Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research

European Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 1331-1343

  Zulli, Anthony ^a   Smith, Renee M ^a   Kubatka, Peter ^b   Novak, Jan ^c,d   Uehara, Yoshio ^e   Loftus, Hayley ^a   Qaradakhi, Tawar ^a   Pohanka, Miroslav ^f   Kobyliak, Nazarii ^g   Zagatina, Angela ^h   Klimas, Jan ⁱ   Hayes, Alan ^a   La Rocca, Giampiero ^j,k   Soucek, Miroslav ^c   Kruzliak, Peter ^l  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b University Hospital in Martin   (Slovakia)

^c ST ANNE S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Czech Republic)

^d MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^e KYORITSU WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^f UNIVERSITY OF DEFENCE   (Czech Republic)

^g BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Ukraine)

^h Cardiology Center Medika   (Russian Federation)

ⁱ Faculty of Natural Sciences   (Slovakia)

^j UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^k Euro Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology   (Italy)

^l UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES   (Czech Republic)

more..

Author keywords

Caffeine; Cardioprotective effects; Cardiovascular diseases; Clinical studies; Experimental studies; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTOR; CAFFEINE; COFFEE;

ALERTNESS; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COFFEE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FETUS; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; BLOOD VESSEL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL STUDY; DISEASE MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECTS; HEART; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSELS; CAFFEINE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; COFFEE; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HEART; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; METABOLIC SYNDROME X;

EID: 84959332916     PISSN: 14366207     EISSN: 14366215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1179-z     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Ferruzzi MG (2010) The influence of beverage composition on delivery of phenolic compounds from coffee and tea. Physiol Behav 100:33–41
2. Magalhães ST, Fernandes FL, Demuner AJ, Picanço MC, Guedes RN (2010) Leaf alkaloids, phenolics, and coffee resistance to the leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). J Econ Entomol 103:1438–1443
3. Kravchenko LV, Trusov NV, Aksenov IV, Avren’eva LI, Guseva GV, Lashneva NV, Tutel’ian VA (2011) Effects of green tea extract and its components on antioxidant status and activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of rats. Vopr Pitan 80:9–15
4. Zollner H, Giebelmann R (2004) Cultural-historical remarks on caffeine, coffee and tea. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch 100(7):255–262
5. Singer P, McGarrity S, Shen HY, Boison D, Yee BK (2012) Working memory and the homeostatic control of brain adenosine by adenosine kinase. Neuroscience 213:81–92
6. Paluch AS, Parameswaran S, Liu S, Kolavennu A, Mobley DL (2015) Predicting the excess solubility of acetanilide, acetaminophen, phenacetin, benzocaine, and caffeine in binary water/ethanol mixtures via molecular simulation. J Chem Phys 142:044508
7. Saldaña MD, Zetzl C, Mohamed RS, Brunner G (2002) Extraction of methylxanthines from guaraná seeds, maté leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol. J Agric Food Chem 50:4820–4826
8. Tang WQ, Li DC, Lv YX, Jiang JG (2010) Extraction and removal of caffeine from green tea by ultrasonic-enhanced supercritical fluid. J Food Sci 75:363–368
9. Ashihara H, Sano H, Crozier A (2008) Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering. Phytochemistry 69:841–856
10. Utoh M, Murayama N, Uno Y, Onose Y, Hosaka S, Fujino H, Shimizu M, Iwasaki K, Yamazaki H (2013) Monkey liver cytochrome P450 2C9 is involved in caffeine 7-N-demethylation to form theophylline. Xenobiotica 43:1037–1042
11. Ohyama K, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H (2014) Drug interactions of diclofenac and its oxidative metabolite with human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 1A2-dependent drug oxidation. Xenobiotica 44:10–16
12. Mort JR, Kruse HR (2008) Timing of blood pressure measurement related to caffeine consumption. Ann Pharmacother 42:105–110
13. Magkos F, Kavouras SA (2005) Caffeine use in sports, pharmacokinetics in man, and cellular mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 45:535–562
14. Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM (2010) Caffeine and adenosine. J Alzheimers Dis 20:S3–S15
15. Chen JF, Eltzschig HK, Fredholm BB (2013) Adenosine receptors as drug targets—What are the challenges? Nat Rev Drug Discov 12:265–286
16. Gyoneva S, Shapiro L, Lazo C, Garnier-Amblard E, Smith Y, Miller GW, Traynelis SF (2014) Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonism reverses inflammation-induced impairment of microglial process extension in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 67:191–202
17. Hofer M, Pospisil M, Dusek L, Hoferova Z, Komurkova D (2014) Combined pharmacological therapy of the acute radiation disease using a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and an adenosine A(3) receptor agonist. Centr Eur J Biol 9:642–646
18. Vincenzi F, Targa M, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Gessi S, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K (2014) TRR469, a potent A(1) adenosine receptor allosteric modulator, exhibits anti-nociceptive properties in acute and neuropathic pain models in mice. Neuropharmacology 81:6–14
19. Sullivan GW, Luong LS, Carper HT, Barnes RC, Mandell GL (1995) Methylxanthines with adenosine alter TNF-alpha-primed PMN activation. Immunopharmacology 31:19–29
20. Fukunaga AF, Alexander GE, Stark CW (2003) Characterization of the analgesic actions of adenosine: comparison of adenosine and remifentanil infusions in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. Pain 101:129–138
21. Chan ESL, Fernandez P, Cronstein BN (2007) Adenosine in inflammatory joint diseases. Purinergic Signal 3:145–152
22. Joulia F, Coulange M, Lemaitre F, Costalat G, Franceschi F, Gariboldi V, Nee L, Fromonot J, Bruzzese L, Gravier G, Kipson N, Jammes Y, Boussuges A, Brignole M, Deharo JC, Guieu R (2013) Plasma adenosine release is associated with bradycardia and transient loss of consciousness during experimental breath-hold diving. Int J Cardiol 168:E138–E141
23. 2B-adenosine receptor agonists for the respiratory tract: mucociliary clearance, ciliary beat frequency, trachea muscle tonus and cytokine release. J Pharm Pharmacol 65:123–132
24. Petzer A, Pienaar A, Petzer JP (2013) The interactions of caffeine with monoamine oxidase. Life Sci 93:283–287
25. Petzer A, Grobler P, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (2014) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by selected phenylalkylcaffeine analogues. J Pharm Pharmacol 66:677–687
26. Pohanka M (2014) The effects of caffeine on the cholinergic system. Mini Rev Med Chem 16:543–549
27. Pohanka M, Dobes P (2013) Caffeine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, but not butyrylcholinesterase. Int J Mol Sci 14:9873–9882
28. Bhaskara S, Chandrasekharan MB, Ganguly R (2008) Caffeine induction of Cyp6a2 and Cyp6a8 genes of Drosophila melanogaster is modulated by cAMP and D-JUN protein levels. Gene 415:49–59
29. Herman A, Herman AP (2013) Caffeine’s mechanisms of action and its cosmetic use. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 26:8–14
30. Geraets L, Moonen HJ, Wouters EF, Bast A, Hageman GJ (2006) Caffeine metabolites are inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 at physiological concentrations. Biochem Pharmacol 72:902–910
31. Kumala S, Fujarewicz K, Jayaraju D, Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Hancock R (2013) Repair of DNA strand breaks in a minichromosome in vivo: kinetics, modeling, and effects of inhibitors. PLoS One 8(1):e52966
32. Li XY, Xu L, Lin GS, Li XY, Jiang XJ, Wang T, Lü JJ, Zeng B (2011) Protective effect of caffeine administration on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Shock 36:289–294
33. Ku BM, Lee YK, Jeong JY, Ryu J, Choi J, Kim JS, Cho YW, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Kang SS (2011) Caffeine inhibits cell proliferation and regulates PKA/GSK3 beta pathways in U87MG human glioma cells. Mol Cells 31:275–279
34. Arnáiz-Cot JJ, Damon BJ, Zhang XH, Cleemann L, Yamaguchi N, Meissner G, Morad M (2013) Cardiac calcium signalling pathologies associated with defective calmodulin regulation of type 2 ryanodine receptor. J Physiol 591:4287–4299
35. 2+ release in cardiomyoblast cells. J Ethnopharmacol 150:389–392
36. Friedrich O, Yi B, Edwards JN, Reischl B, Wirth-Hücking A, Buttgereit A, Lang R, Weber C, Polyak F, Liu I, von Wegner F, Cully TR, Lee A, Most P, Völkers M (2014) IL-1 alpha reversibly inhibits skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor a novel mechanism for critical illness myopathy? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 50:1096–1106
37. Pettersen SA, Krustrup P, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Brito J, Bangsbo J, Jin Y, Mohr M (2014) Caffeine supplementation does not affect match activities and fatigue resistance during match play in young football players. J Sports Sci 32:1958–1965. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.965189
38. Okudaira N, Kuwahara M, Hirata Y, Oku Y, Nishio H (2014) A knock-in mouse model of N-terminal R420W mutation of cardiac ryanodine receptor exhibits arrhythmogenesis with abnormal calcium dynamics in cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 452:665–668. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.132
39. Yamakawa H, Murata M, Suzuki T, Yada H, Ishida H, Aizawa Y, Adachi T, Kamiya K, Fukuda K (2014) Suppression of Rad leads to arrhythmogenesis via PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ryanodine receptor activity in the heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 452:701–707. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.126
40. Miles-Chan JL, Charrière N, Grasser EK, Montani JP, Dulloo AG (2015) The blood pressure-elevating effect of Red Bull energy drink is mimicked by caffeine but through different hemodynamic pathways. Physiol Rep. doi:10.14814/phy2.12290
41. Bardou M, Goirand F, Bernard A, Guerard P, Gatinet M, Devillier P, Dumas JP, Morcillo EJ, Rochette L, Dumas M (2002) Relaxant effects of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on U46619 precontracted human intralobar pulmonary arteries and role of potassium channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 40:153–161
42. Brodmann M, Lischnig U, Lueger A, Pilger E, Stark G (2003) The effect of caffeine on peripheral vascular resistance in isolated perfused guinea pig hind limbs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 42:506–510
43. Sekiguchi F, Miyake Y, Kashimoto T, Sunano S (2002) Unaltered caffeine-induced relaxation in the aorta of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). J Smooth Muscle Res 38:11–22
44. Corsetti G, Pasini E, Assanelli D, Bianchi R (2008) Effects of acute caffeine administration on NOS and Bax/Bcl2 expression in the myocardium of rat. Pharmacol Res 57:19–25. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.07.007
45. El Agaty SM, Seif AA (2015) Cardiovascular effects of long-term caffeine administration in aged rats. Ir J Med Sci 184:265–272. doi:10.1007/s11845-014-1098-z
46. Panchal SK, Wong WY, Kauter K, Ward LC, Brown L (2012) Caffeine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats. Nutrition 28:1055–1062. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.013
47. Nordestgaard AT, Thomsen M, Nordestgaard BG (2015) Coffee intake and risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol 44:551–565. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv083
48. O’Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ (2013) Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1043–1051. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035
49. Basaranoglu M, Basaranoglu G, Bugianesi E (2015) Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: fructose as a weapon of mass destruction. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 4:109–116
50. Loopstra-Masters RC, Liese AD, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, Hanley AJ (2011) Associations between the intake of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and measures of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Diabetologia 54:320–328
51. Yeh TC, Liu CP, Cheng WH, Chen BR, Lu PJ, Cheng PW, Ho WY, Sun GC, Liou JC, Tseng CJ (2014) Caffeine intake improves fructose-induced hypertension and insulin resistance by enhancing central insulin signaling. Hypertension 63:535–541
52. Sinha RA, Farah BL, Singh BK, Siddique MM, Li Y, Wu Y, Ilkayeva OR, Gooding J, Ching J, Zhou J, Martinez L, Xie S, Bay BH, Summers SA, Newgard CB, Yen PM (2014) Caffeine stimulates hepatic lipid metabolism by the autophagy–lysosomal pathway in mice. Hepatology 59:1366–1380
53. Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Waanders J, Brown L (2012) Coffee extract attenuates changes in cardiovascular and hepatic structure and function without decreasing obesity in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed male rats. J Nutr 142:690–697
54. Sacramento JF, Ribeiro MJ, Yubero S, Melo BF, Obeso A, Guarino MP, Gonzalez C, Conde SV (2015) Disclosing caffeine action on insulin sensitivity: effects on rat skeletal muscle. Eur J Pharm Sci 70:107–116
55. 2A receptor antagonism after focal cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 387:165–173
56. Sun L, Tian X, Gou L, Ling X, Wang L, Feng Y, Yin X, Liu Y (2013) Beneficial synergistic effects of concurrent treatment with theanine and caffeine against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 91:562–569
57. Momoi N, Tinney JP, Keller BB, Tobita K (2012) Maternal hypoxia and caffeine exposure depress fetal cardiovascular function during primary organogenesis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 38:1343–1351
58. Pagnussat N, Almeida AS, Marques DM, Nunes F, Chenet GC, Botton PH, Mioranzza S, Loss CM, Cunha RA, Porciúncula LO (2015) Adenosine A receptors are necessary and sufficient to trigger memory impairment in adult mice. Br J Pharmacol 172:3831–3845
59. Nishida K, Qi XY, Wakili R, Comtois P, Chartier D, Harada M, Iwasaki YK, Romeo P, Maguy A, Dobrev D, Michael G, Talajic M, Nattel S (2011) Mechanisms of atrial tachyarrhythmias associated with coronary artery occlusion in a chronic canine model. Circulation 123:137–146
60. Zhao X, Strong R, Piriyawat P, Palusinski R, Grotta JC, Aronowski J (2010) Caffeinol at the receptor level: anti-ischemic effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade is potentiated by caffeine. Stroke 41:363–367
61. Serapiao-Moraes DF, Souza-Mello V, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Faria TS (2013) Maternal caffeine administration leads to adverse effects on adult mice offspring. Eur J Nutr 52:1891–1900. doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0490-6
62. 1 adenosine receptors to alter adult cardiac function and DNA methylation in mice. PLoS One 9(1):e87547. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087547
63. Momoi N, Tinney JP, Liu LJ, Elshershari H, Hoffmann PJ, Ralphe JC, Keller BB, Tobita K (2008) Modest maternal caffeine exposure affects developing embryonic cardiovascular function and growth. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H2248–H2256. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91469.2007
64. 2A adenosine receptors in regulating heart rate, body temperature, and locomotion as revealed using knockout mice and caffeine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296:H1141–H1149. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00754.2008
65. 2A receptors signaling in both maternal and fetal heart from wistar rats. J Caffeine Res 4:115–126. doi:10.1089/jcr.2014.0010
66. 1 adenosine receptors to disrupt embryonic cardiac function. PLoS One 6(12):e28296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028296
67. Chakraborty C, Hsu CH, Wen ZH, Lin CS, Agoramoorthy G (2011) Effect of Caffeine, norfloxacin and nimesulide on heartbeat and VEGF expression of zebrafish larvae. J Environ Biol 32:179–183
68. Yeh CH, Liao YF, Chang CY, Tsai JN, Wang YH, Cheng CC, Wen CC, Chen YH (2012) Caffeine treatment disturbs the angiogenesis of zebrafish embryos. Drug Chem Toxicol 35:361–365. doi:10.3109/01480545.2011.627864
69. Abdelkader TS, Chang SN, Kim TH, Song J, Kim DS, Park JH (2013) Exposure time to caffeine affects heartbeat and cell damage-related gene expression of zebrafish Danio rerio embryos at early developmental stages. J Appl Toxicol 33:1277–1283. doi:10.1002/jat.2787
70. Mercer JR, Gray K, Figg N, Kumar S, Bennett MR (2012) The methyl xanthine caffeine inhibits DNA damage signaling and reactive species and reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE(−/−) Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32:2461–2467. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.251322
71. Verma R, Huang Z, Deutschman CS, Levy RJ (2009) Caffeine restores myocardial cytochrome oxidase activity and improves cardiac function during sepsis. Crit Care Med 37:1397–1402. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819cecd6
72. Fang X, Mei W, Barbazuk WB, Rivkees SA, Wendler CC (2014) Caffeine exposure alters cardiac gene expression in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307:R1471–R1487. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2014
73. Riksen NP, Smits P, Rongen GA (2011) The cardiovascular effects of methylxanthines. Handb Exp Pharmacol 200:413–437. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_16
74. Noguchi K, Matsuzaki T, Sakanashi M, Hamadate N, Uchida T, Kina-Tanada M, Kubota H, Nakasone J, Sakanashi M, Ueda S, Masuzaki H, Ishiuchi S, Ohya Y, Tsutsui M (2015) Effect of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee on microvascular function in healthy subjects. J Pharmacol Sci 127:217–222. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2015.01.003
75. Lemery R, Pecarskie A, Bernick J, Williams K, Wells GA (2015) A prospective placebo controlled randomized study of caffeine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia undergoing electrophysiologic testing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 26:1–6. doi:10.1111/jce.12504
76. Phan JK, Shah SA (2014) Effect of caffeinated versus noncaffeinated energy drinks on central blood pressures. Pharmacotherapy 34:555–560. doi:10.1002/phar.1419
77. Astorino TA, Martin BJ, Schachtsiek L, Wong K (2013) Caffeine ingestion and intense resistance training minimize postexercise hypotension in normotensive and prehypertensive men. Res Sports Med 21:52–65. doi:10.1080/15438627.2012.738443
78. Del Coso J, Salinero JJ, González-Millán C, Abián-Vicén J, Pérez-González B (2012) Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance: a repeated measures design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 9:21. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-21
79. Farag NH, Vincent AS, McKey BS, Whitsett TL, Lovallo WR (2005) Hemodynamic mechanisms underlying the incomplete tolerance to caffeine’s pressor effects. Am J Cardiol 95:1389–1392. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.01.093
80. Terai N, Spoerl E, Pillunat LE, Stodtmeister R (2012) The effect of caffeine on retinal vessel diameter in young healthy subjects. Acta Ophthalmol 90:e524–e528. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02486.x
81. Ozkan B, Yüksel N, Anik Y, Altintas O, Demirci A, Cağlar Y (2008) The effect of caffeine on retrobulbar hemodynamics. Curr Eye Res 33:804–809. doi:10.1080/02713680802344708
82. Kennedy DO, Haskell CF (2011) cerebral blood flow and behavioural effects of caffeine in habitual and non-habitual consumers of caffeine: a near infrared spectroscopy study. Biol Psychol 86:298–306. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.010
83. Shechter M, Shalmon G, Scheinowitz M, Koren-Morag N, Feinberg MS, Harats D, Sela BA, Sharabi Y, Chouraqui P (2011) Impact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 107:1255–1261. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.12.035
84. Buscemi S, Mattina A, Tranchina MR, Verga S (2011) Acute effects of coffee on QT interval in healthy subjects. Nutr J 10:15. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-15
85. Papamichael CM, Aznaouridis KA, Karatzis EN, Karatzi KN, Stamatelopoulos KS, Vamvakou G, Lekakis JP, Mavrikakis ME (2005) Effect of coffee on endothelial function in healthy subjects: the role of caffeine. Clin Sci 109:55–60. doi:10.1042/CS20040358
86. Mahmud A, Feely J (2001) Acute effect of caffeine on arterial stiffness and aortic pressure waveform. Hypertension 38:227–231
87. Vlachopoulos C, Hirata K, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P, O’Rourke MF (2003) Caffeine increases aortic stiffness in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 16:63–66
88. Karatzis E, Papaioannou TG, Aznaouridis K, Karatzi K, Stamatelopoulos K, Zampelas A, Papamichael C, Lekakis J, Mavrikakis M (2005) Acute effects of caffeine on blood pressure and wave reflections in healthy subjects: should we consider monitoring central blood pressure? Int J Cardiol 98:425–430. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.013
89. Vlachopoulos C, Hirata K, O’Rourke MF (2003) Effect of caffeine on aortic elastic properties and wave reflection. J Hypertens 21:563–570. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000052463.40108.b2
90. Trovato GM, Pirri C, Martines GF, Trovato F, Catalano D (2010) Coffee, nutritional status, and renal artery resistive index. Renal Fail 32:1137–1147. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2010.516853
91. Katheria AC, Sauberan JB, Akotia D, Rich W, Durham J, Finer NN (2015) A pilot randomized controlled trial of early versus routine caffeine in extremely premature infants. Am J Perinatol 32:879–886. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1543981
92. Hassanein SM, Gad GI, Ismail RI, Diab M (2014) Effect of caffeine on preterm infants’ cerebral cortical activity: an observational study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 14:1–6. doi:10.3109/14767058.2014.978757
93. Ulanovsky I, Haleluya NS, Blazer S, Weissman A (2014) The effects of caffeine on heart rate variability in newborns with apnea of prematurity. J Perinatol 34:620–623. doi:10.1038/jp.2014.60
94. Nováková Z, Honzíková N, Závodná E, Hrstková H, Václavková P (2001) Baroreflex sensitivity and body growth parameters in children and adolescents. Exp Clin Cardiol 6:35–37
95. Monda M, Viggiano A, Vicidomini C, Viggiano A, Iannaccone T, Tafuri D, De Luca B (2009) Espresso coffee increases parasympathetic activity in young, healthy people. Nutr Neurosci 12:43–48. doi:10.1179/147683009X388841
96. Mosqueda-Garcia R, Tseng CJ, Biaggioni I, Robertson RM, Robertson D (1990) Effects of caffeine on baroreflex activity in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 48:568–574
97. Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thayer J, Koenig J, Herrmann C, Weber CS, Deter HC (2015) Short-term effects of espresso coffee on heart rate variability and blood pressure in habitual and non-habitual coffee consumers—a randomized crossover study. Nutr Neurosci. doi:10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000018
98. Notarius CF, Floras JS (2012) Caffeine enhances heart rate variability in middle-aged healthy, but not heart failure subjects. J Caffeine Res 2:77–82. doi:10.1089/jcr.2012.0010
99. Kammerer M, Jaramillo JA, García A, Calderón JC, Valbuena LH (2014) Effects of energy drink major bioactive compounds on the performance of young adults in fitness and cognitive tests: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 11:44. doi:10.1186/s12970-014-0044-9
100. Andrade-Souza VA, Bertuzzi R, de Araujo GG, Bishop D, Lima-Silva AE (2015) Effects of isolated or combined carbohydrate and caffeine supplementation between 2 daily training sessions on soccer performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 40:457–463. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0268
101. Lopes-Silva JP, Felippe LJ, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE (2014) Caffeine ingestion after rapid weight loss in judo athletes reduces perceived effort and increases plasma lactate concentration without improving performance. Nutrients 6:2931–2945. doi:10.3390/nu6072931
102. Duncan MJ, Stanley M, Parkhouse N, Cook K, Smith M (2013) Acute caffeine ingestion enhances strength performance and reduces perceived exertion and muscle pain perception during resistance exercise. Eur J Sports Sci 13:392–399. doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.635811
103. Fernández-Elías VE, Del Coso J, Hamouti N, Ortega JF, Muñoz G, Muñoz-Guerra J, Mora-Rodríguez R (2015) Ingestion of a moderately high caffeine dose before exercise increases postexercise energy expenditure. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 25:46–53. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0037
104. Bunsawat K, White DW, Kappus RM, Baynard T (2014) Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise. Eur J Prev Cardiol. doi:10.1177/2047487314554867
105. Paton C, Costa V, Guglielmo L (2015) Effects of caffeine chewing gum on race performance and physiology in male and female cyclists. J Sports Sci 33:1076–1083. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.984752
106. Bortolotti H, Altimari LR, Vitor-Costa M, Cyrino ES (2014) Performance during a 20-km cycling time-trial after caffeine ingestion. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 11:45. doi:10.1186/s12970-014-0045-8
107. Scott AT, O’Leary T, Walker S, Owen R (2015) Improvement of 2000-m rowing performance with caffeinated carbohydrate-gel ingestion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 10:464–468. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0210
108. Stadheim HK, Kvamme B, Olsen R, Drevon CA, Ivy JL, Jensen J (2013) Caffeine increases performance in cross-country double-poling time trial exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45:2175–2183. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182967948
109. Chrysant SG (2015) Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health. Am J Cardiol 116:818–821. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.057
110. Ding M, Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Hu Y, Sun Q, Han J, Lopez-Garcia E, Willett W, van Dam RM, Hu FB (2015) Association of coffee consumption with total and cause-specific mortality in 3 large prospective cohorts. Circulation 132:2305–2315. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341
111. Notara V, Panagiotakos DB, Kouvari M, Tzanoglou D, Kouli G, Mantas Y, Kogias Y, Stravopodis P, Papanagnou G, Zombolos S, Babatsikou F, Koutis C, Pitsavos C, GREECS Study Investigators (2015) The role of coffee consumption on the 10-year (2004–2014) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) incidence among cardiac patients: the GREECS observational study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 66:722–728. doi:10.3109/09637486.2015.1077795
112. Choi Y, Chang Y, Ryu S, Cho J, Rampal S, Zhang Y, Ahn J, Lima JA, Shin H, Guallar E (2015) Coffee consumption and coronary artery calcium in young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults. Heart 101(9):686–691. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306663
113. Reis JP, Loria CM, Steffen LM, Zhou X, van Horn L, Siscovick DS, Jacobs DR Jr, Carr JJ (2010) Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, caffeine, and tea consumption in young adulthood and atherosclerosis later in life: the CARDIA study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30:2059–2066. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.208280
114. Wu JN, Ho SC, Zhou C, Ling WH, Chen WQ, Wang CL, Chen YM (2009) Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases: a meta-analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 137:216–225. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.051
115. Lopez-Garcia E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rexrode KM, Logroscino G, Hu FB, van Dam RM (2009) Coffee consumption and risk of stroke in women. Circulation 119:1116–1123. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.826164
116. Zhang WL, Lopez-Garcia E, Li TY, Hu FB, van Dam RM (2009) Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 52:810–817. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1311-1
117. Mineharu Y, Koizumi A, Wada Y, Iso H, Watanabe Y, Date C, Yamamoto A, Kikuchi S, Inaba Y, Toyoshima H, Kondo T, Tamakoshi A, JACC study Group (2011) Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women. J Epidemiol Community Health 65:230–240. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.097311
118. Caldeira D, Martins C, Alves LB, Pereira H, Ferreira JJ, Costa J (2013) Caffeine does not increase the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Heart 99:1383–1389. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303950
119. Shen J, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, Jacques PF, Magnani JW, Lubitz SA, Pandey S, Levy D, Vasan RS, Quatromoni PA, Junyent M, Ordovas JM, Benjamin EJ (2011) Dietary factors and incident atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 93:261–266. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.001305
120. Cheng M, Hu Z, Lu X, Huang J, Gu D (2014) Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Can J Cardiol 30:448–454. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026
121. Larsson SC, Drca N, Jensen-Urstad M, Wolk A (2015) Coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation: results from two prospective cohorts and a meta-analysis. BMC Med 13:207. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0447-8
122. Mostofsky E, Johansen MB, Lundbye-Christensen S, Tjønneland A, Mittleman MA, Overvad K (2015) Risk of atrial fibrillation associated with coffee intake: findings from the danish diet, cancer, and health study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. doi:10.1177/2047487315624524
123. Glatter KA, Myers R, Chiamvimonvat N (2012) Recommendations regarding dietary intake and caffeine and alcohol consumption in patients with cardiac arrhythmias: What do you tell your patients to do or not to do? Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 14:529–535. doi:10.1007/s11936-012-0193-6
124. Zuchinali P, Ribeiro PA, Pimentel M, da Rosa PR, Zimerman LI, Rohde LE (2015) Effect of caffeine on ventricular arrhythmia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and clinical studies. Europace. doi:10.1093/europace/euv261
125. Saito E, Inoue M, Sawada N, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Noda M, Iso H, Tsugane S (2015) Association of coffee intake with total and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese Population: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Am J Clin Nutr 101:1029–1037. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.104273
126. Malerba S, Turati F, Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Verga F, La Vecchia C, Tavani A (2013) A meta-analysis of prospective studies of coffee consumption and mortality for all causes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Epidemiol 28:527–539. doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9834-7
127. Mostofsky E, Rice MS, Levitan EB, Mittleman MA (2012) Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure: a dose–response meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail 5:401–405. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967299
128. Santos PR, Ferrari GSL, Ferrari CKB (2015) Diet, sleep and metabolic syndrome among a legal Amazon population, Brazil. Clin Nutr Res 4:41–45. doi:10.7762/cnr.2015.4.1.41
129. Agardh EE, Carlsson S, Ahlbom A, Efendic S, Grill V, Hammar N, Hilding A, Ostenson CG (2004) Coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Swedish men and women. J Intern Med 255:645–652
130. Bhaktha G, Nayak BS, Mayya S, Shantaram M (2015) Relationship of caffeine with adiponectin and blood sugar levels in subjects with and without diabetes. J Clin Diagn Res 9:BC01–BC03. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/10587.5371
131. da Silva LA, de Freitas L, Medeiros TE, Osiecki R, Garcia Michel R, Snak AL, Malfatti CR (2014) Caffeine modifies blood glucose availability during prolonged low-intensity exercise in individuals with type-2 diabetes. Colomb Med (Cali) 45:72–76
132. Li MF, Cheung BM (2011) Rise and fall of anti-obesity drugs. World J Diabetes 2:19–23. doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i2.19
133. Cheung BMY, Cheung TT, Samaranayake NR (2013) Safety of antiobesity drugs. Ther Adv Drug Saf 4:171–181. doi:10.1177/2042098613489721
134. Ciszowski K, Biedroń W, Gomólka E (2014) Acute caffeine poisoning resulting in atrial fibrillation after guarana extract overdose. Prz Lek 71:495–498
135. Rashid A, Hines M, Scherlag BJ, Yamanashi WS, Lovallo W (2006) The effects of caffeine on the inducibility of atrial fibrillation. J Electrocardiol 39:421–425. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2005.12.007
136. Kinugawa T, Kurita T, Nohara R, Smith ML (2011) A case of atrial tachycardia sensitive to increased caffeine intake. Int Heart J 52:398–400
137. Bioh G, Gallagher MM, Prasad U (2013) Survival of a highly toxic dose of caffeine. BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007454
138. Vukcević NP, Babić G, Segrt Z, Ercegović GV, Janković S, Aćimović L (2012) Severe acute caffeine poisoning due to intradermal injections: mesotherapy hazard. Vojnosanit Pregl 69:707–713
139. Clausen T (2010) Hormonal and pharmacological modification of plasma potassium homeostasis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 24:595–605. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00859.x
140. Dufendach KA, Horner JM, Cannon BC, Ackerman MJ (2012) Congenital type 1 long QT syndrome unmasked by a highly caffeinated energy drink. Heart Rhythm 9:285–288. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.10.011
141. Cai Y, Kurita-Ochiai T, Hashizume T, Yamamoto M (2013) Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis. Pathog Dis 67:76–83
142. Martína MJ, Pablosa F, Gonzáleza AG, Valdenebrob MS, León-Camachob M (2001) Fatty acid profiles as discriminant parameters for coffee varieties differentiation. Talanta 54:291–297
143. Whayne TF Jr (2015) Coffee: a selected overview of beneficial or harmful effects on the cardiovascular system? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 13(5):637–648