Three autism candidate genes: A synthesis of human genetic analysis with other disciplines

International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience

Volumn 23, Issue 2-3 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 221-234

  Bartlett, Christopher W ^a   Gharani, Neda ^b   Millonig, James H ^b,c,d   Brzustowicz, Linda M ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d RUTGERS ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism; Complex disease; Genetics; Linkage Analysis; Linkage disequilibrium

Indexed keywords

REELIN; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ENGRAILED 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANALYTIC METHOD; AUTISM; CLINICAL FEATURE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE REPLICATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; THEORETICAL MODEL;

EID: 14644432508     PISSN: 07365748     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. N.A. Akshoomoff, E. Courchesne, and J. Townsend Attention coordination and anticipatory control Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 1997 575 598
2. M. Alarcon, R.M. Cantor, J. Liu, T.C. Gilliam, and D.H. Geschwind Evidence for a language quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7q in multiplex autism families Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 2002 60 71
3. G. Allen, R.B. Buxton, E.C. Wong, and E. Courchesne Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement Science 275 1997 1940 1943
4. G. Allen, and E. Courchesne Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism Am. J. Psychiatry 160 2003 262 273
5. G.M. Anderson, D.X. Freedman, D.J. Cohen, F.R. Volkmar, E.L. Hoder, P. McPhedran, R.B. Minderaa, C.R. Hansen, and J.G. Young Whole blood serotonin in autistic and normal subjects J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 28 1987 885 900
6. G.M. Anderson, R.B. Minderaa, S.C. Cho, F.R. Volkmar, and D.J. Cohen The issue of hyperserotonemia and platelet serotonin exposure: a preliminary study J. Autism Dev. Disord. 19 1989 349 351
7. A. Ashley-Koch, C.M. Wolpert, M.M. Menold, L. Zaeem, S. Basu, S.L. Donnelly, S.A. Ravan, C.M. Powell, M.B. Qumsiyeh, A.S. Aylsworth, J.M. Vance, J.R. Gilbert, H.H. Wright, R.K. Abramson, G.R. DeLong, M.L. Cuccaro, and M.A. Pericak-Vance Genetic studies of autistic disorder and chromosome 7 Genomics 61 1999 227 236
8. M. Auranen, R. Vanhala, T. Varilo, K. Ayers, E. Kempas, and T. Ylisaukko-Oja A genomewide screen for autism-spectrum disorders: evidence for a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 3q25-27 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71 2002 777 790
9. S.L. Baader, S. Sanlioglu, A.S. Berrebi, J. Parker-Thornburg, and J. Oberdick Ectopic overexpression of Engrailed-2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells causes restricted cell loss and retarded external germinal layer development at lobule junctions J. Neurosci. 18 1998 1763 1773
10. S.L. Baader, M.W. Vogel, S. Sanlioglu, X. Zhang, and J. Oberdick Selective disruption of late onset sagittal banding patterns by ectopic expression of Engrailed-2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells J. Neurosci. 19 1999 5370 5379
11. J.A. Badner, and E.S. Gershon Regional meta-analysis of published data supports linkage of autism with markers on chromosome 7 Mol. Psychiatry 7 2002 56 66
12. A. Bailey, A. Le Couteur, I. Gottesman, P. Bolton, E. Simonoff, E. Yuzda, and M. Rutter Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study Psychol. Med. 25 1995 63 77
13. A. Bailey, P. Luthert, A. Dean, B. Harding, I. Janota, and M. Montgomery A clinicopathological study of autism Brain 121 1998 889 905
14. M. Bauman, and T.L. Kemper Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism Neurology 35 1985 866 874
15. M.L. Bauman, and T.L. Kemper Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism Neurology 35 1985 866 874
16. M.L. Bauman, and T.L. Kemper Developmental cerebellar abnormalities: a consistent finding in early infantile autism Neurology 36 1986 190
17. M.L. Bauman, and T.L. Kemper Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism The Neurobiology of Autism 1994 John Hopkins University Press Baltimore pp. 119-145
18. E. Bonora, K.S. Beyer, J.A. Lamb, J.R. Parr, S.M. Klauck, A. Benner, M. Paolucci, A. Abbott, I. Ragoussis, A. Poustka, A.J. Bailey, and A.P. Monaco Analysis of reelin as a candidate gene for autism Mol. Psychiatry 8 2003 885 892
19. J.D. Buxbaum, J.M. Silverman, C.J. Smith, M. Kilifarski, J. Reichert, E. Hollander, B.A. Lawlor, M. Fitzgerald, D.A. Greenberg, and K.L. Davis Evidence for a susceptibility gene for autism on chromosome 2 and for genetic heterogeneity Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 2001 1514 1520 (erratum appears in Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001 August; 69(2):470)
20. D.C. Chugani, O. Muzik, M. Behen, R. Rothermel, J.J. Janisse, J. Lee, and H.T. Chugani Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children Ann. Neurol. 45 1999 287 295
21. D.C. Chugani, O. Muzik, R. Rothermel, M. Behen, P. Chakraborty, T. Mangner, E.A. da Silva, and H.T. Chugani Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamocortical pathway in autistic boys Ann. Neurol. 42 1997 666 669
22. Collaborative Linkages Study of Autism An autosomal genomic screen for autism Am. J. Med. Genet. 105 2001 609 615
23. Collaborative Linkages Study of Autism Incorporating language phenotypes strengthens evidence of linkage to autism Am. J. Med. Genet. 105 2001 539 547
24. E.H. Cook Jr., R.C. Arora, G.M. Anderson, E.M. Berry-Kravis, S.Y. Yan, H.C. Yeoh, P.J. Sklena, D.A. Charak, and B.L. Leventhal Platelet serotonin studies in hyperserotonemic relatives of children with autistic disorder Life Sci. 52 1993 2005 2015
25. E.H. Cook Jr., R. Courchesne, C. Lord, N.J. Cox, S. Yan, A. Lincoln, R. Haas, E. Courchesne, and B.L. Leventhal Evidence of linkage between the serotonin transporter and autistic disorder Mol. Psychiatry 2 1997 247 250
26. D.P. Corina, L. San Jose-Robertson, A. Guillemin, J. High, and A.R. Braun Language lateralization in a bimanual language J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15 2003 718 730
27. E. Courchesne Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7 1997 269 278
28. E. Courchesne, and G. Allen Prediction and preparation, fundamental functions of the cerebellum Learn Mem. 4 1997 1 35
29. E. Courchesne, R. Carper, and N. Akshoomoff Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism J. Am. Med. Assoc. 290 2003 337 344
30. E. Courchesne, C.M. Karns, H.R. Davis, R. Ziccardi, R.A. Carper, and Z.D. Tigue Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study Neurology 57 2001 245 254
31. E. Courchesne, J. Townsend, N.A. Akshoomoff, O. Saitoh, R. Yeung-Courchesne, and A.J. Lincoln Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients Behavioral. Neurosci. 108 1994 848 865
32. D.C. Crawford, C.S. Carlson, M.J. Rieder, D.P. Carrington, Q. Yi, J.D. Smith, M.A. Eberle, L. Kruglyak, and D.A. Nickerson Haplotype diversity across 100 candidate genes for inflammation, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure regulation in two populations Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 2004 610 622
33. S.H. Fatemi Reelin mutations in mouse and man: from reeler mouse to schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism and lissencephaly Mol. Psychiatry 6 2001 129 133
34. S.H. Fatemi, A.R. Halt, G. Realmuto, J. Earle, D.A. Kist, P. Thuras, and A. Merz Purkinje cell size is reduced in cerebellum of patients with autism Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 22 2002 171 175
35. S.H. Fatemi, J.M. Stary, and E.A. Egan Reduced blood levels of reelin as a vulnerability factor in pathophysiology of autistic disorder Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 22 2002 139 152
36. S.H. Fatemi, J.M. Stary, A.R. Halt, and G.R. Realmuto Dysregulation of Reelin and Bcl-2 proteins in autistic cerebellum J. Autism Dev. Disord. 31 2001 529 535
37. S. Folstein, and M. Rutter Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Disciplines 18 1977 297 321
38. S.E. Folstein, and B. Rosen-Sheidley Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder Nature Rev. Genet. 2 2001 943 955
39. E. Fombonne The epidemiology of autism: a review Psychol. Med. 29 1999 769 786
40. L. Gallagher, K. Becker, G. Kearney, A. Dunlop, R. Stallings, A. Green, M. Fitzgerald, and M. GIll Brief report: A case of autism associated with del(2)(q32.1q32.2 or (q32.2q32.3) J. Autism Dev. Disorders 33 2003 105 108
41. J.H. Gao, L.M. Parsons, J.M. Bower, J. Xiong, J. Li, and P.T. Fox Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control Science 272 1996 545 547
42. C. Garner, and M. Slatkin On selecting markers for association studies: patterns of linkage disequilibrium between two and three diallelic loci Genet. Epidemiol. 24 2003 57 67
43. S.E. Gathercole Is nonword repetition a test of phonological memory or long-term knowledge? It all depends on the nonwords Mem. Cognit. 23 1995 83 94
44. J. Gauthier, R. Joober, L. Mottron, S. Laurent, M. Fuchs, V. De Kimpe, and G.A. Rouleau Mutation screening of FOXP2 in individuals diagnosed with autistic disorder Am. J. Med. Genet. A 118A 2003 172 175
45. N. Gharani, R. Benayed, V. Mancuso, L.M. Brzustowicz, and J.H. Millonig Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED, 2 with Autism Spectrum Disorder Mol. Psychiatry 9 2004 474 484
46. H.H. Goring, J.D. Terwilliger, and J. Blangero Large upward bias in estimation of locus-specific effects from genomewide scans Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 2001 1357 1369
47. A. Heils, R. Mossner, and K.P. Lesch The human serotonin transporter gene polymorphism - basic research and clinical implications J. Neural. Transm. 104 1997 1005 1014
48. S.E. Hodge Linkage analysis versus association analysis: distinguishing between two models that explain disease-marker associations Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53 1993 367 384
49. S.E. Hodge What association analysis can and cannot tell us about the genetics of complex disease Am. J. Med. Genet. 54 1994 318 323
50. E. Hollander, A.T. Phillips, and C.C. Yeh Targeted treatments for symptom domains in child and adolescent autism Lancet 362 2003 732 734
51. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium A full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 1998 571 578
52. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium Further characterization of the autism susceptibility locus AUTS1 on chromosome 7q Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 2001 973 982
53. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium A genomewide screen for autism: strong evidence for linkage to chromosomes 2q, 7q and 16q Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 2001 570 581
54. J.P. Ioannidis, E.E. Ntzani, T.A. Trikalinos, and D.G. Contopoulos-Ioannidis Replication validity of genetic association studies Nat. Genet. 29 2001 306 309
55. L. Kanner Autistic disturbances of affective contact Nervous Child 2 1943 217 250
56. T.L. Kemper, and M.L. Bauman The contribution of neuropathologic studies to the understanding of autism Behav. Neurosci. 11 1993 175 187
57. S.G. Kim, K. Ugurbil, and P.L. Strick Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing Science 265 1994 949 951
58. S.J. Kim, N. Cox, R. Courchesne, C. Lord, C. Corsello, N. Akshoomoff, S. Guter, B.L. Leventhal, E. Courchesne, and E.H. Cook Jr. Transmission disequilibrium mapping at the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) region in autistic disorder Mol. Psychiatry 7 2002 278 288
59. S.M. Klauck, F. Poustka, A. Benner, K.P. Lesch, and A. Poustka Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene variants associated with autism? Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 1997 2233 2238
60. M.O. Krebs, C. Betancur, S. Leroy, M.C. Bourdel, C. Gillberg, and M. Leboyer Absence of association between a polymorphic GGC repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the reelin gene and autism Mol. Psychiatry 7 2002 801 804
61. B. Kuemerle, H. Zanjani, A. Joyner, and K. Herrup Pattern deformities and cell loss in Engrailed-2 mutant mice suggest two separate patterning events during cerebellar development J. Neurosci. 17 1997 7881 7889
62. C.S. Lai, S.E. Fisher, J.A. Hurst, F. Vargha-Khadem, and A.P. Monaco A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder Nature 413 2001 519 523
63. J.P. Lassig, K. Vachirasomtoon, K. Hartzell, M. Leventhal, E. Courchesne, R. Courchesne, C. Lord, B.L. Leventhal, and E.H. Cook Jr. Physical mapping of the serotonin 5-HT(7) receptor gene (HTR7) to chromosome 10 and pseudogene (HTR7P) to chromosome 12, and testing of linkage disequilibrium between HTR7 and autistic disorder Am. J. Med. Genet. 88 1999 472 475
64. B.L. Leventhal, E.H. Cook Jr., M. Morford, A. Ravitz, and D.X. Freedman Relationships of whole blood serotonin and plasma norepinephrine within families J. Autism Dev. Disord. 20 1990 499 511
65. J.G. Levitt, R. Blanton, L. Capetillo-Cunliffe, D. Guthrie, A. Toga, and J.T. McCracken Cerebellar vermis lobules VIII-X in autism Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 23 1999 625 633
66. J. Liu, D.R. Nyholt, P. Magnussen, E. Parano, P. Pavone, D. Geschwind, C. Lord, P. Iversen, J. Hoh, J. Ott, T.C. Gilliam The Autism Genetic Resource Exchange C A genomewide screen for autism susceptibility loci Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 2001 327 340
67. C. Lord, M. Rutter, and A. Le Couteur Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24 1994 659 685
68. G. Masi, A. Cosenza, M. Mucci, and P. Brovedani A 3-year naturalistic study of 53 preschool children with pervasive developmental disorders treated with risperidone J. Clin. Psychiatry 64 2003 1039 1047
69. J.T. McCracken, J. McGough, B. Shah, P. Cronin, D. Hong, M.G. Aman, and L.E. Arnold Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems N. Engl. J. Med. 347 2002 314 321
70. K.B. McDermott, S.E. Petersen, J.M. Watson, and J.G. Ojemann A procedure for identifying regions preferentially activated by attention to semantic and phonological relations using functional magnetic resonance imaging Neuropsychologia 41 2003 293 303
71. K.J. Millen, C.C. Hui, and A.L. Joyner A role for En-2 and other murine homologues of Drosophila segment polarity genes in regulating positional information in the developing cerebellum Development 121 1995 3935 3945
72. K.J. Millen, W. Wurst, K. Herrup, and A.L. Joyner Abnormal embryonic cerebellar development and patterning of postnatal foliation in two mouse Engrailed-2 mutants Development 120 1994 695 706
73. R.A. Muller, D.C. Chugani, M.E. Behen, R.D. Rothermel, O. Muzik, P.K. Chakraborty, and H.T. Chugani Impairment of dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway in autistic men: language activation data from positron emission tomography Neurosci. Lett. 245 1998 1 4
74. D.F. Newbury, E. Bonora, J.A. Lamb, S.E. Fisher, C.S. Lai, G. Baird, L. Jannoun, V. Slonims, C.M. Stott, M.J. Merricks, P.F. Bolton, A.J. Bailey, and A.P. Monaco FOXP2 is not a major susceptibility gene for autism or specific language impairment Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 2002 1318 1327
75. A.M. Persico, L. D'Agruma, N. Maiorano, A. Totaro, R. Militerni, C. Bravaccio, T.H. Wassink, C. Schneider, R. Melmed, S. Trillo, F. Montecchi, M. Palermo, T. Pascucci, S. Puglisi-Allegra, K.L. Reichelt, M. Conciatori, R. Marino, C.C. Quattrocchi, A. Baldi, L. Zelante, P. Gasparini, and F. Keller Reelin gene alleles and haplotypes as a factor predisposing to autistic disorder Mol. Psychiatry 6 2001 150 159
76. A.M. Persico, R. Militerni, C. Bravaccio, C. Schneider, R. Melmed, M. Conciatori, V. Damiani, A. Baldi, and F. Keller Lack of association between serotonin transporter gene promoter variants and autistic disorder in two ethnically distinct samples Am. J. Med. Genet. 96 2000 123 127
77. E. Petit, J. Herault, J. Martineau, A. Perrot, C. Barthelemy, and L. Hameury Association study with two markers of a human homeogene in infantile autism J. Med. Genet. 32 1995 269 274
78. A. Philippe, M. Martinez, M. Guilloud-Bataille, C. Gillberg, M. Rastam, E. Sponheim, M. Coleman, M. Zappella, H. Aschauer, L. Van Maldergem, C. Penet, J. Feingold, A. Brice, M. Leboyer, and L. van Malldergerme Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes. Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study Hum. Mol. Genet. 8 1999 805 812 (erratum appears in Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999 July;8 (7):1353. Note: van Malldergerme L. corrected to Van Maldergem L.)
79. J.K. Pritchard, and N.J. Cox The allelic architecture of human disease genes: common disease-common variant... or not? Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 2002 2417 2423
80. N. Risch, D. Spiker, L. Lotspeich, N. Nouri, D. Hinds, J. Hallmayer, and L. Kalaydjieva A genomic screen of autism: evidence for a multilocus etiology Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65 1999 493 507
81. E.R. Ritvo, B.J. Freeman, A.B. Scheibel, T. Duong, H. Robinson, D. Guthrie, and A. Ritvo Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC Autopsy Research Report Am. J. Psychiatry 143 1986 862 866
82. R. Rosenthal, and J. Gaito The interpretation of levels of significance by psychological researchers J. Psychol. 55 1963 33 38
83. K. Sakai, M. Nakamura, S. Ueno, A. Sano, N. Sakai, Y. Shirai, and N. Saito The silencer activity of the novel human serotonin transporter linked polymorphic regions Neurosci. Lett. 327 2002 13 16
84. W.L. Salinger, P. Ladrow, and C. Wheeler Behavioral phenotype of the reeler mutant mouse: effects of RELN gene dosage and social isolation Behav. Neurosci. 117 2003 1257 1275
85. A. Schmitt, R. Mossner, A. Gossmann, I.G. Fischer, V. Gorboulev, D.L. Murphy, H. Koepsell, and K.P. Lesch Organic cation transporter capable of transporting serotonin is up-regulated in serotonin transporter-deficient mice J. Neurosci. Res. 71 2003 701 709
86. T. Sellke, M.J. Bayarri, and J. Berger Calibration of P-values for testing precise null hypotheses Am. Statistician 55 2001 62 71
87. Y. Shao, K.L. Raiford, C.M. Wolpert, H.A. Cope, S.A. Ravan, A.A. Ashley-Koch, R.K. Abramson, H.H. Wright, R.G. DeLong, J.R. Gilbert, M.L. Cuccaro, and M.A. Pericak-Vance Phenotypic homogeneity provides increased support for linkage on chromosome 2 in autistic disorder Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 2002 1058 1061
88. Y. Shao, C.M. Wolpert, K.L. Raiford, M.M. Menold, S.L. Donnelly, S.A. Ravan, M.P. Bass, C. McClain, L. von Wendt, J.M. Vance, R.H. Abramson, H.H. Wright, A. Ashley-Koch, J.R. Gilbert, R.G. DeLong, M.L. Cuccaro, and M.A. Pericak-Vance Genomic screen and follow-up analysis for autistic disorder Am. J. Med. Genet. 114 2002 99 105
89. S.L. Slager, J. Huang, and V.J. Vieland Effect of allelic heterogeneity on the power of the transmission disequilibrium test Genet. Epidemiol. 18 2000 143 156
90. B.F. Sparks, S.D. Friedman, D.W. Shaw, E.H. Aylward, D. Echelard, A.A. Artru, K.R. Maravilla, J.N. Giedd, J. Munson, G. Dawson, and S.R. Dager Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder Neurology 59 2002 184 192
91. M.M. Steele, M. Al-Adeimi, V.M. Siu, and Y.S. Fan Brief report: a case of autism with interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 J. Autism Dev. Disorders 31 2001 231 234
92. S. Steffenburg, C. Gillberg, L. Hellgren, L. Andersson, I.C. Gillberg, G. Jakobsson, and M. Bohman A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 30 1989 405 416
93. A. Stenzel, T. Lu, W.A. Koch, J. Hampe, S.M. Guenther, F.M. De La Vega, M. Krawczak, and S. Schreiber Patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the MHC region on human chromosome 6p Hum. Genet. 114 2004 377 385
94. J.D. Terwilliger On the resolution and feasibility of genome scanning approaches D.C. Rao M.A. Province Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits: Advances in Genetics vol. 42 2000 Academic Press New York 351 391
95. J. Veenstra-VanderWeele, G.M. Anderson, and E.H. Cook Jr. Pharmacogenetics and the serotonin system: initial studies and future directions Eur. J. Pharmacol. 410 2000 165 181
96. J. Veenstra-VanderWeele, S.J. Kim, C. Lord, R. Courchesne, N. Akshoomoff, B.L. Leventhal, E. Courchesne, and E.H. Cook Jr. Transmission disequilibrium studies of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene (HTR2A) in autism Am. J. Med. Genet. 114 2002 277 283
97. V.J. Vieland The replication requirement Nature Genet. 29 2001 244 245
98. M.W. Vogel, Z. Ji, K.J. Millen, and A.L. Joyner The Engrailed-2 homeobox gene and patterning of spinocerebellar mossy fiber afferents Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 96 1996 210 218
99. T.H. Wassink, J. Piven, V.J. Vieland, J. Pietila, R.J. Goedken, S.E. Folstein, and V.C. Sheffield Evaluation of FOXP2 as an autism susceptibility gene Am. J. Med. Genet. 114 2002 566 569
100. N. Yirmiya, T. Pilowsky, L. Nemanov, S. Arbelle, T. Feinsilver, I. Fried, and R.P. Ebstein Evidence for an association with the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism and autism Am. J. Med. Genet. 105 2001 381 386
101. A.L. Yonan, M. Alarcon, R. Cheng, P.K. Magnusson, S.J. Spence, A.A. Palmer, A. Grunn, S.H. Juo, J.D. Terwilliger, J. Liu, R.M. Cantor, D.H. Geschwind, and T.C. Gilliam A genomewide screen of 345 families for autism-susceptibility loci Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 2003 886 897
102. H. Zhang, X. Liu, C. Zhang, E. Mundo, F. Macciardi, D.R. Grayson, A.R. Guidotti, and J.J. Holden Reelin gene alleles and susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders Mol. Psychiatry 7 2002 1012 1017
103. H. Zhong, F.J. Serajee, R. Nabi, and A.H. Huq No association between the EN2 gene and autistic disorder J. Med. Genet. 40 2003 e4