The design of modern microwave oscillators for wireless applications: Theory and optimization

The Design of Modern Microwave Oscillators for Wireless Applications: Theory and Optimization

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-543

  Rohde, Ulrich L ^a   Poddar, Ajay Kumar ^a   Böck, Georg ^b  

^a SYNERGY MICROWAVE CORP   (United States)

^b TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DESIGN; MICROWAVE RESONATORS; MICROWAVES; NONLINEAR ANALYSIS; OSCILLATORS (MECHANICAL); PHASE NOISE; SYNCHRONIZATION; VARIABLE FREQUENCY OSCILLATORS; WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;

CELLULAR APPLICATIONS; DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCIES; OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY; PHASE NOISE ANALYSIS; STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH; SYNCHRONIZED OSCILLATOR; WEALTH OF INFORMATION; WIDE FREQUENCY RANGE;

MICROWAVE OSCILLATORS;

EID: 84949742596     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0471727172     Document Type: Book

References (211)

1. The references used in Chapter 1 in the discussion of the early oscillators are in H.E. Hollmann, Physik und Technik der ultrakurzen Wellen, Erster Band, Erzeugung ultrakurzwelliger (Schwingungen; Verlag von Julius Springer, 1936) and by themselves are probably no longer available.
2. G.R. Basawapatna, R.B. Stancliff, "A Unified Approach to the Design of Wide-Band Microwave Solid-State Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 27, pp. 379-385, May 1979.
3. M. Sebastein, N. Jean-Christophe, Q. Raymond, P. Savary, J. Obregon, "A Unified Approach for the Linear and Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Microwave Circuits Using Commercially Available Tolls," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, pp. 2403-2409, December 1999.
4. M. Prigent, M. Camiade, J.C. Nallatamby, J. Guittard, J. Obregon, "An Efficient Design Method of Microwave Oscillator Circuits for Minimum Phase Noise," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, pp. 1122-1125, July 1999.
5. P. Bolcato, J.C. Nallatamby, R. Larcheveque, M. Prigent, J. Obregon, "A Unified Approach of PM Noise Calculation in Large RF Multitude Autonomous Circuits," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, 2000.
6. S. Mons, M.A. Perez, R. Quere, J. Obregon, "A Unified Approach for the Linear and Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Microwave Circuits Using Commercially Available Tools," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, Vol. 3, pp. 993-996, 1999.
7. A. Demir, A. Mehotra, J. Roychowdhury, "Phase Noise in Oscillators: A Unifying Theory and Numerical Methods for Characterization," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 47, pp. 655-674, May 2000.
8. U.L. Rohde, K. Juergen Schoepf, A.K. Poddar, "Low Noise VCOs Conquer Widebands," Microwaves and RF, pp. 98-106, June 2004.
9. T. Hajder, "Higher Order Loops Improve Phase Noise of Feedback Oscillators," Applied Microwave and Wireless, pp. 24-31, October 2002.
10. R.J. Gilmore, M.B. Steer, "Nonlinear Circuit Analysis Using the Method of Harmonic Balance-A Review of the Art. Part I. Introductory Concepts," International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-37, January 1991.
11. R.J. Gilmore, M.B. Steer, "Nonlinear Circuit Analysis Using the Method of Harmonic Balance-A Review of the Art. Part II. Advanced Concepts," International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 159-180, April 1991.
12. U.L. Rohde, "Frequency Synthesizers," The Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, ed. J.G. Proakis, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
13. U.L. Rohde, Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
14. U.L. Rohde, D.P. Newkirk, RF/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
15. U.L. Rohde, J. Whitaker, Communications Receivers, third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
16. G. Vendelin, A.M. Pavio, U.L. Rohde, Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear and Nonlinear Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
17. K. Kurokawa, "Some Basic Characteristics of Broadband Negative Resistance Oscillator Circuits," Bell Systems Technology Journal, University of Berkeley, pp. 1937-1955, July-August 1969.
18. User's manual for Berkley-SPICE.
19. User's manual for H-SPICE.
20. User's manual for P-SPICE
21. User's manual for RF Spectre.
22. H.C. de Graaff, W.J. Kloosterman, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-32, 2415, 1986.
23. H.C. de Graaff, W.J. Kloosterman, T.N. Jansen, Ext. Abstr. Solid State Dev. Mat. Conference, Tokyo, 1986.
24. H.C. de Graaff, W.J. Kloosterman, J.A.M. Geelen, M.C.A.M. Koolen, "Experience with the New Compact MEXTRAM Model for Bipolar Transistors," Phillips Research Laboratories, 1989.
25. U.L. Rohde, "New Nonlinear Noise Model for MESFETS Including MM-Wave Application," First International Workshop of the West German IEEE MTT/AP Joint Chapter on Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeterwave Circuits (INMMC'90) Digest, October 3-5, 1990, Duisburg University, Duisburg, Germany.
26. U.L. Rohde, "Improved Noise Modeling of GaAs FETS: Using an Enhanced Equivalent Circuit Technique," Microwave Journal, pp. 87-101, November 1991; pp. 87-95, December 1991.
27. R.A. Pucel, W. Struble, R Hallgren, U.L. Rohde, "A General Noise De-embedding Procedure for Packaged Two-Port Linear Active Devices," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 2013-2024, November 1992.
28. U.L. Rohde, "Parameter Extraction for Large Signal Noise Models and Simulation of Noise in Large Signal Circuits Like Mixers and Oscillators," 23rd European Microwave Conference, Madrid, Spain, September 6-9, 1993.
29. P.R. Gray, R.G. Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, third edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1993.
30. R.A. Pucel, U.L. Rohde, "An Exact Expression for the Noise Resistance Rn of a Bipolar Transistor for Use with the Hawkins Noise Model," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 35-37, February 1993.
31. H.K. Gummel, H.C. Poon, "An Integral Charge Control Model of Bipolar Transistors," Bell Systems Technology Journal, pp. 827-852, May-June 1970.
32. G.M. Kull, L.W. Nagel, S. Lee, P. Lloyd, E.J. Prendergast, H. Dirks, "A Unified Circuit Model for Bipolar Transistors Including Quasi-Saturation Effects," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 32, No. 6, June 1985.
33. H.C. de Graff, W.J. Koostermann, "Modeling of the Collector Epilayer of a Bipolar Transistor in the Mextram Model," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 274-282, February 1995.
34. M. Schroeter, H.M. Rein, "Investigation of Very Fast and High-Current Transients in Digital Bipolar IC's Using Both a New Model and a Device Simulator," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp. 551-562, May 1995.
35. M. Rudolph, R. Doerner, K. Beilenhoff, P. Heymann, "Scalable GaIn/GaAs HBT Large-Signal Model," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, pp. 2370-2376, December 1990.
36. C.C. McAndrew, J.A. Seitchik, D.F. Bowers, M. Dunn, M. Foisy, I. Getreu, M. McSwain, S. Moinian, J. Parker, D.J. Roulston, M. Schroeter, P. van Wijnen, L.F. Wagner, "VBIC95, The Vertical Bipolar Inter-Company Model," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 1476-1483, October 1996.
37. X. Cao, J. McMacken, K. Stiles, P. Layman, J.J. Liou, A. Ortiz-Conde, S. Moinian, "Comparison of the New VBIC and Conventional Gummel-Poon Bipolar Transistor Models," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 427-433, February 2000.
38. R.A. Pucel, H.A. Haus, H. Statz, "Signal and Noise Properties of Gallium Arsenide Microwave Field-Effect Transistors," in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. 38, Academic Press, 1975.
39. A. Cappy, "Noise Modeling and Measurement Techniques," IEEE Transactions and Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 36, pp. 1-10, January 1988.
40. M.W. Pospieszalski, "Modeling of Noise Parameters of MESFETs and MODFETs and Their Frequency and Temperature Dependence," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 37, pp. 1340-1350, September 1989.
41. V. Rizzoli, F. Mastri, C. Cecchetti, "Computer-Aided Noise Analysis of MESFET and HEMT Mixers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 37, pp. 1401-1411, September 1989.
42. A. Riddle, "Extraction of FET Model Noise Parameters from Measurement," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 1113-1116, 1991.
43. R.A. Pucel, W. Struble, R. Hallgren, U.L. Rohde, "A General Noise De-Embedding Procedure for Packaged Two-Port Linear Active Devices," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 40, pp. 2013-2024, November 1992.
44. J. Portilla, R. Quere, J. Obregon, "An Improved CAD Oriented FET Model for Large-Signal and Noise Applications," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 849-852, 1994.
45. T. Felgentreff, G. Olbrich, P. Russer, "Noise Parameter Modeling of HEMTs with Resistor Temperature Noise Sources," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 853-856, 1994.
46. J. Stenarson, M. Garcia, I. Angelov, H. Zirath, "A General Parameter-Extraction Method for Transistor Noise Models," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, pp. 2358-2363, December 1999.
47. D. Lee, Y. Kwon, H.-S. Min, "Physical-Based FET Noise Model Applicable to Millimeter-Wave Frequencies," IEEE Microwave theory and Techniques, International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 01-04, 1999.
48. M.R. Murti, J. Laskar, S. Nuttinck, S. Yoo, A. Raghavan, J.I. Bergman, J. Bautista, R. Lai, R. Grundbacher, M. Barsky, P. Chin, P. H. Liu, "Temperature-Dependent Small-Signal and Noise Parameters Measurement and Modeling on InP HEMTs," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, pp. 2579-2586, December 2000.
49. A. Pascht, G. Markus, D. Wiegner, M. Berroth, "Small-Signal and Temperature Noise Model for MOSFETs," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, pp. 927-1934, August 2002.
50. Y.P. Tsividis, Operation and Modeling of the MOS Transistor, McGraw-Hill, 1987.
51. BISIM3v3 Manual, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley.
52. Z. Liu, C. Hu, J. Huang, T. Chan, M. Jeng, P.K. Ko, Y.C. Cheng, "Threshold Voltage Model for Deep-Submicronmeter MOSFET's," IEEE Transactions Electron Devices, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 86-95, January 1993.
53. Y. Cheng, M. Jeng, Z. Liu, J. Juang, M. Chan, K. Chen, P.K. Ko, C. Ho, "A Physical and Scalable I-V Model in BISIM3v3 for Analog/Digital Circuit Simulation," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 277-287, February 1997.
54. U.L. Rohde, Schwarz, "Introduction Manual for Z-G Diagraph, Models ZGU and ZDU," Munich, 1963.
55. "S-Parameters, Circuit Analysis and Design," Hewlett-Packard Application Note 95, September 1968.
56. P. Bodharamik, L. Besser, R.W. Newcomb, "Two Scattering Matrix Programs for Active Circuit Analysis," IEEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, Vol. CT-18, pp. 610-619, November 1971.
57. Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, "S-Parameter Design," Hewlett-Packard Application Note 154, April 1972.
58. C. Arnaud, D. Basataud, J. Nebus, J. Teyssier, J. Villotte, D. Floriot, "An Active Pulsed RF and Pulsed DC Load-Pull System for the Characterization of HBT Power Amplifiers Used in Coherent Radar and Communication Systems," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 12, pp. 2625-2629, December 2000.
59. F.M. Ghannouchi, R. Larose, R.G. Bosisio, "A New Multiharmonic Loading Method for Large-Signal Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Transistor Characterization," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 986-992, June 1991.
60. H. Abe, Y. Aono, "11 GHz GaAs Power MESFET Load-Pull Measurements Utilizing a New Method of Determining Tuner Y-Parameters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 394-399, May 1979.
61. Q. Cai, J. Gerber, S. Peng, "A Systematic Scheme for Power Amplifier Design Using a Multi-Harmonic Load-Pull Simulation Technique," Microwave Symposium Digest, 1998 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium International, Vol. 1, pp. 161-165, June 7-12, 1998.
62. P. Berini, M. Desgagne, F.M. Ghannouchi, R.G. Bosisio, "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Harmonic Loading on Microwave MESFET Oscillators and Amplifiers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 943-950, June 1994.
63. K.K. Clarke, D.T. Hess, Communication Circuits: Analysis and Design, Chapter 4, Addison-Wesley, 1971.
64. T. Lee, A. Hajimiri, "Linearity, Time Variation, and Oscillator Phase Noise", in RF and Microwave Oscillator Design, ed. M. Odyniec, Artech House, 2002.
65. A. Hajimiri, T. Lee, "A General Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 179-194, February 1998.
66. D. Ham, A. Hajimiri, "Concepts and Methods in Optimization of Integrated LC VCOs," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, June 2001.
67. A. Hajimiri, S. Limotyrakis, T. Lee, "Jitter and Phase Noise in Ring Oscillators," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 790-804, June 1999.
68. W.H. Haywood, Introduction to Radio Frequency Design, Prentice Hall, 1982.
69. Chris O' Connor, "Develop a Trimless Voltage-Controlled Oscillator," Microwaves and RF, January 2000.
70. D.B. Leeson, "A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 54, pp. 329-330, 1966.
71. T. Hajder, "Higher Order Loops Improve Phase Noise of Feedback Oscillators," Applied Microwave and Wireless, October 2002.
72. M. Vidmar, "A Wideband, Varactor-Tuned Microstrip VCO," Microwave Journal, June 1999.
73. V. Rizzoli, A. Neri, A. Costanzo, F. Mastri, "Modern Harmonic-Balance Techniques for Oscillator Analysis and Optimization," in RF and Microwave Oscillator Design, ed. M. Odyniec, Artech House, 2002.
74. U.L. Rohde, G. Klage, "Analyze VCOs and Fractional-N Synthesizers," Microwaves and RF, pp. 57-78, August 2000.
75. U.L. Rohde, C.R Chang, J. Gerber, "Design and Optimization of Low-Noise Oscillators Using Nonlinear CAD Tools," IEEE Frequency Control Symposium Proceedings, pp. 548-554, 1994.
76. U.L. Rohde, C.R. Chang, J. Gerber, "Parameter Extraction for Large Signal Noise Models and Simulation of Noise in Large Signal Circuits Like Mixers and Oscillators," Proceedings of the 23rd European Microwave Conference, Madrid, Spain, September 6-9, 1993.
77. V. Rizzoli, F. Mastri, C. Cecchefti, "Computer-Aided Noise Analysis of MESFET and HEMT Mixers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-37, pp. 1401-1410, September 1989.
78. V. Rizzoli, A. Lippadni, "Computer-Aided Noise Analysis of Linear Multiport Networks of Arbitrary Topology," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-33, pp. 1507-1512, December 1985.
79. V. Rizzoli, F. Mastri, D. Masotti, "General-Purpose Noise Analysis of Forced Nonlinear Microwave Circuits," Military Microwave, 1992.
80. W. Anzill, F.X. Kärtner, P. Russer, "Simulation of the Single-Sideband Phase Noise of Oscillators," Second International Workshop of Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeterwave Circuits, 1992.
81. Hewlett-Packard, 3048A Operating Manual.
82. K. Kurokawa, "Noise in Synchronized Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 16, pp. 234-240, April 1968.
83. J.C. Nallatamby, M. Prigent, M. Camiade, J. Obregon, "Phase Noise in Oscillators-Leeson Formula Revisted," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 1386-1394, April 2003.
84. U.L. Rohde, "A Novel RFIC for UHF Oscillators (Invited)," 2000 IEEE Radio Frequency, Boston, June 11-13, 2000.
85. D.J. Healy III, "Flicker of Frequency and Phase and White Frequency and Phase Fluctuations in Frequency Sources," Proceedings of the 26th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control, Fort Monmouth, NJ, pp. 43-49, June 1972.
86. M.M. Driscoll, "Low Noise Oscillator Design Using Acoustic and Other High Q Resonators," 44th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control, Baltimore, May 1990.
87. U.L. Rohde, K. Danzeisen, Feedback Oscillators, Patent No. DE10033741A1 (Germany, United States, Japan).
88. P. Vizmuller, RF Design Guide: Systems, Circuits, and Equations, Artech House, p. 76, 1995.
89. C. Rheinfelder, Ein Gross-signal-Modell des SiGe-Hetero-Bipolar-Transistors fuer den Entwurf monolithisch intergrierter Mikrowellen-Schaltungen, Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, 1998. Also, personal communication with the author.
90. C. Rheinfelder, M. Rudolph, F. Beißwanger, W. Heinrich, "Nonlinear Modeling of SiGe HBTs Up to 50 GHz," IEEE International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 2, pp. 877-880, 1997.
91. C.N. Rheinfelder, K.M. Strohm, L. Metzger, J.-F. Luy, W. Heinrich, "A SiGe-MMIC Oscillator at 47 GHz," International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 1, pp. 5-8, 1999.
92. F. Lenk, M. Schott, J. Hilsenbeck, J. Würfl, W. Heinrich, "Low Phase-Noise Monolithic GaInP/GaAs-HBT VCO for 77 GHz," 2003 IMS.
93. F. Lenk, J. Hilsenbeck, H. Kuhnert, M. Schott, J. Würfl, W. Heinrich, "GaAs-HBT MMIC-Oscillators for Frequencies up to 40 GHz," Second Symposium on Optoand Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (SODC 2002), Stuttgart, Germany, March 17-23, 2002.
94. H. Kuhnert, W. Heinrich, W. Schwerzel, A. Schüppen, "25 GHz MMIC Oscillator on Commercial SiGe-HBT Process," IEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 218-220, February 2000.
95. H. Kuhnert, F. Lenk, J. Hilsenbeck, J. Würfl, W. Heinrich, "Low Phase-Noise GaInP/GaAs-HBT MMIC Oscillators up to 36 GHz," International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 3, pp. 1551-1554, 2001.
96. H. Kuhnert, W. Heinrich, "5 to 25 GHz SiGe MMIC Oscillators on a Commercial Process," Proceedings of the Second Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, pp. 60-63, April 2000.
97. H. Kuhnert, W. Heinrich, "Coplanar SiGe VCO MMICs Beyond 20 GHz," IEEE Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, Ann Arbor, Digest, pp. 231-233, September 12-14, 2001.
98. F. Lenk, M. Schott, W. Heinrich, "Modeling and Measurement of Phase Noise in GaAs HBT Ka-Band Oscillators," European Microwave Conference Digest, Vol. 1, pp. 181-184, 2001.
99. M. Nemes, "Entwicklung eins UHF-Transceivers fuer das ISM-Frequenzband 868-870 MHz in einer 0,8 mm-CMOS-Technologie," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cottbus, 2003.
100. A. Roufougaran, J. Rael, M. Rofougaran, A. Abidi, "A 900 MHz CMOS LC-Oscillator with Quadrature Outputs," International Solid-State Current Conference Digest of Technology Papers, pp. 392-393, February 1996.
101. B. Razvi, "Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, pp. 331-343, March 1996.
102. J. Craninckx, M. Steyaert, "A Fully Integrated Spiral-LC CMOS VCO Set with Prescaler for GSM and DCS-1800 Systems," Proceedings of the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 403-406, May 1997.
103. M. Thanmsirianunt, T.A. Kwasniewski, "CMOS VCO's for PLL Frequency Synthesis in GHz Digital Mobile Radio Communications," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 32, pp. 1511-1518, October 1997.
104. F. Herzel, M. Pierschel, P. Weger, M. Tiebout, "Phase Noise in Differential CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator for RF Applications," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 11-15, January 2000.
105. F. Herzel, H. Erzgraber, P. Weger, "Integrated CMOS Wideband Oscillator for RF Applications," Electronics Letters, Vol. 37, March 2001.
106. A. Hajimiri, T. Lee, "Design Issues in CMOS Differential LC Oscillators," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, May 1999.
107. T.H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
108. K. Cheng, K. Chan, "Power Optimization of High-Efficiency Microwave MESFET Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 787-790, May 2000.
109. G. Sauvage, "Phase Noise in Oscillators: A Mathematical Analysis of Leeson's Model," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. IM-26, No. 4, December 1977.
110. G. Böck, P.W. v. Basse, J.E. Müller, W. Kellner, "Accurate SPICE Modeling of GaAs-MESFETs for Use in GaAs-IC Design," Proceedings of the 11th Workshop of Compound Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits, S. 66-69, Grainau (Garmisch-Partenkirchen), West Germany, May 4-6, 1987.
111. W. Stiebler, M. Matthes, G. Böck, T. Koppel, A. Schäfer, "Bias Dependent Cold-(H)FET Modeling," IEEE International Microwave Symposium Digest, San Francisco, pp. 1313-1316, June 1996.
112. L. Klapproth, G. Böck, A. Schäfer, W. Stiebler, "On the Determination of HFET Noise Parameters from 50 Ohm Noise Figure Measurements," Sindelfingen, Kongreßunterlagen, S., pp. 348-352, 1997.
113. P. Heymann, M. Rudolph, H. Prinzler, R. Doerner, L. Klapproth, G. Böck, "Experimental Evaluation of Microwave Field-Effect-Transistor Noise Models," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, February 1999.
114. N.H.W. Fong, J.O. Plouchart, N. Zamdmer, D. Liu, L.F. Wagner, C. Plett, N.G. Tarr, "A 1-V 3.8-5.7-GHz Wide-Band VCO with Differentially Tuned Accumulation MOS Varactors for Common-Mode Noise Rejection in CMOS SOI Technology," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, February 2003.
115. Application Notes, Temperature Stable Microwave Ceramics, Products for RF/Microwave Application, Transactions on Techniques, pp. 6-85.
116. D. Kajfez, "Q Factor Measurement with a Scalar Network Analyzer," IEE Proceedings on Microwave Antennas Propagation, Vol. 142, pp. 389-372, October 1995.
117. R.J. Hawkins, "Limitations of Nielsen's and Related Noise Equations Applied to Microwave Bipolar Transistors and a New Expression for the Frequency and Current Dependent Noise Figure," Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 20 pp. 191-196, March 1977.
118. T.H. Hsu, C.P. Snapp, "Low-Noise Microwave Bipolar Transistor with Sub-Half-Micrometer Emitter Width," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-25, pp. 723-730, June 1978.
119. R. Aparicio, A. Hajimiri, "A CMOS Noise Shifting Colpitts VCO," Digest of Technical Papers International Solid-State Circuit Conference, Session 17.2, pp. 288-299, 2002.
120. R. Rhea, "A New Class of Oscillators," IEEE Microwave Magazine, pp. 72-83, June 2004.
121. S. Maas, "Why I Hate Base Resistance," IEEE Microwave Magazine, pp. 54-60, June 2004.
122. F.X. Sinnesbichler, "Hybrid Millimeter-Wave Push-Push Oscillators using Silicon-Germanium HBTs," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 51, February 2003.
123. S. Kudszus, W.H. Haydl, A. Tessmann, W. Bronner, M. Schlechtwez, "Push-Push Oscillators for 94 and 140 GHz Applications Using Standard Pseudomorphic GaAs HEMTs," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 1571-1574, 2001.
124. Y. Baeyens et al., "Compact InP-Based HBT VCOs with a Wide Tuning Range at W-Band," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, pp. 2403-2408, December 2001.
125. Y. Sun, T. Tieman, H. Pflung, W. Velthius, "A Fully Integrated Dual Frequency Push-Push VCO for 5.2 and 5.8 GHz Wireless Applications," Microwave Journal, pp. 64-74, April 2001.
126. M. Schott, H. Kuhnert, J. Hilsenbeck, J. Wurlf, H. Heinrich, "38 GHz Push-Push GaAs-HBT MMIC Oscillator," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 839-842, 2002.
127. F.X. Sinnesbichler, G.R. Olbrich, "SiGe HBT Push-Push Oscillators for V-Band Operation," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Symposium, Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems Symposium, Garmisch, Germany, pp. 55-59, April 26-28, 2000.
128. F.X. Sinnesbichler, H. Geltinger, G.R. Olbrich, "A 38 GHz Push-Push Oscillator Based on 25 GHz-fT BJTs," IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Letters, Vol. 9, pp. 151-153, April 1999.
129. K.W. Kobayashi et al., "A 108-GHz InP-based HBT Monolithic Push-Push VCO with Low Phase Noise and Wide Tuning Bandwidth," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, pp. 1225-1232, September 1999.
130. L. Dussopt, D. Guillois, G. Rebeiz, "A Low Phase Noise Silicon 9 GHz VCO and an 18 GHz Push-Push Oscillator," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 695-698, 2002.
131. F.X. Sinnesbichler, B. Hauntz, G.R. Olbrich, "A Si/SiGe HBT Dielectric Resonator Push-Push Oscillators at 58 GHz," IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 145-147, April 2000.
132. U.L. Rohde, "A New and Efficient Method of Designing Low Noise Oscillators," Ph.D. dissertation, Technical University of Berlin, February 2004.
133. A. Mortazawi, B.C. De Loach, Jr., "Multiple Element Oscillators Utilizing a New Power Combining Technique," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 1093-1096, 1992.
134. B. Van der Pol, "The Nonlinear Theory of Electrical Oscillators," Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 22 No. 9, pp. 1051-1086, September 1934.
135. R. Adler, "A Study of Locking Phenomena in Oscillators," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 61, pp. 180-1385, October 1973.
136. K.S. Ang, M.J. Underhill, I.D. Robertson, "Balanced Monolithic Oscillators at K-and Ka-Band," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 187-194, February 2000.
137. M. Ahdjoudj, "Conception de VCO a Faible Bruit de Phase en Technologie Monolithique PHEMT Dans les Bandes K et Ka," Ph.D. thesis, Doctorat de l' Universite Pierre Et Marie Curie Paris VI, December 1997.
138. H.-C. Chang, X. Cao, U.K. Mishra, R. York, "Phase Noise in Coupled Oscillators: Theory and Experiment," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 45, pp. 604-615, May 1997.
139. H.-C. Chang, X. Cao, M.J. Vaughan, U.K. Mishra, R. York, "Phase Noise in Externally Injection-Locked Oscillator Arrays," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 45, pp. 2035-2042, November 1997
140. A. Borgioli, P. Yeh, R.A. York, "Analysis of Oscillators with External Feedback Loop for Improved Locking Range and Noise Reduction," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, pp. 1535-1543, August 1999.
141. J.J. Lynch, R.A. York, "Synchronization of Oscillators Coupled Through Narrow-Band Networks," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 49, pp. 238-249, February 2001.
142. K.F. Schunemann, K. Behm, "Nonlinear Noise Theory for Synchronized Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 27, pp. 452-458, May 1979.
143. K. Kurokawa, "The Single Cavity Multiple Device Oscillator," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 19, pp. 793-801, October 1971.
144. K. Kurokawa, "Noise in Synchronized Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 16, pp. 234-240, April 1968.
145. H.-C. Chang, "Analysis of Coupled Phase-Locked Loops with Independent Oscillators for Beam Control Active Phased," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 52, pp. 1059-1065, March 2004.
146. W.O. Schlosser, "Noise in Mutually Synchronized Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-16, pp. 732-737, September 1968.
147. U.L. Rohde and A.K. Poddar, "A Unifying Theory and Characterization of Microwave Oscillators/VCOs," 18th IEEE CCECE05, May 1-4, 2005, Canada.
148. R.L. Kuvas, "Noise in Single Frequency Oscillators and Amplifiers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-21, pp. 127-134, March 1973.
149. H. Stark, J.W. Woods, Probability, Random Processes, and Estimation Theory for Engineers, Prentice Hall, 1986.
150. R.A. York, P. Liao, J.J. Lynch, "Oscillator Array Dynamics with Broad-Band N-Port Coupling Networks," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 42, pp. 2040-2045, November 1994.
151. R.A. York, "Nonlinear Analysis of Phase Relationship in Quasi-Optical Oscillator Arrays," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 41, pp. 1799-1809, October 1993.
152. S.-C. Yen, T.-H. Chu, "An Nth-Harmonic Oscillator Using an N-Push Coupled Oscillator Array with Voltage-Clamping Circuits," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 545-548, 1992.
153. J.R. Bender, C. Wong, "Push-Push Design Extends Bipolar Frequency Range," Microwave and RF, pp. 91-98, October 1983.
154. F. Ramirez, J.L. Garcia H., T. Fernandez, A. Suarez, "Nonlinear Simulation Techniques for the optimized Design of Push-Push Oscillators," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 2157-2160.
155. J.-G. Kim, D.-H. Baek, S.-H. Jeon, J.-W. Park, S. Hong, "A 60 GHz InGaP/GaAs HBT Push-Push MMIC VCO," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 885-888, 2003.
156. F.X. Sinnesbichler, B. Hautz, G.R. Olbrich, "A Low Phase Noise 58 GHz SiGe HBT Push-Push, Oscillator with Simultaneous 29 GHz Output," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 35-38, 2000.
157. H. Xiao, T. Tanka, M. Aikawa, "A Ka-Band Quadruple-Push Oscillator," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 889-892, 2003.
158. R.G. Freitag, S.H. Lee, D.M. Krafcsik, D.E. Dawson, J.E. Degenford, "Stability and Improved Circuit Modeling Considerations for High Power MMIC Amplifiers," IEEE Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Monolithic Circuits Symposium, pp. 2169-2172, 2003.
159. J. Heinbockel, A. Mortazawi, "A Periodic Spatial Power Combining MESFET Oscillator," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 545-548, 1992.
160. K. Naishadham, T. Durak, "Measurement-Based Closed-Form Modeling of Surface Mounted RF Components," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, No. 10, pp. 2276-2286, October 2002.
161. M. Kuramitsu, F. Takasi, "Analytical Method for Multimode Oscillators Using the Averaged Potential," Electrical Communication, Japan, Vol. 66-A, pp. 10-19, 1983.
162. R.G. Freitag, "A Unified Analysis of MMIC Power Amplifier Stability," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 297-300, 1992.
163. S. Nogi, J. Lin, T. Itoh, "Mode Analysis and Stabilization of a Spatial Power Combining Array with Strongly Coupled Oscillators," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 41, pp. 1827-1837, October 1993.
164. A. Mortazawi, H.D. Foltz, T. Itoh, "A Periodic Second Harmonic Spatial Power Combining Oscillator," IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 40, pp. 851-856, May 1992.
165. J.J. Lynch, R.A. York, "An Analysis of Mode-Locked Arrays of Automatic Level Control Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I, Vol. 41, pp. 859-865, December 1994.
166. R.A. York, R.C. Compton, "Mode-Locked Oscillator Arrays," IEEE Microwave and Guided Letter, Vol. 1, pp. 215-218, August 1991.
167. Y.-L. Tang, H. Wang, "Triple-Push Oscillator Approach: Theory and Experiments," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 36, pp. 1472-1479, October 2001.
168. C. Arnaud, D. Basataud, J. Nebus, J. Teyssier, J. Villotte, D. Floriot, "An Active Pulsed RF and Pulsed DC Load-Pull System for the Characterization of HBT Power Amplifiers Used in Coherent Radar and Communication Systems," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 12, pp. 2625-2629, December 2000.
169. F.M. Ghannouchi, R. Larose, R.G. Bosisio, "A New Multi-Harmonic Loading Method for Large-Signal Microwave and Millimeterwave Transistor Characterization," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 986-992, June 1991.
170. H. Abe, Y. Aono, "11 GHz GaAs Power MESFET Load-Pull Measurements Utilizing a New Method of Determining Tuner Y-Parameters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 394-399, May 1979.
171. Q. Cai, J. Gerber, S. Peng, "A Systematic Scheme for Power Amplifier Design Using a Multi-Harmonic Load-Pull Simulation Technique," 1998 IEEE, Microwave Theory and Techniques, Symposium Digest, pp. 161-165, June 7-12, 1998.
172. P. Berini, M. Desgagne, F.M. Ghannouchi, R.G. Bosisio, "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Harmonic Loading on Microwave MESFET Oscillators and Amplifiers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 943-950, June 1994.
173. D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
174. A.M. Elsayed, M.I. Elmasry, "Low-Phase-Noise LC Quadrature VCO Using Coupled Tank Resonators in Ring," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 36, pp. 701-705, April 2001.
175. M. Ticbout, "Low Power, Low Phase Noise, Differentially Tuned Quadrature VCO Design in Standard CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit, Vol. 36, pp. 1018-1024, July 2001.
176. K.O., "Estimation Methods for Quality Factors of Inductors Fabricated in Silicon Integrated Circuit Process Technologies," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 44, pp. 1565-1567, September 1997.
177. A.V. Grebennikov, "Microwave Transistor Oscillators: An Analytic Approach to Simplify Computer-Aided Design," Microwave Journal, pp. 292-299, May 1999.
178. A.V. Grebennikov, "Microwave FET Oscillators: An Analytic Approach to Simplify Computer-Aided Design," Microwave Journal, pp. 102-111, January 2000.
179. J.-S. Sun, "Design Analysis of Microwave Varactor-Tuned Oscillators," Microwave Journal, pp. 302-308, May 1999.
180. C. Enz, F. Krummenacher, E. Vittoz, "An Analytical MOS Transistor Model Valid in All Regions of Operation and Dedicated to Low-Voltage and Low-Current Applications," Journal on Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, pp. 83-114, July 1995.
181. M. Bucher, D. Kazizis, F. Krummenacher, "Geometry-and Bias-Dependence of Normalized Tranconductances in Deep Submicron CMOS," Seventh International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, March 7-11, 2004.
182. 30 papers by team members: http://legwww.epfl.ch/ekv/people.html#references.
183. M. Regis, O. Llopis, J. Graffeuil, "Nonlinear Modeling and Design of Bipolar Transistor Ultra Low Phase Noise Dielectric Resonator Oscillators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 1589-1593, October 1998.
184. J. Everard, Fundamentals of RF Circuit Design with Low Noise Oscillators, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
185. U.L. Rohde, "Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers," in Handbook of RF/Microwave Components and Engineering, ed. K. Chang, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. See other detailed references in this book.
186. S.J. Heinen, "CAD-Verfahren fuer die Signal-und Rauschanalyse Analoger Linearer und Nichtlinearer Schaltungen im Eingeschwungenen Zustand," Fachbereich Elektrotechnik der Universitaet Gesamthochschule, Duisburg, May 26, 1992.
187. U.L Rohde, A.K. Poddar, "Noise Analysis of Systems of Coupled Oscillators," Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeterwave Circuits (INMMIC) Workshop, Monte Porzo Catone, Italy, November 15-16, 2004.
188. H. Von Barkhausen, Lehrbuch der Elecktronen-Roehren, Band 3, Rueckkopplung, 1935.
189. "Microwave Transistor Bias Considerations," Hewlett-Packard Application Note 944-1, August 1980.
190. "1800 to 1900 MHz Amplifier Using the HBFP-0405 and HBFP-0420 Low Noise Silicon Bipolar Transistors", Hewlett-Packard Application Note 1160, Publication No. 5968-2387E, November 1998.
191. A. Ward, B. Ward, "A Comparison of Various Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits," Applied Microwave and Wireless, Vol. 13, pp. 30-52, 2001.
192. A.S. Porret, T. Melly, C.C. Enz, E.A Vittoz, "Design of High Q Varactors for Low-Power Wireless Applications Using a Standard CMOS Process," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 35, pp. 337-345, March 2000.
193. R.B. Merrill, T.W. Lee, H. You, R. Rasmussen, L.A. Moberly, "Optimization of High Q Integrated Inductors for Multi-Level Metal CMOS," IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 983-986, 1995.
194. D. Ham, A. Hajimiri, "Concepts and Methods in Optimization of Integrated LC VCOs," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 896-909, June 2001.
195. L.F. Tiemeijer, D. Leenaerts, N. Pavlovic, R.J. Havens, "Record Q Spiral Inductors in Standard CMOS," IEEE Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest, pp. 40.7-40.7.3, December 2001.
196. S.S. Song, H. Shin, "An RF Model of the Accumulation-Mode MOS Varactor Valid in Both Accumulation and Depletion Regions," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 50, No. 9, pp. 1997-1999, September 2003.
197. K. Holnar, G. Rappitsch, Z. Huszka, E. Seebacher, "MOS Varactor Modeling with a Subcircuit Utilizing the BSIM3v3 Model," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 1206-1211, July 2002.
198. N.H.W. Fong, J.O. Plouchart, N. Zamdamer, D. Liu, L.F. Wagner, C. Plett, N.G. Tarr, "Design of Wide-Band CMOS VCO for Multiband Wireless LAN Applications," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 1333-1342.
199. C.M. Hung, B.A. Floyd, N. Park, K.K.O, "Fully Integrated 5.35 GHz CMOS VCOs and Prescalers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 17-22, January 2001.
200. J. Maget, M. Tiebout, R. Kraus, "Influence of Novel MOS Varactors on the Performance of a Fully Integrated UMTS VCO in Standard 0.25 mm CMOS Technology," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 953-958, July 2002.
201. P. Andreani, S. Mattisson, "On the Use of MOS Varactors in RF VCOs," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 905-910, June 2000.
202. X. Zhang, K. Ding, "Capacitance-Time Transient Characteristics of Pulsed MOS Capacitor Application in Measurement of Semiconductor Parameters," IEEE Proceedings-G, Vol. 140, No. 6, pp. 449-452, December 1993.
203. R.L. Bunch, S. Raman, "Large-Signal Analysis of MOS Varactors in CMOS-Gm LC VCOs," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 1325-1332, August 2003.
204. A. Kral, F. Behbahani, A.A. Abidi, "RF-CMOS Oscillators with Switched Tuning," IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 555-558, 1998.
205. J. Maget, M. Tiebout, R. Kraus, "MOS Varactors with n-and p-Type Gates and Their Influence on an LC-VCO in Digital CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 1139-1147, July 2003.
206. S.K. Magierowski, K. Iniewski, S. Zukotynski, "Differentially Tunable Varactor with Built-In Common-Mode Rejection," IEEE 45th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 1, pp. 559-562, August 4-7, 2002.
207. Y. Tang, A. Aktas, M. Ismail, S. Bibyk, "A Fully Integrated Dual-Mode Frequency Synthesizer for GSM and Wideband CDMA in 0.5 mm CMOS," 44th IEEE Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 866-869, August 2001.
208. S. Levantino, C. Samori, A. Bonfanti, S.L.J. Gierkink, A.L. Lacaita, V. Boccuzzi, "Frequency Dependence on Bias Current in 5-GHz CMOS VCOs: Impact on Tuning Range and Flicker Noise Upconversion," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 1003-1011, August 2002.
209. N.H.W. Fong, J.O. Plouchart, N. Zamdamer, D. Liu, L.F. Wagner, C. Plett, N.G. Tarr, "A 1-V 3.8-5.7-GHz Wide-Band VCO with Differentially Tuned Accumulation MOS Varactors for Common-Mode Noise Rejection in CMOS SOI Technology," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 1952-1959, August 2003.
210. J. Cheah, E. Kwek, E. Low, C. Quek, C. Yong, R. Enright, J. Hirbawi, A. Lee, H. Xie, L. Wei, L. Luong, J. Pan, S. Yang, W. Lau, W. Ngai, "Design of a Low-Cost Integrated 0.25 mm CMOS Bluetooth SOC in 16.5 mm2 Silicon Area," IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 90-91, February 2002.
211. U.L. Rohde and A.K. Poddar, "Ultra Low Noise, Low Cost Octave-Band Hybrid-Tuned Microwave VCOs," 18th IEEE CCECE05, May 1-4, 2005, Canada.