Hormonal and pharmacological modification of plasma potassium homeostasis

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 595-605

  Clausen, Torben ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

catecholamines; heart; K+ pumps; Na+; skeletal muscle; sudden death

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BARIUM; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BICARBONATE; CAFFEINE; CALCIUM; CATECHOLAMINE; CHLOROQUINE; DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDE; DIURETIC AGENT; FENOTEROL; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; MAGNESIUM ION; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM ION; PROPRANOLOL; SALBUTAMOL; SPIRONOLACTONE; SUXAMETHONIUM; TERBUTALINE; THEOPHYLLINE;

ACIDOSIS; BURN; CATECHOLAMINE BLOOD LEVEL; CELL DAMAGE; CELL MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CYANIDE POISONING; DIGITALIS INTOXICATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; EPILEPTIC STATE; EXERCISE; FLUOROSIS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEMODIALYSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOKALEMIC ALKALOSIS; HYPOKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS; INJURY; ION EXCHANGE; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; PERIODIC PARALYSIS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT PROLONGATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SEPSIS; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SUDDEN DEATH; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANIMALS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; POTASSIUM; SODIUM-POTASSIUM-EXCHANGING ATPASE;

EID: 77956952342     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: 14728206     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00859.x     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Sejersted O.M., Sjøgaard G. Dynamics and consequences of potassium shifts in skeletal muscle and heart during exercise. Physiol. Rev. (2000) 80 1411 1481.
2. McDonough A.A., Thompson C.B., Youn J.H. Skeletal muscle regulates extracellular potassium. Am. J. Physiol. (2002) 282 F967 F974.
3. Medbø J.I., Sejersted O.M. Plasma potassium changes with high intensity exercise. J. Physiol. (1990) 421 105 122.
4. Warden J.C. Fatal hyperkalemia in status epilepticus. Med. J. Austr. (1966) 1 22 25.
5. + regulation. J. Appl. Physiol. (1993) 75 173 180.
6. + transport in skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev. (1986) 66 542 580.
7. + pump regulation and skeletal muscle contractility. Physiol. Rev. (2003) 83 1269 1324.
8. + pump. Clin. Sci. (1998) 95 3 17.
9. Bosch X., Poch E., Grau J.M. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. New Engl. J. Med. (2009) 361 62 72.
10. Viby-Mogensen J., Hanel H.K., Hansen E., Graae J. Serum cholinesterase activity in burned patients. II: anaesthesia, suxamethonium and hyperkalaemia. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. (1975) 19 169 179.
11. Brown R.S. Extrarenal potassium homeostasis. Kidney Int. (1986) 30 116 127.
12. + pump stimulation restores carbacholine-induced loss of excitability and contractility in rat skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (2005) 563 459 469.
13. Gronert G.A., Theye R.A. Pathophysiology of Hyperkalemia Induced by Succinylcholine. Anesthesiology (1975) 43 89 99.
14. Martyn J.A.J., Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states. Anesthesiology (2006) 104 158 169.
15. McIvor M.E. Acute fluoride toxicity. Pathophysiology and management. Drug Saf. (1990) 5 79 85.
16. + channels. Am. J. Emerg. Med. (1988) 6 1 3.
17. Hayward L.J., Kim J.S., Ming-Yang L. et al. Targeted mutation of mouse skeletal muscle sodium channel produces myotonia and potassium-sensitive weakness. J. Clin. Invest. (2008) 118 1437 1449.
18. + balance of the quadriceps muscle during dynamic exercise with and without beta-adrenoceptor blockade. J. Appl. Physiol. (1995) 78 513 523.
19. Rosa R.M., Silva P., Young J.B. et al. Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal. New Engl. J. Med. (1980) 302 431 434.
20. Williams M.E., Gervino E.V., Rosa R.M. et al. Catecholamine modulation of rapid potassium shifts during exercise. New Engl. J. Med. (1985) 312 823 827.
21. Woolf A.D., Wenger T., Smith T.W., Lovejoy F.H. Jr. The use of digoxin-specific Fab fragments for severe digitalis intoxication in children. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 326 1739 1744.
22. Bismuth C., Gaultier M., Conso F., Efthymiou M.L. Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications. Clin. Toxicol. (1973) 6 153 162.
23. Bradberry S.M., Vale J.A. Disturbances of potassium homeostasis in poisoning. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. (1995) 33 295 310.
24. Barlow C.W., Qayyum M.S., Davey P.P., Paterson D.J., Robbins P.A. Effect of hypoxia on arterial potassium concentration at rest and during exercise in man. Exp. Physiol. (1994) 79 257 260.
25. + efflux in rat skeletal muscles. J. Appl. Physiol. (2007) 103 494 503.
26. Evers S., Engelien A., Karsch V., Hund M. Secondary hyperkalaemic paralysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1998) 64 249 252.
27. Clausen T., Flatman J.A. The effect of catecholamines on Na-K-transport and membrane potential in rat soleus muscle. J. Physiol. (1977) 270 383 414. (Pubitemid 8167840)
28. Bibert S., Roy S., Schaer D., Horisberger J.D., Geering K. Phosphorylation of phospholemman (FXYD1) by protein kinases A and C modulates distinct Na,K-ATPase isozymes. J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 283 476 486.
29. Wang P., Clausen T. Treatment of attacks in hyperkalemic familial periodic paralysis by inhalation of salbutamol. Lancet (1976) 307 221 223.
30. Clausen T., Wang P., Ørskov H., Kristensen O. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Relationships between changes in plasma water, electrolytes, insulin and catecholamines during attacks. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. (1980) 40 211 220.
31. Bendheim P.E., Reale E.O., Berg B.O. Beta-adrenergic treatment of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Neurology (1985) 35 746 749.
32. Allon M. Hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease: mechanisms and management. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (1995) 6 1134 1142.
33. Allon M., Copkney C. Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. (1990) 38 869 872.
34. Mahoney B.A., Smith W.A.D., Lo D., Tsoi K., Tonelli M., Clase C. Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2005 2) Art. No CD 003235.
35. Montoliu J., Lens X.M., Revert L. Potassium-lowering effect of albuterol for hyperkalemia in renal failure. Arch. Intern. Med. (1987) 147 713 717.
36. Sowinski K.M., Cronin D., Mueller B.A., Kraus M.A. Subcutaneous terbutaline use in chronic kidney disease to reduce potassium concentrations. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2005) 45 1040 1045.
37. 2-receptor stimulation by circulating epinephrine. Am. J. Cardiol. (1985) 56 3D 9D.
38. Blumberg A., Weidmann P., Shaw S., Gnädinger M. Effect of various therapeutic approaches on plasma potassium and major regulating factors in terminal renal failure. Am. J. Med. (1988) 85 507 512.
39. Putcha N., Allon M. Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin. Dial. (2007) 20 431 439.
40. Evans K., Reddan D.N., Szczech L.A. Nondialytic management of hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema among end-stage renal disease patients: an evaluation of the evidence. Semin. Dial. (2004) 17 22 29.
41. Smith T.W. Review of clinical experience with digoxin immune Fab (Ovine). Am. J. Emerg. Med. (1991) 9 1 6.
42. Galbo H., Holst J.J., Christensen N.J. Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. (1975) 38 70 76.
43. + shifts of skeletal muscle during stepwise bicycle exercise with and without beta-adrenoceptor blockade. J. Physiol. (1994) 477 149 159.
44. 2 adrenoceptor agonists salbutamol and rimiterol. Br. J. clin. Pharmacol. (1980) 9 483 491.
45. Scheinin M., Koulu M., Laurikainen E., Allonen H. Hypokalaemia and other non-bronchial effects of inhaled fenoterol and salbutamol: a placebo-controlled dose-response study in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1987) 24 645 653.
46. Van den Berg B.T.J., Louwerse R.T., Luiken G.J.H.M., Jonkers R.E., Boxtel C.J. Hypokalaemia in healthy volunteers after single and multiple doses of formeterol or salbutamol. Clin. Drug Investig. (1998) 15 523 529.
47. + transport in rat soleus muscle. Nature (1979) 281 580 581. (Pubitemid 10242869)
48. 4, FFA and glycerol in human forearms. J. Appl. Physiol. (1995) 78 172 178.
49. Cartanà J., Stock M.J. Effects of clenbuterol and salbutamol on tissue rubidium uptake in vivo. Metabolism (1995) 44 119 125.
50. Schwartz P.J., Wolf S. QT interval prolongation in relation to serum potassium values in patients with myocardial infarction. Circulation (1978) 57 1074 1077.
51. Wong C.S., Pavord I.D., Williams J., Britton J.R., Tattersfield A.E. Bronchodilator, cardiovascular and hypokalemic effects of fenoterol, salbutamol and terbutaline in asthma. Lancet (1990) 336 1396 1399.
52. Dargie H.J., Cleland J.G., Leckie B.J., Inglis C.G., East B.W., Ford I. Relation of arrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities to survival in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation (1987) 75 (IV) 98 107.
53. Lewis L.D., Essex E., Volans G.N., Cochrane G.M. A study of self poisoning with oral salbutamol - laboratory and clinical features. Human Exp. Toxicol. (1993) 12 397 401.
54. Prior J.G., Cochrane G.M., Raper S.M., Ali C., Volans G.N. Self-poisoning with oral salbutamol. Br. Med. J. (1981) 282 1932.
55. Fang W., Chen J.-Y., Fang Y., Huang J.-L. Epinephrine overdose-associated hypokalemia and rhabdomyolysis in a newborn. Pharmacotherapy (2005) 25 1266 1270.
56. Hoffman R.J., Hoffman R.S., Freyberg C.L., Poppenga R.H., Nelson L.S. Clenbuterol ingestion causing prolonged tachycardia, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia with confirmation by quantitative levels. Clin. Toxicol. (2001) 39 339 344.
57. Daubert G.P., Mabasa V.H., Leung W.Y.V., Aaron C. Acute clenbuterol overdose resulting in supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. J. Med. Toxicol. (2007) 3 56 60.
58. Amitai Y., Lovejoy F.H. Hypokalemia in acute theophylline poisoning. Am. J. Emerg. Med. (1988) 6 214 218.
59. Shannon M. Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia and plasma catecholamine activity after severe theophylline intoxication. Clin. Toxicol. (1994) 32 41 47.
60. Shannon M., Lovejoy F.H. Hypokalemia after theophylline intoxication. Arch. Intern. Med. (1989) 149 2725 2729.
61. Greenberg A., Piraino B.H., Kroboth P.D., Weiss J. Severe theophylline toxicity. Role of conservative measures, antiarrhythmic agents, and charcoal hemoperfusion. Am. J. Med. (1984) 76 854 860.
62. Benowitz N.L., Osterloh J., Goldschläger N., Kaysen G., Pond S., Forhan S. Massive catecholamine release from caffeine poisoning. JAMA (1982) 248 1097 1098.
63. de Wijkerslooth L.R.H., Koch B.C.P., Malingré M.M., Smits P., Bartelink A.K.M. Life-threatening hypokalaemia and lactate accumulation after autointoxication with Stacker 2, a "powerful slimming agent". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2008) 66.5 728 731.
64. Packer C.D. Cola-induced hypokalaemia: a super-sized problem. Editorial in Int. J. Clin. Pract. (2009) 63 833 835.
65. Weinmann S., Siscovick D.S., Raghunathan T.E. et al. Caffeine intake in relation to the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Epidemiology (1997) 8 505 508.
66. Frost L., Vestergaard P. Caffeine and the risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2005) 81 578 582.
67. Whyte K.F., Addis G.J., Whitesmith R., Reid J.L. The mechanism of salbutamol-induced hypokalemia. Br. J. clin Pharmacol. (1987) 23 65 71.
68. Salpeter S.R., Ormiston T.M., Salpeter E.E. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD. Chest (2004) 125 2309 2321.
69. Karlsberg R.P., Cryer P.E., Roberts R. Serial plasma catecholamine response early in the course of clinical acute myocardial infarction: relationship to infarct extent and mortality. Am. Heart J. (1981) 102 24 29.
70. Nordrehaug J.E. Malignant Arrhythmia in relation to serum potassium in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. (1985) 56 20D 23D.
71. Madias J.E., Shah B., Chintalapally G., Chalavarya G., Madias N.E. Admission serum potassium in patients with acute myocardial infarction: its correlates and value as a determinant of in-hospital outcome. Chest (2000) 118 904 913.
72. Foo K., Sekhri N., Deaner A. et al. Effect of diabetes on serum potassium concentrations in acute coronary syndromes. Heart (2003) 89 31 35.
73. Francis G.S. Interaction of the sympathetic nervous system and electrolytes in congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. (1990) 65 24E 27E.
74. Little R.A., Frayn K.N., Randall P.E. et al. Plasma catecholamines in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in cardiac arrest. Q. J. Med. (1985) 54 133 140.
75. Benedict C.R., Grahame-Smith D.G. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and dopamin-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with shock due to septicaemia, trauma and haemorrhage. Q. J. Med. (1978) 47 1 20.
76. +-ATPase and raises blood lactate under aerobic conditions in humans. Am. J. Physiol. (2003) 284 H1028 H1034.
77. Hahn P.Y., Wang P., Tait S.M., Ba Z.F., Reich S.S., Chaudry I.H. Sustained elevation in circulating catecholamine levels during polymicrobial sepsis. Shock (1995) 4 269 273.
78. Ogawa K., Shiozu H., Mizuno K., Man M., Ito T., Satake T. Increased plasma cyclic nucleotide concentration in congestive heart failure. Br. Heart J. (1984) 52 524 529.
79. Beal A.L., Deuser W.E., Beilman G.J. A role for epinephrine in post-traumatic hypokalemia. Shock (2007) 27 358 363.
80. Molison M.S., Barbagallo J., Mohapatra C., Streeten D.H.P., Numann P.J. Hypokalemia in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Endocr. pract. (1996) 2 326 329.
81. Robinson R.T.C.E., Harris N.E., Ireland R.H., Lee S., Newman C., Heller S.R. Mechanisms of abnormal cardiac repolarization during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes (2003) 52 1469 1474.
82. Binder G., Bosk A., Gass M., Ranke M.B., Heidemann P.H. Insulin tolerance test causes hypokalemia and can provoke cardiac arrhythmias. Horm. Res. (2004) 62 84 87.
83. Clemessy J.-L., Favier C., Borron S.W., Hantson P.E., Vicaut E., Baud F.J. Hypokalemia related to acute chloroquine ingestion. The Lancet (1995) 346 877 880.
84. Jung J.Y., Lee C., Ro H. et al. Sequential occurrence of life-threatening hypokalemia and rebound hyperkalemia associated with barbiturate coma therapy. Clin. Nephrol. (2009) 71 333 337.
85. Neil M.J.A., Dale M.C. Hypokalemia with severe rebound hyperkalemia after therapeutic barbiturate coma. Anesth. Analg. (2009) 108 1867 1868.
86. Clausen T., Harving H., Dahl-Hansen A.B. The relationship between the transport of glucose and cations across cell membranes in isolated tissues. VIII. The effect of membrane stabilizers on the transport of glucose in muscle adipocytes and erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973) 298 292 411.
87. Bachmann A., Mueller S., Kopp K. et al. Inhibition of cardiac potassium currents by pentobarbital. Naunun-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. (2002) 365 29 37.
88. Johnson C.H., Van Tassell V.J. Acute barium poisoning with respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis. Ann. Emerg. Med. (1991) 20 1138 1142.
89. 2+ paralysed rat skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (2000) 527 325 332.
90. Viskin S., Justo S., Halkin A., Zeltser A. Long QT syndrome caused by noncardiac drugs. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. (2003) 34 415 427.
91. Dørup I., Skajaa K., Kjeldsen K., Clausen T. Reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diuretics. Br. Med. J. (1988) 296 455 458. (Pubitemid 18046668)
92. Dørup I. Magnesium and potassium deficiency, its diagnosis, occurrence and treatment in diuretic therapy and its consequences for growth, protein synthesis and growth factors. Acta Physiol. Scand. (1994) 150 (Suppl 618) 1 55.
93. Dørup I., Skajaa K., Thybo N.K. Oral magnesium supplementation restores the concentrations of magnesium, potassium and sodium-potassium pumps in skeletal muscle of patients receiving diuretic treatment. J. Intern. Med. (1993) 233 117 123.
94. Gettes L.S. Electrolyte abnormalities underlying lethal and ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation (1992) 85 (Suppl I) 70 76.
95. Crop M.J., Hoorn E.J., Lindemans J., Zietse R. Hypokalaemia and subsequent hyperkalaemia in hospitalized patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2007) 22 3471 3477.
96. MacDonald J.E., Struthers A.D. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2004) 43 155 161.
97. Struthers A.D., Elliott H.L., Reid J.L. Metabolic consequences of salbutamol poisoning reversed by propranolol. Br. Med. J. (1982) 285 1655 1656.
98. Strubelt O., Diedrich K.W. Experimental treatment of the acute cardiovascular toxicity of caffeine. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. (1999) 37 29 33.
99. Kearney T.E., Manoguerra A.S., Curtis G.P., Ziegler M.G. Theophylline toxicity and the beta-adrenergic system. Ann. Int. Med. (1985) 102 766 769.
100. Albert C.M., Mittleman M.A., Chae C.U., Min-Lee I., Hennekens C.H., Manson J.E. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343 1355 1361.
101. Whang W., Manson J.-A.E., Hu F.B. et al. Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women. JAMA (2006) 296 1399 1403.
102. Northcote R.J., MacFarlane P., Ballantyne D. Ambulatory electrocardiography in squash players. Br. Heart J. (1983) 50 372 377.
103. Northcote R.J., Flannigan C., Ballantyne D. Sudden death and vigorous exercise - a study of 60 deaths associated with squash. Br. Heart J. (1986) 55 198 203.
104. Barlow C.W., Davey P.P., Qayyum M.S., Conway J., Paterson D.J., Robbins P.A. Leg blood flow and increased potassium release during exercise in chronic heart failure: effect of physical training. J. Card. Fail. (1998) 4 105 114.