 640-642.
188. Thaker M, Spanogiannopoulos P, Wright GD. 2010. The tetracycline resistome. Cell Mol Life Sci 67: 419-431.
189. Thanassi DG, Suh GS, Nikaido H. 1995. Role of outer membrane barrier in efflux-mediated tetracycline resistance of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177: 998-1007.
190. The Medicines Company. 2015. Prescribing Information, Minocin. Parsippany, NJ.
191. Trieber CA, Taylor DE. 2002. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes of Helicobacter pylori mediate resistance to tetracycline. J Bacteriol 184: 2131-2140.
192. Truong-Bolduc QC, Dunman PM, Strahilevitz J, Projan SJ, Hooper DC. 2005. MgrA is a multiple regulator of two new efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 187: 2395-2405.
193. Tsilibaris V, Maenhaut-Michel G, Van Melderen L. 2006. Biological roles of the Lon ATP-dependent protease. Res Microbiol 157: 701-713.
194. Tuckman M, Petersen PJ, Projan SJ. 2000. Mutations in the interdomain loop region of the tetA(A) tetracycline resistance gene increase efflux of minocycline and glycylcyclines. Microb Drug Resist 6: 277-282.
195. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2010. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Increased risk of death with Tygacil (tigecycline) compared to other antibiotics used to treat similar infections. FDA, Silver Spring, MD.
196. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2013. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of increased risk of death with IV antibacterial Tygacil (tigecycline) and approves new Boxed Warning. FDA, Silver Spring, MD.
197. van der Straaten T, Janssen R, Mevius DJ, van Dissel JT. 2004a. Salmonella gene rma (ramA) and multiple-drugresistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 2292-2294.
198. van der Straaten T, Zulianello L, van Diepen A, Granger DL, Janssen R, van Dissel JT. 2004b. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium RamA, intracellular oxidative stress response, and bacterial virulence. Infect Immun 72: 996-1003.
199. Veleba M, Schneiders T. 2012. Tigecycline resistance can occur independently of the ramA gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 4466-4467.
200. Veleba M, Higgins PG, Gonzalez G, Seifert H, Schneiders T. 2012. Characterization of RarA, a novel AraC family multidrug resistance regulator in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 4450-4458.
201. Veleba M, De Majumdar S, Hornsey M, Woodford N, Schneiders T. 2013. Genetic characterization of tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 68: 1011-1018.
202. Villa L, Feudi C, Fortini D, Garcia-Fernandez A, Carattoli A. 2014. Genomics of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 512 clone highlights the role of RamR and ribosomal S10 protein mutations in conferring tigecycline resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58: 1707-1712.
203. Vinue L, McMurry LM, Levy SB. 2013. The 216-bp marB gene of the marRAB operon in Escherichia coli encodes a periplasmic protein which reduces the transcription rate of marA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 345: 49-55.
204. Visalli MA, Murphy E, Projan SJ, Bradford PA. 2003. AcrAB multidrug efflux pump is associated with reduced levels of susceptibility to tigecycline (GAR-936) in Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 665-669.
205. Warburton PJ, Ciric L, Lerner A, Seville LA, Roberts AP, Mullany P, Allan E. 2013. TetAB46, a predicted heterodimeric ABC transporter conferring tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus australis isolated from the oral cavity. J Antimicrob Chemother 68: 17-22.
206. Wei Y, Bechhofer DH. 2002. Tetracycline induces stabilization of mRNA in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 184: 889-894.
207. Werner G, Gfrorer S, Fleige C, Witte W, Klare I. 2008. Tigecycline- resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain isolated from a German intensive care unit patient. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 1182-1183.
208. Whittle G, Hund BD, Shoemaker NB, Salyers AA. 2001. Characterization of the 13-kilobase ermF region of the Bacteroides conjugative transposon CTnDOT. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 3488-3495.
209. Williams G, Smith I. 1979. Chromosomal mutations causing resistance to tetracycline in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Gen Genet 177: 23-29.
210. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. 2016. Prescribing information, Tygacil. Philadelphia, PA.
211. Xiao XY, Hunt DK, Zhou J, Clark RB, Dunwoody N, Fyfe C, Grossman TH, O’Brien WJ, Plamondon L, Ronn M, et al. 2012. Fluorocyclines. 1: 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido- 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline: A potent, broad spectrum antibacterial agent. J Med Chem 55: 597-605.
212. Xiao XY, Deng Y, Sun C, Hunt D, Clark R, Fyfe C, Grossman T, Sutcliffe J. 2013. Novel 7-CF3-8-heterocyclyl tetracyclines with promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In Abstr 53th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Abstract F-632. Denver, CO.
213. Yamaguchi A, Ohmori H, Kaneko-Ohdera M, Nomura T, Sawai T. 1991. DpH-dependent accumulation of tetracycline in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35: 53-56.
214. Yamasaki S, Nikaido E, Nakashima R, Sakurai K, Fujiwara D, Fujii I, Nishino K. 2013. The crystal structure of multidrug-resistance regulator RamR with multiple drugs. Nat Commun 4: 2078.
215. Yang W, Moore IF, Koteva KP, Bareich DC, Hughes DW, Wright GD. 2004. TetX is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics. J Biol Chem 279: 52346-52352.
216. Yoon EJ, Courvalin P, Grillot-Courvalin C. 2013. RND-type efflux pumps in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii: Major role for AdeABC overexpression and AdeRS mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 2989-2995.
217. Zhanel GG, Homenuik K, Nichol K, Noreddin A, Vercaigne L, Embil J, Gin A, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ. 2004. The glycylcyclines: A comparative review with the tetracyclines. Drugs 64: 63-88.
218. Zhanel GG, Adam HJ, Baxter MR, Fuller J, Nichol KA, Denisuik AJ, Lagace-Wiens PR, Walkty A, Karlowsky JA, Schweizer F, et al. 2013. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 22746 pathogens from Canadian hospitals: Results of the CANWARD 2007-11 study. J Antimicrob Chemother 68: 7-22.
219. Zhang L, Li XZ, Poole K. 2001. SmeDEF multidrug efflux pump contributes to intrinsic multidrug resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 3497-3503.
220. Zhong X, Xu H, Chen D, Zhou H, Hu X, Cheng G. 2014. First emergence of acrAB and oqxAB mediated tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae pre-dating the use of tigecycline in a Chinese hospital. PLoS ONE 9: e115185.