How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 55-89

  Sapolsky, Robert M ^a   Romero, L Michael ^b   Munck, Allan U ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATECHOLAMINE; GLUCOCORTICOID;

ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; APPETITE; BLEEDING; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEFENSE MECHANISM; ENERGY METABOLISM; FLUID BALANCE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; HEART FUNCTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATION; MEMORY; NEUROBIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; STEROID RELEASE; STRESS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; BODY FLUIDS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; ENDOCRINOLOGY; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; REPRODUCTION; STRESS;

EID: 0034454682     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.21.1.55     Document Type: Review

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282. Effects of glucocorticoids on secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone by female rat pituitary cells in vitro
283. Influence of the HPA axis on the menstrual cycle and the pituitary responsiveness to estradiol in the female rhesus monkey
284. Role of glucocorticoids in the stress-induced suppression of testicular steroidogenesis in adult male rats
285. Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men
286. Direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular LH receptors and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro
287. Suppression of LH and testosterone secretion in bulls following ACTH treatment
288. Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system
289. Dexamethasone reduces the post castration gonadotropin rise in women
290. Adrenalectomy does not influence basal secretion of testosterone in rat in vivo
291. Suppression of endogenous corticosterone levels in vivo increases the steroidogenic capacity of purified rat Leydig cells in vitro
292. Hormonal regulation of oxidative and reductive activities of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat Leydig cells
293. Developmental changes in glucocorticoid receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase oxidative and reductive activities in rat Leydig cells
294. Influence of adrenalectomy on maturation of gonadotropin function in the male rat
295. RU486 blocks the effects of inhibin antiserum or luteinizing hormone on the secondary FSH surge
296. Effect of stress on the activity of the HPG axis: Peripheral and central mechanisms
297. Stress-induced elevation of testosterone concentrations in high-ranking baboons: Role of catecholamines
298. Reproductive suppression among female mammals: Implications for biomedicine and sexual selection theory
299. Social subordination population density and mammalian evolution
300. Endocrine changes in dasyurid marsupials with differing mortality patterns
301. Stress glucocorticoids and aging
302. Modulation of the adrenocortical responses to acute stress in Arctic birds: A possible ecological basis
303. Profitability encounter rates and prey choice of African lions
304. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: Are patients over treated and does it matter?
305. Stress steroids are not required for patients receiving a renal allograft and undergoing operation
306. Corticosteroid withdrawal after liver transplantation
307. The psychoneuroendocrinology of stress - A psychobiological perspective
308. Prey selection and hunting behavior of the African wild dog
309. Do all members of a swarm suffer the same predation?
310. Why do hunting cheetahs prefer male gazelles?
311. Geometry for the selfish herd
312. Biological bases of the behavior of sick animals
313. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: A role for parasites?
314. Endocrinology alfresco: Psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons
315. Seasonal changes of the adrenocortical response to stress in birds of the Sonoran Desert
316. Basal and stress-induced corticosterone levels of garden warblers Sylvia-borin during migration
317. An orphan nuclear receptor activated by pregnanes defines a novel steroid signaling pathway
318. Specific, nongenomic actions of steroid hormones
319. Ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors
320. The non-ligand binding β-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGRβ): Tissue levels, mechanism of action, and potential physiologic role
321. Expression and subcellular distribution of the β-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor
322. Evidence that the β-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor does not act as a physiologically significant repressor
323. Absence of glucocorticoid receptor-β in mice
324. Effects of selective type I and II adrenal steroid agonists on immune cell distribution
325. Determinants of specificity of transactivation by the mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptor
326. Intracellular signaling pathways confer specificity of transactivation by mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors
327. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease
328. Glucocorticoid up-regulation of high-affinity interleukin-6 receptors on human epithelial cells
329. Agonist-induced destabilization of β-adrenergic receptor mRNA. Attenuation of glucocorticoid-induced up-regulation of β-adrenergic receptors
330. Glucocorticoid increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor and its gene expression
331. 2-adrenergic receptor protein and mRNA levels by glucocorticoids during 3T3-F442A adipose differentiation
332. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor function and tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids
333. Ligand-dependent down-regulation of stably transfected human glucocorticoid receptors is associated with loss of functional glucocorticoid responsiveness
334. Mouse glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation status influences multiple functions of the receptor protein
335. Phosphorylation of steroid hormone receptors
336. Regulation of the human glucocorticoid receptor by long-term and chronic treatment with glucocorticoid
337. Immunolocalization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in rat uterus: Variation across the estrous cycle and regulation by estrogen and progesterone
338. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice show attenuated glucocorticoid-inducible responses and resist hyperglycemia on obesity or stress
339. Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, receptors and response elements
340. Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock proteins and immunophilin chaperones
341. Glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in rat thymus cells: Rapid kinetic behavior and a cyclic model
342. Kinetics of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in intact cells. Evidence for hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation after activation and recycling of hyperphosphorylated receptors
343. Hormone response domains in gene transcription
344. Joints in the regulatory lattice: Composite regulation by steroid receptor-AP1 complexes
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360. Histone acetylation and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms
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363. Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene
364. The glucocorticoid-responsive gene cascade. Activation of the rat arginase gene through induction of C/EBP/β
365. Androgen and glucocorticoid receptor heterodimer formation. A possible mechanism for mutual inhibition of transcriptional activity
366. Mutant and wild-type androgen receptors exhibit cross-talk on androgen-, glucocorticoid-, and progesterone-mediated transcription
367. Synthetic glucocorticoids that dissociate transactivation and AP-1 transrepression exhibit antiinflammatory activity in vivo
368. Dexamethasone inhibition of interleukin 1 beta production by human monocytes: Posttranscriptional mechanisms
369. Glucocorticoids inhibit transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 in U937 cells
370. Analysis of the suppression of IL-1α and IL-β production in human peripheral blood mononuclear adherent cells by a glucocorticoid hormone
371. Glucocorticoids selectively inhibit the transcription of the interleukin-1β gene and decrease the stability of interleukin-1β mRNA
372. Interleukin-1 type II receptor: A decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4
373. Dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of human T cell growth factor and γ-interferon messenger RNA
374. Transcriptional regulation of the interleukin 2 gene by glucocorticoid hormones
375. Negative transcriptional regulation of human interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene by glucocorticoids through interference with nuclear transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT
376. Regulation of IL 3 expression by glucocorticoids in cloned murine T lymphocytes
377. Molecular analysis of the inhibition of interleukin-8 production by dexamethasone in a human fibrosarcoma cell line
378. Cachectin (tumor necrosis factor): A macrophage hormone governing cellular metabolism and inflammatory response
379. A conserved AU sequence from the 3′ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation
380. Identification of a common nucleotide sequence in the 3′ untranslated region of mRNA molecules specifying inflammatory mediators
381. Phagocytosis and inflammatory stimuli induce GM-CSF mRNA in macrophages through posttranscriptional regulation
382. Nuclear factor-κB - A pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases
383. Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: Down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone
384. Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: Mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction
385. Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor
386. Negative transcriptional regulation of the interferon-γ promoter by glucocortcoids and dominant negative mutants of c-Jun
387. Cross-talk between nuclear factor-κB and the steroid hormone receptors: Mechanisms of mutual antagonism
388. Role of transcriptional activation of IκBa in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids
389. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis
390. Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-κB and the glucocorticoid receptor
391. Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of NFκB activity in endothelial cells does not involve induction of IkBa synthesis
392. IκBa-independent downregulation of NF-κB activity by glucocorticoid receptor
393. Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of nuclear factor-κB-dependent transcription involves direct interference with transactivation
394. A dual mechanism mediates repression of NF-κB activity by glucocorticoids
395. Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. Nuclear factor-κB is target for glucocorticoid-mediated interleukin 8 gene repression
396. Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: A possible mechanism for the antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids
397. Nuclear integration of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-κB signaling by CREB-binding protein and steroid receptor coactivator-1
398. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the thymus
399. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation
400. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of human leukemic cells is caused by the repressive function of the glucocorticoid receptor
401. Mechanisms of hormonal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism
402. Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
403. C/EBP and the control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription in the liver
404. Structural requirements of the glucocorticoid and retinoic acid response units in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter
405. Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids
406. Inhibition of glucose transport in fat cells and activation of lipolysis by glucocorticoids
407. Evidence for irreversible, actinomycin D-sensitive, and temperature-sensitive steps following binding of cortisol to glucocorticoid receptors and preceding effects on glucose metabolism in rat thymus cells
408. Dactinomycin inhibition of dexamethasone action on glucose metabolism in white fat cells
409. Inhibition of hexose transport in adipocytes by dexamethasone: Role of protein synthesis
410. The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus
411. Dexamethasone down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
412. The effects of adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone on rat liver metabolites and glycogen synthetase activity
413. The effect of cortisol on synthesis and degradation of liver glycogen
414. Glucocorticoids and hepatic glycogen metabolism
415. Glucocorticoid regulation of insulin receptor and substrate IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle in vivo
416. The structure, role, and regulation of type I protein phosphatases
417. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a gene by glucocorticoids
418. Impaired type II glucocorticoid-receptor function in mice bearing antisense RNA transgene
419. Disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in transgenic mice expressing Type II glucocorticoid receptor antisence ribonucleic acid permanently impairs T cell function: Effects on T cell trafficking and T cell responsiveness during postnatal development
420. Energy balance and lipid metabolism in transgenic mice bearing an antisense CGR construct
421. DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival
422. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency reveals major fetal but not adult glucocorticoid need
423. + metabolism
424. The glucocorticoid receptor is a key regulator of the decision between self-renewal and differentiation in erythroid progenitors
425. The stress response in fish
426. The neuroimmunology of stress from invertebrates to man
427. Cloning of a teleost fish glucocorticoid receptor shows that it contains a deoxyribonucleic acid-binding domain different from that of mammals
428. Fasting in the king penguin. 1. Hormonal and metabolic changes during breeding