Small RNAs: Their possible roles in reproductive failure

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 868, Issue , 2015, Pages 49-79

  Hale, Benjamin J ^a   Keating, Aileen F ^a   Yang, Cai Xia ^a   Ross, Jason W ^a  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dicer; Embryo implantation; PIWI proteins; Posttranscriptional gene regulation; Small noncoding RNA; Spermatogenesis; Telomeres; Transposons

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; PIWI INTERACTING RNA; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SMALL UNTRANSLATED RNA; RNA;

BIOINFORMATICS; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION; GENE FUNCTION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC REGULATION; GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; GERM CELL; HUMAN; INFERTILITY; MALE FERTILITY; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NIDATION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; OOCYTE MATURATION; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN RNA BINDING; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; RNA SYNTHESIS; SEMEN ABNORMALITY; SPERMATOGENESIS; SUBFERTILITY; FEMALE; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION;

FEMALE; HUMANS; REPRODUCTION; RNA;

EID: 84945422423     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: 22148019     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (245)

1. Abd El Naby WS, Hagos TH, Hossain MM, Salilew-Wondim D, Gad AY, Rings F, Cinar MU, Tholen E, Looft C, Schellander K, Hoelker M, Tesfaye D (2013) Expression analysis of regulatory microRNAs in bovine cumulus oocyte complex and preimplantation embryos. Zygote 21:31-51
2. Aboobaker AA, Tomancak P, Patel N, Rubin GM, Lai EC (2005) Drosophila microRNAs exhibit diverse spatial expression patterns during embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(50):18017-18022
3. Abu-Halima M, Hammadeh M, Schmitt J, Leidinger P, Keller A, Meese E, Backes C (2013) Altered microRNA expression profiles of human spermatozoa in patients with different sper-matogenic impairments. Fertil Steril 99(5):1249-1255
4. Abu-Halima M, Hammadeh M, Backes C, Fischer U, Leidinger P, Lubbad AM, Keller A, Meese E (2014) Panel of five microRNAs as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and assessment of male infertility. Fertil Steril 102(4):989-997
5. Akamine EH, Marcal AC, Camporez JP, Hoshida MS, Caperuto LC, Bevilacqua E, Carvalho CR (2010) Obesity induced by high-fat diet promotes insulin resistance in the ovary. J Endocrinol 206(1):65-74
6. Amanai M, Brahmajosyula M, Perry AC (2006) A restricted role for sperm-borne microRNAs in mammalian fertilization. Biol Reprod 75(6):877-884
7. Ambros V, Chen X (2007) The regulation of genes and genomes by small RNAs. Development 134:1635-1641
8. Aravin A, Gaidatzis D, Pfeffer S, Lagos-Quintana M, Landgraf P, Iovino N, Morris P, Brownstein MJ, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Nakano T, Chien M, Russo JJ, Ju J, Sheridan R, Sander C, Zavolan M, Tuschl T (2006) A novel class of small RNAs bind to MILI protein in mouse testes. Nature 442:203-207
9. Aravin AA, Sachidanandam R, Girard A, Fejes-Toth K, Hannon GJ (2007) Developmentally regulated piRNA clusters implicate MILI in transposon control. Science 316:744-747
10. Babiarz JE, Blelloch R (2008) Small RNAs—their biogenesis, regulation and function in embryonic stem cells. StemBook. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
11. Bagga S, Bracht J, Hunter S, Massirer K, Holtz J, Eachus R, Pasquinelli AE (2005) Regulation by let-7 and lin-4 miRNAs results in target mRNA degradation. Cell 122(4):553-563
12. Baley J, Li J (2012) MicroRNAs and ovarian function. J Ovarian Res 5:8
13. Bao J, Li D, Wang L, Wu J, Hu Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Cao X, Jiang C, Yan W, Xu C (2012) MicroRNA-449 and microRNA-34b/c function redundantly in murine testes by targeting E2F transcription factor-retinoblastoma protein (E2F-pRb) pathway. J Biol Chem 287(26): 21686-21698
14. Barad O, Meiri E, Avniel A, Aharonov R, Barzilai A, Bentwich I, Einav U, Gilad S, Hurban P, Karov Y, Lobenhofer EK, Sharon E, Shiboleth YM, Shtutman M, Bentwich Z, Einat P (2004) MicroRNA expression detected by oligonucleotide microarrays: system establishment and expression profiling in human tissues. Genome Res 14(12):2486-2494
15. Bellver J, Melo MA, Bosch E, Serra V, Remohi J, Pellicer A (2007) Obesity and poor reproductive outcome: the potential role of the endometrium. Fertil Steril 88(2):446-451
16. Benetti R, Gonzalo S, Jaco I, Munoz P, Gonzalez S, Schoeftner S, Murchison E, Andl T, Chen T, Klatt P, Li E, Serrano M, Millar S, Hannon G, Blasco MA (2008) A mammalian microRNA cluster controls DNA methylation and telomere recombination via Rbl2-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(3):268-279
17. Bentwich I, Avniel A, Karov Y, Aharonov R, Gilad S, Barad O, Barzilai A, Einat P, Einav U, Meiri E, Sharon E, Spector Y, Bentwich Z (2005) Identification of hundreds of conserved and non-conserved human microRNAs. Nat Genet 37(7):766-770
18. Bernstein E, Kim SY, Carmell MA, Murchison EP, Alcorn H, Li MZ, Mills AA, Elledge SJ, Anderson KV, Hannon GJ (2003) Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet 35(3):215-217
19. Bhattacharya P, Keating AF (2011) Ovarian metabolism of xenobiotics. Exp Biol Med 236(7): 765-771
20. Bhattacharya P, Keating AF (2012a) Impact of environmental exposures on ovarian function and role of xenobiotic metabolism during ovotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 261:227-35
21. Bhattacharya P, Keating AF (2012b) Protective role for ovarian glutathione S-transferase isoform pi during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ovotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 260(2):201-208
22. Bhattacharya C, Aggarwal S, Zhu R, Kumar M, Zhao M, Meistrich ML, Matin A (2007) The mouse dead-end gene isoform alpha is necessary for germ cell and embryonic viability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 355(1):194-199
23. Bhattacharya P, Sen N, Hoyer PB, Keating AF (2012) Ovarian expressed microsomal epoxide hydrolase: Role in detoxification of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and regulation by phospha-tidylinositol-3 kinase signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 258(1):118-123
24. Bhattacharya P, Madden JA, Sen N, Hoyer PB, Keating AF (2013) Glutathione S-transferase class mu regulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 protein during VCD-induced ovotoxicity in neonatal rat ovaries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 267(1):49-56
25. Biemar F, Zinzen R, Ronshaugen M, Sementchenko V, Manak JR, Levine MS (2005) Spatial regulation of microRNA gene expression in the Drosophila embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(44):15907-15911
26. Bjork JK, Sandqvist A, Elsing AN, Kotaja N, Sistonen L (2010) miR-18, a member of Oncomir-1, targets heat shock transcription factor 2 in spermatogenesis. Development 137(19): 3177-3184
27. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller AB, Narwal R, Adler A, Vera Garcia C, Rohde S, Say L, Lawn JE (2012) National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 379(9832):2162-2172
28. Bouhallier F, Allioli N, Lavial F, Chalmel F, Perrard MH, Durand P, Samarut J, Pain B, Rouault JP (2010) Role of miR-34c microRNA in the late steps of spermatogenesis. RNA 16(4):720-731
29. Brennecke J, Aravin AA, Stark A, Dus M, Kellis M, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ (2007) Discrete small RNA-generating loci as master regulators of transposon activity in Drosophila. Cell 128:1089-1103
30. Brevini TA, Cillo F, Antonini S, Tosetti V, Gandolfi F (2007) Temporal and spatial control of gene expression in early embryos of farm animals. Reprod Fertil Dev 19(1):35-42
31. Brewer CJ, Balen AH (2010) The adverse effects of obesity on conception and implantation. Reproduction 140(3):347-364
32. Brown C, LaRocca J, Pietruska J, Ota M, Anderson L, Smith SD, Weston P, Rasoulpour T, Hixon ML (2010) Subfertility caused by altered follicular development and oocyte growth in female mice lacking PKB alpha/Akt1. Biol Reprod 82(2):246-256
33. Cantley LC (2002) The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science 296(5573):1655-1657
34. Carletti MZ, Fiedler SD, Christenson LK (2010) MicroRNA 21 blocks apoptosis in mouse periovulatory granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 83(2):286-295
35. Carmell MA, Girard A, van de Kant HJ, Bourc'his D, Bestor TH, de Rooij DG, Hannon GJ (2007) MIWI2 is essential for spermatogenesis and repression of transposons in the mouse male germ-line. Dev Cell 12:503-514
36. Carmichael SL, Rasmussen SA, Shaw GM (2010) Prepregnancy obesity: a complex risk factor for selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88(10):804-810
37. Castellano L, Stebbing J (2013) Deep sequencing of small RNAs identifies canonical and noncanonical miRNA and endogenous siRNAs in mammalian somatic tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 41:3339-51
38. Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK (2012) Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat Med 18(12):1754-1767
39. Chakrabarty A, Tranguch S, Daikoku T, Jensen K, Furneaux H, Dey SK (2007) MicroRNA regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during embryo implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(38): 15144-15149
40. Cheloufi S, Dos Santos CO, Chong MM, Hannon GJ (2010) A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis. Nature 465(7298):584-589
41. Chen L, Daley GQ (2008) Molecular basis of pluripotency. Hum Mol Genet 17(R1):R23-27
42. Chen CY, Shyu AB (1995) AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends Biochem Sci 20(11):465-170
43. Cook MS, Blelloch R (2013) Small RNAs in germline development. Curr Top Dev Biol 102: 159-205
44. Cox DN, Chao A, Baker J, Chang L, Qiao D, Lin H (1998) A novel class of evolutionarily conserved genes defined by piwi are essential for stem cell self-renewal. Genes Dev 12(23): 3715-3727
45. Dai Y, Lee C, Hutchings A, Sun Y, Moor R (2000) Selective requirement for Cdc25C protein synthesis during meiotic progression in porcine oocytes. Biol Reprod 62(3):519-532
46. Darido C, Georgy SR, Wilanowski T, Dworkin S, Auden A, Zhao Q, Rank G, Srivastava S, Finlay MJ, Papenfuss AT, Pandolfi PP, Pearson RB, Jane SM (2011) Targeting of the tumor suppressor GRHL3 by a miR-21-dependent proto-oncogenic network results in PTEN loss and tumori-genesis. Cancer Cell 20(5):635-648
47. Datta SR, Brunet A, Greenberg ME (1999) Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev 13(22):2905-2927
48. Deng W, Lin H (2002) Miwi, a murine homolog of piwi, encodes a cytoplasmic protein essential for spermatogenesis. Dev Cell 2:819-830
49. Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF, Hannon GJ (2004) Processing of primary microR-NAs by the Microprocessor complex. Nature 432:231-235
50. Ding CF, Chen WQ, Zhu YT, Bo YL, Hu HM, Zheng RH (2014) Circulating microRNAs in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Fertil 18:22-9
51. Dohle GR, Colpi GM, Hargreave TB, Papp GK, Jungwirth A, Weidner W (2005) EAU guidelines on male infertility. Eur Urol 48(5):703-711
52. Donadeu FX, Schauer S, Sontakke S (2012) Involvement of miRNAs in ovarian follicular and luteal development. J Endocrinol 215:323-34
53. Eades G, Yang M, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Q (2011) miR-200a regulates Nrf2 activation by targeting Keap1 mRNA in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 286(47):40725-40733
54. Fabian MR, Sonenberg N, Filipowicz W (2010) Regulation of mRNA translation and stability by microRNAs. Annu Rev Biochem 79:351-379
55. Fan XC, Myer VE, Steitz JA (1997) AU-rich elements target small nuclear RNAs as well as mRNAs for rapid degradation. Genes Dev 11(19):2557-2568
56. Fang YX, Xue JL, Shen Q, Chen J, Tian L (2012) miR-7 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 55:1852-62
57. Ferlin A, Arredi B, Speltra E, Cazzadore C, Selice R, Garolla A, Lenzi A, Foresta C (2007) Molecular and clinical characterization of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men: a 10-year experience in Italy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(3):762-770
58. Fernandez SM, Keating AF, Christian PJ, Sen N, Hoying JB, Brooks HL, Hoyer PB (2008) Involvement of the KIT/KITL signaling pathway in 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced ovarian follicle loss in rats. Biol Reprod 79(2):318-327
59. Fernandez-Valverde SL, Taft RJ, Mattick JS (2011) MicroRNAs in beta-cell biology, insulin resistance, diabetes and its complications. Diabetes 60(7):1825-1831
60. Filipowicz W (2005) RNAi: the nuts and bolts of the RISC machine. Cell 122:17-20
61. Flor I, Bullerdiek J (2012) The dark side of a success story: microRNAs of the C19MC cluster in human. J Pathol 227(3):270-274
62. Frank F, Sonenberg N, Nagar B (2010) Structural basis for 5'-nucleotide base-specific recognition of guide RNA by human AGO2. Nature 465(7299):818-822
63. Ghildiyal M, Seitz H, Horwich MD, Li C, Du T, Lee S, Xu J, Kittler EL, Zapp ML, Weng Z, Zamore PD (2008) Endogenous siRNAs derived from transposons and mRNAs in Drosophila somatic cells. Science 320:1077-1081
64. Giraldez AJ, Mishima Y, Rihel J, Grocock RJ, Van Dongen S, Inoue K, Enright AJ, Schier AF (2006) Zebrafish MiR-430 promotes deadenylation and clearance of maternal mRNAs. Science 312(5770):75-79
65. Girard A, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ, Carmell MA (2006) A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins. Nature 442(7099):199-202
66. Golden DE, Gerbasi VR, Sontheimer EJ (2008) An inside job for siRNAs. Mol Cell 31:309-312
67. Gonzalez-Gonzalez E, Lopez-Casas PP, del Mazo J (2008) The expression patterns of genes involved in the RNAi pathways are tissue-dependent and differ in the germ and somatic cells of mouse testis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1779(5):306-311
68. Gregory RI, Yan KP, Amuthan G, Chendrimada T, Doratotaj B, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R (2004) The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature 432:235-240
69. Griffiths-Jones S (2006) miRBase: the microRNA sequence database. Methods Mol Biol 342: 129-138
70. Grivna ST, Beyret E, Wang Z, Lin H (2006) A novel class of small RNAs in mouse spermatogenic cells. Genes Dev 20(13):1709-1714
71. Gu P, Reid JG, Gao X, Shaw CA, Creighton C, Tran PL, Zhou X, Drabek RB, Steffen DL, Hoang DM, Weiss MK, Naghavi AO, El-daye J, Khan MF, Legge GB, Wheeler DA, Gibbs RA, Miller JN, Cooney AJ, Gunaratne PH (2008) Novel microRNA candidates and miRNA-mRNA pairs in embryonic stem (ES) cells. PLoS One 3(7), e2548
72. Gu A, Ji G, Shi X, Long Y, Xia Y, Song L, Wang S, Wang X (2010) Genetic variants in Piwi-interacting RNA pathway genes confer susceptibility to spermatogenic failure in a Chinese population. Hum Reprod 25(12):2955-2961
73. Gunawardane LS, Saito K, Nishida KM, Miyoshi K, Kawamura Y, Nagami T, Siomi H, Siomi MC (2007) A slicer-mediated mechanism for repeat-associated siRNA 5' end formation in Drosophila. Science 315:1587-1590
74. Han J, Lee Y, Yeom KH, Kim YK, Jin H, Kim VN (2004) The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing. Genes Dev 18:3016-3027
75. Hargreave TB (2000) Genetic basis of male fertility. Br Med Bull 56(3):650-671
76. Hawkins SM, Andreu-Vieyra CV, Kim TH, Jeong JW, Hodgson MC, Chen R, Creighton CJ, Lydon JP, Gunaratne PH, DeMayo FJ, Matzuk MM (2012) Dysregulation of uterine signaling pathways in progesterone receptor-Cre knockout of dicer. Mol Endocrinol 26(9):1552-1566
77. Hayashi K, de Sousa C, Lopes SM, Kaneda M, Tang F, Hajkova P, Lao K, O'Carroll D, Das PP, Tarakhovsky A, Miska EA, Surani MA (2008) MicroRNA biogenesis is required for mouse primordial germ cell development and spermatogenesis. PLoS One 3(3), e1738
78. Hellani A, Al-Hassan S, Iqbal MA, Coskun S (2006) Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men with idiopathic oligo- or azoospermia. J Exp Clin Assist Reprod 3:1
79. Hemberger M, Dean W, Reik W (2009) Epigenetic dynamics of stem cells and cell lineage commitment: digging Waddington's canal. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:526-537
80. Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA (2003) Embryonic stem cell-specific MicroRNAs. Dev Cell 5(2):351-358
81. Houwing S, Kamminga LM, Berezikov E, Cronembold D, Girard A, van den Elst H, Filippov DV, Blaser H, Raz E, Moens CB, Plasterk RH, Hannon GJ, Draper BW, Ketting RF (2007) A role for Piwi and piRNAs in germ cell maintenance and transposon silencing in Zebrafish. Cell 129:69-82
82. Houwing S, Berezikov E, Ketting RF (2008) Zili is required for germ cell differentiation and meio-sis in zebrafish. EMBO J 27(20):2702-2711
83. Hoyer PB, Keating AF (2014) Xenobiotic effects in the ovary: temporary versus permanent infertility. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 10(4):511-523
84. Huang TC, Chang HY, Chen CY, Wu PY, Lee H, Liao YF, Hsu WM, Huang HC, Juan HF (2011) Silencing of miR-124 induces neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through promoting AHR. FEBS Lett 585(22):3582-3586
85. Huang HC, Yu HR, Huang LT, Huang HC, Chen RF, Lin IC, Ou CY, Hsu TY, Yang KD (2012) miRNA-125b regulates TNF-alpha production in CD14+ neonatal monocytes via posttranscriptional regulation. J Leukoc Biol 92(1):171-182
86. Huszar JM, Payne CJ (2013) MicroRNA 146 (Mir146) modulates spermatogonial differentiation by retinoic acid in mice. Biol Reprod 88(1):15
87. Hutvagner G, Zamore PD (2002) A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex. Science 297:2056-2060
88. Igawa Y, Keating AF, Rajapaksa KS, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB (2009) Evaluation of ovotoxicity induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its 3,4-diol metabolite utilizing a rat in vitro ovarian culture system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 234(3):361-369
89. Ishizu H, Siomi H, Siomi MC (2012) Biology of PIWI-interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines. Genes Dev 26(21):2361-2373
90. Jagarlamudi K, Liu L, Adhikari D, Reddy P, Idahl A, Ottander U, Lundin E, Liu K (2009) Oocyte-specific deletion of Pten in mice reveals a stage-specific function of PTEN/PI3K signaling in oocytes in controlling follicular activation. PLoS One 4(7), e6186
91. Ji M, Rao E, Ramachandrareddy H, Shen Y, Jiang C, Chen J, Hu Y, Rizzino A, Chan WC, Fu K, McKeithan TW (2011) The miR-17-92 microRNA cluster is regulated by multiple mechanisms in B-cell malignancies. Am J Pathol 179(4):1645-1656
92. Jinek M, Doudna JA (2009) A three-dimensional view of the molecular machinery of RNA interference. Nature 457(7228):405-412
93. Juliano C, Wang J, Lin H (2011) Uniting germline and stem cells: the function of Piwi proteins and the piRNA pathway in diverse organisms. Annu Rev Genet 45:447-469
94. Kalra A, Nair S, Rai L (2006) Association of obesity and insulin resistance with dyslipidemia in Indian women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Indian J Med Sci 60(11):447-153
95. Kaneda M, Tang F, O'Carroll D, Lao K, Surani MA (2009) Essential role for Argonaute2 protein in mouse oogenesis. Epigenetics Chromatin 2:9
96. Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA, Kung AL, Ganesan S, Drapkin R, Jenuwein T, Livingston DM, Rajewsky K (2005) Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev 19:489-501
97. Kao LC, Germeyer A, Tulac S, Lobo S, Yang JP, Taylor RN, Osteen K, Lessey BA, Giudice LC (2003) Expression profiling of endometrium from women with endometriosis reveals candidate genes for disease-based implantation failure and infertility. Endocrinology 144(7):2870-2881
98. Kashyap SR, Defronzo RA (2007) The insulin resistance syndrome: physiological considerations. Diab Vasc Dis Res 4(1):13-19
99. Keating AF, Rajapaksa KS, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB (2008a) Effect of CYP2E1 gene deletion in mice on expression of microsomal epoxide hydrolase in response to VCD exposure. Toxicol Sci 105(2):351-359
100. Keating AF, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB (2008b) Expression of ovarian microsomal epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase during onset of VCD-induced ovotoxicity in B6C3F(1) mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 230(1):109-116
101. Keating AF, Mark CJ, Sen N, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB (2009) Effect of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibition on ovotoxicity caused by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene in neonatal rat ovaries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 241(2):127-134
102. Keating AF, Sen N, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB (2010) Dual protective role for glutathione S-transferase class pi against VCD-induced ovotoxicity in the rat ovary. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 247(2): 71-75
103. Kedde M, Agami R (2008) Interplay between microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins determines developmental processes. Cell Cycle 7(7):899-903
104. Kedde M, Strasser MJ, Boldajipour B, Oude Vrielink JA, Slanchev K, le Sage C, Nagel R, Voorhoeve PM, van Duijse J, Orom UA, Lund AH, Perrakis A, Raz E, Agami R (2007) RNA-binding protein Dnd1 inhibits microRNA access to target mRNA. Cell 131(7):1273-1286
105. Khurana JS, Xu J, Weng Z, Theurkauf WE (2010) Distinct functions for the Drosophila piRNA pathway in genome maintenance and telomere protection. PLoS Genet 6(12), e1001246
106. Kim VN, Han J, Siomi MC (2009) Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:126-139
107. Kim YJ, Hwang SH, Cho HH, Shin KK, Bae YC, Jung JS (2012) MicroRNA 21 regulates the proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and high-fat diet-induced obesity alters microRNA 21 expression in white adipose tissues. J Cell Physiol 227(1):183-193
108. Klattenhoff C, Theurkauf W (2008) Biogenesis and germline functions of piRNAs. Development 135:3-9
109. Klenov MS, Lavrov SA, Stolyarenko AD, Ryazansky SS, Aravin AA, Tuschl T, Gvozdev VA (2007) Repeat-associated siRNAs cause chromatin silencing of retrotransposons in the Drosophila melanogaster germline. Nucleic Acids Res 35(16):5430-5438
110. Korhonen HM, Meikar O, Yadav RP, Papaioannou MD, Romero Y, Da Ros M, Herrera PL, Toppari J, Nef S, Kotaja N (2011) Dicer is required for haploid male germ cell differentiation in mice. PLoS One 6(9), e24821
111. Kotaja N, Sassone-Corsi P (2007) The chromatoid body: a germ-cell-specific RNA-processing centre. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8(1):85-90
112. Kotaja N, Kimmins S, Brancorsini S, Hentsch D, Vonesch JL, Davidson I, Parvinen M, Sassone-Corsi P (2004) Preparation, isolation and characterization of stage-specific spermatogenic cells for cellular and molecular analysis. Nat Methods 1(3):249-254
113. Kotaja N, Bhattacharyya SN, Jaskiewicz L, Kimmins S, Parvinen M, Filipowicz W, Sassone-Corsi P (2006) The chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(8):2647-2652
114. Kowalczykiewicz D, Pawlak P, Lechniak D, Wrzesinski J (2012) Altered expression of porcine Piwi genes and piRNA during development. PLoS One 7(8), e43816
115. Krawetz SA, Kruger A, Lalancette C, Tagett R, Anton E, Draghici S, Diamond MP (2011) A survey of small RNAs in human sperm. Hum Reprod 26(12):3401-3412
116. Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Watanabe T, Gotoh K, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Ikawa M, Asada N, Kojima K, Yamaguchi Y, Ijiri TW, Hata K, Li E, Matsuda Y, Kimura T, Okabe M, Sakaki Y, Sasaki H, Nakano T (2008) DNA methylation of retrotransposon genes is regulated by Piwi family members MILI and MIWI2 in murine fetal testes. Genes Dev 22(7):908-917
117. Lakshmipathy U, Love B, Goff LA, Jornsten R, Graichen R, Hart RP, Chesnut JD (2007) MicroRNA expression pattern of undifferentiated and differentiated human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 16(6):1003-1016
118. Landgraf P, Rusu M, Sheridan R, Sewer A, Iovino N, Aravin A, Pfeffer S, Rice A, Kamphorst AO, Landthaler M, Lin C, Socci ND, Hermida L, Fulci V, Chiaretti S, Foa R, Schliwka J, Fuchs U, Novosel A, Muller RU, Schermer B, Bissels U, Inman J, Phan Q, Chien M, Weir DB, Choksi R, De Vita G, Frezzetti D, Trompeter HI, Hornung V, Teng G, Hartmann G, Palkovits M, Di Lauro R, Wernet P, Macino G, Rogler CE, Nagle JW, Ju J, Papavasiliou FN, Benzing T, Lichter P, Tam W, Brownstein MJ, Bosio A, Borkhardt A, Russo JJ, Sander C, Zavolan M, Tuschl T (2007) A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing. Cell 129(7):1401-1414
119. Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP (2001) An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 294:858-862
120. Lee Y, Jeon K, Lee JT, Kim S, Kim VN (2002) MicroRNA maturation: stepwise processing and subcellular localization. EMBO J 21(17):4663-1670
121. Lee Y, Kim M, Han J, Yeom KH, Lee S, Baek SH, Kim VN (2004) MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. EMBO J 23:4051-4060
122. Lee JH, Schutte D, Wulf G, Fuzesi L, Radzun HJ, Schweyer S, Engel W, Nayernia K (2006) Stem-cell protein Piwil2 is widely expressed in tumors and inhibits apoptosis through activation of Stat3/Bcl-XL pathway. Hum Mol Genet 15(2):201-211
123. Lee JH, Jung C, Javadian-Elyaderani P, Schweyer S, Schutte D, Shoukier M, Karimi-Busheri F, Weinfeld M, Rasouli-Nia A, Hengstler JG, Mantilla A, Soleimanpour-Lichaei HR, Engel W, Robson CN, Nayernia K (2010) Pathways of proliferation and antiapoptosis driven in breast cancer stem cells by stem cell protein piwil2. Cancer Res 70(11):4569-1579
124. Li C, Vagin VV, Lee S, Xu J, Ma S, Xi H, Seitz H, Horwich MD, Syrzycka M, Honda BM, Kittler EL, Zapp ML, Klattenhoff C, Schulz N, Theurkauf WE, Weng Z, Zamore PD (2009) Collapse of germline piRNAs in the absence of Argonaute3 reveals somatic piRNAs in flies. Cell 137(3):509-521
125. Li M, Yu M, Liu C, Zhu H, He X, Peng S, Hua J (2013) miR-34c works downstream of p53 leading to dairy goat male germline stem-cell (mGSCs) apoptosis. Cell Prolif 46(2):223-231
126. Liang Y, Ridzon D, Wong L, Chen C (2007) Characterization of microRNA expression profiles in normal human tissues. BMC Genomics 8:166
127. Liang X, Zhou D, Wei C, Luo H, Liu J, Fu R, Cui S (2012) MicroRNA-34c enhances murine male germ cell apoptosis through targeting ATF1. PLoS One 7(3), e33861
128. Lim AK, Kai T (2007) Unique germ-line organelle, nuage, functions to repress selfish genetic elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(16):6714-6719
129. Lin H, Yin H (2008) A novel epigenetic mechanism in Drosophila somatic cells mediated by Piwi and piRNAs. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 73:273-281
130. Lin S, Cheung WK, Chen S, Lu G, Wang Z, Xie D, Li K, Lin MC, Kung HF (2010) Computational identification and characterization of primate-specific microRNAs. Comput Biol Chem 34(4):232-241
131. Ling HY, Hu B, Hu XB, Zhong J, Feng SD, Qin L, Liu G, Wen GB, Liao DF (2012) MiRNA-21 reverses high glucose and high insulin induced insulin resistance in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 120(9):553-559
132. Liu K, Rajareddy S, Liu L, Jagarlamudi K, Boman K, Selstam G, Reddy P (2006a) Control of mammalian oocyte growth and early follicular development by the oocyte PI3 kinase pathway: new roles for an old timer. Dev Biol 299(1):1-11
133. Liu X, Sun Y, Guo J, Ma H, Li J, Dong B, Jin G, Zhang J, Wu J, Meng L, Shou C (2006b) Expression of hiwi gene in human gastric cancer was associated with proliferation of cancer cells. Int J Cancer 118(8):1922-1929
134. Liu JJ, Shen R, Chen L, Ye Y, He G, Hua K, Jarjoura D, Nakano T, Ramesh GK, Shapiro CL, Barsky SH, Gao JX (2010) Piwil2 is expressed in various stages of breast cancers and has the potential to be used as a novel biomarker. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 3(4):328-337
135. Liu WM, Pang RT, Chiu PC, Wong BP, Lao K, Lee KF, Yeung WS (2012) Sperm-borne microRNA-34c is required for the first cleavage division in mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(2): 490-494
136. Lund E, Guttinger S, Calado A, Dahlberg JE, Kutay U (2004) Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science 303:95-98
137. Luo L, Ye L, Liu G, Shao G, Zheng R, Ren Z, Zuo B, Xu D, Lei M, Jiang S, Deng C, Xiong Y, Li F (2010) Microarray-based approach identifies differentially expressed microRNAs in porcine sexually immature and mature testes. PLoS One 5(8), e11744
138. Ma J, Flemr M, Stein P, Berninger P, Malik R, Zavolan M, Svoboda P, Schultz RM (2010) MicroRNA activity is suppressed in mouse oocytes. Curr Biol 20(3):265-270
139. Maatouk DM, Loveland KL, McManus MT, Moore K, Harfe BD (2008) Dicer1 is required for differentiation of the mouse male germline. Biol Reprod 79(4):696-703
140. Madden JA, Keating AF (2014) Ovarian xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes are altered during phosphoramide mustard-induced ovotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 41:441-52
141. Maheshwari A, Stofberg L, Bhattacharya S (2007) Effect of overweight and obesity on assisted reproductive technology-a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 13(5):433-444
142. Marcon E, Babak T, Chua G, Hughes T, Moens PB (2008) miRNA and piRNA localization in the male mammalian meiotic nucleus. Chromosome Res 16(2):243-260
143. Marson A, Levine SS, Cole MF, Frampton GM, Brambrink T, Johnstone S, Guenther MG, Johnston WK, Wernig M, Newman J, Calabrese JM, Dennis LM, Volkert TL, Gupta S, Love J, Hannett N, Sharp PA, Bartel DP, Jaenisch R, Young RA (2008) Connecting microRNA genes to the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of embryonic stem cells. Cell 134(3):521-533
144. Martinez J, Patkaniowska A, Urlaub H, Luhrmann R, Tuschl T (2002) Single-stranded antisense siRNAs guide target RNA cleavage in RNAi. Cell 110:563-574
145. Mattison DR, Schulman JD (1980) How xenobiotic chemicals can destroy oocytes. Am J Ind Med 4:157-169
146. Mayor-Lynn K, Toloubeydokhti T, Cruz AC, Chegini N (2011) Expression profile of microRNAs and mRNAs in human placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and preterm labor. Reprod Sci 18(1):46-56
147. McBride D, Carré W, Sontakke SD, Hogg CO, Law A, Donadeu FX, Clinton M (2012) Identification of miRNAs associated with the follicular-luteal transition in the ruminant ovary. Reproduction 144(2):221-233
148. Mccallie B, Schoolcraft WB, Katz-Jaffe MG (2010) Aberration of blastocyst microRNA expression is associated with human infertility. Fertil Steril 93(7):2374-2382
149. Meikar O, Da Ros M, Korhonen H, Kotaja N (2011) Chromatoid body and small RNAs in male germ cells. Reproduction 142(2):195-209
150. Melton C, Judson RL, Blelloch R (2010) Opposing microRNA families regulate self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 463(7281):621-626
151. Meng F, Henson R, Wehbe-Janek H, Smith H, Ueno Y, Patel T (2007) The MicroRNA let-7a modulates interleukin-6-dependent STAT-3 survival signaling. J Biol Chem 282(11): 8256-8264
152. Meng F, Wehbe-Janek H, Henson R, Smith H, Patel T (2008) Epigenetic regulation of microRNA-370 by interleukin-6 in malignant human. Oncogene 27(3):378-386
153. Miyoshi K, Miyoshi T, Siomi H (2010) Many ways to generate microRNA-like small RNAs: non-canonical pathways for microRNA production. Mol Genet Genomics 284(2):95-103
154. Morales Prieto DM, Markert UR (2011) MicroRNAs in pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 88(2): 106-111
155. Morin RD, O'Connor MD, Griffith M, Kuchenbauer F, Delaney A, Prabhu AL, Zhao Y, McDonald H, Zeng T, Hirst M, Eaves CJ, Marra MA (2008) Application of massively parallel sequencing to microRNA profiling and discovery in human embryonic stem cells. Genome Res 18(4): 610-621
156. Moritoki Y, Hayashi Y, Mizuno K, Kamisawa H, Nishio H, Kurokawa S, Ugawa S, Kojima Y, Kohri K (2014) Expression profiling of microRNA in cryptorchid testes: miR-135a contributes to the maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells by regulating FoxO1. J Urol 191(4):1174-1180
157. Murchison EP, Partridge JF, Tam OH, Cheloufi S, Hannon GJ (2005) Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12135-12140
158. Murchison EP, Stein P, Xuan Z, Pan H, Zhang MQ, Schultz RM, Hannon GJ (2007) Critical roles for dicer in the female germline. Genes Dev 21:682-693
159. Näär AM (2011) MiRs with a sweet tooth. Cell Metab 14(2):149-150
160. Nagaraja AK, Andreu-Vieyra C, Franco HL, Ma L, Chen R, Han DY, Zhu H, Agno JE, Gunaratne PH, DeMayo FJ, Matzuk MM (2008) Deletion of dicer in somatic cells of the female reproductive tract causes sterility. Mol Endocrinol 22(10):2336-2352
161. Nestler JE (2000) Obesity, insulin, sex steroids and ovulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(Suppl 2):71-73
162. Niu Z, Goodyear SM, Rao S, Wu X, Tobias JW, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL (2011) MicroRNA-21 regulates the self-renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(31):12740-12745
163. Noguer-Dance M, Abu-Amero S, Al-Khtib M, Lefevre A, Coullin P, Moore GE, Cavaille J (2010) The primate-specific microRNA gene cluster (C19MC) is imprinted in the placenta. Hum Mol Genet 19(18):3566-3582
164. Nteeba J, Ortinau LC, Perfield JW 2nd, Keating AF (2013a) Diet-induced obesity alters immune cell infiltration and expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in mouse ovarian and peri-ovarian adipose depot tissues. Mol Reprod Dev 80(11):948-958
165. Nteeba J, Ross JW, Perfield JW 2nd, Keating AF (2013b) High fat diet induced obesity alters ovarian phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling gene expression. Reprod Toxicol 42:68-77
166. O'Connell RM, Taganov KD, Boldin MP, Cheng G, Baltimore D (2007) MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(5): 1604-1609
167. Ohlsson Teague EM, Van der Hoek KH, Van der Hoek MB, Perry N, Wagaarachchi P, Robertson SA, Print CG, Hull LM (2009) MicroRNA-regulated pathways associated with endometriosis. Mol Endocrinol 23(2):265-275
168. Okamura K, Balla S, Martin R, Liu N, Lai EC (2008a) Two distinct mechanisms generate endogenous siRNAs from bidirectional transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:581-590
169. Okamura K, Chung WJ, Ruby JG, Guo H, Bartel DP, Lai EC (2008b) The Drosophila hairpin RNA pathway generates endogenous short interfering RNAs. Nature 453:803-806
170. Ortega FJ, Mercader JM, Catalan V, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Pueyo N, Sabater M, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Anglada R, Fernandez-Formoso JA, Ricart W, Fruhbeck G, Fernandez-Real JM (2013) Targeting the circulating microRNA signature of obesity. Clin Chem 59(5):781-792
171. Pan Q, Chegini N (2008) MicroRNA signature and regulatory functions in the endometrium during normal and disease states. Semin Reprod Med 26(6):479-493
172. Papaioannou MD, Pitetti JL, Ro S, Park C, Aubry F, Schaad O, Vejnar CE, Kuhne F, Descombes P, Zdobnov EM, McManus MT, Guillou F, Harfe BD, Yan W, Jegou B, Nef S (2009) Sertoli cell dicer is essential for spermatogenesis in mice. Dev Biol 326(1):250-259
173. Pasquali R, Gambineri A (2006) Metabolic effects of obesity on reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online 12(5):542-551
174. Pasquali R, Pelusi C, Genghini S, Cacciari M, Gambineri A (2003) Obesity and reproductive disorders in women. Hum Reprod Update 9(4):359-372
175. Pawson T, Nash P (2000) Protein-protein interactions define specificity in signal transduction. Genes Dev 14(9):1027-1047
176. Perri R, Nares S, Zhang S, Barros SP, Offenbacher S (2012) MicroRNA modulation in obesity and periodontitis. J Dent Res 91(1):33-38
177. Pettigrew R, Hamilton-Fairley D (1997) Obesity and female reproductive function. Br Med Bull 53(2):341-358
178. Qiao D, Zeeman AM, Deng W, Looijenga LH, Lin H (2002) Molecular characterization of hiwi, a human member of the piwi gene family whose overexpression is correlated to seminomas. Oncogene 21(25):3988-3999
179. Rachon D, Teede H (2010) Ovarian function and obesity-interrelationship, impact on women's reproductive lifespan and treatment options. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):172-179
180. Ro S, Park C, Sanders KM, McCarrey JR, Yan W (2007) Cloning and expression profiling of testis-expressed microRNAs. Dev Biol 311(2):592-602
181. Robine N, Lau NC, Balla S, Jin Z, Okamura K, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Blower MD, Lai EC (2009) A broadly conserved pathway generates 3'UTR-directed primary piRNAs. Curr Biol 19(24):2066-2076
182. Rodriguez A, Vigorito E, Clare S, Warren MV, Couttet P, Soond DR, van Dongen S, Grocock RJ, Das PP, Miska EA, Vetrie D, Okkenhaug K, Enright AJ, Dougan G, Turner M, Bradley A (2007) Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science 316(5824): 608-611
183. Romero Y, Meikar O, Papaioannou MD, Conne B, Grey C, Weier M, Pralong F, De Massy B, Kaessmann H, Vassalli JD, Kotaja N, Nef S (2011) Dicer1 depletion in male germ cells leads to infertility due to cumulative meiotic and spermiogenic defects. PLoS One 6(10), e25241
184. Rottiers V, Näär AM (2012) MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13(4):239-250
185. Rubens CE, Gravett MG, Victora CG, Nunes TM, Group GR (2010) Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (7 of 7): mobilizing resources to accelerate innovative solutions (Global Action Agenda). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 10(Suppl 1):S7
186. Saare M, Rekker K, Laisk-Podar T, Soritsa D, Roost AM, Simm J, Velthut-Meikas A, Samuel K, Metsalu T, Karro H, Soritsa A, Salumets A, Peters M (2014) High-throughput sequencing approach uncovers the miRNome of peritoneal endometriotic lesions and adjacent healthy tissues. PLoS One 9(11), e112630
187. Saga Y (2008) Mouse germ cell development during embryogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18(4): 337-341
188. Sang Q, Yao Z, Wang H, Feng R, Zhao X, Xing Q, Jin L, He L, Wu L, Wang L (2013) Identification of microRNAs in human follicular fluid: characterization of microRNAs that govern steroido-genesis in vitro and are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(7):3068-3079
189. Schwab R, Voinnet O (2009) MiRNA processing turned upside down. EMBO J 28:3633-3634
190. Seipel K, Yanze N, Schmid V (2004) The germ line and somatic stem cell gene Cniwi in the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea. Int J Dev Biol 48(1):1-7
191. Sharma AK, Nelson MC, Brandt JE, Wessman M, Mahmud N, Weller KP, Hoffman R (2001) Human CD34(+) stem cells express the hiwi gene, a human homologue of the Drosophila gene piwi. Blood 97(2):426-434
192. Sinkkonen L, Hugenschmidt T, Berninger P, Gaidatzis D, Mohn F, Artus-Revel CG, Zavolan M, Svoboda P, Filipowicz W (2008) MicroRNAs control de novo DNA methylation through regulation of transcriptional repressors in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:259-267
193. Sirotkin AV, Ovcharenko D, Grossmann R, Laukovä M, Mlyncek M (2009) Identification of microRNAs controlling human ovarian cell steroidogenesis via a genome-scale screen. J Cell Physiol 219(2):415-420
194. Sirotkin AV, Laukovä M, Ovcharenko D, Brenaut P, Mlyncek M (2010) Identification of microR-NAs controlling human ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 223(1):49-56
195. Sorensen AE, Wissing ML, Salo S, Englund AL, Dalgaard LT (2014) MicroRNAs related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Genes (Basel) 5(3):684-708
196. Suh MR, Lee Y, Kim JY, Kim SK, Moon SH, Lee JY, Cha KY, Chung HM, Yoon HS, Moon SY, Kim VN, Kim KS (2004) Human embryonic stem cells express a unique set of microRNAs. Dev Biol 270(2):488-498
197. Suh N, Baehner L, Moltzahn F, Melton C, Shenoy A, Chen J, Blelloch R (2010) MicroRNA function is globally suppressed in mouse oocytes and early embryos. Curr Biol 20(3):271-277
198. Svoboda P, Flemr M (2010) The role of miRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in maternal-to-zygotic reprogramming and the establishment of pluripotency. EMBO Rep 11:590-597
199. Tadros W, Lipshitz HD (2005) Setting the stage for development: mRNA translation and stability during oocyte maturation and egg activation in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 232(3):593-608
200. Tam OH, Aravin AA, Stein P, Girard A, Murchison EP, Cheloufi S, Hodges E, Anger M, Sachidanandam R, Schultz RM, Hannon GJ (2008) Pseudogene-derived small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression in mouse oocytes. Nature 453:534-538
201. Tang F, Kaneda M, O'Carroll D, Hajkova P, Barton SC, Sun YA, Lee C, Tarakhovsky A, Lao K, Surani MA (2007) Maternal microRNAs are essential for mouse zygotic development. Genes Dev 21:644-648
202. Taubert H, Greither T, Kaushal D, Wurl P, Bache M, Bartel F, Kehlen A, Lautenschlager C, Harris L, Kraemer K, Meye A, Kappler M, Schmidt H, Holzhausen HJ, Hauptmann S (2007) Expression of the stem cell self-renewal gene Hiwi and risk of tumour-related death in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. Oncogene 26(7):1098-1100
203. Tesfaye D, Worku D, Rings F, Phatsara C, Tholen E, Schellander K, Hoelker M (2009) Identification and expression profiling of microRNAs during bovine oocyte maturation using heterologous approach. Mol Reprod Dev 76(7):665-677
204. Thomson T, Lin H (2009) The biogenesis and function of PIWI proteins and piRNAs: progress and prospect. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 25:355-376
205. Tian Y, Nan Y, Han L, Zhang A, Wang G, Jia Z, Hao J, Pu P, Zhong Y, Kang C (2011) MicroRNA miR-451 downregulates the PI3K/AKT pathway through CAB39. Int J Oncol 40:1105-12
206. Tili E, Michaille JJ, Cimino A, Costinean S, Dumitru CD, Adair B, Fabbri M, Alder H, Liu CG, Calin GA, Croce CM (2007) Modulation of miR-155 and miR-125b levels following lipopoly-saccharide/TNF-alpha. J Immunol 179(8):5082-5089
207. Tingen C, Kim A, Woodruff TK (2009) The primordial pool of follicles and nest breakdown in mammalian ovaries. Mol Hum Reprod 15:795-803
208. Tong MH, Mitchell D, Evanoff R, Griswold MD (2011) Expression of Mirlet7 family microRNAs in response to retinoic acid-induced spermatogonial differentiation in mice. Biol Reprod 85(1):189-197
209. Tong MH, Mitchell DA, McGowan SD, Evanoff R, Griswold MD (2012) Two miRNA clusters, Mir-17-92 (Mirc1) and Mir-106b-25 (Mirc3), are involved in the regulation of spermatogonial differentiation in mice. Biol Reprod 86(3):72
210. Trajkovski M, Hausser J, Soutschek J, Bhat B, Akin A, Zavolan M, Heim MH, Stoffel M (2011) MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature 474(7353):649-653
211. Tsai KW, Kao HW, Chen HC, Chen SJ, Lin WC (2009) Epigenetic control of the expression of a primate-specific microRNA cluster in. Epigenetics 4(8):587-592
212. Vagin VV, Sigova A, Li C, Seitz H, Gvozdev V, Zamore PD (2006) A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline. Science 313:320-324
213. Vasudevan S, Steitz JA (2007) AU-rich-element-mediated upregulation of translation by FXR1 and Argonaute 2. Cell 128(6):1105-1118
214. Vasudevan S, Tong Y, Steitz JA (2007) Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation. Science 318(5858):1931-1934
215. Viswanathan SR, Daley GQ, Gregory RI (2008) Selective blockade of microRNA processing by Lin28. Science 320(5872):97-100
216. Wang Y, Medvid R, Melton C, Jaenisch R, Blelloch R (2007) DGCR8 is essential for microRNA biogenesis and silencing of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nat Genet 39:380-385
217. Wang Y, Baskerville S, Shenoy A, Babiarz JE, Baehner L, Blelloch R (2008) Embryonic stem cell-specific microRNAs regulate the G1-S transition and promote rapid proliferation. Nat Genet 40:1478-1483
218. Wang J, Saxe JP, Tanaka T, Chuma S, Lin H (2009) Mili interacts with tudor domain-containing protein 1 in regulating spermatogenesis. Curr Biol 19(8):640-644
219. Watanabe T, Takeda A, Mise K, Okuno T, Suzuki T, Minami N, Imai H (2005) Stage-specific expression of microRNAs during Xenopus development. FEBS Lett 579(2):318-324
220. Watanabe T, Takeda A, Tsukiyama T, Mise K, Okuno T, Sasaki H, Minami N, Imai H (2006) Identification and characterization of two novel classes of small RNAs in the mouse germline: retrotransposon-derived siRNAs in oocytes and germline small RNAs in testes. Genes Dev 20(13):1732-1743
221. Watanabe T, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kaneda M, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Obata Y, Chiba H, Kohara Y, Kono T, Nakano T, Surani MA, Sakaki Y, Sasaki H (2008) Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes. Nature 453:539-543
222. Wienholds E, Kloosterman WP, Miska E, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Berezikov E, de Bruijn E, Horvitz HR, Kauppinen S, Plasterk RH (2005) MicroRNA expression in zebrafish embryonic development. Science 309(5732):310-311
223. Wilczynska A, Minshall N, Armisen J, Miska EA, Standart N (2009) Two Piwi proteins, Xiwi and Xili, are expressed in the Xenopus female germline. RNA 15(2):337-345
224. Williams MD, Mitchell GM (2012) MicroRNAs in insulin resistance and obesity. Exp Diabetes Res 2012:484-696
225. Wu S, Divall S, Wondisford F, Wolfe A (2012) Reproductive tissues maintain insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 61(1):114-123
226. Xie H, Lim B, Lodish HF (2009) MicroRNAs induced during adipogenesis that accelerate fat cell development are downregulated in obesity. Diabetes 58(5):1050-1057
227. Xu M, Mo YY (2012) The Akt-associated microRNAs. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:3601-12
228. Xu YW, Wang B, Ding CH, Li T, Gu F, Zhou C (2011) Differentially expressed micoRNAs in human oocytes. J Assist Reprod Genet 28(6):559-566
229. Yan N, Lu Y, Sun H, Tao D, Zhang S, Liu W, Ma Y (2007) A microarray for microRNA profiling in mouse testis tissues. Reproduction 134(1):73-79
230. Yan N, Lu Y, Sun H, Qiu W, Tao D, Liu Y, Chen H, Yang Y, Zhang S, Li X, Ma Y (2009) Microarray profiling of microRNAs expressed in testis tissues of developing primates. J Assist Reprod Genet 26(4):179-186
231. Yang H, Kong W, He L, Zhao JJ, O'Donnell JD, Wang J, Wenham RM, Coppola D, Kruk PA, Nicosia SV, Cheng JQ (2008) MicroRNA expression profiling in human ovarian cancer: miR-214 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting PTEN. Cancer Res 68(2): 425-433
232. Yang M, Yao Y, Eades G, Zhang Y, Zhou Q (2011) MiR-28 regulates Nrf2 expression through a Keap1-independent mechanism. Breast Cancer Res Treat 129(3):983-991
233. Yang CX, Du ZQ, Wright EC, Rothschild MF, Prather RS, Ross JW (2012a) Small RNA profile of the cumulus oocyte complex and early embryos in the pig. Biol Reprod 87:117
234. Yang CX, Wright EC, Ross JW (2012b) Expression of RNA-binding proteins DND1 and FXR1 in the porcine ovary, and during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 79(8):541-552
235. Yang Q, Hua J, Wang L, Xu B, Zhang H, Ye N, Zhang Z, Yu D, Cooke HJ, Zhang Y, Shi Q (2013a) MicroRNA and piRNA profiles in normal human testis detected by next generation sequencing. PLoS One 8(6), e66809
236. Yang QE, Racicot KE, Kaucher AV, Oatley MJ, Oatley JM (2013b) MicroRNAs 221 and 222 regulate the undifferentiated state in mammalian male germ cells. Development 140(2):280-290
237. Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR (2003) Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev 17:3011-3016
238. Yu Z, Raabe T, Hecht NB (2005) MicroRNA Mirn122a reduces expression of the posttranscrip-tionally regulated germ cell transition protein 2 (Tnp2) messenger RNA (mRNA) by mRNA cleavage. Biol Reprod 73(3):427-133
239. Yu J, Ryan DG, Getsios S, Oliveira-Fernandes M, Fatima A, Lavker RM (2008) MicroRNA-184 antagonizes microRNA-205 to maintain SHIP2 levels in epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(49):19300-19305
240. Yu M, Mu H, Niu Z, Chu Z, Zhu H, Hua J (2014) miR-34c enhances mouse spermatogonial stem cells differentiation by targeting Nanos2. J Cell Biochem 115(2):232-242
241. Zeng F, Schultz RM (2005) RNA transcript profiling during zygotic gene activation in the preim-plantation mouse embryo. Dev Biol 283:40-57
242. Zhang R, Wang YQ, Su B (2008) Molecular evolution of a primate-specific microRNA family. Mol Biol Evol 25(7):1493-1502
243. Zhang S, Yu M, Liu C, Wang L, Hu Y, Bai Y, Hua J (2012) MIR-34c regulates mouse embryonic stem cells differentiation into male germ-like cells through RARg. Cell Biochem Funct 30(8):623-632
244. Zhang J, Ji X, Zhou D, Li Y, Lin J, Liu J, Luo H, Cui S (2013) miR-143 is critical for the formation of primordial follicles in mice. Front Biosci 18:588-597
245. Zhao M, Tang Q, Wu W, Xia Y, Chen D, Wang X (2014) miR-20a contributes to endometriosis by regulating NTN4 expression. Mol Biol Rep 41(9):5793-5797