In sickness and in health: Perineuronal nets and synaptic plasticity in psychiatric disorders

Neural Plasticity

Volumn 2016, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Pantazopoulos, Harry ^a,b   Berretta, Sabina ^a,b  

^a MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; INTEGRIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; PENTRAXIN; PROTEOCHONDROITIN SULFATE; REELIN; SEMAPHORIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTISM; DENDRITIC SPINE; EPILEPSY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION; GLIA; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE ENDING; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERINEURONAL NET; POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ANIMAL; BRAIN; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PHYSIOLOGY; SYNAPSE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; NERVE NET; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; SYNAPSES;

EID: 84957049793     PISSN: 20905904     EISSN: 16875443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9847696     Document Type: Review

References (378)

1. S. Berretta, "Extracellular matrix abnormalities in schizophrenia," Neuropharmacology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 1584-1597, 2012.
2. S. Berretta, H. Pantazopoulos, M. Markota, C. Brown, and E. T. Batzianouli, "Losing the sugar coating: potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 16, no. 1-3, pp. 18-27, 2015.
3. B. K. Y. Bitanihirwe and T.-U. W. Woo, "Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: the importance of neuronal coatings," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 45, pp. 85-99, 2014.
4. T. D. Folsom and S. H. Fatemi, "The involvement of Reelin in neurodevelopmental disorders," Neuropharmacology, vol. 68, pp. 122-135, 2013.
5. M. N. Pangalos, J. Shioi, S. Efthimiopoulos, A. Wu, and N. K. Robakis, "Characterization of appican, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan formof theAlzheimeramyloid precursor protein," Neurodegeneration, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 445-451, 1996.
6. T. A. Kato, M. Watabe, and S. Kanba, "Neuron-glia interaction as a possible glue to translate the mind-brain gap: a novel multi-dimensional approach toward psychology and psychiatry," Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 4, article 139, 2013.
7. M. Prinz and J. Priller, "Microglia and brainmacrophages in the molecular age: fromorigin to neuropsychiatric disease," Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 300-312, 2014.
8. K. Yamamuro, S. Kimoto, K. M. Rosen, T. Kishimoto, and M. Makinodan, "Potential primary roles of glial cells in the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders," Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 9, article 154, 2015.
9. A. Dityatev, C. I. Seidenbecher, and M. Schachner, "Compartmentalization from the outside: the extracellular matrix and functional microdomains in the brain," Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 503-512, 2010.
10. N. John, H. Krugel, R. Frischknecht et al., "Brevican-containing perineuronal nets of extracellular matrix in dissociated hippocampal primary cultures," Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 774-784, 2006.
11. A. Faissner, M. Pyka, M. Geissler et al., "Contributions of astrocytes to synapse formation and maturation-potential functions of the perisynaptic extracellular matrix," Brain Research Reviews, vol. 63, no. 1-2, pp. 26-38, 2010.
12. A. Dityatevand D. A. Rusakov, "Molecular signalsofplasticity at the tetrapartite synapse," Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 353-359, 2011.
13. A. Heikkinen, T. Pihlajaniemi, A. Faissner, and M. Yuzaki, "Neural ECM and synaptogenesis," Progress in Brain Research, vol. 214, pp. 29-51, 2014.
14. A. C. Smith, M. D. Scofield, and P. W. Kalivas, "The tetrapartite synapse: extracellular matrix remodeling contributes to corticoaccumbens plasticity underlying drug addiction," Brain Research, 2015.
15. A. J. Williams and H. Umemori, "The best-laid plans go oft awry: synaptogenic growth factor signaling in neuropsychiatric disease," Frontiers in SynapticNeuroscience, vol. 6, article4, 2014.
16. P. Penzes, A. Buonanno, M. Passafaro, C. Sala, and R. A. Sweet, "Developmental vulnerability of synapses and circuits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders," Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 165-182, 2013.
17. Y. Bernardinelli, I. Nikonenko, and D. Muller, "Structural plasticity: mechanisms and contribution to developmental psychiatric disorders," Frontiers inNeuroanatomy, vol. 8, article 123, 2014.
18. D. C. Rotaru, D. A. Lewis, and G. Gonzalez-Burgos, "The role of glutamatergic inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons: relevance for schizophrenia," Reviews in the Neurosciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 97-109, 2012.
19. R. S. Duman, "Pathophysiology of depression and innovative treatments: remodeling glutamatergic synaptic connections," Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 11-27, 2014.
20. X. Xu, E. C. Miller, and L. Pozzo-Miller, "Dendritic spine dysgenesis in Rett syndrome," Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, vol. 8, article 97, 2014.
21. S. W. Scheff, J. H. Neltner, and P. T. Nelson, "Is synaptic loss a unique hallmark of Alzheimers disease?" Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 517-528, 2014.
22. F. Tissir and A. M. Goffinet, "Reelin and brain development," Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 496-505, 2003.
23. D. R. Zimmermann and M. T. Dours-Zimmermann, "Extracellular matrix of the central nervous system: from neglect to challenge," Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 130, no. 4, pp. 635-653, 2008.
24. R. J. Giger, E. R. Hollis II, and M. H. Tuszynski, "Guidance molecules in axon regeneration," Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 2, no. 7, Article ID a001867, 2010.
25. N. Maeda, N. Fukazawa, and M. Ishii, "Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neural development and plasticity," Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. 15, pp. 626-644, 2010.
26. C. S. Barros, S. J. Franco, and U. Muller, "Extracellular matrix: functions in the nervous system," Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, vol. 3, no. 1, Article ID a005108, 2011.
27. S. J. Franco and U. Muller, "Extracellular matrix functions during neuronal migration and lamination in the mammalian central nervous system," Developmental Neurobiology, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 889-900, 2011.
28. J. C. F. Kwok, G. Dick, D. Wang, and J. W. Fawcett, "Extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets in CNS repair," Developmental Neurobiology, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 1073-1089, 2011.
29. S. Sirko, A. vonHolst, A. Wizenmann, M. Götz, and A. Faissner, "Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans control proliferation, radial glia cell differentiation and neurogenesis in neural stem/progenitor cells," Development, vol. 134, no. 15, pp. 2727-2738, 2007.
30. C. E. Bandtlow and D. R. Zimmermann, "Proteoglycans in the developing brain: new conceptual insights for old proteins," Physiological Reviews, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 1267-1290, 2000.
31. S. Berretta, "Astrocytes in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: abnormal expression of extracellular matrix molecules," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 102, supplement 2, no. 1-3, p. 11, 2008.
32. K. E. Rhodes and J. W. Fawcett, "Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans: preventing plasticity or protecting the CNS?" Journal of Anatomy, vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 33-48, 2004.
33. E. Sykova, "Diffusion properties of the brain in health and disease," Neurochemistry International, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 453-466, 2004.
34. M. S. Viapiano and R. T. Matthews, "From barriers to bridges: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neuropathology," Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 488-496, 2006.
35. S. H. Fatemi, "Co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental genes in etiopathogenesis of autism and schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 118, no. 1-3, pp. 303-304, 2010.
36. P. A. McRae and B. E. Porter, "The perineuronal net component of the extracellular matrix in plasticity and epilepsy," Neurochemistry International, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 963-972, 2012.
37. B. R. Lubbers, A. B. Smit, S. Spijker, and M. C. van den Oever, "Neural ECM in addiction, schizophrenia, and mood disorder," Progress in Brain Research, vol. 214, pp. 263-284, 2014.
38. J. W. Fawcett, "The extracellular matrix in plasticity and regeneration after CNS injury and neurodegenerative disease," in Progress in Brain Research, vol. 218, chapter 10, pp. 213-226, Elsevier, 2015.
39. N. Takahashi, T. Sakurai, O. Bozdagi-Gunal et al., "Increased expression of receptor phosphotyrosine phosphatase-β/ζ is associated with molecular, cellular, behavioral and cognitive schizophrenia phenotypes," Translational Psychiatry, vol. 1, article e8, 2011.
40. A. Shah and D. J. Lodge, "A loss of hippocampal perineuronal nets produces deficits in dopamine system function: relevance to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia," Translational Psychiatry, vol. 3, article e215, 2013.
41. J.-H. Cabungcal, P. Steullet, H. Morishita et al., "Perineuronal nets protect fast-spiking interneurons against oxidative stress," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 110, no. 22, pp. 9130-9135, 2013.
42. H. Pantazopoulos, T.-U. W. Woo, M. P. Lim, N. Lange, and S. Berretta, "Extracellular matrix-glial abnormalities in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 155-166, 2010.
43. S. Berretta, H. Pantazopoulos, and N. Lange, "Neuron numbers and volume of the amygdala in subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 884-893, 2007.
44. P. Lavenex and D. G. Amaral, "Hippocampal-neocortical interaction: a hierarchy of associativity," Hippocampus, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 420-430, 2000.
45. M. de Curtis and D. Paré, "The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the neocortex and the hippocampus," Progress in Neurobiology, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 101-110, 2004.
46. K. M. R. Prasad, A. R. Patel, S. Muddasani, J. Sweeney, and M. S. Keshavan, "The entorhinal cortex in first-episode psychotic disorders: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 161, no. 9, pp. 1612-1619, 2004.
47. A. Aleman and R. S. Kahn, "Strange feelings: do amygdala abnormalities dysregulate the emotional brain in schizophrenia?" Progress in Neurobiology, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 283-298, 2005.
48. H. Pantazopoulos, N. Lange, L. Hassinger, and S. Berretta, "Subpopulations of neurons expressing parvalbumin in the human amygdala," Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 496, no. 5, pp. 706-722, 2006.
49. W. Hartig, K. Brauer, and G. Bruckner, "Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-labelled nets surround parvalbumin-containing neurons," NeuroReport, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 869-872, 1992.
50. M. R. Celio, "Perineuronal nets of extracellular matrix around parvalbumin-containing neurons of the hippocampus," Hippocampus, vol. 3, pp. 55-60, 1993.
51. G. Bruckner, G. Seeger, K. Brauer, W. Hartig, J. Kacza, and V. Bigl, "Cortical areas are revealed by distribution patterns of proteoglycan components and parvalbumin in the Mongolian gerbil and rat," Brain Research, vol. 658, no. 1-2, pp. 67-86, 1994.
52. W. Härtig, K. Brauer, V. Bigl, and G. Bruckner, "Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-immunoreactivity of lectin-labeled perineuronal nets around parvalbumin-containing neurons," Brain Research, vol. 635, no. 1-2, pp. 307-311, 1994.
53. N. P. Morris and Z. Henderson, "Perineuronal nets ensheath fast spiking, parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band complex," European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 828-838, 2000.
54. L. Vitellaro-Zuccarello, A. Meroni, A. Amadeo, and S. De Biasi, "Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the rat thalamus: expression during postnatal development and correlation with calcium-binding proteins in adults," Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 306, no. 1, pp. 15-26, 2001.
55. H. Pantazopoulos, M. Markota, F. Jaquet et al., "Aggrecan and chondroitin-6-sulfate abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem study on the amygdala," Translational Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 1, article e496, 2015.
56. S. A. Mauney, K. M. Athanas, H. Pantazopoulos et al., "Developmental pattern of perineuronal nets in the human prefrontal cortex and their deficit in schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 427-435, 2013.
57. H. Pantazopoulos, A. Boyer-Boiteau, E. H. Holbrook et al., "Proteoglycan abnormalities in olfactory epithelium tissue from subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 150, no. 2-3, pp. 366-372, 2013.
58. J. D. Buxbaum, L. Georgieva, J. J. Young et al., "Molecular dissection ofNRG1-ERBB4 signaling implicates PTPRZ1 as a potential schizophrenia susceptibility gene,"Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 162-172, 2008.
59. H. Kawachi, H. Tamura, I. Watakabe, T. Shintani, N. Maeda, and M. Noda, "Protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta/RPTPbeta interactswith PSD-95/SAP90 family," Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 1999.
60. S. E. Snyder, J. Li, P. E. Schauwecker, T. H. McNeill, and S. R. J. Salton, "Comparison of RPTPζ/β, phosphacan, and trkB mRNA expression in the developing and adult rat nervous system and induction of RPTPζ/β and phosphacan mRNA following brain injury," Molecular Brain Research, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 79-96, 1996.
61. T. Nishiwaki, N. Maeda, and M. Noda, "Characterization and developmental regulation of proteoglycan-type protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta/RPTPbeta isoforms," Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 458-467, 1998.
62. T. Shintani, E. Watanabe, N. Maeda, and M. Noda, "Neurons as well as astrocytes express proteoglycan-type protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ/RPTPβ: analysis of mice in which the PTPζ/RPTPβ gene was replaced with the LacZ gene," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 247, no. 2-3, pp. 135-138, 1998.
63. K. Niisato, A. Fujikawa, S. Komai et al., "Age-dependent enhancement of hippocampal long-term potentiation and impairment of spatial learning through the Rho-associated kinase pathway in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z-deficient mice," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1081-1088, 2005.
64. T. W. Muhleisen, M. Mattheisen, J. Strohmaier et al., "Association between schizophrenia and common variation in neurocan (NCAN), a genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 69-73, 2012.
65. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, "Biological insights from 108 schizophreniaassociated genetic loci," Nature, vol. 511, no. 7510, pp. 421-427, 2014.
66. S. L. Eastwood, A. J. Law, I. P. Everall, and P. J. Harrison, "The axonal chemorepellant semaphorin 3A is increased in the cerebellum in schizophrenia and may contribute to its synaptic pathology,"Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 148-155, 2003.
67. A. Guidotti, J. Auta, J. M. Davis et al., "Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1061-1069, 2000.
68. G. Habl, A. Schmitt, M. Zink et al., "Decreased reelin expression in the left prefrontal cortex (BA9) in chronic schizophrenia patients," Neuropsychobiology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 57-62, 2012.
69. L. Harvey and P. Boksa, "A stereological comparison of GAD67 and reelin expression in the hippocampal stratum oriens of offspring from two mouse models of maternal inflammation during pregnancy," Neuropharmacology, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1767-1776, 2012.
70. F. Impagnatiello, A. R. Guidotti, C. Pesold et al., "A decrease of reelin expression as a putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 26, pp. 15718-15723, 1998.
71. E. Dong, R. C. Agis-Balboa, M. V. Simonini, D. R. Grayson, E. Costa, and A. Guidotti, "Reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 promoter remodeling in an epigenetic methionine-induced mouse model of schizophrenia," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 35, pp. 12578-12583, 2005.
72. H. M. Abdolmaleky, K.-H. Cheng, A. Russo et al., "Hypermethylation of the reelin (RELN) promoter in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a preliminary report," American Journal of Medical Genetics B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 60-66, 2005.
73. A. Guidotti, J. Auta, Y. Chen et al., "Epigenetic GABAergic targets in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder," Neuropharmacology, vol. 60, no. 7-8, pp. 1007-1016, 2011.
74. A. Guidotti, W. Ruzicka, D. R. Grayson et al., "S-adenosyl methionine and DNA methyltransferase-1 mRNA overexpression in psychosis," Neuroreport, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 57-60, 2007.
75. S. L. Eastwood and P. J. Harrison, "Interstitial white matter neurons express less reelin and are abnormally distributed in schizophrenia: towards an integration of molecular and morphologic aspects of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 821-831, 2003.
76. S. Akbarian, W. E. Bunney Jr., S. G. Potkin et al., "Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphatediaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 169-177, 1993.
77. D. Arion, S. Horvath, D. A. Lewis, and K. Mirnics, "Infragranular gene expression disturbances in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: signature of altered neural development?" Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 738-746, 2010.
78. T. Fujii, H. Uchiyama, N. Yamamoto et al., "Possible association of the semaphorin 3D gene (SEMA3D) with schizophrenia," Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 47-53, 2011.
79. S. Mah, M. R. Nelson, L. E. DeLisi et al., "Identification of the semaphorin receptor PLXNA2 as a candidate for susceptibility to schizophrenia," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 471-478, 2006.
80. T. Fujii, Y. Iijima, H. Kondo et al., "Failure to confirm an association between the PLXNA2 gene and schizophrenia in a Japanese population," Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 873-877, 2007.
81. I. Supriyanto, Y. Watanabe, K. Mouri et al., "A missense mutation in the ITGA8 gene, a cell adhesion molecule gene, is associated with schizophrenia in Japanese female patients," Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 347-352, 2013.
82. K.-S. Wang, X. Liu, T. B. Arana et al., "Genetic association analysis of ITGB3 polymorphisms with age at onset of schizophrenia," Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 446-453, 2013.
83. Y. Fan, G. Abrahamsen, R. Mills et al., "Focal adhesion dynamics are altered in schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 418-426, 2013.
84. M.-T. H. Walsh, M. Ryan, A. Hillmann et al., "Elevated expression of integrin alpha(IIb) beta(IIIa) in drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenic patients," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 874-879, 2002.
85. E. M. Muir, K. H. Adcock, D. A. Morgensternet al., "Matrixmetalloproteases and their inhibitors are produced by overlapping populations of activated astrocytes," Molecular Brain Research, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 103-117, 2002.
86. S. Porter, I. M. Clark, L. Kevorkian, and D. R. Edwards, "The ADAMTS metalloproteinases," Biochemical Journal, vol. 386, no. 1, pp. 15-27, 2005.
87. R. Medina-Flores, G. Wang, S. J. Bissel, M. Murphey-Corb, and C. A. Wiley, "Destruction of extracellular matrix proteoglycans is pervasive in simian retroviral neuroinfection," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 604-616, 2004.
88. C. Hobohm, A. Gunther, J. Grosche, S. Roner, D. Schneider, and G. Bruckner, "Decomposition and long-lasting downregulation of extracellular matrix in perineuronal nets induced by focal cerebral ischemia in rats," Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 539-548, 2005.
89. M. Bajor and L. Kaczmarek, "Proteolytic remodeling of the synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) by metzincins in synaptic plasticity," Neurochemical Research, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1113-1121, 2013.
90. P. Okulski, T. M. Jay, J. Jaworski et al., "TIMP-1 abolishes MMP-9-dependent long-lasting long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 359-362, 2007.
91. E. Domenici, D. R. Willé, F. Tozzi et al., "Plasma protein biomarkers for depression and schizophrenia by multi analyte profiling of case-control collections," PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 2, Article ID e9166, 2010.
92. H. Yamamori, R. Hashimoto, T. Ishima et al., "Plasma levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in treatment-resistant schizophrenia treated with clozapine," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 556, pp. 37-41, 2013.
93. C. Y. Pietersen, S. A. Mauney, S. S. Kim et al., "Molecular profiles of pyramidal neurons in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia," Journal of Neurogenetics, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 53-69, 2014.
94. D. J. Dow, J. Huxley-Jones, J. M. Hall, and et al, "ADAMTSL3 as a candidate gene for schizophrenia: gene sequencing and ultrahigh density association analysis by imputation," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 127, no. 1-3, pp. 28-34, 2011.
95. I. N. Bespalova, G. W. Angelo, B. P. Ritter et al., "Genetic variations in the ADAMTS12 gene are associated with schizophrenia in Puerto Rican patients of Spanish descent," NeuroMolecular Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 53-64, 2012.
96. L. M. McGrath, M. C. Cornelis, P. H. Lee et al., "Genetic predictors of risk and resilience in psychiatric disorders: a cross-disorder genome-wide association study of functional impairment in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia," American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol. 162, no. 8, pp. 779-788, 2013.
97. S. Ripke, A. R. Sanders, K. S. Kendler et al., "Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci," Nature Genetics, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 969-976, 2011.
98. S. Ripke, B. M. Neale, A. Corvin et al., "Biological insights from schizophrenia-associated genetic loci," Nature, vol. 511, no. 7510, pp. 421-427, 2014.
99. K. Q. Do, A. H. Trabesinger, M. Kirsten-Kruger et al., "Schizophrenia: glutathione deficit in cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex in vivo," European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 3721-3728, 2000.
100. K. Q. Do, M. Cuenod, and T. K. Hensch, "Targeting oxidative stress and aberrant critical period plasticity in the developmental trajectory to schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 835-846, 2015.
101. P. Steullet, J. Cabungcal, A. Monin et al., "Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, andNMDA receptor hypofunction: a central hub in schizophrenia pathophysiology?" Schizophrenia Research, 2014.
102. D. Datta, D. Arion, J. P. Corradi, and D. A. Lewis, "Altered expression of CDC42 signaling pathway components in cortical layer 3 pyramidal cells in schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, 2015.
103. M. A. Shelton, J. T. Newman, H. Gu et al., "Loss of microtubuleassociated protein 2 immunoreactivity linked to dendritic spine loss in Schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 374-385, 2015.
104. G. T. Konopaske, N. Lange, J. T. Coyle, and F. M. Benes, "Prefrontal cortical dendritic spine pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder," JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 1323-1331, 2014.
105. G. T. Konopaske, S. Subburaju, J. T. Coyle, and F. M. Benes, "Altered prefrontal cortical MARCKS and PPP1R9A mRNA expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 164, no. 1-3, pp. 100-108, 2015.
106. C. E. Moyer, M. A. Shelton, and R. A. Sweet, "Dendritic spine alterations in schizophrenia," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 601, pp. 46-53, 2015.
107. M. L. MacDonald, Y. Ding, J. Newman et al., "Altered glutamate protein co-expression network topology linked to spine loss in the auditory cortex of schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 77, no. 11, pp. 959-968, 2015.
108. A. De Bartolomeis, G. Latte, C. Tomasetti, and F. Iasevoli, "Glutamatergic postsynaptic density protein dysfunctions in synaptic plasticity and dendritic spines morphology: relevance to schizophrenia and other behavioral disorders pathophysiology, and implications for novel therapeutic approaches," Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 484-511, 2014.
109. L. A. Glantz and D. A. Lewis, "Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 65-73, 2000.
110. A. J. Law, C. S. Weickert, T. M. Hyde, J. E. Kleinman, and P. J. Harrison, "Reduced spinophilin but not microtubuleassociated protein 2 expression in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia and mood disorders: molecular evidence for a pathology of dendritic spines," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 161, no. 10, pp. 1848-1855, 2004.
111. N. S. Kolomeets, D. D. Orlovskaya, V. I. Rachmanova, and N. A. Uranova, "Ultrastructural alterations in hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in schizophrenia: a postmortem morphometric study," Synapse, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 47-55, 2005.
112. C. Le Magueresse and H. Monyer, "GABAergic interneurons shape the functional maturation of the cortex," Neuron, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 388-405, 2013.
113. H. Hu, J. Gan, and P. Jonas, "Fast-spiking, parvalbumin+ GABAergic interneurons: from cellular design to microcircuit function," Science, vol. 345, no. 6196, Article ID1255263, 2014.
114. D. M. Kullmann, A. W. Moreau, Y. Bakiri, and E. Nicholson, "Plasticity of inhibition," Neuron, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 951-962, 2012.
115. F. M. Benes and S. Berretta, "GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder," Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-27, 2001.
116. G. Gonzalez-Burgos and D. A. Lewis, "NMDA receptor hypofunction, parvalbumin-positive neurons, and cortical gamma oscillations in schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 950-957, 2012.
117. J. T. Coyle, A. Basu, M. Benneyworth, D. Balu, and G. Konopaske, "Glutamatergic synaptic dysregulation in schizophrenia: therapeutic implications," in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, pp. 267-295, Springer, 2012.
118. S. Akbarian and H.-S. Huang, "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders," Brain Research Reviews, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 293-304, 2006.
119. S. Akbarian, M. M. Huntsman, J. J. Kim et al., "GABAA receptor subunit gene expression in human prefrontal cortex: comparison of schizophrenics and controls," Cerebral Cortex, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 550-560, 1995.
120. F. M. Benes, "Altered glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms in the cingulate cortex of the schizophrenic brain," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1015-1024, 1995.
121. E. Costa, J. M. Davis, E. Dong et al., "A GABAergic cortical deficit dominates schizophrenia pathophysiology," Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 1-23, 2004.
122. J. R. Glausier and D. A. Lewis, "Selective pyramidal cell reduction of GABAA receptor α1 subunit messenger RNA expression in schizophrenia,"Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 2103-2110, 2011.
123. A. Guidotti, J. Auta, J. M. Davis et al., "GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: new treatment strategies on the horizon," Psychopharmacology, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 191-205, 2005.
124. T. Hashimoto, D. Arion, T. Unger et al., "Alterations in GABArelated transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 147-161, 2008.
125. S. Kimoto, H. H. Bazmi, and D. A. Lewis, "Lower expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: contribution of altered regulation by Zif268," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 171, no. 9, pp. 969-978, 2014.
126. D. A. Lewis, T. Hashimoto, and D. W. Volk, "Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia," Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 312-324, 2005.
127. G. P. Reynolds and C. L. Beasley, "GABAergic neuronal subtypes in the human frontal cortex-development and deficits in schizophrenia," Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol. 22, no. 1-2, pp. 95-100, 2001.
128. M. D. C. Simpson, P. Slater, J. F. W. Deakin, M. C. Royston, and W. J. Skan, "Reduced GABA uptake sites in the temporal lobe in schizophrenia," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 107, no. 1-3, pp. 211-215, 1989.
129. D. W. Volk, M. C. Austin, J. N. Pierri, A. R. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis, "GABA transporter-1 mRNA in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: decreased expression in a subset of neurons," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 256-265, 2001.
130. T.-U. W. Woo, K. Shrestha, C. Amstrong, M. M. Minns, J. P. Walsh, and F. M. Benes, "Differential alterations of kainate receptor subunits in inhibitory interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 96, no. 1-3, pp. 46-61, 2007.
131. T.-U. W. Woo, K. Shrestha, D. Lamb, M. M. Minns, and F. M. Benes, "N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and calbindincontaining neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 803-809, 2008.
132. G. Gonzalez-Burgos, R. Y. Cho, and D. A. Lewis, "Alterations in cortical network oscillations and parvalbumin neurons in schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 1031-1040, 2015.
133. J. R. Glausier, K. N. Fish, and D. A. Lewis, "Altered parvalbumin basket cell inputs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 30-36, 2014.
134. M. Laruelle, "Schizophrenia: fromdopaminergic to glutamatergic interventions," CurrentOpinion in Pharmacology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 97-102, 2014.
135. J. W. Olney and N. B. Farber, "Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 998-1007, 1995.
136. C. A. Tamminga, "Schizophrenia and glutamatergic transmission," Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, vol. 12, no. 1-2, pp. 21-36, 1998.
137. D. C. Goff and J. T. Coyle, "The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 158, no. 9, pp. 1367-1377, 2001.
138. J. T. Coyle, "The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia," Harvard Review of Psychiatry, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 241-253, 1996.
139. J. T. Coyle, "NMDA receptor and schizophrenia: a brief history," Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 920-926, 2012.
140. M. Beneyto, L. V. Kristiansen, A. Oni-Orisan, R. E. McCullumsmith, and J. H. Meador-Woodruff, "Abnormal glutamate receptor expression in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and mood disorders," Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1888-1902, 2007.
141. M. D. Rubio, J. B. Drummond, and J. H. Meador-Woodruff, "Glutamate receptor abnormalities in schizophrenia: implications for innovative treatments," Biomolecules and Therapeutics, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 2012.
142. C. S. Weickert, S. J. Fung, V. S. Catts et al., "Molecular evidence of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1185-1192, 2013.
143. R. Schwarcz, A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, D. Medoff, C. A. Tamminga, and R. C. Roberts, "Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 521-530, 2001.
144. I. Bendikov, C. Nadri, S. Amar et al., "A CSF and postmortem brain study of d-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 90, no. 1-3, pp. 41-51, 2007.
145. S. Erhardt, K. Blennow, C. Nordin, E. Skogh, L. H. Lindstrom, and G. Engberg, "Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 313, pp. 96-98, 2001.
146. A. Y. Goltsov, J. G. Loseva, T. V. Andreeva et al., "Polymorphism in the 5′-promoter region of serine racemase gene in schizophrenia,"Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 325-326, 2006.
147. K. Hashimoto, G. Engberg, E. Shimizu, C. Nordin, L. H. Lindström, and M. Iyo, "Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients," Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 767-769, 2005.
148. V. Labrie, W. Wang, S. W. Barger, G. B. Baker, and J. C. Roder, "Genetic loss of D-amino acid oxidase activity reverses schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice," Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 11-25, 2010.
149. Y. Morita, H. Ujike, Y. Tanaka et al., "A genetic variant of the serine racemase gene is associated with schizophrenia," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 1200-1203, 2007.
150. D. T. Balu and J. T. Coyle, "TheNMDA receptor glycine modulatory site in schizophrenia: D-serine, glycine, and beyond," Current Opinion in Pharmacology, vol. 20, pp. 109-115, 2015.
151. C. Charrier, P. MacHado, R. Y. Tweedie-Cullen, D. Rutishauser, I. M. Mansuy, and A. Triller, "A crosstalk between β1 and β3 integrins controls glycine receptor and gephyrin trafficking at synapses," Nature Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1388-1395, 2010.
152. H. Pantazopoulos, N. Lange, L. Hassinger, and S. Berretta, "Subpopulations of neurons expressing parvalbumin in the human amygdala,"The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 496, no. 5, pp. 706-722, 2006.
153. J. M. Ajmo, A. K. Eakin, M. G. Hamel, and P. E. Gottschall, "Discordant localization ofWFAreactivity and brevican/ADAMTSderived fragment in rodent brain," BMC Neuroscience, vol. 9, article 14, 2008.
154. G. Gati and D. Lendvai, "The dress makes the neuron-different forms of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system of vertebrates," Orvosi Hetilap, vol. 154, no. 27, pp. 1067-1073, 1078-1079, 2013.
155. G. Bruckner, K. Brauer, W. Härtig et al., "Perineuronal nets provide a polyanionic, glia-associated form of microenvironment around certain neurons in many parts of the rat brain," Glia, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 183-200, 1993.
156. K. Brauer, W. Hartig, J.-M. Fritschy, G. Bruckner, and V. Bigl, "Co-occurrence of perineuronal nets with GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit-immunoreactive neurones in the rat septal region," NeuroReport, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 733-736, 1995.
157. W. Härtig, G. Bruckner, K. Brauer, C. Schmidt, and V. Bigl, "Allocation of perineuronal nets and parvalbumin-, calbindin-D28k-and glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactivity in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey," Brain Research, vol. 698, no. 1-2, pp. 265-269, 1995.
158. G. Seeger, K. Brauer, W. Härtig, and G. Bruckner, "Mapping of perineuronal nets in the rat brain stained by colloidal iron hydroxide histochemistry and lectin cytochemistry," Neuroscience, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 371-388, 1994.
159. F. Wegner, W. Härtig, A. Bringmann et al., "Diffuse perineuronal nets and modified pyramidal cells immunoreactive for glutamate and the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit form a unique entity in rat cerebral cortex," Experimental Neurology, vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 705-714, 2003.
160. R. Frischknecht and E. D. Gundelfinger, "The brains extracellular matrix and its role in synaptic plasticity," in Synaptic Plasticity, vol. 970 of Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, pp. 153-171, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2012.
161. E. D. Gundelfinger, R. Frischknecht, D. Choquet, and M. Heine, "Converting juvenile into adult plasticity: a role for the brains extracellular matrix," European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 2156-2165, 2010.
162. R. Frischknecht, M. Heine, D. Perrais, C. I. Seidenbecher, D. Choquet, and E. D. Gundelfinger, "Brain extracellular matrix affects AMPA receptor lateral mobility and short-termsynaptic plasticity," Nature Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 897-904, 2009.
163. J. Fawcett, "Molecular control of brain plasticity and repair," Progress in Brain Research, vol. 175, pp. 501-509, 2009.
164. F. Donato, S. B. Rompani, and P. Caroni, "Parvalbuminexpressing basket-cell network plasticity induced by experience regulates adult learning," Nature, vol. 504, no. 7479, pp. 272-276, 2013.
165. M. Heine, L. Groc, R. Frischknecht et al., "Surface mobility of postsynaptic AMPARs tunes synaptic transmission," Science, vol. 320, no. 5873, pp. 201-205, 2008.
166. A. Dityatev, G. Bruckner, G. Dityateva, J. Grosche, R. Kleene, and M. Schachner, "Activity-dependent formation and functions of chondroitin sulfate-rich extracellularmatrix of perineuronal nets," Developmental Neurobiology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 570-588, 2007.
167. K. A. Giamanco and R. T. Matthews, "Deconstructing the perineuronal net: cellular contributions and molecular composition of the neuronal extracellular matrix," Neuroscience, vol. 218, pp. 367-384, 2012.
168. K. A. Giamanco, M. Morawski, and R. T. Matthews, "Perineuronal net formation and structure in aggrecan knockout mice," Neuroscience, vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 1314-1327, 2010.
169. S. S. Deepa, D. Carulli, C. Galtrey et al., "Composition of perineuronal net extracellular matrix in rat brain: a different disaccharide composition for the net-associated proteoglycans," The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 26, pp. 17789-17800, 2006.
170. B. Gaal, S. Kecskes, C. Matesz, A. Birinyi, A. Hunyadi, and E. Racz, "Molecular composition and expression pattern of the extracellular matrix in a mossy fiber-generating precerebellar nucleus of rat, the prepositus hypoglossi," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 594, pp. 122-126, 2015.
171. C. Jäger, D. Lendvai, G. Seeger et al., "Perineuronal and perisynaptic extracellular matrix in the human spinal cord," Neuroscience, vol. 238, pp. 168-184, 2013.
172. D. Lendvai, M. Morawski, L. Négyessy et al., "Neurochemical mapping of the human hippocampus reveals perisynaptic matrix around functional synapses in Alzheimers disease," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 215-229, 2013.
173. D. Lendvai, M. Morawski, G. Bruckner et al., "Perisynaptic aggrecan-based extracellular matrix coats in the human lateral geniculate body devoid of perineuronal nets," Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 376-387, 2012.
174. G. Gati, M. Morawski, D. Lendvai et al., "Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan-based perineuronal net establishment is largely activity-independent in chick visual system," Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 243-247, 2010.
175. O. Bukalo, M. Schachner, and A. Dityatev, "Modification of extracellular matrix by enzymatic removal of chondroitin sulfate and by lack of tenascin-R differentially affects several forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus," Neuroscience, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 359-369, 2001.
176. S. Miyata, Y. Komatsu, Y. Yoshimura, C. Taya, and H. Kitagawa, "Persistent cortical plasticity by upregulation of chondroitin 6-sulfation," Nature Neuroscience, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 414-422, 2012.
177. C. Brakebusch, C. I. Seidenbecher, F. Asztely et al., "Brevicandeficient mice display impaired hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation but show no obvious deficits in learning and memory," Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 22, no. 21, pp. 7417-7427, 2002.
178. X.-H. Zhou, C. Brakebusch, H. Matthies et al., "Neurocan is dispensable for brain development," Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 21, no. 17, pp. 5970-5978, 2001.
179. S. R. Saroja, A. Sase, S. G. Kircher et al., "Hippocampal proteoglycans brevican and versican are linked to spatial memory of Sprague-Dawley rats in the morris water maze," Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 797-804, 2014.
180. G. C. Campo, M. Sinagra, D. Verrier, O. J. Manzoni, and P. Chavis, "Reelin secreted by GABAergic neurons regulates glutamate receptor homeostasis," PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 5, Article ID e5505, 2009.
181. P. N. Lacor, D. R. Grayson, J. Auta, I. Sugaya, E. Costa, and A. Guidotti, "Reelin secretion from glutamatergic neurons in culture is independent from neurotransmitter regulation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 3556-3561, 2000.
182. C. Pesold, F. Impagnatiello, M. O. Pisu et al., "Reelin is preferentially expressed in neurons synthesizing γ-aminobutyric acid in cortex and hippocampus of adult rats," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 3221-3226, 1998.
183. G. DArcangelo, R. Homayouni, L. Keshvara, D. S. Rice, M. Sheldon, and T. Curran, "Reelin is a ligand for lipoprotein receptors," Neuron, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 471-479, 1999.
184. J. Herz and Y. Chen, "Reelin, lipoprotein receptors and synaptic plasticity," Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 850-859, 2006.
185. L. Dulabon, E. C. Olson, M. G. Taglienti et al., "Reelin binds α3β1 integrin and inhibits neuronal migration," Neuron, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 33-44, 2000.
186. Y. Chen, U. Beffert, M. Ertunc et al., "Reelin modulates NMDA receptor activity in cortical neurons," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 25, no. 36, pp. 8209-8216, 2005.
187. E. Förster, H. H. Bock, J. Herz, X. Chai, M. Frotscher, and S. Zhao, "Emerging topics in Reelin function," European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1511-1518, 2010.
188. S. Qiu, L. F. Zhao, K. M. Korwek, and E. J. Weeber, "Differential reelin-induced enhancement of NMDA and AMPA receptor activity in the adult hippocampus," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 50, pp. 12943-12955, 2006.
189. A. B. McGeachie, L. A. Cingolani, and Y. Goda, "A stabilising influence: integrins in regulation of synaptic plasticity," Neuroscience Research, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 24-29, 2011.
190. A. H. Babayan, E. A. Kramar, R. M. Barrett et al., "Integrin dynamics produce a delayed stage of long-term potentiation and memory consolidation," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 32, no. 37, pp. 12854-12861, 2012.
191. C.-S. Chan, H. Chen, A. Bradley, I. Dragatsis, C. Rosenmund, and R. L. Davis, "α8-integrins are required for hippocampal long-term potentiation but not for hippocampal-dependent learning," Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 402-410, 2010.
192. A. Dityatev, M. Schachner, and P. Sonderegger, "Thedual role of the extracellular matrix in synaptic plasticity and homeostasis," Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 735-746, 2010.
193. K. Pozo and Y. Goda, "Unraveling mechanisms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity," Neuron, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 337-351, 2010.
194. G.-M. Sia, J.-C. Béique, G. Rumbaugh, R. Cho, P. F. Worley, and R. L. Huganir, "Interaction of the N-terminal domain of the AMPA receptor GluR4 subunit with the neuronal pentraxin NP1 mediates GluR4 synaptic recruitment," Neuron, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 87-102, 2007.
195. M. C. Chang, J. M. Park, K. A. Pelkey et al., "Narp regulates homeostatic scaling of excitatory synapses on parvalbuminexpressing interneurons," Nature Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1090-1097, 2010.
196. S. Kimoto, M. M. Zaki, H. H. Bazmi, and D. A. Lewis, "Altered markers of cortical γ-aminobutyric acid neuronal activity in schizophrenia: role of the NARP gene," JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 747-756, 2015.
197. A. D. Levy, M. H. Omar, and A. J. Koleske, "Extracellular matrix control of dendritic spine and synapse structure and plasticity in adulthood," Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, vol. 8, article 116, 2014.
198. R. Madani, S. Hulo, N. Toni et al., "Enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning by increased neuronal expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator in transgenic mice," The EMBO Journal, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 3007-3012, 1999.
199. O. Nicole, F. Docagne, C. Ali et al., "The proteolytic activity of tissue-plasminogen activator enhances NMDA receptormediated signaling," Nature Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 59-64, 2001.
200. P. T. Pang, H. K. Teng, E. Zaitsev et al., "Cleavage of proBDNFby tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity," Science, vol. 306, no. 5695, pp. 487-491, 2004.
201. S. Hoirisch-Clapauch and A. Nardi, "Multiple roles of tissue plasminogen activator in schizophrenia pathophysiology," Seminars inThrombosis and Hemostasis, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 950-954, 2013.
202. S. Hoirisch-Clapauch and A. E. Nardi, "Markers of low activity of tissue plasminogen activator/plasmin are prevalent in schizophrenia patients," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 118-123, 2014.
203. S. Hoirisch-Clapauch and A. E. Nardi, "Low activity of plasminogen activator: a common feature of non-iatrogenic comorbidities of schizophrenia," CNSandNeurological Disorders-Drug Targets, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 325-330, 2015.
204. A.-P. Sappino, R. Madani, J. Huarte et al., "Extracellular proteolysis in the adult murine brain," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 679-685, 1993.
205. J. E. Lochner, L. S. Honigman, W. F. Grant et al., "Activitydependent release of tissue plasminogen activator from the dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons revealed by live-cell imaging," Journal of Neurobiology, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 564-577, 2006.
206. D. Baranes, D. Lederfein, Y.-Y. Huang, M. Chen, C. H. Bailey, and E. R. Kandel, "Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to the late phase of LTP and to synaptic growth in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway," Neuron, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 813-825, 1998.
207. X.-B. Wang, O. Bozdagi, J. S. Nikitczuk, W. Z. Zu, Q. Zhou, and G. W. Huntley, "Extracellular proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinase-9 drives dendritic spine enlargement and long-term potentiation coordinately," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 49, pp. 19520-19525, 2008.
208. K. Lepeta and L. Kaczmarek, "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a novel player in synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1003-1009, 2015.
209. S. Ripke, C. ODushlaine, K. Chambert et al., "Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia," Nature Genetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1150-1159, 2013.
210. K. Chopra, A. Baveja, and A. Kuhad, "MMPs: a novel drug target for schizophrenia," Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 77-85, 2015.
211. R. A. Sweet, R. A. Henteleff, W. Zhang, A. R. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis, "Reduced dendritic spine density in auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia," Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 374-389, 2009.
212. K. M. Harris and J. K. Stevens, "Dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 2982-2997, 1989.
213. M. B. Kennedy, "The biochemistry of synaptic regulation in the central nervous system," Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol. 63, pp. 571-600, 1994.
214. M. B. Kennedy, "The postsynaptic density at glutamatergic synapses," Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 264-268, 1997.
215. C. A. Hunt, L. J. Schenker, and M. B. Kennedy, "PSD-95 is associated with the postsynaptic density and not with the presynaptic membrane at forebrain synapses," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1380-1388, 1996.
216. R. S. Walikonis, O. N. Jensen, M. Mann, D. W. Provance Jr., J. A. Mercer, and M. B. Kennedy, "Identification of proteins in the postsynaptic density fraction by mass spectrometry," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 4069-4080, 2000.
217. M. Sheng and E. Kim, "The postsynaptic organization of synapses," Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 3, no. 12, 2011.
218. K. M. Harris and R. J. Weinberg, "Ultrastructure of synapses in the mammalian brain," Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 4, no. 5, Article ID a005587, 2012.
219. D. L. Benson and G. W. Huntley, "Synapse adhesion: a dynamic equilibriumconferring stability and flexibility," CurrentOpinion in Neurobiology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 397-404, 2012.
220. G. W. Huntley, O. Gil, and O. Bozdagi, "The Cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules:multiple roles in synaptic plasticity," Neuroscientist, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 221-233, 2002.
221. P. Washbourne, A. Dityatev, P. Scheiffele et al., "Cell adhesion molecules in synapse formation," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 42, pp. 9244-9249, 2004.
222. Y. C. Lin and A. J. Koleske, "Mechanisms of synapse and dendrite maintenance and their disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders," Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 349-378, 2010.
223. L. Cheadle and T. Biederer, "The novel synaptogenic protein farp1 links postsynaptic cytoskeletal dynamics and transsynaptic organization," Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 199, no. 6, pp. 985-1001, 2012.
224. S. Sloniowski and I. M. Ethell, "Looking forward to EphB signaling in synapses," Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 75-82, 2012.
225. A. J. Koleske, "Molecular mechanisms of dendrite stability," Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 536-550, 2013.
226. K. M. Harris and J. K. Stevens, "Dendritic spines of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 4455-4469, 1988.
227. M. Matsuzaki, G. C. R. Ellis-Davies, T. Nemoto, Y. Miyashita, M. Iino, and H. Kasai, "Dendritic spine geometry is critical for AMPA receptor expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons," Nature Neuroscience, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1086-1092, 2001.
228. M. Matsuzaki, N. Honkura, G. C. R. Ellis-Davies, and H. Kasai, "Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines," Nature, vol. 429, no. 6993, pp. 761-766, 2004.
229. U. V. Nägerl, N. Eberhorn, S. B. Cambridge, and T. Bonhoeffer, "Bidirectional activity-dependent morphological plasticity in hippocampal neurons," Neuron, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 759-767, 2004.
230. Q. Zhou, K. J. Homma, and M.-M. Poo, "Shrinkage of dendritic spines associated with long-term depression of hippocampal synapses," Neuron, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 749-757, 2004.
231. W. C. Oh, T. C. Hill, and K. Zito, "Synapse-specific and sizedependent mechanisms of spine structural plasticity accompanying synapticweakening," Proceedings of theNationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. E305-E312, 2013.
232. N. Bastrikova, G. A. Gardner, J. M. Reece, A. Jeromin, and S. M. Dudek, "Synapse elimination accompanies functional plasticity in hippocampal neurons," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 8, pp. 3123-3127, 2008.
233. T. Pizzorusso, P. Medini, S. Landi, S. Baldini, N. Berardi, and L. Maffei, "Structural and functional recovery from early monocular deprivation in adult rats," Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 22, pp. 8517-8522, 2006.
234. A. Majewska and M. Sur, "Motility of dendritic spines in visual cortex in vivo: changes during the critical period and effects of visual deprivation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 26, pp. 16024-16029, 2003.
235. L. de Vivo, S. Landi, M. Panniello et al., "Extracellular matrix inhibits structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines in the adult visual cortex," Nature Communications, vol. 4, article 1484, 2013.
236. C. Orlando, J. Ster, U. Gerber, J. W. Fawcett, and O. Raineteau, "Perisynaptic chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans restrict structural plasticity in an integrin-dependent manner," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 32, no. 50, pp. 18009-18017, 2012.
237. L. Pujadas, A. Gruart, C. Bosch et al., "Reelinregulates postnatal neurogenesis and enhances spine hypertrophy and long-term potentiation," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 30, no. 13, pp. 4636-4649, 2010.
238. U. Beffert, E. J. Weeber, A. Durudas et al., "Modulation of synaptic plasticity and memory by Reelin involves differential splicing of the lipoprotein receptor Apoer2," Neuron, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 567-579, 2005.
239. H. Pribiag, H. Peng, W. A. Shah, D. Stellwagen, and S. Carbonetto, "Dystroglycan mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity at GABAergic synapses," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111, no. 18, pp. 6810-6815, 2014.
240. J. S. Satz, A. P. Ostendorf, S. Hou et al., "Distinct functions of glial and neuronal dystroglycan in the developing and adult mouse brain," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 30, no. 43, pp. 14560-14572, 2010.
241. U. Beffert, A. Durudas, E. J. Weeber et al., "Functional dissection of Reelin signaling by site-directed disruption of disabled-1 adaptor binding to apolipoprotein E receptor 2: distinct roles in development and synaptic plasticity," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 2041-2052, 2006.
242. J. H. Trotter, M. Klein, U. K. Jinwal et al., "ApoER2 function in the establishment and maintenance of retinal synaptic connectivity," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 31, no. 40, pp. 14413-14423, 2011.
243. E. Costa, J. Davis, D. R. Grayson, A. Guidotti, G. D. Pappas, and C. Pesold, "Dendritic spine hypoplasticity and downregulation of reelin and GABAergic tone in schizophrenia vulnerability," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 723-742, 2001.
244. S. L. Eastwood and P. J. Harrison, "Cellular basis of reduced cortical reelin expression in schizophrenia," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 163, no. 3, pp. 540-542, 2006.
245. N. Uesaka, M. Uchigashima, T. Mikuni et al., "Retrograde semaphorin signaling regulates synapse elimination in the developing mouse brain," Science, vol. 344, no. 6187, pp. 1020-1023, 2014.
246. D. Carulli, S. Foscarin, A. Faralli, E. Pajaj, and F. Rossi, "Modulation of semaphorin3A in perineuronal nets during structural plasticity in the adult cerebellum," Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 57, pp. 10-22, 2013.
247. G. Dick, C. L. Tan, J. N. Alves et al., "Semaphorin 3A binds to the perineuronal nets via chondroitin sulfate type E motifs in rodent brains,"The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 288, no. 38, pp. 27384-27395, 2013.
248. T. Vo, D. Carulli, E. M. E. Ehlert et al., "The chemorepulsive axon guidance protein semaphorin3A is a constituent of perineuronal nets in the adult rodent brain,"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 56, pp. 186-200, 2013.
249. R. Pawlak, B. S. S. Rao, J. P. Melchor, S. Chattarji, B. McEwen, and S. Strickland, "Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen mediate stress-induced decline of neuronal and cognitive functions in the mouse hippocampus," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 50, pp. 18201-18206, 2005.
250. S. Bennur, B. S. Shankaranarayana Rao, R. Pawlak, S. Strickland, B. S. McEwen, and S. Chattarji, "Stress-induced spine loss in the medial amygdala is mediated by tissue-plasminogen activator," Neuroscience, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 8-16, 2007.
251. P. Michaluk, M. Wawrzyniak, P. Alot et al., "Influence of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 on dendritic spine morphology," Journal of Cell Science, vol. 124, no. 19, pp. 3369-3380, 2011.
252. T. V. Bilousova, D. A. Rusakov, D. W. Ethell, and I. M. Ethell, "Matrix metalloproteinase-7 disrupts dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons through NMDA receptor activation," Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 44-56, 2006.
253. V. Nagy, O. Bozdagi, A. Matynia et al., "Matrix metalloproteinase-is required for hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and memory," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1923-1934, 2006.
254. K. Tsamis, D. Mytilinaios, D. Psaroulis, S. N. Njau, V. Costa, and S. J. Baloyannis, "Reelin immunoreactivity and morphological analysis of the human visual cortex," International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 25-46, 2007.
255. J. Spatazza, H. H. C. Lee, A. A. DiNardo et al., "Choroid-plexusderived otx2 homeoprotein constrains adult cortical plasticity," Cell Reports, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1815-1823, 2013.
256. M. Beurdeley, J. Spatazza, H. H. C. Lee et al., "Otx2 binding to perineuronal nets persistently regulates plasticity in the mature visual cortex," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 32, no. 27, pp. 9429-9437, 2012.
257. G. Poelmans, B. Franke, D. L. Pauls, J. C. Glennon, and J. K. Buitelaar, "AKAPs integrate genetic findings for autism spectrum disorders," Translational Psychiatry, vol. 3, article e270, 2013.
258. D. Ma, D. Salyakina, J. M. Jaworski et al., "A genome-wide association study of autism reveals a common novel risk locus at 5p14. 1," Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 263-273, 2009.
259. K. Wang, H. Zhang, D. Ma et al., "Common genetic variants on 5p14. 1 associate with autism spectrum disorders," Nature, vol. 459, no. 7246, pp. 528-533, 2009.
260. L. A. Weiss, D. E. Arking, M. J. Daly, and A. Chakravarti, "A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism," Nature, vol. 461, no. 7265, pp. 802-808, 2009.
261. D. Salyakina, D. Q. Ma, J. M. Jaworski et al., "Variants in several genomic regions associated with asperger disorder," Autism Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 303-310, 2010.
262. J. P. Hussman, R.-H. Chung, A. J. Griswold et al., "A noisereduction GWAS analysis implicates altered regulation of neurite outgrowth and guidance in Autism,"Molecular Autism, vol. 2, article 1, 2011.
263. R. Anney, L. Klei, D. Pinto et al., "A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism," Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 19, no. 20, pp. 4072-1082, 2010.
264. A. M. Persico, L. Dagruma, N. Maiorano et al., "Reelin gene alleles and haplotypes as a factor predisposing to autistic disorder," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 150-159, 2001.
265. S. H. Fatemi, "The role of Reelin in pathology of autism," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 919-920, 2002.
266. H. Zhang, X. Liu, C. Zhang et al., "Reelin gene alleles and susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1012-1017, 2002.
267. C. W. Bartlett, N. Gharani, J. H. Millonig, and L. M. Brzustowicz, "Three autism candidate genes: a synthesis of human genetic analysis with other disciplines," International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, vol. 23, no. 2-3, pp. 221-234, 2005.
268. D. A. Skaar, Y. Shao, J. L. Haines et al., "Analysis of the RELN gene as a genetic risk factor for autism," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 563-571, 2005.
269. F. J. Serajee, H. Zhong, and A. H. M. MahbubulHuq, "Association of Reelin gene polymorphisms with autism," Genomics, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 75-83, 2006.
270. H. Li, Y. Li, J. Shao et al., "The association analysis of RELN and GRM8 genes with autistic spectrum disorder in Chinese Han population," American Journal of MedicalGenetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 194-200, 2008.
271. X. Li, H. Zou, and W. T. Brown, "Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder," Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 543-552, 2012.
272. Z. Wang, Y. Hong, L. Zou et al., "Reelin gene variants and risk of autism spectrum disorders: an integrated meta-analysis," American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 192-200, 2014.
273. S. H. Fatemi, J. M. Stary, A. R. Halt, and G. R. Realmuto, "Dysregulation of Reelin and Bcl-2 proteins in autistic cerebellum," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 529-535, 2001.
274. S. H. Fatemi, A. V. Snow, J. M. Stary et al., "Reelin signaling is impaired in autism," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 777-787, 2005.
275. S. H. Fatemi, "Reelin glycoprotein in autism and schizophrenia," International Review of Neurobiology, vol. 71, pp. 179-187, 2005.
276. B. L. Pearson, M. J. Corley, A. Vasconcellos, D. C. Blanchard, and R. J. Blanchard, "Heparan sulfate deficiency in autistic postmortem brain tissue from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles," Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 243, no. 1, pp. 138-145, 2013.
277. K. Z. Meyza, D. C. Blanchard, B. L. Pearson, R. L. H. Pobbe, and R. J. Blanchard, "Fractone-associatedN-sulfated heparan sulfate shows reduced quantity in BTBR T+tf/J mice: a strongmodel of autism," Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 228, no. 2, pp. 247-253, 2012.
278. F. Mercier, Y. C. Kwon, and V. Douet, "Hippocampus/amygdala alterations, loss of heparan sulfates, fractones and ventricle wall reduction in adult BTBR T+ tf/J mice, animalmodel for autism," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 506, no. 2, pp. 208-213, 2012.
279. C. M. Schumann and D. G. Amaral, "Stereological analysis of amygdala neuron number in autism," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 29, pp. 7674-7679, 2006.
280. M. Bauman and T. L. Kemper, "Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism," Neurology, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 866-874, 1985.
281. F. Irie, H. Badie-Mahdavi, and Y. Yamaguchi, "Autism-like socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies in mice lacking heparan sulfate," Proceedings of theNationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, no. 13, pp. 5052-5056, 2012.
282. C. Gillberg and E. Billstedt, "Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders," Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 321-330, 2000.
283. J. Wahlstrom, C. Gillberg, K.-H. Gustavson, and G. Holmgren, "Infantile autism and the fragile X. A Swedish multicenter study," American Journal ofMedical Genetics, vol. 23, no. 1-2, pp. 403-408, 1986.
284. C. Gillberg, "Identical triplets with infantile autism and the fragile-X syndrome," British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 256-260, 1983.
285. W. T. ODonnell and S. T. Warren, "A decade of molecular studies of fragile X syndrome," Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 25, pp. 315-338, 2002.
286. L. N. Antar, R. Afroz, J. B. Dictenberg, R. C. Carroll, and G. J. Bassell, "Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation regulates fragile x mental retardation protein and FMR1 mRNA localization differentially in dendrites and at synapses," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2648-2655, 2004.
287. J. C. Darnell, S. J. Van Driesche, C. Zhang et al., "FMRP stalls ribosomal translocation on mRNAs linked to synaptic function and autism," Cell, vol. 146, no. 2, pp. 247-261, 2011.
288. S. A. Irwin, R. Galvez, and W. T. Greenough, "Dendritic spine structural anomalies in fragile-X mental retardation syndrome," Cerebral Cortex, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1038-1044, 2000.
289. S. A. Irwin, B. Patel, M. Idupulapati et al., "Abnormal dendritic spine characteristics in the temporal and visual cortices of patients with fragile-X syndrome: a quantitative examination," American Journal ofMedical Genetics, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 161-167, 2001.
290. R. Lu, H. Wang, Z. Liang et al., "The fragile X protein controls microtubule-associated protein 1B translation and microtubule stability in brain neuron development," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 42, pp. 15201-15206, 2004.
291. R. S. Muddashetty, S. Kelic, C. Gross, M. Xu, and G. J. Bassell, "Dysregulated metabotropic glutamate receptordependent translation of AMPA receptor and postsynaptic density-95 mRNAs at synapses in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome,"TheJournal ofNeuroscience, vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 5338-5348, 2007.
292. F. Zalfa, M. Giorgi, B. Primerano et al., "TheFragile X syndrome protein FMRP associates with BC1 RNA and regulates the translation of specific mRNAs at synapses," Cell, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 317-327, 2003.
293. R. D. Rudelli, W. T. Brown, K. Wisniewski, E. C. Jenkins, M. Laure-Kamionowska, and F. Connell, "Adult fragile X syndrome. Clinico-neuropathologic findings," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 67, no. 3-4, pp. 289-295, 1985.
294. P. Michaluk, L. Kolodziej, B. Mioduszewska et al., "Betadystroglycan as a target for MMP-9, in response to enhanced neuronal activity,"The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 22, pp. 16036-16041, 2007.
295. A. Janusz, J. Miek, M. Perycz et al., "The Fragile X mental retardation protein regulatesmatrixmetalloproteinase 9mRNA at synapses," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 33, no. 46, pp. 18234-18241, 2013.
296. M. Dziembowska, D. I. Pretto, A. Janusz et al., "High MMP-9 activity levels in fragile X syndrome are lowered by minocycline," American Journal ofMedical Genetics Part A, vol. 161, no. 8, pp. 1897-1903, 2013.
297. M. W. Abdallah, B. D. Pearce, N. Larsen et al., "Amniotic fluid MMP-9 and neurotrophins in autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory study," Autism Research, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 428-433, 2012.
298. E. A. Nimchinsky, A. M. Oberlander, and K. Svoboda, "Abnormal development of dendritic spines in FMR1 knock-out mice," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 21, no. 14, pp. 5139-5146, 2001.
299. T. V. Bilousova, L. Dansie, M. Ngo et al., "Minocycline promotes dendritic spine maturation and improves behavioural performance in the fragile X mouse model," Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 94-102, 2009.
300. H. Sidhu, L. E. Dansie, P. W. Hickmott, D. W. Ethell, and I. M. Ethell, "Genetic removal of matrix metalloproteinase 9 rescues the symptoms of fragile X syndrome in a mouse model," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 34, no. 30, pp. 9867-9879, 2014.
301. M. Chahrour and H. Y. Zoghbi, "The story of Rett syndrome: fromclinic to neurobiology," Neuron, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 422-437, 2007.
302. P. Moretti, J. M. Levenson, F. Battaglia et al., "Learning and memory and synaptic plasticity are impaired in a mouse model ofRett syndrome," Journal ofNeuroscience, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 319-327, 2006.
303. C. A. Chapleau, G. D. Calfa, M. C. Lane et al., "Dendritic spine pathologies in hippocampal pyramidal neurons fromRett syndrome brain and after expression of Rett-associatedMECP2 mutations," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 219-233, 2009.
304. S.-M. Weng, M. E. S. Bailey, and S. R. Cobb, "Rett syndrome: from bed to bench," Pediatrics and Neonatology, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 309-316, 2011.
305. M. V. C. Nguyen, F. Du, C. A. Felice et al., "MeCP2 is critical for maintaining mature neuronal networks and global brain anatomy during late stages of postnatal brain development and in the mature adult brain,"The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 32, no. 29, pp. 10021-10034, 2012.
306. G. Della Sala and T. Pizzorusso, "Synaptic plasticity and signaling in Rett syndrome," Developmental Neurobiology, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 178-196, 2014.
307. R. E. Amir, I. B. Van Den Veyver, M. Wan, C. Q. Tran, U. Francke, and H. Y. Zoghbi, "Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linkedMECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2," Nature Genetics, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 185-188, 1999.
308. L. Colvin, H. Leonard, N. de Klerk et al., "Refining the phenotype of common mutations in Rett syndrome," Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 25-30, 2004.
309. C. R. Jordan, H. H. Li, H. C. Kwan, and U. Francke, "Cerebellar gene expression profiles of mouse models for Rett syndrome reveal novel MeCP2 targets," BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 8, article 36, 2007.
310. P. V. Belichenko, B. Hagberg, and A. Dahlström, "Morphological study of neocortical areas in Rett syndrome," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 50-61, 1997.
311. S. H. Fatemi, J. A. Earle, and T. McMenomy, "Reduction in Reelin immunoreactivity in hippocampus of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 654-663, 2000.
312. S. H. Fatemi, J. M. Stary, J. A. Earle, M. Araghi-Niknam, and E. Eagan, "GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia and mood disorders as reflected by decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa and Reelin proteins in cerebellum," Schizophrenia Research, vol. 72, no. 2-3, pp. 109-122, 2005.
313. S. H. Fatemi, J. L. Kroll, and J. M. Stary, "Altered levels of Reelin and its isoforms in schizophrenia and mood disorders," Neuroreport, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 3209-3215, 2001.
314. S. Cichon, T. W. Muhleisen, F. A. Degenhardt et al., "Genomewide association study identifies genetic variation in neurocan as a susceptibility factor for bipolar disorder," The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 372-381, 2011.
315. P. Licznerski and R. S. Duman, "Remodeling of axo-spinous synapses in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression," Neuroscience, vol. 251, pp. 33-50, 2013.
316. A. Guidotti, C. Pesold, and E. Costa, "New neurochemical markers for psychosis: a working hypothesis of their operation," Neurochemical Research, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1207-1218, 2000.
317. S. H. Fatemi, "Reelin glycoprotein: structure, biology and roles in health and disease," Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 251-257, 2005.
318. J. K. Rybakowski, A. Remlinger-Molenda, A. Czech-Kucharska, M. Wojcicka, M. Michalak, and J. Losy, "Increasedserummatrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels in young patients during bipolar depression," Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 146, no. 2, pp. 286-289, 2013.
319. T. Yoshida, M. Ishikawa, T. Niitsu et al., "Decreased serum levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not its precursor proBDNF, in patients with major depressive disorder," PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e42676, 2012.
320. X. Miro, S. Meier, M. L. Dreisow et al., "Studies in humans and mice implicate neurocan in the etiology of mania," The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 169, no. 9, pp. 982-990, 2012.
321. R. Guirado, M. Perez-Rando, D. Sanchez-Matarredona, E. Castrén, and J. Nacher, "Chronic fluoxetine treatment alters the structure, connectivity and plasticity of cortical interneurons," International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 17, pp. 1635-1646, 2014.
322. K. Ohira, R. Takeuchi, T. Iwanaga, and T. Miyakawa, "Chronic fluoxetine treatment reduces parvalbumin expression and perineuronal nets in gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons of the frontal cortex in adult mice," Molecular Brain, vol. 6, no. 1, article 43, 2013.
323. J. Umemori, F. Winkel, E. Castrén, and N. N. Karpova, "Distinct effects of perinatal exposure to fluoxetine or methylmercury on parvalbumin and perineuronal nets, the markers of critical periods in brain development," International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, vol. 44, pp. 55-64, 2015.
324. L.-W. Yick, K.-F. So, P.-T. Cheung, and W.-T. Wu, "Lithium chloride reinforces the regeneration-promoting effect of chondroitinaseABCon rubrospinal neurons after spinal cord injury," Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 932-943, 2004.
325. J. P. Frederick, A. T. Tafari, S.-M. Wu et al., "A role for a lithium-inhibited Golgi nucleotidase in skeletal development and sulfation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 33, pp. 11605-11612, 2008.
326. M. Knobloch and I. M. Mansuy, "Dendritic spine loss and synaptic alterations in Alzheimers disease," Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 73-82, 2008.
327. N. K. Gonatas, "Neocortical synapses in a presenile dementia," Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 150-151, 1967.
328. R. D. Terry, E. Masliah, D. P. Salmon et al., "Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimers disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment," Annals of Neurology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 572-580, 1991.
329. D. Scheuner, C. Eckman, M. Jensen et al., "Secreted amyloid β-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimers disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimers disease," Nature Medicine, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 864-870, 1996.
330. J. Hardy and D. J. Selkoe, "The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimers disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics," Science, vol. 297, no. 5580, pp. 353-356, 2002.
331. R. Vassar, B. D. Bennett, S. Babu-Khan et al., "β-secretase cleavage of Alzheimers amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE," Science, vol. 286, no. 5440, pp. 735-741, 1999.
332. R. Schwörer, O. V. Zubkova, J. E. Turnbull, and P. C. Tyler, "Synthesis of a targeted library of heparan sulfate hexa-to dodecasaccharides as inhibitors of beta-secretase: potential therapeutics for Alzheimers disease," Chemistry-A European Journal, vol. 19, no. 21, pp. 6817-6823, 2013.
333. S. J. Patey, E. A. Edwards, E. A. Yates, and J. E. Turnbull, "Engineered heparins: novel β-secretase inhibitors as potential Alzheimers disease therapeutics," Neurodegenerative Diseases, vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 197-199, 2008.
334. Z. Scholefield, E. A. Yates, G. Wayne, A. Amour, W. McDowell, and J. E. Turnbull, "Heparan sulfate regulates amyloid precursor protein processing by BACE1, the Alzheimers β-secretase," The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 97-107, 2003.
335. J. H. Su, B. J. Cummings, and C. W. Cotman, "Localization of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan core protein in aged brain and Alzheimers disease," Neuroscience, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 801-813, 1992.
336. A. D. Snow, R. T. Sekiguchi, D. Nochlin, R. N. Kalaria, and K. Kimata, "Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in diffuse plaques of hippocampus but not of cerebellum in Alzheimers disease brain," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 337-347, 1994.
337. N. Watanabe, W. Araki, D.-H. Chui, T. Makifuchi, Y. Ihara, and T. Tabira, "Glypican-1 as an Aβ binding HSPG in the human brain: Its localization in DIG domains and possible roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease,"TheFASEB Journal, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1013-1015, 2004.
338. I. B. Bruinsma, L. te Riet, T. Gevers et al., "Sulfation of heparan sulfate associated with amyloid-β plaques in patients with Alzheimers disease," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 211-220, 2010.
339. E. I. Leonova and O. V. Galzitskaya, "Role of syndecan-2 in amyloid plaque formation,"Molecular Biology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 89-98, 2015.
340. A. D. Snow, H. Mar, D. Nochlin et al., "The presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the neuritic plaques and congophilic angiopathy in Alzheimers disease," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 456-463, 1988.
341. Y.-L. Lin, Y.-T. Lei, C.-J. Hong, and Y.-P. Hsueh, "Syndecan-induces filopodia and dendritic spine formation via the neurofibromin-PKA-Ena/VASP pathway," The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 177, no. 5, pp. 829-841, 2007.
342. I. M. Ethell, F. Irie, M. S. Kalo, J. R. Couchman, E. B. Pasquale, and Y. Yamaguchi, "EphB/syndecan-2 signaling in dendritic spinemorphogenesis," Neuron, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1001-1013, 2001.
343. I. M. Ethell, K. Hagihara, Y. Miura, F. Irie, and Y. Yamaguchi, "Synbindin, a novel syndecan-2-binding protein in neuronal dendritic spines," Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 53-67, 2000.
344. I. M. Ethell and Y. Yamaguchi, "Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-2 induces the maturation of dendritic spines in rat hippocampal neurons," Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 575-586, 1999.
345. M. M. Verbeek, I. Otte-Höller, J. van den Born et al., "Agrin is a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan accumulating in Alzheimers disease brain," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 155, no. 6, pp. 2115-2125, 1999.
346. B. Lindahl, L. Eriksson, and U. Lindahl, "Structure of heparan sulphate from human brain, with special regard to Alzheimers disease," Biochemical Journal, vol. 306, part 1, pp. 177-184, 1995.
347. D. A. DeWitt, J. Silver, D. R. Canning, and G. Perry, "Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are associated with the lesions of Alzheimers disease," Experimental Neurology, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 149-152, 1993.
348. M. N. Pangalos, J. Shioi, and N. K. Robakis, "Expression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of amyloid precursor (appican) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2," Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 762-769, 1995.
349. E. Marcello, C. Saraceno, S. Musardo et al., "Endocytosis of synaptic ADAM10 in neuronal plasticity and Alzheimers disease," Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 2523-2538, 2013.
350. H.-S. Hoe, Z. Fu, A. Makarova et al., "The effects of amyloid precursor protein on postsynaptic composition and activity," The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 284, no. 13, pp. 8495-8506, 2009.
351. A. Fragkouli, E. C. Tsilibary, and A. K. Tzinia, "Neuroprotective role of MMP-9 overexpression in the brain of Alzheimers 5xFADmice," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 70, pp. 179-189, 2014.
352. A. Fragkouli, A. K. Tzinia, I. Charalampopoulos, A. Gravanis, and E. C. Tsilibary, "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 participates in NGF-induced α-secretase cleavage of amyloid-β protein precursor in PC12 cells," Journal of Alzheimers Disease, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 705-719, 2011.
353. J. R. Backstrom, G. P. Lim, M. J. Cullen, and Z. A. Tökés, "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is synthesized in neurons of the human hippocampus and is capable of degrading the amyloidbeta peptide (1-40)," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 24, pp. 7910-7919, 1996.
354. K.-J. Yin, J. R. Cirrito, P. Yan et al., "Matrix metalloproteinases expressed by astrocytes mediate extracellular amyloid-β peptide catabolism," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 43, pp. 10939-10948, 2006.
355. S. Baig, G. K. Wilcock, and S. Love, "Loss of perineuronal netNacetylgalactosamine in Alzheimers disease," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 393-401, 2005.
356. M. Morawski, G. Bruckner, C. Jäger, G. Seeger, and T. Arendt, "Neurons associated with aggrecan-based perineuronal nets are protected against tau pathology in subcortical regions in Alzheimers disease," Neuroscience, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 1347-1363, 2010.
357. M. Okamoto, J. Sakiyama, S. Mori et al., "Kainic acid-induced convulsions cause prolonged changes in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan in the limbic structures," ExperimentalNeurology, vol. 184, no. 1, pp. 179-195, 2003.
358. E. K. Rankin-Gee, P. A. McRae, E. Baranov, S. Rogers, L. Wandrey, and B. E. Porter, "Perineuronal net degradation in epilepsy," Epilepsia, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1124-1133, 2015.
359. M. Wennström, J. Hellsten, and A. Tingström, "Electroconvulsive seizures induce proliferation of NG2-expressing glial cells in adult rat amygdala," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 464-471, 2004.
360. M. Wennström, J. Hellsten, C. T. Ekdahl, and A. Tingström, "Electroconvulsive seizures induce proliferation of NG2-expressing glial cells in adult rat hippocampus," Biological Psychiatry, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 1015-1024, 2003.
361. F. Matsui, S. Kawashima, T. Shuo et al., "Transient expression of juvenile-type neurocan by reactive astrocytes in adult rat brains injured by kainate-induced seizures as well as surgical incision," Neuroscience, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 773-781, 2002.
362. M. G. Naffah-Mazzacoratti, G. A. A. Porcionatto, F. A. Scorza et al., "Selective alterations of glycosaminoglycans synthesis and proteoglycan expression in rat cortex and hippocampus in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy," Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 229-239, 1999.
363. E. Pollock, M. Everest, A. Brown, and M. O. Poulter, "Metalloproteinase inhibition prevents inhibitory synapse reorganization and seizure genesis," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 70, pp. 21-31, 2014.
364. A. M. Arranz, K. L. Perkins, F. Irie et al., "Hyaluronan deficiency due to Has3 knock-out causes altered neuronal activity and seizures via reduction in brain extracellular space," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 6164-6176, 2014.
365. P. Yin, L. Yang, H. Y. Zhou, and R. P. Sun, "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 may be a potential therapeutic target in epilepsy," Medical Hypotheses, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 184-186, 2011.
366. F. A. Konopacki, M. Rylski, E. Wilczek et al., "Synaptic localization of seizure-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA," Neuroscience, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 2007.
367. N. Suenaga, T. Ichiyama, M. Kubota, H. Isumi, J. Tohyama, and S. Furukawa, "Roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 in acute encephalopathy following prolonged febrile seizures," Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 266, no. 1-2, pp. 126-130, 2008.
368. G. M. Wilczynski, F. A. Konopacki, E. Wilczek et al., "Important role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in epileptogenesis," Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 180, no. 5, pp. 1021-1035, 2008.
369. N. G. Cascella, D. J. Schretlen, and A. Sawa, "Schizophrenia and epilepsy: is there a shared susceptibility?" Neuroscience Research, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 227-235, 2009.
370. P. Gelisse, J.-C. Samuelian, and P. Genton, "Is schizophrenia a risk factor for epilepsy or acute symptomatic seizures?" Epilepsia, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1566-1571, 1999.
371. M. F. Mendez, R. Grau, R. C. Doss, and J. L. Taylor, "Schizophrenia in epilepsy: seizure and psychosis variables," Neurology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1073-1077, 1993.
372. F. Lamprecht, "Epilepsy and schizophrenia: a neurochemical bridge," Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 159-170, 1977.
373. A. Brooks-Kayal, "Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders: are there common developmental mechanisms?" Brain and Development, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 731-738, 2010.
374. R. Tuchman and I. Rapin, "Epilepsy in autism," Lancet Neurology, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 352-358, 2002.
375. V. Wong, "Epilepsy in childrenwith autistic spectrumdisorder," Journal of Child Neurology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 316-322, 1993.
376. R. F. Tuchman, I. Rapin, and S. Shinnar, "Autistic and dysphasic children. II: epilepsy," Pediatrics, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 1219-1225, 1991.
377. K. Jellinger, D. Armstrong, H. Y. Zoghbi, and A. K. Percy, "Neuropathology of Rett syndrome," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 142-158, 1988.
378. E. Y. Deykin and B. MacMahon, "The incidence of seizures among children with autistic symptoms," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 136, no. 10, pp. 1310-1312, 1979.