Elaboration and Validation Processes: Implications for Media Attitude Change

Media Psychology

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 267-291

  Briñol, Pablo ^a   Petty, Richard E ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942981597     PISSN: 15213269     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2015.1008103     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. G.W.Allport, (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. C.A.Anderson,, & B.J.Bushman, (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353–359.
3. C.A.Anderson,, A.Shibuya,, N.Ihori,, E.L.Swing,, B.J.Bushman,, A.Sakamoto,, … C.P.Barlett, (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A metaanalytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.
4. J.Barden,, & R.E.Petty, (2008). The mere perception of elaboration creates attitude certainty: Exploring the thoughtfulness heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 489–509.
5. G.Y.Bizer,, & J.A.Krosnick, (2001). Exploring the structure of strength-related attitude features: The relation between attitude importance and attitude accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 566–586.
6. G.V.Bodenhausen,, C.N.Macrae,, & J.W.Sherman, (1999). On the dialectics of discrimination: Dual processes in social stereotyping. In S.Chaiken & Y.Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 271–290). New York, NY: Guilford.
7. P.Briñol,, & K.G.DeMarree, (2012) (Eds.). Social metacognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
8. P.Briñol, & R.E.Petty, (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1123–1139.
9. P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2006). Fundamental processes leading to attitude change: Implications for cancer prevention communications. Journal of Communication, 56, 81–104.
10. P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2009). Persuasion: Insights from the self-validation hypothesis. In M.P.Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 41, pp. 69–118). New York, NY: Elsevier.
11. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, & J.Barden, (2007). Happiness versus sadness as determinants of thought confidence in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 711–727.
12. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, I.Gallardo,, & K.G.DeMarree, (2007). The effect of self-affirmation in non-threatening persuasion domains: Timing affects the process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1533–1546.
13. P.Briñol,, M.Gascó,, R.E.Petty,, & J.Horcajo, (2013). Treating thoughts as material objects can increase or decrease their impact on evaluation. Psychological Science, 24, 41–47.
14. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, & Z.L.Tormala, (2004). The self-validation of cognitive responses to advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 559–573.
15. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, & Z.L.Tormala, (2006). The meaning of ease and its malleability. Psychological Science, 17, 200–206.
16. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, C.Valle,, D.D.Rucker,, & A.Becerra, (2007). The effects of message recipients' power before and after persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1040–1053.
17. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, & B.Wagner, (2009). Body postures effects on self-evaluation: A self-validation approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1053–1064.
18. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, & B.C.Wagner, (2012). Embodied validation: Our body can change and also validate our thoughts. In P.Briñol & K.G.DeMarree (Eds.), Social metacognition (pp. 219–240). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
19. P.Briñol,, R.E.Petty,, & S.C.Wheeler, (2006). Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts: Consequences for information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 154–170.
20. P.Briñol,, Z.L.Tormala,, & R.E.Petty, (2014). Ease and persuasion: Multiple processes, meanings, and effects. In C.Unkelbach & R.Greifeneder (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 101–118). London, UK: Psychology Press.
21. D.Brown, (1974). Adolescent attitudes and lawful behavior. Public Opinion Quarterly, 38, 98–106.
22. B.J.Bushman, (1995). Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 950–960.
23. B.J.Bushman, (1996). Individual differences in the extent and development of aggressive cognitive-associative networks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 811–819.
24. B.J.Bushman,, & G.L.Wells, (1998). Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: Predicting hot tempers on the ice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 969–974.
25. A.H.Buss,, & M.Perry, (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452–459.
26. J.T.Cacioppo,, & R.E.Petty, (1979). The effects of message repetition and position on cognitive responses, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 97–109.
27. J.T.Cacioppo,, & R.E.Petty, (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116–131.
28. J.T.Cacioppo,, R.E.Petty,, C.Kao,, & R.Rodriguez, (1986). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1032–1043.
29. A.Cancela,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2014). Elaboration and persuasion: The moderating role of goals to process. Unpublished manuscript.
30. M.M.A.Cárdaba,, P.Briñol,, G.Brändle,, & J.A.Ruiz-Sanromán, (2014). The moderating role of trait aggressivenes in response to campaigns promoting anti-violence attitudes. Unpublished manuscript.
31. M.M.A.Cárdaba,, P.Briñol,, J.Horcajo,, & R.E.Petty, (2013). The effect of need for cognition on the stability of prejudiced attitudes toward South American immigrants. Psicothema, 25, 73–78.
32. M.M.A.Cárdaba,, P.Briñol,, J.Horcajo,, & R.E.Petty, (2014). Changing prejudiced attitudes by thinking about persuasive messages: Implications for resistance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44, 343–353.
33. J.Cesario,, H.Grant,, & E.T.Higgins, (2004). Regulatory fit and persuasion: Transfer from “feeling right.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 388–404.
34. S.Chaiken,, & Y.Trope, (Eds.). (1999). Dual process theories in social psychology. New York, NY: Guilford.
35. J.K.Clark,, D.T.Wegener,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2009). Discovering that the shoe fits: The self-validating role of stereotypes. Psychological Science, 20, 846–852.
36. J.K.Clark,, D.T.Wegener,, V.Sawicki,, R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2013). Evaluating the message or the messenger: Implications for self-validation in persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1571–1584.
37. T.W.Cline,, & J.J.Kellaris, (1999). The joining impact of humor and argument strength in a print advertising context: A case for weaker arguments. Psychology & Marketing, 16, 69–87.
38. W.D.Crano,, & X.Chen, (1998). The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1437–1450.
39. K.G.DeBono, (1987). Investigating the social-adjustive and value-expressive functions of attitudes: Implications for persuasion processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 279–287.
40. K.G.DeBono,, & R.J.Harnish, (1988). Source expertise, source attractiveness, and processing or persuasive information: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 541–546.
41. Y.De Liver,, J.van der Pligt,, & D.Wigboldus, (2007). Positive and negative associations underlying ambivalent attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 319–326.
42. J.F.Dovidio, (2001). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The third wave. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 829–849.
43. J.F.Dovidio,, S.L.Gaertner,, & K.Kawakami, (2003). The contact hypothesis: The past, present, and the future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 5–21.
44. C.R.Engelhardt,, B.D.Bartholow,, G.T.Kerr,, & B.J.Bushman, (2011). This is your brain on violent video games: Neural desensitization to violence predicts increased aggression following violent video game exposure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1033–1036.
45. A.T.Evans,, & J.K.Clark, (2012). Source characteristics and persuasion: The role of self-monitoring in self-validation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 383–386.
46. R.H.Fazio, (1995). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R.E.Petty & J.A.Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247–282). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. R.H.Fazio,, D.M.Sanbonmatsu,, M.C.Powell,, & F.R.Kardes, (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238.
48. M.Fishbein,, & I.Ajzen, (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to research and theory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
49. M.A.Fleming,, & R.E.Petty, (2000). Identity and persuasion: An elaboration likelihood approach. In D.J.Terry & M.A.Hogg (Eds.), Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership (pp. 171–199). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
50. K.Fujita,, T.Eyal,, S.Chaiken,, Y.Trope,, & N.Liberman, (2008). Influencing attitudes toward near and distant objects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 562–572.
51. B.Gawronski,, & G.V.Bodenhausen, (2006). Associative and prepositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692–731.
52. A.G.Greenwald,, D.E.McGhee,, & J.L.K.Schwartz, (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.
53. C.P.Haugtvedt,, & J.A.Kasmer, (2008). Attitude change and persuasion. In C.P.Haugtvedt, P.M.Herr, & F.R.Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 419–436). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
54. C.P.Haugtvedt,, & R.E.Petty, (1992). Personality and persuasion: Need for cognition moderates the persistence and resistance of attitude changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 308–319.
55. J.Horcajo,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2010). Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance. Psychology and Marketing, 27, 938–963.
56. J.Horcajo,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2014). The effects of majority versus minority source status on spread activation of automatic associations. Unpublished manuscript.
57. J.Horcajo,, R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2010). The effects of majority versus minority source status on persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 498–512.
58. J.Horcajo,, R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2013). The effects of minority influence on indirect automatic evaluations. Unpublished Manuscript.
59. D.J.Howard,, & R.A.Kerin, (2011). Changing your mind about seeing a brand that you never saw: Implications for brand attitudes. Psychology & Marketing, 28, 168–187.
60. A.W.Kruglanski, (1989). The psychology of being “right”: The problem of accuracy in social perception and cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 395–409.
61. H.Lavine,, & M.Snyder, (1996). Cognitive processing and the functional matching effect in persuasion: The mediating role of subjective perceptions of message quality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 580–604.
62. A.Y.Lee,, & J.L.Aaker, (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: The influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 205–218.
63. M.R.Leippe,, & R.A.Elkin, (1987). When motives clash: Issue involvement and response involvement as determinants of persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 269–278.
64. G.R.Maio,, G.Haddock,, S.E.Watt,, & M.Hewstone, (2009). Implicit measures and applied contexts: An illustrative examination of anti-racism advertising. In R.E.Petty, R.H.Fazio & P.Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new wave of implicit measures (pp. 327–357). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
65. W.J.McGuire, (1981). The probabilogical model of cognitive structure and attitude change. In R.E.Petty, T.M.Ostrom, & T.C.Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 291–307). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
66. S.Moscovici,, A.Mucchi-Faina,, & A.Maass, (1994). Minority influence. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
67. G.Mugny,, & J.A.Pérez, (1991). The social psychology of minority influence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
68. M.A.Olson,, & R.H.Fazio, (2009). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R.E.Petty, R.H.Fazio, & P.Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 19–64). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
69. T.F.Pettigrew, (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85.
70. T.F.Pettygrew,, & L.Tropp, (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783.
71. R.E.Petty,, J.Barden,, & S.C.Wheeler, (2009). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: Developing health promotions to produce sustained behavior change. In R.J.DiClemente, R.A.Crosby, & M.Kegler (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research (2nd ed., pp 185–214). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
72. R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2006). A meta-cognitive approach to “implicit” and “explicit” evaluations: Comment on Gawronski and Bodenhausen (2006). Psychological Bulletin, 132, 740–744.
73. R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2009). Implicit ambivalence: A meta-cognitive approach. In R.E.Petty, R.H.Fazio, & P.Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 119–161). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
74. R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2010). Attitude structure and change: Implications for implicit measures. In B.Gawronski & B.K.Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 335–352). New York, NY: Guilford.
75. R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2012). The Elaboration Likelihood Model. In P.A.M.Van Lange, A.Kruglanski, & E.T.Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 224–245). London, UK: Sage.
76. R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2014). The elaboration likelihood and meta-cognitive models of attitudes: Implications for prejudice, the self, and beyond. In J.W.Sherman, B.Gawronski, & Y.Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 172–187). New York, NY: Guilford.
77. R.E.Petty,, P.Briñol,, & K.G.DeMarree, (2007). The Meta-Cognitive Model (MCM) of attitudes: Implications for attitude measurement, change, and strength. Social Cognition, 25, 609–642.
78. R.E.Petty,, P.Briñol,, & I.Johnson, (2012). Implicit ambivalence. In B.Gawronski, & F.Strack (Eds.), Cognitive consistency: A fundamental principle in social cognition (pp. 178–201). New York, NY: Guilford.
79. R.E.Petty,, P.Briñol,, & J.R.Priester, (2009). Mass media attitude change: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. In J.Bryant & M.B.Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 125–164). New York, NY: Routledge.
80. R.E.Petty,, P.Briñol,, & Z.L.Tormala, (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 722–741.
81. R.E.Petty,, P.Briñol,, Z.L.Tormala,, & D.T.Wegener, (2007). The role of meta-cognition in social judgment. In E.T.Higgins & A.W.Kruglanski, (Eds.), Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 254–284). New York, NY: Guilford.
82. R.E.Petty,, & J.T.Cacioppo, (1979). Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1915–1926.
83. R.E.Petty,, & J.T.Cacioppo, (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
84. R.E.Petty,, & J.T.Cacioppo, (1990). Involvement and persuasion: Tradition versus integration. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 367–374.
85. R.E.Petty,, J.T.Cacioppo, & R.Goldman, (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 847–855.
86. R.E.Petty,, J.T.Cacioppo,, & M.Heesacker, (1981). The use of rhetorical questions in persuasion: A cognitive response analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 432–440.
87. R.E.Petty,, J.T.Cacioppo,, & D.Schumann, (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10, 135–146.
88. R.E.Petty,, C.Haugtvedt,, & S.M.Smith, (1995). Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength: Creating attitudes that are persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior. In R.E.Petty & J.A.Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 93–130). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
89. R.E.Petty,, & J.A.Krosnick, (Eds.), (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
90. R.E.Petty,, Z.L.Tormala,, P.Briñol,, & W.B.G.Jarvis, (2006). Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 21–41.
91. R.E.Petty,, & D.T.Wegener, (1998). Attitude change: Multiple roles for persuasion variables. In D.Gilbert, S.Fiske, & G.Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 323–390). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
92. R.E.Petty,, G.L.Wells,, & T.C.Brock, (1976). Distraction can enhance or reduce yielding to propaganda: Thought disruption versus effort justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 874–884.
93. R.E.Petty,, S.C.Wheeler,, & G.Bizer, (2000). Matching effects in persuasion: An elaboration likelihood analysis. In G.Maio & J.Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: functions of attitudes (pp. 133–162). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
94. J.R.Priester,, & R.E.Petty, (1996). The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 431–449.
95. D.R.Roskos-Ewoldsen, (2003). What is the role of rhetorical question in persuasion? In J.Bryant, D.R.Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J.Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 297–322). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
96. D.D.Rucker,, R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2015). Social psychological foundation of social marketing. In D.Stewart (Ed.), Handbook of persuasion and social marketing (Vol. 1, pp. 27–60). Santa Barbara, CA: Preager Publishers.
97. D.D.Rucker,, R.E.Petty,, & J.R.Priester, (2007). Understanding advertising effectiveness from a psychological perspective: The importance of attitudes and attitude strength. In G.J.Tellis & T.Ambler (Eds.), The handbook of advertising (pp. 73–88). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
98. D.D.Rucker,, Z.L.Tormala,, R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2014). Consumer conviction and commitment: An appraisal-based framework for attitude certainty. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24, 119–136.
99. L.A.Rudman,, R.D.Ashmore,, & M.L.Gary, (2001). “Unlearning” automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856–868.
100. R.J.Rydell,, A.R.McConnell,, & D.M.Mackie, (2008). Consequences of discrepant explicit and implicit attitudes: Cognitive dissonance and increased information processing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1526–1532.
101. P.Salovey,, & D.T.Wegener, (2003). Communicating about health: Message framing, persuasion, and health behavior. Social psychological foundations of health and illness (pp. 54–81). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
102. D.Santos,, P.Briñol,, M.M.A.Cárdaba,, & R.E.Petty, (2014). Matching trait aggressiveness and violent videogames validates negative and positive thoughts. Unpublished manuscript.
103. J.W.Sherman,, B.Gawronski,, & Y.Trope, (Eds.). (2014). Dual-process theories of the social mind. New York, NY: Guildford.
104. M.Snyder, (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526–537.
105. M.Snyder,, & K.G.DeBono, (1985). Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 586–597.
106. A.W.Staats,, & C.K.Staats, (1958). Attitudes established by classical conditioning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 37–40.
107. W.G.Stephan,, & C.W.Stephan, (1984). The role of ignorance in intergroup relations. In N.Miller & M.B.Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 229–256). Orlando, FL: Academic.
108. A.Tesser, (1978). Self-generated attitude change. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 289–338). New York, NY: Academic Press.
109. Z.L.Tormala,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2006). When credibility attacks: The reverse impact of source credibility on persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 684–691.
110. Z.L.Tormala,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2007). Multiple roles for source credibility under high elaboration: It's all in the timing. Social Cognition, 25, 536–552.
111. Z.L.Tormala,, C.Falces,, P.Briñol,, & R.E.Petty, (2007). Ease of retrieval effects in social judgment: The role of unrequested cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 143–157.
112. Z.L.Tormala,, R.E.Petty,, & P.Briñol, (2002). Ease of retrieval effects in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1700–1712.
113. D.T.Wegener,, J.K.Clark,, & R.E.Petty, (2006). Not all stereotyping is created equal. Differential consequences of thoughtful versus non-thoughtful stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 42–59.
114. D.T.Wegener,, & R.E.Petty, (1997). The flexible correction model: The role of naive theories of bias in bias correction. In M.P.Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 141–208). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.