Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and biomarkers

Current Neuropharmacology

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 701-734

  Jason, Leonard A ^a   Zinn, Marcie L ^a   Zinn, Mark A ^a  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Case definitions; Chronic fatigue syndrome; LORETA; Myalgic encephalomyelitis; Neurocognitive; Post exertional malaise

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 8; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR 2; XENON; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; ARTICLE; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BOLD SIGNAL; CHANNELOPATHY; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FIBROMYALGIA; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; KINDLING; LOW RESOLUTION BRAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC TOMOGRAPHY; MALAISE; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POST EXERTIONAL MALAISE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SLEEP DISORDER; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION; UPREGULATION; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

BIOMARKERS; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; HUMANS;

EID: 84946725977     PISSN: 1570159X     EISSN: 18756190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150928105725     Document Type: Article

References (396)

1. Anastasi, A.; Urbina, S. Psychological Testing. Prentice Hall:Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997.
2. Kaplan, R.M.; Saccuzzo, D.P. Psychological testing: Principles,applications, and issues. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company: Pacific Grove, CA, 1997.
3. Johnson, C. Puzzle Pieces Coming Together. In: Health Rising:Looking for Answers to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia, Johnson, C., Ed.; Health Rising; 2014.
4. Lemke, E.; Wiersma, W. Principles of psychological measurement. Rand McNally: Chicago, 1976.
5. Fukuda, K.; Straus, S.E.; Hickie, I.; Sharpe, M.C.; Dobbins, J.G.; Komaroff, A. The chronic fatigue syndrome: A comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Ann. Intern. Med., 1994, 121(12), 953-959. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009
6. Carruthers, B.M.; Jain, A.K.; De Meirleir, K.L.; Peterson, D.L.; Klimas, N.; Lerner, A.M.; Bested, A.C.; Flor-Henry, P.; Joshi, P.; Powles, A.C.; Sherkey, J.A.; Van de Sande, M.I. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical working case definition, diagnostic and treatment protocols. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 2003, 11(1), 7-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v11n01_02
7. Carruthers, B.M.; van de Sande, M.I.; De Meirleir, K.L.; Klimas, N.G.; Broderick, G.; Mitchell, T.; Staines, D.; Powles, P.; Speight, N.; Vallings, R.; Bateman, L.; Baumgarten-Austrheim, B.; Bell, D.S.; Carlo- Stella, N.; Chia, J.; Darragh, A.; Jo, D.; Lewis, D.; Light, A.R.; Marshall-Gradisbik, S.; Mena, I.; Mikovits, J.A.; Miwa, K.; Murovska, M.; Pall, M.L.; Stevens, S. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria. J. Intern. Med., 2011, 270(4), 327-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x
8. Jason, L.A.; Sunnquist, M.; Brown, A.; Evans, M.; Newton, J.L. Are Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome different illnesses? A preliminary analysis. J. Health Psychol., 2014, [Epub a head of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105313520335
9. Katon, W.; Russo, J. Chronic fatigue syndrome criteria. A critiqueof the requirement for multiple physical complaints. Arch. Intern. Med., 1992, 152(8), 1604-1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1992.00400200042008
10. Jason, L.A.; Brown, A.; Evans, M.; Sunnquist, M.; Newton, J.L. Contrasting Chronic Fatigue Syndrome versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Fatigue, 2013, 1(3), 168-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2013.774556
11. Institute of Medicine. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronicfatigue syndrome: Redefining an illness. In: Report Guide for Clinicians; The National Academies: Washington, DC; 2015.
12. King, C.; Jason, L.A. Improving the diagnostic criteria andprocedures for chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol. Psychol., 2005, 68(2), 87-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.015
13. Brurberg, K.G.; Fonhus, M.S.; Larun, L.; Flottorp, S.; Malterud, K. Case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): A systematic review. BMJ Open, 2014, 4(2), e003973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003973
14. Jason, L.A.; Sorenson, M.; Evans, M.; Brown, A.; Flores, S.; Sunnquist, M.; Schafer, C. The implications of sensitization and kindling for chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Encephalopathies: Symptoms, causes and potential complications., Gotsiridze- Columbus, N., Ed.; Nova Science: New York; 2013, 73-94.
15. Brown, A.A.; Jason, L.A. Validating a measure of myalgicencephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome symptomology. Fatigue Biomed. Health Beh., in press.
16. Brenu, E.W.; Huth, T.K.; Hardcastle, S.L.; Fuller, K.; Kaur, M.; Johnston, S.; Ramos, S.B.; Staines, D.R.; Marshall-Gradisnik, S.M. Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Int. Immunol., 2014, 26(4), 233-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxt068
17. Morris, G.; Berk, M.; Galecki, P.; Maes, M. The emerging role ofautoimmunity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Mol. Neurobiol., 2014, 49(2), 741-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8553-0
18. Morris, G.; Maes, M. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress andImmune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Curr. Neuropharmacol., 2014, 12(2), 168-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120224653
19. Morris, G.; Maes, M. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in myalgicencephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome explained by activated immuno-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways. Metab. Brain Dis., 2014, 29(1), 19-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-013-9435-x
20. Broderick, G.; Ben-Hamo, R.; Vashishtha, S.; Efroni, S.; Nathanson, L.; Barnes, Z.; Fletcher, M.A.; Klimas, N. Altered immune pathway activity under exercise challenge in Gulf War Illness: An exploratory analysis. Brain Behav. Immun., 2013, 28, 159-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.007
21. Klimas, N.G.; Broderick, G.; Fletcher, M.A. Biomarkers forchronic fatigue. Brain Behav Immun, 2012, 26(8), 1202-1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.06.006
22. Van Den Eede, F.; Moorkens, G. Neuroendocrine correlates ofchildhood trauma in CFS. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 2012, 8(8), 502, author reply 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.153-c1
23. Ickmans, K.; Meeus, M.; De Kooning, M.; Lambrecht, L.; Pattyn, N.; Nijs, J. Can recovery of peripheral muscle function predict cognitive task performance in chronic fatigue syndrome with and without fibromyalgia? Phys. Ther., 2014, 94(4), 511-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130367
24. Nakatomi, Y.; Mizuno, K.; Ishii, R.; Wada, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Tazawa, S.; Onoe, K.; Fukuda, S.; Kawabe, J.; Takahashi, K.; Kataoka, Y.; Shiomi, S.; Yamkaguti, K.; Inaba, M.; Kuratsune, H.; Watanabe, Y. Neuroinflammation in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET study. J. Nucl. Med., 2014, 55(6), 945-950. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.131045
25. Reynolds, G.K.; Lewis, D.P.; Richardson, A.M.; Lidbury, B.A. Comorbidity of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome in an Australian cohort. J. Intern. Med., 2014, 275(4), 409-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.12161
26. Van Cauwenbergh, D.; Nijs, J.; Kos, D.; Van Weijnen, L.; Struyf, F.; Meeus, M. Malfunctioning of the autonomic nervous system in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2014, 44(5), 516-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.12256
27. Yasui, M.; Yoshimura, T.; Takeuchi, S.; Tokizane, K.; Tsuda, M.; Inoue, K.; Kiyama, H. A chronic fatigue syndrome model demonstrates mechanical allodynia and muscular hyperalgesia via spinal microglial activation. Glia, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.22687
28. Nijs, J.; Van Oosterwijck, J.; Meeus, M.; Lambrecht, L.; Metzger, K.; Fremont, M.; Paul, L. Unravelling the nature of postexertional malaise in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of elastase, complement C4a and interleukin-1beta. J. Intern. Med., 2010, 267(4), 418-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02178.x
29. Nijs, J.; van Eupen, I.; Vandecauter, J.; Augustinus, E.; Bleyen, G.; Moorkens, G.; Meeus, M. Can pacing self-management alter physical behavior and symptom severity in chronic fatigue syndrome? A case series. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev., 2009, 46(7), 985-996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2009.01.0007
30. VanNess, J.M.; Stevens, S.R.; Bateman, L.; Stiles, T.L.; Snell, C.R. Postexertional malaise in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Womens Health (Larchmt), 2010, 19(2), 239-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1507
31. Jason, L.A.; Damrongvachiraphan, D.; Hunnell, J.; Bartgis, L.; Brown, A. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Case definitions. Autonomic control Physiol. State Function, 2012, 1, 1-14.
32. LaManca, J.J.; Sisto, S.A.; DeLuca, J.; Johnson, S.K.; Lange, G.; Pareja, J.; Cook, S.; Natelson, B.H. Influence of exhaustive treadmill exercise on cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Med., 1998, 105(3), 59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00171-5
33. Light, A.R.; White, A.T.; Hughen, R.W.; Light, K.C. Moderateexercise increases expression for sensory adrenergic and immune genes in chronic fatigue syndrome patients but not in normal subjects. J. Pain, 2009, 10(10), 1099-1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.003
34. Light, A.R.; Bateman, L.; Jo, D.; Hughen, R.W.; Vanhaitsma, T.A.; White, A.T.; Light, K.C. Gene expression alterations at baseline and following moderate exercise in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia Syndrome. J. Intern. Med., 2012, 271(1), 64-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02405.x
35. Vanness, J.M.; Snell, C.R.; Strayer, D.R.; Dempsey, L.T.; Stevens, S.R. Subclassifying chronic fatigue syndrome through exercise testing. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2003, 35(6), 908-913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000069510.58763.E8
36. Jammes, Y.; Steinberg, J.G.; Mambrini, O.; Bregeon, F.; Delliaux, S. Chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment of increased oxidative stress and altered muscle excitability in response to incremental exercise. J. Intern. Med., 2005, 257, 299-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01452.x
37. VanNess, M.; Snell, C.R.; Stevens, S.R. Diminished cardiopulmonarycapacity during post-exertional malaise. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 2007, 14(2), 77-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v14n02_07
38. He, J.; Hollingsworth, K.G.; Newton, J.L.; Blamire, A.M. Cerebralvascular control is associated with skeletal muscle pH in chronic fatigue syndrome patients both at rest and during dynamic stimulation. Neuroimage Clin., 2013, 2, 168-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2012.12.006
39. Hyde, B.M. The nightingale definition of myalgic encephalomyelitis(M.E.). [Online] 2007. The Nightingale Research Foundation. http://www.hfme.org/Other/DefinitionBooklet_Sept_2011.pdf [Accessed on: 07/07/2014].
40. Newton, D.J.; Kennedy, G.; Chan, K.K.; Lang, C.C.; Belch, J.J.; Khan, F. Large and small artery endothelial dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol., 2012, 154(3), 335-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.030
41. Spence, V.A.; Khan, F.; Belch, J.J. Enhanced sensitivity of theperipheral cholinergic vascular response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Med., 2000, 108(9), 736-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00407-1
42. Spence, V.A.; Khan, F.; Kennedy, G.; Abbot, N.C.; Belch, J.J. Acetylcholine mediated vasodilatation in the microcirculation of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 2004, 70(4), 403-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.12.016
43. Dowsett, E.G.; Ramsay, A.M.; McCartney, R.A.; Bell, E.J. Myalgic encephalomyelitis--a persistent enteroviral infection? Postgrad. Med. J., 1990, 66(777), 526-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.66.777.526
44. Myhill, S.; Booth, N.E.; McLaren-Howard, J. Chronic fatiguesyndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inter. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2009, 2, 1-16.
45. Twisk, F.N.; Maes, M. A review on cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 2009, 30, 284-299.
46. Maes, M.; Twisk, F.N.; Johnson, C. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis(ME), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Chronic Fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: Results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data. Psychiatry Res., 2012, 200(23), 754-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.031
47. Chaudhuri, A.; Behan, P.O.; Behan, W.M.H. Ion channel functionand chronic fatigue syndrome. In: International Conference on Fatigue Science: Karuizawa, Japan, 2005.
48. Chaudhuri, A.; Watson, W.S.; Pearn, J.; Behan, P.O. Thesymptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome are related to abnormal ion channel function. Med. Hypotheses, 2000, 54(1), 59-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.1998.0822
49. Gow, J.W.; Cannon, C.; Behan, W.M.H.; Herzyk, P.; Keir, S.; Riboldi-Tunnicliffe, G. Whole-genome (33,000 genes) affymetrix DNA microarray analysis of gene expression in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: Inter. Conf. Fatigue Sci., Karuizawa, Japan, 2005.
50. Kullmann, D.M.; Waxman, S.G. Neurological channelopathies:New insights into disease mechanisms and ion channel function. J. Physiol., 2010, 588(Pt 11), 1823-1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190652
51. Cannon, S.C. Voltage-sensor mutations in channelopathies ofskeletal muscle. J. Physiol., 2010, 588(Pt 11), 1887-1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.186874
52. Eymard, B.; Stojkovic, T.; Sternberg, D.; Richard, P.; Nicole, S.; Fournier, E.; Behin, A.; Laforet, P.; Servais, L.; Romero, N.; Fardeau, M.; Hantai, D. Congenital myasthenic syndromes: difficulties in the diagnosis, course and prognosis, and therapy-- The French National Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome Network experience. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 2013, 169 Suppl 1, S45-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-3787(13)70060-2
53. Chaudhuri, A.; Behan, P.O. Fatigue in neurological disorders.Lancet, 2004, 363(9413), 978-988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15794-2
54. Chaudhuri, A.; Condon, B.R.; Gow, J.W.; Brennan, D.; Hadley, D.M. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of basal ganglia in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroreport, 2003, 14(2), 225-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200302100-00013
55. Whitside, A.; Hansen, S.; Chaudhuri, A. Exercise lowers painthreshold in chronic fatigue syndrome. Pain, 2004, 109, 497-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.029
56. Kullmann, D.M. Inherited channelopathies of the CNS: Lessons forclinical neurology. In: From Neuroscience to Neurology, Waxman, S., Ed.; Elsevier; 2005, pp. 293-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012738903-5/50018-7
57. Buzsaki, G. Rhythms of the Brain. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.001.0001
58. Snell, C.R.; Vanness, J.M.; Strayer, D.R.; Stevens, S.R. Exercisecapacity and immune function in male and female patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). In Vivo, 2005, 19(2), 387-390.
59. Nijs, J.C., McGregor, N.R.; de Becker, P.; Verhas, M.; Engelbienne, P. Monitoring a hypothetical channelopathy in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Preliminary observations. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 2003, 11(1), 117-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v11n01_03
60. Jason, L.A.; Sorenson, M.; Porter, N.; Belkairous, N. AnEtiological Model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Neurosci. Med., 2011, 2(1), 14-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nm.2011.21003
61. Cardamone, L.; Salzberg, M.R.; Koe, A.S.; Ozturk, E.; O'Brien, T.J.; Jones, N.C. Chronic antidepressant treatment accelerates kindling epileptogenesis in rats. Neurobiol. Dis., 2014, 63, 194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.020
62. Goddard, G.V. Development of epileptic seizures through brainstimulation at low intensity. Nature, 1967, 214(5092), 1020-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2141020a0
63. Jones, N.C.; Lee, H.E.; Yang, M.; Rees, S.M.; Morris, M.J.; O'Brien, T.J.; Salzberg, M.R. Repeatedly stressed rats have enhanced vulnerability to amygdala kindling epileptogenesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2013, 38(2), 263-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.005
64. Post, R.M. Kindling and sensitization as models for affectiveepisode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neurosci Biobehav. Rev., 2007, 31(6), 858-873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.003
65. Mazarati, A.; Shin, D.; Auvin, S.; Caplan, R.; Sankar, R. Kindlingepileptogenesis in immature rats leads to persistent depressive behavior. Epilepsy Behav., 2007, 10(3), 377-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.02.001
66. Loscher, W.; Ebert, U. The role of the piriform cortex in kindling. Prog. Neurobiol., 1996, 50(5-6), 427-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00036-6
67. Cooper, M.S.; Clark, V.P. Neuroinflammation, neuroautoimmunity,and the co-morbidities of complex regional pain syndrome. J.Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2013, 8(3), 452-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-012-9392-x
68. Sorrells, S.F.; Caso, J.R.; Munhoz, C.D.; Sap olsky, R.M. Thestressed CNS: When glucocorticoids aggravate inflammation. Neuron, 2009, 64(1), 33-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.032
69. Arnett, S.V.; Alleva, L.M.; Korossy-Horwood, R.; Clark, I.A. Chronic fatigue syndrome: A neuroimmunological model. Med. Hypotheses,, 2011, 77(1), 77-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.030
70. Jason, L.A.; Benton, M.; Torres-Harding, S.; Muldowney, K. The impactof energy modulation on physical functioning and fatigue severity among patients with ME/CFS. Patient Educ. Couns., 2009, 77, 237-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.02.015
71. Jason, L.A.; Brown, M.; Brown, A.; Evans, M.; Flores, S.; Grant-Holler, E.; Sunnquist, M. Energy Conservation/Envelope Theory Interventions to Help Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Fatigue Biomed. Health Behav., 2013, 1(1-2), 27-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2012.733602
72. Johnson, C. Light on ME/CFS I: Bad reception: A key to MEuncovered? The Light gene expression studies. http://phoenixrising.me/archives/5790 (Accessed May 8, 2015).
73. Jason, L.A.; King, C.P.; Richman, J.A.; Taylor, R.R.; Torres, S.R.US case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome: Diagnostic and theoretical issues. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 1999, 5(3-33). http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v05n03_02
74. Meeus, M.; Roussel, N.A.; Truijen, S.; Nijs, J. Reduced pressurepain thresholds in response to exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome but not in chronic low back pain: an experimental study. J. Rehabil. Med., 2010, 42, 884-890. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0595
75. Neu, D.; Mairesse, O.; Verbanck, P.; Linkowski, P.; Le Bon, O.Non-REM sleep EEG power distribution in fatigue and sleepiness. J. Psychosom. Res., 2014, 76(4), 286-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.002
76. American Medical Association. Guides to the evaluation ofpermanent impairment: Clarifications and corrections. 2008.
77. Snell, C.R.; Stevens, S.R.; Van Ness, J.M. DiscriminativeValidity of metabolic and workload measurements to identify individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. Physical Therapy, 2013, 93(11), 1484-1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110368
78. Siemionow, V.; Fang, Y.; Calabrese, L.; Sahgal, V.; Yue, G.H. Altered central nervous system signal during motor performance in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2004, 115(10), 2372-2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2004.05.012
79. Neary, P.J.; Roberts, A.D.; Leavins, N.; Harrison, M.F.; Croll, J.C.; Sexsmith, J.R. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation during incremental exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging, 2008, 28(6), 364-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2008.00822.x
80. Nijs, J.; Almond, F.; De Becker, P.; Truijen, S.; Paul, L. Canexercise limits prevent post-exertional malaise in chronic fatigue syndrome? An uncontrolled clinical trial. Clin. Rehabil., 2008, 22(5), 426-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215507084410
81. White, A.T.; Light, A.R.; Hughen, R.W.; Bateman, L.; Martins, T.B.; Hill, H.R.; Light, K.C. Severity of symptom flare after moderate exercise is linked to cytokine activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychophysiology, 2010, 47(4), 615-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00978.x
82. Van Oosterwijck, J.; Nijs, J.; Meeus, M.; Lefever, I.; Huybrechts, L.; Lambrecht, L.; Paul, L. Pain inhibition and postexertional malaise in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: An experimental study. J. Intern. Med., 2010, 268(3), 265-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02228.x
83. Vermeulen, R.C.; Vermeulen van Eck, I.W.G. Decreased oxygenextraction during cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Trans. Med., 2014, 12(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-12-20
84. Lengert, N.; Drossel, B. In silico analysis of exercise intolerance inmyalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Biophys. Chem., 2015, 202, 21-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2015.03.009
85. Komaroff, A.L. Clinical presentation of chronic fatigue syndrome, in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Ciba Foundation Symposium: Hoboken, NJ, 1993, pp. 43-61.
86. Komaroff, A.L.; Fagioli, L.R.; Doolittle, T.H.; Gandek, B.; Gleit, M.A.; Guerriero, R.T.; Kornish, R.J., 2nd; Ware, N.C.; Ware, J.E., Jr.; Bates, D.W. Health status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and in general population and disease comparison groups. Am. J. Med., 1996, 101(3), 281-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00174-X
87. Jason, L.A.; Evans, M.; Porter, N.; Brown, A.; Brown, M.; Hunnell, J.; Anderson, V.; Lerch, A.; DeMeirleir, K.; Friedberg, F. The development of a revised Canadian myalgic encephalomyelitis-chronic fatigue syndrome case definition. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., 2010, 6(2), 120-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2010.120.135
88. Michiels, V.; Cluydts, R. Neuropsychological functioning inchronic fatigue syndrome: A review. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand., 2001, 103(2), 84-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00017.x
89. Cockshell, S.J.; Mathias, J.L. Cognitive functioning in chronicfatigue syndrome: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Med., 2010, 40(8), 1253-1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992054
90. Cockshell, S.J.; Mathias, J.L. Test effort in persons with ChronicFatigue Syndrome when assessed using the Validity Indicator Profile. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 2012, 34(7), 679-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2012.668176
91. Cockshell, S.J.; Mathias, J.L. Cognitive functioning in people withchronic fatigue syndrome: A comparison between subjective and objective measures. Neuropsychology, 2014, 28(3), 394-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000025
92. DeLuca, J.; Johnson, S.K.; Natelson, B.H. Information processingefficiency in chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 1993, 50(3), 301-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1993.00540030065016
93. Marshall, P.S.; Forstot, M.; Callies, A.; Peterson, P.K.; Schenck, C.H. Cognitive slowing and working memory difficulties in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom. Med., 1997, 59(1), 58-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199701000-00008
94. Zinn, M.A.; Zinn, M.L.; Norris, J.L.; Valencia, I.; Montoya, J.G.; Maldonado, J.R. Cortical hypoactivation during resting EEG suggests central nervous system pathology in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: Symposium conducted at the meeting of IACFS/ME 2014 Biennial Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, March 2014.
95. Zinn, M.L.; Zinn, M.A.; Norris, J.L.; Valencia, I.; Montoya, J.G.; Maldonado, J.R. EEG Peak Alpha Frequency Correlates in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case-Control Observational Study. In: IACFS/ME 2014 Biennial Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, March 2014: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2014.
96. Claypoole, K.H.; Noonan, C.; Mahurin, R.K.; Goldberg, J.; Erickson, T.; Buchwald, D. A twin study of cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome: The effects of sudden illness onset. Neuropsychology, 2007, 21(4), 507-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.507
97. Deluca, J.; Johnson, S.K.; Natelson, B.H. Neuropsychiatric statusof patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: An overview. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 1994, 10(4-5), 513-522.
98. Thomas, M.; Smith, A. An investigation into the cognitive deficitsassociated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Open Neurol. J., 2009, 3, 13-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874205X00903010013
99. Majer, M.; Welberg, L.A.; Capuron, L.; Miller, A.H.; Pagnoni, G.; Reeves, W.C. Neuropsychological performance in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome: Results from a population-based study. Psychosom. Med., 2008, 70(7), 829-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817b9793
100. Colby, J. Special problems of children with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the enteroviral link. J. Clin. Pathol., 2007, 60(2), 125-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2006.042606
101. Haywood, K.L.; Collin, S.M.; Crawley, E. Assessing severity ofillness and outcomes of treatment in children with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): A systematic review of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Child Care Health Dev., 2014, 40(6), 806-824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cch.12135
102. Care, N.C.C.F.P. National Institute for Health and ClinicalExcellence: Guidance. In: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/MyalgicEncephalomyelitis (or Encephalopathy): Diagnosis and Managementof Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (orEncephalopathy) in Adults and Children; Royal College of General Practitioners: London; 2007.
103. Nieoullon, A. Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention Prog. Neurobiol., 2002, 67(1), 53-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00011-4
104. Hopkins, R.O. The brain after critical illness: effect of illness and aging on cognitive function. Hopkins Crit. Care, 2013, 17, 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11913
105. Hopkins, R.O.; Jackson, J.C. Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness. Chest, 2006, 130(3), 869-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.3.869
106. Hopkins, R.O.; Jackson, J.C. Neuroimaging after critical illness: Implications for neurorehabilitation outcome. NeuroRehabilitation,2012, 31(3), 311-318.
107. Piraino, B.; Vollmer-Conna, U.; Lloyd, A.R. Genetic associations of fatigue and other symptom domains of the acute sicknessresponse to infection. Brain Behav. Immun., 2012, 26(4), 552-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.12.009
108. Pizzagalli, D.A.; Oakes, T.R.; Fox, A.S.; Chung, M.K.; Larson, C.L.; Abercrombie, H.C.; Schaefer, S.M.; Benca, R.M.; Davidson, R.J. Functional but not structural subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in melancholia. Mol. Psychiatry, 2004, 9(4), 325, 393-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001501
109. Kuratsune, H.; Nakatomi, Y.; Mizuno, K.; Watanabe, Y. Neuroinflammation in patients with ME: A positron emission topography study. In: 11th Biennial International Association of CFS/ME Conference: San Francisco, CA; 2014.
110. Fuku, M.; Hossain, S.M.; Noda, M.; Katafuchi, T. Induction ofinterleukin-1β by activated microglia is a prerequisite for immunologically induced fatigue. Eur. J. Neurosci, 2014.
111. Plassman, B.L.; Langa, K.M.; Fisher, G.G.; Heeringa, S.G.; Weir, D.R.; Ofstedal, M.B.; Burke, J.R.; Hurd, M.D.; Potter, G.G.; Rodgers, W.L.; Steffens, D.C.; McArdle, J.J.; Willis, R.J.; Wallace, R.B. Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, 148(6), 427-434. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-6-200803180-00005
112. Plassman, B.L.; Langa, K.M.; McCammon, R.J.; Fisher, G. G.; Potter, G.G.; Burke, J.R.; Steffens, D.C.; Foster, N.L.; Giordani, B.; Unverzagt, F.W.; Welsh-Bohmer, K.A.; Heeringa, S.G.; Weir, D.R.; Wallace, R.B. Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the United States. Ann. Neurol., 2011, 70(3), 418-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.22362
113. Kuratsune, H.; Watanabe, Y. Chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Fatigue Science for Human Health, Watanabe, Y., Evengard, B., Natelson, B.H., Jason, L.A., Kuratusune, H., Eds.; Springer: Tokyo; 2007, pp. 67-88.
114. Natelson, B.H.; Weaver, S.A.; Tseng, C.L.; Ottenweller, J.E. Spinalfluid abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2005, 12(1), 52-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.1.52-55.2005
115. Sorenson, M.; Porter, N.; Jason, L.A.; Lerch, A.; Matthews, H. IL-8 increased in patients with CFS. Unplished manuscript, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Project, Chicago, Illinois, 2011.
116. Baraniuk, J.N.; Casado, B.; Maibach, H.; Clauw, D.J.; Pannell, L. K.; Hess, S.S. A Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - related proteome in human cerebrospinal fluid. BMC Neurol, 2005, 5, 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-5-22
117. Richards, R.S.; Roberts, T.K.; Dunstan, R.H.; McGregor, N. R.; Butt, H.L. Free radicals in chronic fatigue syndrome: Cause or effect? Redox. Rep., 2000, 5(2 3), 146-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135100000101535519
118. Camps, J. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Non-communicable Diseases - Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives in Therapeutics. In: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.; Springer: Reus, Spain; 2014, Vol. 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0
119. de Lange, F.P.; Kalkman, J.S.; Bleijenberg, G.; Hagoort, P.; vander Meer J. W. M.; Toni, I. Gray matter volume reduction in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimage, 2005, 26, 777-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.037
120. Clark, I.A.; Alleva, L.M.; Vissel, B. The roles of TNF in braindysfunction and disease. Pharmacol. Ther, 2010, 128, 519-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.007
121. Kennedy, G.; Spence, V.A.; McLaren, M.; Hill, A.; Underwood, C.; Belch, J. Oxidative stress levels are raised in chronic fatigue syndrome and are associated with clinical symptoms. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2005, 39, 584-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.020
122. Robinson, M.; Gray, S.R.; Watson, M.S.; Kennedy, G.; Hill, A.; Belch, J.J. Plasma IL-6, its soluble receptors and F-isoprostanes at rest and during exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand.J. Med. Sci. Sports, 2009, 13, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546508322885
123. Meeus, M.; Nijs, J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocialexplanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Rheumatol., 2007, 26(4), 465-473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-006-0433-9
124. Pall, M.L.; Satterle, J.D. Elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitritemechanism for the common etiology of multiple chemical sensitivity, chronic fatigue syndrome, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2011, 933, 323-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05836.x
125. Buchwald, D.; Cheney, P.R.; Peterson, D.L.; Henry, B.; Wormsley, S.B.; Geiger, A.; Ablashi, D.V.; Salahuddin, S.Z.; Saxinger, C.; Biddle, R.; et al. A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus type 6 infection. Ann. Intern. Med., 1992, 116(2), 103-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-2-103
126. Nicolson, G.L. Mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic disease:Treatment with natural supplements. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 2014, 20 Suppl 1, 18-25.
127. Kindlon, T. Change in grey matter volume cannot be assumed to bedue to cognitive behavioural therapy. Brain, 2009, 132(Pt 7), e119; author reply e120.
128. Morris, G.; Maes, M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatiguesyndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics. BMC Med., 2013, 11, 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-205
129. Rayhan, R.U.; Stevens, B.W.; Timbol, C.R.; Adewuyi, O.; Walitt, B.; VanMeter, J.W.; Baraniuk, J.N. Increased brain white matter axial diffusivity associated with fatigue, pain and hyperalgesia in Gulf War illness. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3), e58493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058493
130. Puri, B.K.; Jakeman, P.M.; Agour, M.; Gunatilake, K.D.; Fernando, K.A.; Gurusinghe, A.I.; Treasaden, I.H.; Waldman, A.D.; Gishen, P. Regional grey and white matter volumetric changes in myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome): A voxel-based morphometry 3 T MRI study. Br. J. Radiol., 2012, 85(1015), e270-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/93889091
131. Lange, G.; DeLuca, J.; Maldjian, J.A.; Lee, H.; Tiersky, L.A.; Natelson, B.H. Brain MRI abnormalities exist in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci., 1999, 171(1), 3-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00243-9
132. Zeineh, M.M.; Kang, J.; Atlas, S.W.; Raman, M.M.; Reiss, A. L.; Norris, J.L.; Valencia, I.; Montoya, J.G. Right arcuate fasciculus abnormality in chronic fatigue syndrome. Radiology, 2015, 274(2), 517-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14141079
133. Ichise, M.; Salit, I.E.; Abbey, S.E.; Chung, D.G.; Gray, B.; Kirsh, J.C.; Freedman, M. Assessment of regional cerebral perfusion by 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nucl. Med. Commun., 1992, 13(10), 767-772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199213100-00011
134. Natelson, B.H.; Cohen, J.M.; Brassloff, I.; Lee, H.J. A controlledstudy of brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci., 1993, 120(2), 213-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(93)90276-5
135. Schwartz, R.B.; Garada, B.M.; Komaroff, A.L.; Tice, H. M.; Gleit, M.; Jolesz, F.A.; Holman, B.L. Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: Comparison of MR imaging and SPECT. Am. J. Roentgenol., 1994, 162(4), 935-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.162.4.8141020
136. Cope, H.; Pernet, A.; Kendall, B.; David, A. Cognitive functioningand magnetic resonance imaging in chronic fatigue. Br. J. Psychiatry, 1995, 167(1), 86-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.1.86
137. Costa, D.C.; Tannock, C.; Brostoff, J. Brainstem perfusion is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome. QJM, 1995, 88(11), 767-773.
138. Greco, A.; Tannock, C.; Brostoff, J.; Costa, D.C. Brain MR inchronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Neuroradiol., 1997, 18(7), 1265-1269.
139. Tirelli, U.; Chierichetti, F.; Tavio, M.; Simonelli, C.; Bianchin, G.; Zanco, P.; Ferlin, G. Brain positron emission tomography (PET) in chronic fatigue syndrome: Preliminary data. Am. J. Med., 1998, 105(3A), 54S-58S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00179-X
140. Brooks, J.C.; Roberts, N.; Whitehouse, G.; Majeed, T. Protonmagnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphometry of the hippocampus in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br. J. Radiol., 2000, 73(875), 1206-1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.73.875.11144799
141. Lange, G.; Holodny, A.I.; DeLuca, J.; Lee, H.J.; Yan, X.H.; Steffener, J.; Natelson, B.H. Quantitative assessment of cerebral ventricular volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome. Appl. Neuropsychol., 2001, 8(1), 23-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0801_4
142. Lewis, D.H.; Mayberg, H.S.; Fischer, M.E.; Goldberg, J.; Ashton, S.; Graham, M.M.; Buchwald, D. Monozygotic twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome: Regional cerebral blood flow SPECT. Radiology, 2001, 219(3), 766-773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn18766
143. Kuratsune, H.; Yamaguti, K.; Lindh, G.; Evengard, B.; Hagberg, G.; Matsumura, K.; Iwase, M.; Onoe, H.; Takahashi, M.; Machii, T.; Kanakura, Y.; Kitani, T.; Langstrom, B.; Watanabe, Y. Brain regions involved in fatigue sensation: Reduced acetylcarnitine uptake into the brain. Neuroimage, 2002, 17(3), 1256-1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1260
144. Schmaling, K.B.; Lewis, D.H.; Fiedelak, J.I.; Mahurin, R.; Buchwald, D.S. Single-photon emission computerized tomography and neurocognitive function in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom. Med., 2003, 65(1), 129-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000038942.33335.9B
145. Siessmeier, T.; Nix, W.A.; Hardt, J.; Schreckenberger, M.; Egle, U. T.; Bartenstein, P. Observer independent analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2003, 74(7), 922-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.7.922
146. de Lange, F.P.; Kalkman, J.S.; Bleijenberg, G.; Hagoort, P.; vander Werf, S.P.; van der Meer, J.W.; Toni, I. Neural correlates of the chronic fatigue syndrome: An fMRI study. Brain, 2004, 127(Pt 9), 1948-1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh225
147. Okada, T.; Tanaka, M.; Kuratsune, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Sadato, N. Mechanisms underlying fatigue: a voxel-based morphometric study of chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Neurol., 2004, 4(1), 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-4-14
148. Yamamoto, S.; Ouchi, Y.; Onoe, H.; Yoshikawa, E.; Tsukada, H.; Takahashi, H.; Iwase, M.; Yamaguti, K.; Kuratsune, H.; Watanabe, Y. Reduction of serotonin transporters of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroreport, 2004, 15(17), 2571-2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200412030-00002
149. Cleare, A.J.; Messa, C.; Rabiner, E.A.; Grasby, P.M. Brain 5-HT1A receptor binding in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using positron emission tomography and [11C]WAY-100635. Biol Psychiatry, 2005, 57(3), 239-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.031
150. de Lange, F.P.; Kalkman, J.S.; Bleijenberg, G.; Hagoort, P.; vander Meer, J.W.; Toni, I. Gray matter volume reduction in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimage, 2005, 26(3), 777-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.037
151. Lange, G.; Steffener, J.; Cook, D.B.; Bly, B.M.; Christodoulou, C.; Liu, W.C.; Deluca, J.; Natelson, B.H. Objective evidence of cognitive complaints in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A BOLD fMRI study of verbal working memory. Neuroimage, 2005, 26(2), 513-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.011
152. Caseras, X.; M ataix-Cols, D.; Giampietro, V.; Rimes, K. A.; Brammer, M.; Zelaya, F.; Chalder, T.; Godfrey, E.L. Probing the working memory system in chronic fatigue syndrome: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the n-back task. Psychosom. Med., 2006, 68(6), 947-955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000242770.50979.5f
153. Tanaka, M.; Sadato, N.; Okada, T.; Mizuno, K.; Sasabe, T.; Tanabe, H.C.; Saito, D.N.; Onoe, H.; Kuratsune, H.; Watanabe, Y. Reduced responsiveness is an essential feature of chronic fatigue syndrome: A fMRI study. BMC Neurol., 2006, 6, 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-6-9
154. Yoshiuchi, K.; Farkas, J.; Natelson, B.H. Patients with chronicfatigue syndrome have reduced absolute cortical blood flow. Clin.Physiol. Funct. Imaging, 2006, 26(2), 83-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2006.00649.x
155. Cook, D.B.; O'Connor, P.J.; Lange, G.; Steffener, J. Functionalneuroimaging correlates of mental fatigue induced by cognition among chronic fatigue syndrome patients and controls. Neuroimage, 2007, 36(1), 108-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.033
156. Sherlin, L.; Budzynski, T.; Kogan Budzynski, H.; Congedo, M.; Fischer, M.E.; Buchwald, D. Low-resolution electromagnetic brain tomography (LORETA) of monozygotic twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimage, 2007, 34(4), 1438-1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.007
157. Caseras, X.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Rimes, K.A.; Giampietro, V.; Brammer, M.; Zelaya, F.; Chalder, T.; Godfrey, E. The neural correlates of fatigue: An exploratory imaginal fatigue provocation study in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychol. Med., 2008, 38(7), 941-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003450
158. de Lange, F.P.; Koers, A.; Kalkman, J.S.; Bleijenberg, G.; Hagoort, P.; van der Meer, J.W.; Toni, I. Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain, 2008, 131(Pt 8), 2172-2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn140
159. Mathew, S.J.; Mao, X.; Keegan, K.A.; Levine, S.M.; Smith, E. L.; Heier, L.A.; Otcheretko, V.; Coplan, J.D.; Shungu, D.C. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: An in vivo 3.0 T (1)H MRS imaging study. NMR Biomed., 2009, 22(3), 251-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1315
160. Flor-Henry, P.; Lind, J.C.; Koles, Z.J. EEG source analysis ofchronic fatigue syndrome. Psychiatry Res., 2010, 181(2), 155-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.10.007
161. Murrough, J.W.; Mao, X.; Collins, K.A.; Kelly, C.; Andrade, G.; Nestadt, P.; Levine, S.M.; Mathew, S.J.; Shungu, D.C. Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome measured by 1H MRS imaging at 3.0 T. II: Comparison with major depressive disorder. NMR Biomed., 2010, 23(6), 643-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1512
162. Barnden, L.R.; Crouch, B.; Kwiatek, R.; Burnet, R.; Mernone, A.; Chryssidis, S.; Scroop, G.; Del Fante, P. A brain MRI study of chronic fatigue syndrome: Evidence of brainstem dysfunction and altered homeostasis. NMR Biomed., 2011, 24(10), 1302-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1692
163. Biswal, B.; Kunwar, P.; Natelson, B.H. Cerebral blood flow isreduced in chronic fatigue syndrome as assessed by arterial spin labeling. J. Neurol. Sci., 2011, 301(1 2), 9-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2010.11.018
164. Shungu, D.C.; Weiduschat, N.; Murrough, J.W.; Mao, X.; Pillemer, S.; Dyke, J.P.; Medow, M.S.; Natelson, B.H.; Stewart, J.M.; Mathew, S.J. Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome. III. Relationships to cortical glutathione and clinical symptoms implicate oxidative stress in disorder pathophysiology. NMR Biomed., 2012, 25(9), 1073-1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.2772
165. Yamamoto, S.; Ouchi, Y.; Nakatsuka, D.; Tahara, T.; Mizuno, K.; Tajima, S.; Onoe, H.; Yoshikawa, E.; Tsukada, H.; Iwase, M.; Yamaguti, K.; Kuratsune, H.; Watanabe, Y. Reduction of [11C](+)3-MPB binding in brain of chronic fatigue syndrome with serum autoantibody against muscarinic cholinergic receptor. PLoS One, 2012, 7(12), e51515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051515
166. Barnden, L.R.; Crouch, B.; Kwiatek, R.; Burnet, R.; Del Fante, P. Evidence in chronic fatigue syndrome for severity-dependent upregulation of prefrontal myelination that is independent of anxiety and depression. NMR Biomed., 2015, 28(3), 404-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.3261
167. Tanaka, H.; Matsushima, R.; Tamai, H.; Kajimoto, Y. Impairedpostural cerebral hemodynamics in young patients with chronic fatigue with and without orthostatic intolerance. J. Pediatr., 2002, 140(4), 412-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.122725
168. Fischler, B.; D'Haenen, H.; Cluydts, R.; Michiels, V.; Demets, K.; Bossuyt, A.; Kaufman, L.; De Meirleir, K. Comparison of 99m Tc HMPAO SPECT scan between chronic fatigue syndrome, major depression and healthy controls: An exploratory study of clinical correlates of regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychobiology, 1996, 34(4), 175-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000119307
169. MacHale, S.M.; Lawrie, S.M.; Cavanagh, J.T.; Glabus, M.F.; Murray, C.L.; Goodwin, G.M.; Ebmeier, K.P. Cerebral perfusion inchronic fatigue syndrome and depression. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2000, 176, 550-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.6.550
170. Ocon, A.J.; Medow, M.S.; Taneja, I.; Clarke, D.; Stewart, J.M. Decreased upright cerebral blood flow and cerebral autoregulationin normocapnic postural tachycardia syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2009, 297(2), H664-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00138.2009
171. Wyller, V.B.; Eriksen, H.R.; Malterud, K. Can sustained arousal explain the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? Behav. Brain Funct., 2009,5, 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-5-10
172. Morriss, R.K.; Robson, M.J.; Deakin, J.F. Neuropsychological performance and noradrenaline function in chronic fatiguesyndrome under conditions of high arousal. Psychopharmacology, (Berl), 2002, 163(2), 166-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1129-8
173. Nijs, J.; Meeus, M.; Van Oosterwijck, J.; Roussel, N.; De Kooning, M.; Ickmans, K.; Matic, M. Treatment of central sensitization inpatients with 'unexplained' chronic pain: what options do we have? Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2011, 12(7), 1087-1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2011.547475
174. Hilty, L.; Jancke, L.; Luechinger, R.; Boutellier, U.; Lutz, K. Limitation of physical performance in a muscle fatiguing handgripexercise is mediated by thalamo-insular activity. Hum. Brain Mapp., 2011, 32(12), 2151-2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21177
175. Hilty, L.; Langer, N.; Pascual-Marqui, R.; Boutellier, U.; Lutz, K. Fatigue-induced increase in intracortical communication betweenmid/anterior insular and motor cortex during cycling exercise. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2011, 34(12), 2035-2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07909.x
176. Hilty, L.; Lutz, K.; Maurer, K.; Rodenkirch, T.; Spengler, C.M.; Boutellier, U.; Jancke, L.; Amann, M. Spinal opioid receptor-sensitive muscle afferents contribute to the fatigue-induced increase in intracortical inhibition in healthy humans. Exp. Physiol., 2011, 96(5), 505-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2010.056226
177. Billiot, K.M.; Budzynski, T.H.; Andrasik, F. EEG Patterns and CFS. J. Neurother., 1997, 2-2(4).
178. Neu, D.; Kajosch, H.; Peigneux, P.; Verbanck, P.; Linkowski, P.; Le Bon, O. Cognitive impairment in fatigue and sleepinessassociated conditions. Psychiatry Res., 2011, 189(1), 128-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.005
179. Donati, F.; Fagioli, L.R.; Komaroff, A.; Duffy, F.H. In: Quantified EEG findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. In: American Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 1994.
180. Steriade, M. Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems. Neuroscience, 2006, 137(4), 1087-1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.029
181. Ropper AH, S.M. Principles Neurol. McGraw Hill: Chicago, Illinois, 2014, pp. 1570.
182. Duffy, F.H.; McAnulty, G.B.; McCreary, M.C.; Cuchural, G.J.; Komaroff, A.L. EEG spectral coherence data distinguish chronicfatigue syndrome patients from healthy controls and depressed patients: A case control study. BMC Neurol., 2011, 11, 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-11-82
183. Grech, R.; Cassar, T.; Muscat, J.; Camilleri, K.P.; Fabri, S.G.; Zervakis, M.; Xanthopoulos, P.; Sakkalis, V.; Vanrumste, B. Review on solving the inverse problem in EEG source analysis. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., 2008, 5, 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-5-25
184. Pascual-Marqui, R.; Kochi, K.; Lehmann, D.; Koukkou, M.; Kinoshita, T. Functional independent components: Revealingcortico-cortical, cross-frequency interactions. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. EEG, 2011, 12, 53-58.
185. Pascual-Marqui, R.D. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 24 Suppl D, 5-12.
186. Pascual-Marqui, R.D.; Biscay, R.J.; Bosch-Bayard, J.; Lehmann, D.; Kochi, K.; Kinoshita, T.; Yamada, N.; Sadato, N. Assessing direct paths of intracortical causal information flow of oscillatory activity with the isolated effective coherence (iCoh). Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2014, 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00448
187. Pascual-Marqui, R.D.; Lehmann, D.; Koukkou, M.; Kochi, K.; Anderer, P.; Saletu, B.; Tanaka, H.; Hirata, K.; John, E.R.; Prichep, L.; Biscay-Lirio, R.; Kinoshita, T. Assessing interactions in the brain with exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Philos. Trans. A Math Phys. Eng. Sci., 2011, 369(1952), 3768-3784.
188. Sekihara, K.; Nagarajan, S.S.; Poeppel, D.; Marantz, A.; Miyashita, Y. Reconstructing spatio-temporal activities of neural sources usingan MEG vector beamformer technique. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 2001, 48(7), 760-771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.930901
189. Nickl-Jockschat, T.; Kleiman, A.; Schulz, J.B.; Schneider, F.; Laird, A.R.; Fox, P.T.; Eickhoff, S.B.; Reetz, K. Neuroanatomic changes and their association with cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Brain Struct. Funct., 2012, 217(1), 115-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0333-x
190. Le Bon, O.; Neu, D.; Berquin, Y.; Lanquart, J.P.; Hoffmann, R.; Mairesse, O.; Armitage, R. Ultra-slow delta power in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychiatry Res., 2012, 200(2 3), 742-747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.027
191. Flor-Henry, P.; Lind, J.C.; Koles, Z. J. A source-imaging (low- resolution electromagnetic tomography) study of the EEGs fromunmedicated males with depression. Psychiatry Res., 2004, 130(2), 191-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2003.08.006
192. Fray, P.J.; Robbins, T.W.; Sahakian, B.J. Neuropsychiatricapplications of CANTAB. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 1996, 11 329-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199604)11:4<329::AID-GPS453>3.0.CO;2-6
193. Jason, L.A.; Sunnquist, M.; Brown, A.; Evans, M.; Vernon, S.D.; Furst, J.; Simonis, V. Examining case definition criteria for chronicfatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Fatigue, 2014, 2(1), 40-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2013.862993
194. Landis, C.A. Sleep, pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatiguesyndrome. Handb. Clin. Neurol., 2011, 98, 613-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52006-7.00039-3
195. Thatcher, R.W. Handbook of Quantitative Electroencephalography and EEG Biofeedback. ANI Publishing: St. Petersburg, FL, 2012.
196. Van Hoof, E.; De Becker, P.; Lapp, C.; Cluydts, R.; De Meirleir, K. Defining the occurrence and influence of alpha-delta sleep in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2007, 333(2), 78-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200702000-00003
197. Kishi, A.; Togo, F.; Cook, D.B.; Klapholz, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; Rapoport, D.M.; Natelson, B.H. The effects of exercise on dynamicsleep morphology in healthy controls and patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Physiol. Rep., 2013, 1(6), e00152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phy2.152
198. Decker, M.J.; Tabassum, H.; Lin, J.M.; Reeves, W.C. Electroencephalographic correlates of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Behav. Brain Funct., 2009, 5, 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-5-43
199. Thatcher, R.W. Neuropsychiatry and quantitative EEG in the 21st Century. Future Med., 2011, 1(5), 495-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/npy.11.45
200. Thatcher, R.W. Handbook of Quantitattive Electroencephalo- graphy and EEG Biofeedback. ANI Publishing: St. Petersburg, FLA, 2012.
201. Spitzer, A.R.; Broadman, M. A retrospective review of the sleep characteristics in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome andfibromyalgia. Pain Pract., 2010, 10(4), 294-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00352.x
202. Blanco, I.; Beritze, N.; Arguelles, M.; Carcaba, V.; Fernandez, F.; Janciauskiene, S.; Oikonomopoulou, K.; de Serres, F.J.; Fernandez-Bustillo, E.; Hollenberg, M.D. Abnormal overexpression of mastocytes in skin biopsies of fibromyalgia patients. Clin. Rheumatol., 2010, 29(12), 1403-1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-010-1474-7
203. Shaver, J.L. Sleep disorders. In: Handbook of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Jason, L.A., Fennell, P.A., Taylor, R.R., Eds.; Wiley:New York; 2003, pp. 281-303.
204. Togo, F.; Natelson, B.H. Heart rate variability during sleep and subsequent sleepiness in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Auton. Neurosci., 2013, 176(1-2), 85-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2013.02.015
205. Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F., 3rd; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrumentfor psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res., 1989, 28(2), 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
206. Whelton, C.L.; Salit, I.; Moldofsky, H. Sleep, Epstein-Barr virusinfection, musculoskeletal pain, and depressive symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Rheumatol., 1992, 19(6), 939-943.
207. Morriss, R.; Sharpe, M.; Sharpley, A.L.; Cowen, P.J.; Hawton, K.; Morris, J. Abnormalities of sleep in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ, 1993, 306(6886), 1161-1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6886.1161
208. Krupp, L.B.; Jandorf, L.; Coyle, P.K.; Mendelson, W.B. Sleepdisturbance in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res., 1993, 37(4), 325-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(93)90134-2
209. Fischler, B.; Le Bon, O.; Hoffmann, G.; Cluydts, R.; Kaufman, L.; De Meirleir, K. Sleep anomalies in the chronic fatigue syndrome: A comorbidity study. Neuropsychobiology, 1997, 35(3), 115-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000119331
210. Neu, D.; Mairesse, O.; Hoffmann, G.; Dris, A.; Lambrecht, L.J.; Linkowski, P.; Verbanck, P.; Le Bon, O. Sleep quality perception in the chronic fatigue syndrome: correlations with sleep efficiency, affective symptoms and intensity of fatigue. Neuropsychobiology, 2007, 56(1), 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000110727
211. Armitage, R.; Landis, C.; Hoffmann, R.; Lentz, M.; Watson, N.F.; Goldberg, J.; Buchwald, D. The impact of a 4-hour sleep delay on slow wave activity in twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome. Sleep, 2007, 30(5), 657-662.
212. Kishi, A.; Struzik, Z.R.; Natelson, B.H.; Togo, F.; Yamamoto, Y. Dynamics of sleep stage transitions in healthy humans and patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2008, 294(6), R1980-1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00925.2007
213. Togo, F.; Natelson, B.H.; Cherniack, N.S.; FitzGibbons, J.; Garcon, C.; Rapoport, D.M. Sleep structure and sleepiness in chronic fatigue syndrome with or without coexisting fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2008, 10(3), R56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2425
214. Armitage, R.; Landis, C.; Hoffmann, R.; Lentz, M.; Watson, N.; Goldberg, J.; Buchwald, D. Power spectral analysis of sleep EEG in twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res., 2009, 66(1), 51-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.08.004
215. Kishi, A.; Natelson, B.H.; Togo, F.; Struzik, Z.R.; Rapoport, D.M.; Yamamoto, Y. Sleep-stage dynamics in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome with or without fibromyalgia. Sleep, 2011, 34(11), 1551-1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1396
216. Gotts, Z.M. The role of sleep in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. [Online] 2014, Doctor of Philosophy, 261. Northumbria University. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21605/.
217. Loebel, M.; Strohschein, K.; Giannini, C.; Koelsch, U.; Bauer, S.; Doebis, C.; Thomas, S.; Unterwalder, N.; von Baehr, V.; Reinke, P.; Knops, M.; Hanitsch, L.G.; Meisel, C.; Volk, H.D.; Scheibenbogen, C. Deficient EBV-specific B- and T-cell response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One, 2014, 9(1), e85387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085387
218. Watt, T.; Oberfoell, S.; Balise, R.; Lunn, M.R.; Kar, A.K.; Merrihew, L.; Bhangoo, M.S.; Montoya, J.G. Response to valganciclovir in chronic fatigue syndrome patients with human herpesvirus 6 and Epstein-Barr virus IgG antibody titers. J. Med. Virol., 2012, 84(12), 1967-1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23411
219. Hardcastle, S.L.; Brenu, E.W.; Johnson, S.; Nguyen, T.; Huth, T.; Kaurl, M.; Ramos, S.; Salajegheh, A.; Staines, D.; Marshall- Gradisbik, S. Analysis of the relationship between immune dysfunction and symptom severity in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. J. Clin. Cel. Immunol., 2014, 5.
220. Elfaitouri, A.; Herrmann, B.; Bolin-Wiener, A.; Wang, Y.; Gottfries, C.G.; Zachrisson, O.; Pipkorn, R.; Ronnblom, L.; Blomberg, J. Epitopes of microbial and human heat shock protein60 and their recognition in myalgic encephalomyelitis. PLoS One, 2013, 8(11), e81155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081155
221. Maier, S.F.; Watkins, L.R.; Fleshner, M. Psychoneuroimmunology:The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity. Am. Psychol., 1994, 49(12), 1004-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.1004
222. Libbey, J.E.; Kennett, N.J.; Wilcox, K.S.; White, H.S.; Fujinami,R.S. Interleukin-6, produced by resident cells of the central nervous system and infiltrating cells, contributes to the development of seizures following viral infection. J. Virol., 2011, 85(14), 6913-6922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00458-11
223. Gaab, J.; Rohleder, N.; Heitz, V.; Engert, V.; Schad, T.; Schurmeyer, T.H.; Ehlert, U. Stress-induced changes in LPS- induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2005, 30(2), 188-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.008
224. Vollmer-Conna, U.; Piraino, B.F.; Cameron, B.; Davenport, T.; Hickie, I.; Wakefield, D.; Lloyd, A.R. Cytokine polymorphisms have a synergistic effect on severity of the acute sickness response to infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 47(11), 1418-1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592967
225. Plata-Salaman, C.R.; Ilyin, S.E.; Turrin, N.P.; Gayle, D.; Flynn, M.C.; Romanovitch, A.E.; Kelly, M.E.; Bureau, Y.; Anisman, H.; McIntyre, D.C. Kindling modulates the IL-1beta system, TNF- alpha, TGF-beta1, and neuropeptide mRNAs in specific brain regions. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 2000, 75(2), 248-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00306-X
226. Shandra, A.A.; Godlevsky, L.S.; Vastyanov, R.S.; Oleinik, A.A.; Konovalenko, V.L.; Rapoport, E.N.; Korobka, N.N. The role of TNF-alpha in amygdala kindled rats. Neurosci. Res., 2002, 42(2), 147-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00309-1
227. Aalbers, M.W.; Rijkers, K.; Majoie, H.J.; Dings, J.T.; Schijns, O.E.; Schipper, S.; De Baets, M.H.; Kessels, A.; Vles, J.S.; Hoogland, G. The influence of neuropathology on brain inflammation in human and experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.J. Neuroimmunol., 2014, 271(12), 36-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.016
228. Zhao, R.R.; Xu, X.C.; Xu, F.; Zhang, W.L.; Zhang, W.L.; Liu, L.M.; Wang, W.P. Metformin protects against seizures, learning and memory impairments and oxidative damage induced by pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2014, 448(4), 414-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.130
229. Morris, G.; Maes, M. A neuro-immune model of MyalgicEncephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome. Metab. Brain Dis., 2013, 28, 523-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9324-8
230. Maes, M.; Mihaylova, I.; Kubera, M.; Leunis, J.C.; Twisk, F.N.; Geffard, M. IgM-mediated autoimmune responses directed against anchorage epitopes are greater in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) than in major depression. Metab. Brain Dis., 2012, 27(4), 415-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9316-8
231. Maes, M.; Twisk, F.N.; Ringel, K. Inflammatory and cell-mediatedimmune biomarkers in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: Inflammatory markers are higher in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome than in depression. Psychother. Psychosom., 2012, 81(5), 286-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000336803
232. Fletcher, M.A.; Rosenthal, M.; Antoni, M.; Ironson, G.; Zeng, X.R.; Barnes, Z.; Harvey, J.M.; Hurwitz, B.; Levis, S.; Broderick, G.; Klimas, N.G. Plasma neuropeptide Y: A biomarker for symptom severity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Behav. Brain Funct., 2010, 6, 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-76
233. Brenu, E.W.; van Driel, M.L.; Staines, D.R.; Ashton, K.J.; Ramos, S.B.; Keane, J.; Klimas, N.G.; Marshall-Gradisnik, S.M. Immunological abnormalities as potential biomarkers in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. J. Transl. Med., 2011, 9, 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-81
234. Gomariz, R.P.; Juarranz, Y.; Abad, C.; Arranz, A.; Leceta, J.; Martinez, C. VIP-PACAP system in immunity: New insights for multitarget therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2006, 1070, 51-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1317.031
235. Fletcher, M.A.; Zeng, X.R.; Maher, K.; Levis, S.; Hurwitz, B.; Antoni, M.; Broderick, G.; Klimas, N.G. Biomarkers in chronic fatigue syndrome: Evaluation of natural killer cell function and dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26. PLoS One, 2010, 5(5), e10817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010817
236. Brenu, E.W.; van Driel, M.L.; Staines, D.R.; Ashton, K.J.; Hardcastle, S.L.; Keane, J.; Tajouri, L.; Peterson, D.; Ramos, S.B.; Marshall-Gradisnik, S.M. Longitudinal investigation of natural killer cells and cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgicencephalomyelitis. J. Transl. Med., 2012, 10, 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-88
237. Brenu, E.W.; Ashton, K.J.; van Driel, M.; Staines, D.R.; Peterson, D.; Atkinson, G.M.; Marshall-Gradisnik, S.M. Cytotoxic lymphocyte microRNAs as prospective biomarkers for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. J. Affect. Disord., 2012, 141(23), 261-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.037
238. Broderick, G.; Fuite, J.; Kreitz, A.; Vernon, S.D.; Klimas, N.; Fletcher, M.A. A formal analysis of cytokine networks in chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav. Immun., 2010, 24(7), 1209-1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.04.012
239. Broderick, G.; Klimas, N.; Fletcher, M.A.; Efroni, S. Fromcytokines to cells to gene expression: An integrative approach to the study of Gulf War Illness systems biology. In: research Advisory Committe on Gulf War Veterans Illnesses: Washington,D. C.; 2011.
240. Broderick, G.; Kreitz, A.; Fuite, J.; Fletcher, M.A.; Vernon, S.D.; Klimas, N. A pilot study of immune network remodeling under challenge in Gulf War Illness. Brain Behav. Immun., 2011, 25(2), 302-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.011
241. Sorenson, M.; Furst, J.; Mathews, H.; Jason, L.A. Disruption ofcytokine pathways in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, San Francisco, CA, 2014.
242. Hanson, S.J.; Gause, W.; Natelson, B. Detection of immunologicallysignificant factors for chronic fatigue syndrome using neural- network classifiers. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2001, 8(3), 658-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.3.658-662.2001
243. Huang, L.C.; Hsu, S.Y.; Lin, E. A comparison of classificationmethods for predicting Chronic Fatigue Syndrome based on genetic data. J. Transl. Med., 2009, 7, 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-7-81
244. Stringer, E.A.; Baker, K.S.; Carroll, I.R.; Montoya, J.G.; Chu, L.; Maecker, H.T.; Younger, J.W. Daily cytokine fluctuations, driven by leptin, are associated with fatigue severity in chronic fatigue syndrome: Evidence of inflammatory pathology. J. Transl. Med., 2013, 11, 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-11-93
245. Lerner, A.M.; Beqaj, S.; Fitzgerald, J.T.; Gill, K.; Gill, C.; Edington, D. Subset-directed antiviral treatment of 142 herpesvirus patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Virus Adaptation Treat., 2010, 2, 1-11.
246. Lerner, A.M.; Ariza, M.E.; Williams, M.; Jason, L.A.; Beqaj, S.; Fitzgerald, J.T.; Lemeshow, S.; Glaser, R. Antibody to Epstein- Barr virus deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase and deoxyribonucleotide polymerase in a chronic fatigue syndrome subset. PLoS One, 2012, 7(11), e47891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047891
247. Embers, M.E.; Barthold, S.W.; Borda, J.T.; Bowers, L.; Doyle, L.; Hodzic, E.; Jacobs, M.B.; Hasenkampf, N.R.; Martin, D.S.; Narasimhan, S.; Phillippi-Falkenstein, K.M.; Purcell, J.E.; Ratterree, M.S.; Philipp, M.T. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in rhesus macaques following antibiotic treatment of disseminated infection. PLoS One, 2012, 7(1), e29914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029914
248. Tzartos, J.S.; Khan, G.; Vossenkamper, A.; Cruz-Sadaba, M.; Lonardi, S.; Sefia, E.; Meager, A.; Elia, A.; Middeldorp, J.M.; Clemens, M.; Farrell, P.J.; Giovannoni, G.; Meier, U.C. Association of innate immune activation with latent Epstein-Barr virus in active MS lesions. Neurology, 2012, 78(1), 15-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed057
249. Capuron, L.; Pagnoni, G.; Demetrashvili, M.F.; Lawson, D.H.; Fornwalt, F.B.; Woolwine, B.; Berns, G.S.; Nemeroff, C.B.; Miller, A.H. Basal ganglia hypermetabolism and symptoms of fatigue during interferon-alpha therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2007, 32(11), 2384-2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301362
250. Fluge, O.; Risa, K.; Lunde S.; Alme, K.; Rekeland, I.G.; Kristoffersen, E.K.; Sapkota, D.; Soreland, K.; Bruland, O.; Dahl, O.; Mella, O. B Lymphocyte depletion in myalgic encephalopathy/ Chronic fatigue syndrome: An open-label Phase II study with Rituximab maintenance treatment. PLoS One, 2015, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129898.
251. Jason, L.A.; Torres-Harding, S.; Brown, M.; Sorenson, M.; Donalek, J.; Corradi, K.; Maher, K.; Fletcher, M.A. Predictors of changes following participation in non-pharmacologic intervention for CFS. Tropical Medicine and Health, [Online] 2008, 36(1), 23-32. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmh/36/1/36_2007-55/_pdf [Accessed on: 07/08/2014].
252. Falkenberg, V.R.; Whistler, T.; Murray, J.R.; Unger, E.R.; Rajeevan, M.S. Acute psychosocial stress-mediated changes in the expression and methylation of perforin in chronic fatigue syndrome. Genet Epigenet, 2013, 5, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/GEG.S10944
253. Hornig, M.; Montoya, J.G.; Klimas, N.G.; Levine, S.; Felsenstein, D.; Bateman, L.; Peterson, D.L.; Gottschalk, C.G.; Schultz, A.F.; Che, X.; Eddy, M.L.; Komaroff, A.L.; Lipkin, W.I. Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness. Sci. Adv., 2015, 1, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400121
254. Hornig M.; Gottschalk, G.; Peterson, D.L.; Knox, K.K.; Schultz, A.F.; Eddy, M. L.; Che, X.; Lipkin, W.I.; Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome. Mol. Psychia., online pub March 31, 2015/doi: 10.1038.m0.2015.29.
255. Maher, K.J.; Klimas, N.G.; Fletcher, M.A. Immunology. In:Handbook of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Jason, L.A., Fennell, P.A., Taylor, R.R., Eds.; Wiley: New York; 2003, pp. 124-151.
256. Buijs, R.M. The autonomic nervous system: A balancing act.Handb. Clin. Neurol., 2013, 117, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00001-8
257. O'Connor, T.M.; O'Halloran, D.J.; Shanahan, F. The stress responseand the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: From molecule to melancholia. QJM, 2000, 93(6), 323-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/93.6.323
258. Juster, R.P.; McEwen, B.S.; Lupien, S.J. Allostatic load biomarkersof chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2010, 35(1), 2-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002
259. McEwen, B.S.; Morrison, J.H. The brain on stress: Vulnerabilityand plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron, 2013, 79(1), 16-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028
260. Sorrells, S.F.; Sapolsky, R.M. An inflammatory review ofglucocorticoid actions in the CNS. Brain Behav. Immun., 2007, 21(3), 259-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2006.11.006
261. McEwen, B.S.; Wingfield, J.C. What is in a name? Integratinghomeostasis, allostasis and stress. Horm. Behav., 2010, 57(2), 105-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.011
262. Chrousos, G.P. Regulation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The corticotropin-releasing hormone perspective. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 1992, 21(4), 833-858.
263. Sapolsky, R.M. Stress and plasticity in the limbic system.Neurochem. Res., 2003, 28(11), 1735-1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026021307833
264. Sapolsky, R.M.; Romero, L.M.; Munck, A.U. How doglucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr. Rev., 2000, 21(1), 55-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.21.1.55
265. Maniam, J.; Antoniadis, C.; Morris, M.J. Early-Life Stress, HPAAxis Adaptation, and Mechanisms Contributing to Later Health Outcomes. Front Endocrinol., 2014, 5, 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00073
266. Reynolds, R.M.; Hii, H.L.; Pennell, C.E.; McKeague, I.W.; deKloet, E.R.; Lye, S.; Stanley, F.J.; Mattes, E.; Foster, J.K. Analysis of baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in late adolescence reveals gender specific sensitivity of the stress axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2013, 38(8), 1271-1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.010
267. Reynolds, R.M.; Walker, B.R.; Haw, S.; Newby, D.E.; Mackay, D.F.; Cobbe, S.M.; Pell, A.C.; Fischbacher, C.; Pringle, S.; Murdoch, D.; Dunn, F.; Oldroyd, K.; Macintyre, P.; O'Rourke, B.; Pell, J.P. Low serum cortisol predicts early death after acute myocardial infarction. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 38(3), 973-975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cdf6de
268. Brouwer, M.C.; McIntyre, P.; Prasad, K.; van de Beek, D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2013, 6, CD004405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004405.pub4
269. Kern, S.; Rohleder, N.; Eisenhofer, G.; Lange, J.; Ziemssen, T. Time matters - Acute stress response and glucocorticoid sensitivity in early multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav. Immun., 2014, 41, 82-9. 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.04.006
270. Mo, G.L.; Li, Y.; Du, R.H.; Dai, D.Z.; Cong, X.D.; Dai, Y. Isoproterenol induced stressful reactions in the brain arecharacterized by inflammation due to activation of NADPH oxidase and ER stress: Attenuated by Apocynin, Rehmannia complex and Triterpene acids. Neurochem. Res., 2014, 39(4), 719-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1260-z
271. Sapolsky, R.M.; Krey, L.C.; McEwen, B.S. The adrenocortical stress-response in the aged male rat: Impairment of recovery fromstress. Exp. Gerontol., 1983, 18(1), 55-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(83)90051-7
272. Perini, R.; Veicsteinas, A. Heart rate variability and autonomic activity at rest and during exercise in various physiologicalconditions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2003, 90(34), 317-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0953-9
273. Robertson, D. Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Elsevier: New York, 2012.
274. Tripathi, O.N.; Ravens, U.; Sanguinetti, M.C. Heart Rate and Rhythm: Molecular Basis, Pharmacological Modulation andClinical Implications. In: Heart Rate and Rhythms. Springer: New York; 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17575-6
275. Rodrigues, S.M.; LeDoux, J.E.; Sapolsky, R.M. The influence ofstress hormones on fear circuitry. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 2009, 32, 289-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135620
276. Pajand, P.; Elahdadi Salmani, M.; Shajiee, H.; Abiri, H.; Goudarzi, I.; Abrari, K. Stress during first pregnancy increases seizure threshold in adult male offspring. Iran J. Basic Med. Sci., 2014, 17(1), 34-40.
277. Juruena, M.F. Early-life stress and HPA axis trigger recurrent adulthood depression. Epilepsy Behav., 2014, 38, 148-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.020
278. Kellett, J.; Kokkinidis, L. Extinction deficit and fear reinstatement after electrical stimulation of the amygdala: Implications forkindling-associated fear and anxiety. Neurosci., 2004, 127(2), 277-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.011
279. Willner, P.; Scheel-Kruger, J.; Belzung, C. The neurobiologyof depression and antidepressant action. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2013, 37(Pt 1), 2331-2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.007
280. Maloney, E.M.; Boneva, R.; Nater, U.M.; Reeves, W.C. Chronicfatigue syndrome and high allostatic load: Results from a population-based case-control study in Georgia. Psychosom. Med., 2009, 71(5), 549-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a4fea8
281. Cleare, A.J. The HPA axis and the genesis of chronic fatiguesyndrome. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 15(2), 55-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2003.12.002
282. Grippo, A.J.; Scotti, M.L. Stress and Neuroinflammation. In:Inflammation in Psychiatry, Halaris, A., Leonard, B.E., Eds.; Karger: Basel Switzerland; 2013; Vol. 28, pp. 20-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000343965
283. Van Den Eede, F.; Moorkens, G.; Van Houdenhove, B.; Cosyns, P.; Claes, S.J. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychobiol., 2007, 55(2), 112-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000104468
284. Naschitz, J.E.; Yeshurun, D.; Rosner, I. Dysautonomia in chronicfatigue syndrome: Facts, hypotheses, implications. Med. Hypotheses, 2004, 62(2), 203-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00331-1
285. Martinez-Martinez, L.A.; Mora, T.; Vargas, A.; Fuentes-Iniestra, M.; Martinez-Lavin, M. Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis: a review of case-control studies.J. Clin. Rheumatol., 2014, 20(3), 146-150.
286. Visser, F.C. Science to patients, Seminar 22: ME/CFS andpalpitations. [Online] 2013. ME/CFS Vereniging. [Accessed on: 07/11/2014].
287. Malik, M.; Camm, J.A. Heart Rate Variability. Futura Publishing:Armonk, NY, 1995.
288. Miwa, K. Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance inpatients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle. Heart Vessels, 2014.
289. Mainardi, L.T.; Bianchi, A.M.; Baselli, G.; Cerutti, S. Pole-trackingalgorithms for the extraction of time-variant heart rate variability spectral parameters. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 1995, 42(3), 250-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.364511
290. Cordero, D.L.; Sisto, S.A.; Tapp, W.N.; LaManca, J.J.; Pareja, J.G.; Natelson, B.H. Decreased vagal power during treadmill walking inpatients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Auton Res., 1996, 6(6), 329-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02556303
291. Jackson, M.L.; Bruck, D. Sleep abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: A review. J. Clin. SleepMed., 2012, 8(6), 719-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2276
292. Ohashi, K.; Yamamoto, Y.; Natelson, B.H. Activity rhythmdegrades after strenuous exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Physiol. Behav., 2002, 77(1), 39-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00808-9
293. VanElzakker, M.B. Chronic fatigue syndrome from vagus nerve infection: A psychoneuroimmunological hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses,2013, 81(3), 414-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.034
294. Hollingsworth, K.G.; Hodgson, T.; Macgowan, G.A.; Blamire, A.M.; Newton, J.L. Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging. J. Intern. Med., 2012, 271(3), 264-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x
295. Beaumont, A.; Burton, A.R.; Lemon, J.; Bennett, B.K.; Lloyd, A.; Vollmer-Conna, U. Reduced cardiac vagal modulation impacts on cognitive performance in chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One, 2012, 7(11), e49518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049518
296. Boneva, R.S.; Decker, M.J.; Maloney, E.M.; Lin, J.M.; Jones, J.F.; Helgason, H.G.; Heim, C.M.; Rye, D.B.; Reeves, W.C. Higher heart rate and reduced heart rate variability persist during sleep in chronic fatigue syndrome: A population-based study. Auton. Neurosci., 2007, 137(12), 94-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2007.08.002
297. Frith, J.; Zalewski, P.; Klawe, J.J.; Pairman, J.; Bitner, A.; Tafil-Klawe, M.; Newton, J.L. Impaired blood pressure variability in chronic fatigue syndrome--a potential biomarker. QJM, 2012, 105(9), 831-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcs085
298. Ocon, A.J.; Messer, Z.R.; Medow, M.S.; Stewart, J.M. Increasingorthostatic stress impairs neurocognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome with postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond), 2012, 122(5), 227-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20110241
299. Ravindran, M.; Adewuyi, O.; Zheng, Y.; Rayhan, R.U.; Le, U.; Timbol, C.; Merck, S.; Esteitie, R.; Read, C.; Cooney, M.; Baraniuk, J. Dyspnea in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies. Glob. J. Health Sci., 2013, 5(2), 94-110.
300. Ganong, W.F. Appleton & Lange: Stamford. Rev. Med. Physiol.,CT, 1997.
301. Bonow, R.O.; Mann, D.L.; Zipes, D.P.; Libby, P.; Braunwald, E. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 2012.
302. Li, H.; Yu, X.; Liles, C.; Khan, M.; Vanderlinde-Wood, M.; Galloway, A.; Zillner, C.; Benbrook, A.; Reim, S.; Collier, D.; Hill, M.A.; Raj, S.R.; Okamoto, L.E.; Cunningham, M.W.; Aston, C.E.; Kem, D.C. Autoimmune basis for postural tachycardia syndrome. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2014, 3(1), e000755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000755
303. Choy, A.M.; Lang, C.C.; Roden, D.M.; Robertson, D.; Wood, A. J.; Robertson, R.M.; Biaggioni, I. Abnormalities of the QT interval in primary disorders of autonomic failure. Am. Heart J., 1998, 136(4 Pt 1), 664-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(98)70014-6
304. Scott, A.; Norton, M.; Mabillard, H.; Newton, J.L. Shortened QTcinterval in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. IAMEME Bulletin, 2012, 19(3 4), 202-211.
305. Lewis, I.; Pairman, J.; Spickett, G.; Newton, J.L. Clinical characteristicsof a novel subgroup of chronic fatigue syndrome patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J. Intern. Med., 2013, 273, 501-10.
306. Badham, S.P.; Hutchinson, C.V. Characterising eye movementdysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exper. Ophthalmol., 2013, 251(12), 2769-2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-013-2431-3
307. Hutchinson, C.V.; Maltby, J.; Badham, S.P.; Jason, L.A. Vision-related symptoms as a clinical feature of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis? Evidence from the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2014, 98(1), 144-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304439
308. Newton, J.L.; Okonkwo, O.; Sutcliffe, K.; Seth, A.; Shin, J.; Jones, D.E. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Q. J. Med., 2007, 100(8), 519-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcm057
309. Jason, L.A.; Unger, E.R.; Dimitrakoff, J.D.; Fagin, A.P.; Houghton, M.; Cook, D.B.; Marshall, G.D., Jr.; Klimas, N.; Snell, C. Minimum data elements for research reports on CFS. Brain Behav. Immun., 2012, 26(3), 401-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.014
310. Crofford, L.J.; Young, E.A.; Engleberg, N.C.; Korszun, A.; Brucksch, C.B.; McClure, L.A.; Brown, M.B.; Demitrack, M.A. Basal circadian and pulsatile ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients with fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav. Immun., 2004, 18(4), 314-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2003.12.011
311. Demitrack, M.A.; Crofford, L.J. Evidence for and pathophysiologicimplications of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1998, 840, 684-697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09607.x
312. Jerjes, W.K.; Cleare, A.J.; Wessely, S.; Wood, P.J.; Taylor, N.F. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol and cortisone output in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Affect. Disord., 2005, 87(2 3), 299-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.03.013
313. Nijhof, S.L.; Rutten, J.M.; Uiterwaal, C.S.; Bleijenberg, G.; Kimpen, J.L.; Putte, E.M. The role of hypocortisolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014, 42, 199-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.017
314. Poteliakhoff, A. Adrenocortical activity and some clinical findingsin acute and chronic fatigue. J. Psychosom. Res., 1981, 25(2), 91-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(81)90095-7
315. Roberts, A.D.; Wessely, S.; Chalder, T.; Papadopoulos, A.; Cleare, A.J. Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2004, 184, 136-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.2.136
316. Torres-Harding, S.; Sorenson, M.; Jason, L.A.; Maher, K.; Fletcher, M.A.; Reynolds, N.; Brown, M. The associations between basal salivary cortisol and illness symptomatology in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Appl. Biobehav. Res., 2008, 13, 157-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2008.00033.x
317. Powell, D.J.; Liossi, C.; Moss-Morris, R.; Schlotz, W. Unstimulatedcortisol secretory activity in everyday life and its relationship with fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review and subset meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2013, 38(11), 2405-2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.004
318. Sorrells, S.F.; Caso, J.R.; Munhoz, C.D.; Hu, C.K.; Tran, K. V.; Miguel, Z.D.; Chien, B.Y.; Sapolsky, R.M. Glucocorticoid signaling in myeloid cells worsens acute CNS injury and inflammation. J. Neurosci., 2013, 33(18), 7877-7889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4705-12.2013
319. Woon, F.L.; Dunn, C.B.; Hopkins, R.O. Predicting cognitivesequelae in survivors of critical illness with cognitive screening tests. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2012, 186(4), 333-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201112-2261OC
320. Hopkins, R.O.; Suchyta, M.R.; Farrer, T.J.; Needham, D. Improvingpost-intensive care unit neuropsychiatric outcomes: Understanding cognitive effects of physical activity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2012, 186(12), 1220-1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201206-1022CP
321. Pandharipande, P.P.; Girard, T.D.; Ely, E.W. Long-term cognitiveimpairment after critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, 370(2), 185-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sa.0000000000000071
322. Pandharipande, P.P.; Girard, T.D.; Jackson, J.C.; Morandi, A.; Thompson, J.L.; Pun, B.T.; Brummel, N.E.; Hughes, C.G.; Vasilevskis, E.E.; Shintani, A.K.; Moons, K.G.; Geevarghese, S.K.; Canonico, A.; Hopkins, R.O.; Bernard, G.R.; Dittus, R.S.; Ely, E.W. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med., 2013, 369(14), 1306-1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301372
323. Dinkel, K.; MacPherson, A.; Sapolsky, R.M. Novel glucocorticoideffects on acute inflammation in the CNS. J. Neurochem., 2003, 84(4), 705-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01604.x
324. Padgett, D.A.; Glaser, R. How stress influences the immuneresponse. Trends Immunol., 2003, 24(8), 444-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00173-X
325. Goosens, K.A.; Sapolsky, R.M. Stress and GlucocorticoidContributions to Normal and Pathological Aging. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC: Boca Raton FL, 2007.
326. Baram, T.Z.; Hatalski, C.G. Neuropeptide-mediated excitability: Akey triggering mechanism for seizure generation in the developing brain. Trends Neurosci., 1998, 21, 471-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01275-2
327. Cleare, A.J.; Bearn, J.; Allain, T.; McGregor, A.; Wessely, S.; Murray, R.M.; O'Keane, V. Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Affect. Disord., 1995, 34(4), 283-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(95)00026-J
328. Rohleder, N.; Schommer, N.C.; Hellhammer, D.H.; Engel, R.; Kirschbaum, C. Sex differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity of proinflammatory cytokine production after psychosocial stress. Psychosom. Med., 2001, 63(6), 966-972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200111000-00016
329. Smith, A.K.; White, P.D.; Aslakson, E.; Vollmer-Conna, U.; Rajeevan, M.S. Polymorphisms in genes regulating the HPA axis associated with empirically delineated classes of unexplained chronic fatigue. Pharmacogenomics, 2006, 7(3), 387-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.7.3.387
330. Kavelaars, A.; Kuis, W.; Knook, L.; Sinnema, G.; Heijnen, C.J. Disturbed neuroendocrine-immune interactions in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 85(2), 692-696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.2.692
331. Jason, L.; Porter, N.; Shelleby, E.; Till, L.; Bell, D.S.; Lap, C. W.; Rowe, K.; Meirleir, K.D. Examining criteria to diagnose ME/CFS in pediatric samples. J. Behav. Health Med., 2010, 3(3), 186-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100551
332. Meyer, J.D. L.A.; Shukla, S.K.; Clevidence, D.; Yale, S.; Stegner, A.; Cook D. Post-exertion malaise in chronic fatigue syndrome: Symptoms and gene expression. Fatigue: Biomed. Health Behav, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2013.838444
333. Yuan, Z. R.-Z.N., Zhang, X.; Seto E. Histone Deacetylase ActivityAssay. In: Chromatin Protocols Chellappan, S., Ed.; Springer: New York; 2009.
334. Arnold, M.C.; Papanicolaou, D.A.; O'Grady, J.A.; Lotsikas, A.; Dale, J.K.; Straus, S.E.; Grafman, J. Using an interleukin-6 challenge to evaluate neuropsychological performance in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychol. Med., 2002, 32(6), 1075-1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006086
335. Pall, M.L. Nitric oxide synthase partial uncoupling as a keyswitching mechanism for the NO/ONOO-cycle. Med. Hypotheses, 2007, 69(4), 821-825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.070
336. Peckerman, A.; LaManca, J.J.; Dahl, K.A.; Chemitiganti, R.; Qureishi, B.; Natelson, B.H. Abnormal impedance cardiography predicts symptom severity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am.J. Med. Sci., 2003, 326(2), 55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200308000-00001
337. Cho, H.J.; Skowera, A.; Cleare, A.; Wessely, S. Chronic fatiguesyndrome: an update focusing on phenomenology and patho- physiology. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 2006, 19(1), 67-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000194370.40062.b0
338. Bakheit, A.M.; Behan, P.O.; Dinan, T.G.; Gray, C.E.; O'Keane, V. Possible upregulation of hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome. BMJ, 1992, 304(6833), 1010-1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6833.1010
339. Spath, M.; Welzel, D.; Farber, L. Treatment of chronic fatiguesyndrome with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists--preliminary results. Scand. J. Rheumatol. Suppl., 2000, 113, 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/030097400446698
340. Vassallo, C.M.; Feldman, E.; Peto, T.; Castell, L.; Sharpley, A.L.; Cowen, P.J. Decreased tryptophan availability but normal post- synaptic 5-HT2c receptor sensitivity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychol. Med., 2001, 31(4), 585-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701003580
341. Badawy, A.A.; Morgan, C.J.; Llewelyn, M.B.; Albuquerque, S.R.; Farmer, A. Heterogeneity of serum tryptophan concentration and availability to the brain in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 19(4), 385-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881105053293
342. Glass, J.M.; Lyden, A.K.; Petzke, F.; Stein, P.; Whalen, G.; Ambrose, K.; Chrousos, G.; Clauw, D.J. The effect of brief exercise cessation on pain, fatigue, and mood symptom development in healthy, fit individuals. J. Psychosom. Res., 2004, 57(4), 391-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(04)00080-7
343. Baraniuk, J.N.; Zheng, Y. Relationships among rhinitis,fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2010, 31(3), 169-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2010.31.3311
344. Jason, L.A.; So, S.; Brown, A.; Sunnquist, M.; Evans, M. Test-retest reliability of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire. Fatigue Biomed. Health Behav., 2015, 3(1), 16-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2014.978110
345. Meeus, M.; Nijs, J.; Meirleir, K.D. Chronic musculoskeletal pain inpatients with the chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review. Eur. J. Pain, 2007, 11(4), 377-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.06.005
346. van Wilgen, C.P.; Keizer, D. The sensitization model to explainhow chronic pain exists without tissue damage. Pain Manag. Nurs., 2012, 13(1), 60-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2010.03.001
347. Mendell, L.M.; Wall, P.D. Responses of single dorsal cord cells toperipheral cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Nature, 1965, 206, 97-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/206097a0
348. Martinez-Lavin, M.; Solano, C. Dorsal root ganglia, sodiumchannels, and fibromyalgia sympathetic pain. Med. Hypotheses, 2009, 72(1), 64-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.055
349. McEwen, B.S.; Kalia, M. The role of corticosteroids and stress inchronic pain conditions. Metabolism, 2010, 59 Suppl 1, S9-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.012
350. Vargas-Alarcon, G.; Alvarez-Leon, E.; Fragoso, J.M.; Vargas, A.; Martinez, A.; Vallejo, M.; Martinez-Lavin, M. A SCN9A gene- encoded dorsal root ganglia sodium channel polymorphism associated with severe fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 2012, 13, 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-13-23
351. Bennett, G.J. Update on the neurophysiology of pain transmissionand modulation: Focus on the NMDA-receptor. J. Pain Symptom Manage, 2000, 19(Suppl), 2-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00120-7
352. Luo, Z.D.; Cizkova, D. The role of nitric oxide in nociception.Curr. Rev. Pain, 2000, 4(6), 459-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-000-0070-y
353. Johnson, C. Fibromyalgia: A brain disorder? In: Pheonix Rising;2006; Vol. 2014.
354. Melzack, R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties andscoring methods. Pain, 1975, 1, 277-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
355. Niblett, S.H.; King, K.E.; Dunstan, R.H.; Clifton-Bligh, P.; Hoskin, L.A.; Roberts, T.K.; Fulcher, G.R.; McGregor, N.R.; Dunsmore, J.C.; Butt, H.L.; Klineberg, I.; Rothkirch, T.B. Hematologic and urinary excretion anomalies in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 2007, 232(8), 1041-1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/0702-RM-44
356. Booth, N.E.; Myhill, S.; McLaren-Howard, J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2012, 5(3), 208-220.
357. Ciregia, F.; Giusti, L.; Da Valle, Y.; Donadio, E.; Consensi, A.; Giacomelli, C.; Sernissi, F.; Scarpellini, P.; Maggi, F.; Lucacchini, A.; Bazzichi, L. A multidisciplinary approach to study a couple of monozygotic twins discordant for the chronic fatigue syndrome: A focus on potential salivary biomarkers. J. Transl. Med., 2013, 11, 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-11-243
358. Keller, D.M. Many Fibromyalgia patients have small-fiber polyneuropahty. [Online] 2012. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/772864?src=smo_neuro [Accessed on: 10/28/2012].
359. Oaklander, A.L.; Herzog, Z.D.; Downs, H.M.; Klein, M.M. Objective evidence that small-fiber polyneuropathy underlies someillnesses currently labeled as fibromyalgia. Pain, 2013, 154(11), 2310-2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.001
360. Serra, J.; Collado, A.; Sola, R.; Antonelli, F.; Torres, X.; Salgueiro, M.; Quiles, C.; Bostock, H. Hyperexcitable C nociceptors infibromyalgia. Ann. Neurol., 2014, 75(2), 196-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.24065
361. Uceyler, N.; Zeller, D.; Kahn, A.K.; Kewenig, S.; Kittel-Schneider, S.; Schmid, A.; Casanova-Molla, J.; Reiners, K.; Sommer, C. Smallfibre pathology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Brain, 2013, 136(Pt 6), 1857-1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt053
362. Chalaye, P.; Lafrenaye, S.; Goffaux, P.; Marchand, S. The role ofcardiovascular activity in fibromyalgia and conditioned pain modulation. Pain, 2014, 155(6), 1064-1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.023
363. Napadow, V.; Kim, J.; Clauw, D.J.; Harris, R.E. Decreased intrinsic brain connectivity is associated with reduced clinical painin fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum., 2012, 64(7), 2398-2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.34412
364. Pujol, J.; Macia, D.; Garcia-Fontanals, A.; Blanco-Hinojo, L.; Lopez-Sola, M.; Garcia-Blanco, S.; Poca-Dias, V.; Harrison, B.J.; Contreras-Rodriguez, O.; Monfort, J.; Garcia-Fructuoso, F.; Deus, J. The contribution of sensory system functional connectivity reduction to clinical pain in fibromyalgia. Pain, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.028
365. Hargrove, J.B.; Bennett, R.M.; Simons, D.G.; Smith, S.J.; Nagpal, S.; Deering, D.E. Quantitative electroencephalographic abnormalitiesin fibromyalgia patients. Clin. EEG Neurosci., 2010, 41(3), 132-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155005941004100305
366. Fuster, J.M. The Prefrontal Cortex. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008045046-9.01118-9
367. Rohani, R.; Piryaei, A.; Jahanshahi, A.; Sadeghi, Y.; Mirnajafi-Zadeh, J. Effect of low-frequency stimulation on kindling induced changes in rat dentate gyrus: An ultrastructural study. Acta Neurol. Belg., 2014, 114(1), 47-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13760-013-0243-1
368. Tupal, S.; Faingold, C.L. The amygdala to periaqueductal graypathway: Plastic changes induced by audiogenic kindling and reversal by gabapentin. Brain Res., 2012, 1475, 71-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.044
369. Tomoda, A.; Mizuno, K.; Murayama, N.; Joudoi, T.; Igasaki, T.; Miyazaki M.; Miike, T. Event-related potentials in Japanese childhood chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Pediatr. Neurol., 2007, 5, 199-208.
370. Johnston, S.; Brenu, E.W.; Staines, D.R.; Marshall-Gradisnik, S.The adoption of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis case definitions to assess prevalence: A systematic review. Ann. Epidemiol., 2013, 23(6), 371-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.04.003
371. Fischer, D.B.; William, A.H.; Strauss, A.C.; Unger, E.R.; Jason, L.A.; Marshall, G.D., Jr.; Dimitrakoff, J.D. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Current Status and Future Potentials of Emerging Biomarkers. Fatigue, 2014, 2(2), 93-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2014.906066
372. Johnston, S.; Brenu, E.W.; Staines, D.; Marshall-Gradisnik, S. Theprevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis: A meta-analysis. Clin. Epidemiol., 2013, 5, 105-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S39876
373. Holmes, G.P.; Kaplan, J.E.; Gantz, N.M.; Komaroff, A.L.; Schonberger, L.B.; Straus, S.E.; Jones, J.F.; Dubois, R.E.; Cunningham-Rundles, C.; Pahwa, S. et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: A working case definition. Ann. Intern. Med., 1988, 108(3), 387-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-387
374. Ali, I.; O'Brien, P.; Kumar, G.; Zheng, T.; Jones, N.C.; Pinault, D.; French, C.; Morris, M.J.; Salzberg, M.R.; O'Brien, T.J. Enduring effects of Early Life Stress on Firing Patterns of Hippocampal and Thalamocortical Neurons in Rats: Implications for Limbic Epilepsy. PLoS One, 2013, 8(6), e66962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066962
375. Xue, T.; Yuan, K.; Zhao, L.; Yu, D.; Zhao, L.; Dong, T.; Cheng, P.; von Deneen, K.M.; Qin, W.; Tian, J. Intrinsic brain network abnormalities in migraines without aura revealed in resting-state fMRI. PLoS One, 2012, 7(12), e52927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052927
376. Xu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Jin, M.; Yue, J.; Xu, C.; Ying, X.; Wu, D.; Zhang, S.; Chen, Z. Polarity-dependent effect of low-frequencystimulation on amygdaloid kindling in rats. Brain Stimul., 2013, 6(2), 190-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.010
377. Smith, M.A.; Weiss, S.R.; Abedin, T.; Kim, H.; Post, R.M.; Gold, P.W. Effects of amygdala kindling and electroconvulsive seizures on the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the rat brain. Mol. Cell Neurosci., 1991, 2(2), 103-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-7431(91)90002-6
378. Botterill, J.J.; Fournier, N.M.; Guskjolen, A.J.; Lussier, A.L.; Marks, W.N.; Kalynchuk, L.E. Amygdala kindling disrupts traceand delay fear conditioning with parallel changes in Fos protein expression throughout the limbic brain. Neuroscience, 2014, 265, 158-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.040
379. Beheshti, N.S.M.; Moghimi, A.; Mohammad-Zadeh, M.; Shamsizadeh, A.; Noorbakhsh, S.M. The effect of minocycline on seizures induced by amygdala kindling in rats. Seizure, 2013, 22(8), 670-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2013.05.005
380. Ninomiya, S.; Esumi, S.; Ohta, K.; Fukuda, T.; Ito, T.; Imayoshi, I.; Kageyama, R.; Ikeda, T.; Itohara, S.; Tamamaki, N. Amygdala kindling induces nestin expression in the leptomeninges of the neocortex. Neurosci. Res., 2013, 75(2), 121-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2012.12.006
381. Chiang, S.; Haneef, Z. Graph theory findings in the pathophysiology oftemporal lobe epilepsy. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2014, 125(7), 1295-1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.04.004
382. Lee, S.S.; Murata, R.; Matsuura, S. Developmental study ofhippocampal kindling. Epilepsia, 1989, 30(3), 266-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05297.x
383. Rosenkranz, J.A.; Venheim, E.R.; Padival, M. Chronic stresscauses amygdala hyperexcitability in rodents. Biol. Psychiatry, 2010, 67(12), 1128-1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.008
384. Arnsten, A.F. Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontalcortex structure and function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2009, 10(6), 410-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648
385. Sapolsky, R.M. Stress hormones: Good and bad. Neurobiol. Dis.,2000, 7(5), 540-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nbdi.2000.0350
386. Sapolsky, R.M. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy inneuropsych iatric disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2000, 57(10), 925-935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.925
387. LeDoux, J. The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings ofemotional life. Simon & Schuster: New York, 1998.
388. Gupta, A. Unconscious amygdalar fear conditioning in a subset ofchronic fatigue syndrome patients. Med. Hypotheses, 2002, 59(6), 727-735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00321-3
389. Sulheim, D.; Fagermoen, E.; Winger, A.; Andersen, A. M.; Godang, K.; Muller, F.; Wyller, V. B. Disease mechanisms and clonidine treatment in adolescent Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A combined cross-sectional and randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 2014, 168(4), 351-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4647
390. Walsh, K.B.; Teijaro, J.R.; Zuniga, E.I.; Welch, M.J.; Fremgen, D.M.; Blackburn, S.D.; von Tiehl, K.F.; Wherry, E.J.; Flavell, R.A.; Oldstone, M.B. Toll-like receptor 7 is required for effective adaptive immune responses that prevent persistent virus infection. Cell Host Microb., 2012, 11(6), 643-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.016
391. Hooper, P.L.; Hightower, L.E.; Hooper, P.L. Loss of stressresponse as a consequence of viral infection: implications for disease and therapy. Cell Stress Chaperones, 2012, 17(6), 647-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12192-012-0352-4
392. Agliari, E.; Barra, A.; Vidal, K.G.; Guerra, F. Can persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection induce chronic fatigue syndrome as a Pavlov reflex of the immune response? J. Biol. Dyn., 2012, 6(2), 740-762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2012.704083
393. Bachstetter, A.D.; Norris, C.M.; Sompol, P.; Wilcock, D.M.; Goulding, D.; Neltner, J.H.; St Clair, D.; Watterson, D.M.; Van Eldik, L.J. Early stage drug treatment that normalizes proinflammatory cytokine production attenuates synaptic dysfunction in a mouse model that exhibits age-dependent progression of Alzheimer'sdisease-related pathology. J. Neurosci., 2012, 32(30), 10201-10210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1496-12.2012
394. Rajeevan, M.D.; Dimulescu, I.; Murray, U.; Falkenberg, V. R.; Unger, E.A. Pathway-focused genetic evaluation of immune and inflammation related genes with chronic fatigue syndrome. Hum. Immunol., 2015, DOI: org/10/1016/j.humimm.
395. Jason, L.A.; Sunnquist, M.; Kot, B.; Brown, A. Unintended consequences of not specifying exclusionary illnesses for SystemicExertion Intolerance Disease. Diagnostics, 2015, 5, 272-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5020272
396. Jason, L.A.; Sunnquist, M.; Brown, A.; Newton, J. L.; Strand, E. B.; Vernon, S. D. Chronic fatigue syndrome versus SystemicExertion Intolerance Disease. Fatigue: Biomed. Health Behav., 2015, DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2015.1051291