Embodied validation: Our bodies can change and also validate our thoughts

Social Metacognition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 219-240

  Briñol, Pablo ^a,b   Petty, Richard E ^b   Wagner, Benjamin C ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82955238837     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203865989     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. Anderson, C. A. (1983). Imagination and expectation: The effect of imagining behavioral scripts on personal intentions. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 30–56.
2. Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 11, 31–35.
3. Bailenson, J., & Yee, N. (2005). Digital chameleons: Automatic assimilation of nonverbal gestures in immersive virtual environments. Psychological Science, 16, 814–819.
4. Baron, R. S. (2000). Arousal, capacity, and intense indoctrination. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 238–254.
5. Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1–62). New York, NY: Academic Press.
6. Briñol, P., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2010). Processes by which confidence (vs. doubt) influences the self. In R. M. Arkin, K. C. Oleson, & P. J. Carroll (Eds.), Handbook of the uncertain self(pp. 13–35). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
7. Briñol, P., DeMarree, K. G., & Smith, K. R. (2010). The role of embodied change in per-ceiving and processing facial expressions of others. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 437–438.
8. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84, 1123–1139.
9. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2008). Embodied persuasion: Fundamental processes by which bodily responses can impact attitudes. In G. R. Semin & E. R. Smith (Eds.), Embodiment grounding: Social, cognitive, affective, and neuroscientific approaches(pp. 184–207). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
10. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009a). Persuasion: Insights from the self-validation hypothesis. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(pp. 69–118). New York, NY: Elsevier.
11. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009b). Smiling as embodied persuasion: A self-validation analy-sis. Unpublished manuscript.
12. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009c). Source factors in persuasion: A self-validation approach. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 49–96.
13. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2011). The influence of a recipient’s body position on persuasion: An information processing approach. Unpublished Manuscript.
14. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Barden, J. (2007). Happiness versus sadness as determinants of thought confidence in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93, 711–727.
15. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2004). The self-validation of cognitive responses to advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 559–573.
16. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2006). The meaning of ease and its malleability. Psychological Science, 17, 200–206.
17. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., Stavraki, M., & Wagner, B. C. (2009). Anger: A self-validation analy-sis. Unpublished manuscript.
18. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., Valle, C., Rucker, D. D., & Becerra, A. (2007). The effects of mes-sage recipients’ power before and after persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1040–1053.
19. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Wagner, B. C. (2009). Body posture effects on self-evaluation: A self-validation approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1053–1064.
20. Briñol, P., Stavraki, M., Paredes, B., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Smiling validates positive and negative thoughts: A self-validation analysis. Unpublished Manuscript.
21. Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York, NY: Academic Press.
22. Cacioppo, J. T., Marshall-Goodell, B. S., Tassinary, L. G., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: Classical conditioning is more effective when prior knowl-edge about the attitude stimulus is low than high. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 207–233.
23. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116–131.
24. Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (1993). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes II: Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 5–17.
25. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19–35.
26. Centerbar, D. B., & Clore, G. L. (2006). Do approach-avoidance actions create attitudes? Psychological Science, 17, 22–29.
27. Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76, 893–910.
28. Clore, G. L., & Huntsinger, J. R. (2007). How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 393–399.
29. DeMarree, K. G., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Implicit self-validation: The effects of overt behavior on subliminally primed constructs. Unpublished manuscript.
30. DeMarree, K. G., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2007). Self and attitude strength parallels: Focus on accessibility. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 441–468.
31. DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Rucker, D. D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihodd: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78, 397–416.
32. Förster, J., & Stepper, S. (2000). Compatibility between approach/avoidance simulation and valenced information determines residual attention during the process of encoding. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 853–871.
33. Förster, J., & Strack, F. (1996). Influence of overt head movements on memory for valence words: A case of conceptual-motor compatibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 421–430.
34. Guess, H. A., Kleinman, A., Kusek, J. W., & Engel, L. W. (2004). The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda. London, England: BMJ Books.
35. Jostmann, N. B., Lakens, D., & Schubert, T. W. (2009). Weight as an embodiment of impor tance. Psychological Science, 20, 1169–1174.
36. Kellerman, J., Lewis, J., & Laird, J. D. (1989). Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 145–161.
37. Kirsch, I. (1999). How expectancies shape experience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
38. Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
39. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its chal-lenge to Western thought. New York, NY: Basic Books.
40. McGinley, H., LeFevre, R., & McGinley, P. (1975). The influence of a communicator’s body position on opinion change in others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,31, 686–690.
41. Moerman, D. (2002). Meaning, medicine, and the “placebo effect.”Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
42. Neumann, R., Förster, J., & Strack, F. (2003). Motor compatibility: The bidirectional link between behavior and evaluation. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion(pp. 371–391). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
43. Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Approach and avoidance: the influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 39–48.
44. Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, A. H. (2001). When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 853–864.
45. Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of per-suasion: The self-validation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82, 722–741.
46. Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., Tormala, Z. L., & Wegener, D. T. (2007). The role of meta-cogni-tion in social judgment. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski, (Eds.) Social psychol-ogy: A handbook of basic principles(2nd ed., pp. 254–284). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
47. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1979). Issue-involvement can increase or decrease persua-sion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1915–1926.
48. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and periph-eral routes to attitude change. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
49. Petty, R. E., Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2003). Emotional factors in attitudes and persuasion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 752–772). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
50. Petty, R. E., Fazio, R. H., & Briñol, P. (Eds.) (2009). Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. New York: Psychology Press.
51. Petty, R. E., Schumann, D. W., Richman, S. A., & Strathman, A. J. (1993). Positive mood and persuasion: Different roles for affect under high and low elaboration conditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 5–20.
52. Petty, R. E., Wells, G. L., Heesacker, M., Brock, T. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). The effects of recipient posture on persuasion: A cognitive response analysis Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 209–222.
53. Priester, J. M., Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R.E. (1996). The influence of motor processes on attitudes toward novel versus familiar semantic stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 442–447.
54. Rothman, A. J., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Constructing perceptions of vulnerability: Personal relevance and the use of experiential information in health judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1053–1064.
55. Rucker, D. D., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2006). The role of metacognition in relying on one’s emotions. Unpublished manuscript.
56. Schubert, T. W., Waldzus, S., & Seibt, B. (2008). The embodiment of power and communal-ism in space and bodily contact. In G. R. Semin & E. R. Smith (Eds.), Embodiment grounding: Social, cognitive, affective, and neuroscientific approaches(pp. 160–183). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
57. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61, 195–202.
58. Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
59. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.
60. Stepper, S., & Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemo-tional feelings.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,64, 211–220.
61. Strack, F., Martin, L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768–777.
62. Taylor, C. A., Lord, C. G., & Bond, C. F., Jr. (2009). Embodiment, agency, and attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,97, 946–962.
63. Taylor, S. E. (1975). On inferring one’s attitude from one’s behavior: Some delimiting condi-tion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,31, 126–131.
64. Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 973–988.
65. Tormala, Z. L., Falces, C., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2007). Ease of retrieval effects in social judgment: The role of unrequested cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 143–157.
66. Tormala, Z. L., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2002). Ease of retrieval effects in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1700–1712.
67. Valins, S. (1966). Cognitive effects of false heart-rate feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 400–408.
68. Wagner, B. C., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009). Disgust: A self-validation analysis. Unpublished manuscript.
69. Wagner, B. C., Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). Arm movements: A self-validation analysis. Unpublished manuscript.
70. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1997). The flexible correction model: The role of naive theo-ries of bias in bias correction. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 141–208). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
71. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 25–44.
72. Wells, G. L., & Petty, R. E. (1980). The effects of overt head movements on persuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 219–230.
73. Wheeler, S. C., Briñol, P., & Hermann, A. (2007). Resistance to persuasion as self-regulation: Ego-depletion and its consequences for attitude change processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 150–156.
74. Wheeler, S. C., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2007). Understanding the role of the self in prime-to-behavior effects: The active self account. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 234–261.
75. Wichman, A. L., Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Tormala, Z. L., & Weary, G. (2010). Doubting one’s doubt: A formula for confidence? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 350–355.