Heterocyclic scaffolds: Centrality in anticancer drug development

Current Drug Targets

Volumn 16, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 711-734

  Ali, Imran ^a   Lone, Mohammad Nadeem ^a   Al Othman, Zeid A ^b   Al Warthan, Abdulrahman ^b   Sanagi, Mohd Marsin ^c  

^a JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^c UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Current challenges; Future prospectives; Heterocyclic compounds; Market selling anticancer drugs; Mechanisms of actions; Recent advances; Synthetic and natural heterocyclic compounds

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACARBAZINE; DACTINOMYCIN; DAUNORUBICIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GEMCITABINE; IFOSFAMIDE; MERCAPTOPURINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; NEDAPLATIN; OXALIPLATIN; PACLITAXEL; PROCARBAZINE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; THIOTEPA; TOPOTECAN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE; ZOLEDRONIC ACID; DNA ADDUCT; HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND;

ALKYLATION; APPLICATION SITE REACTION; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DNA ADDUCT; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG MECHANISM; EYE SWELLING; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; IC50; LOSS OF APPETITE; MARKET; MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY; MEIOTIC SPINDLE; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; STOMACH PAIN; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; SUBSTITUTION REACTION; VOMITING; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; SYNTHESIS;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DNA ADDUCTS; DRUG DISCOVERY; HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS; HUMANS;

EID: 84939814414     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: 18735592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150309115922     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Kumar SS, Shukla TP, Vara PS, Priyanka CH, Ramanjaneyulu K. A review on nano medicine for cancer treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2012; 12: 15.
2. Woldemeskel M. Cancer: A prehistoric disease still a threat to the modern man. J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; S7.
3. Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K. Cancer scenario in india with future perspectives. Cancer Ther 2011; 8: 56-70.
4. World Health Statistics 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization 2012.
5. Jemal R, Siegel E, Ward YP, Hao JQ, Xu MJ. Cancer statistics 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-49.
6. Smith BD, Smith GL, Hurria A, Hortobagyi, GN, Buchholz TA. Future of cancer incidence in the United States: burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 2758- 65.
7. Eckhardt S. Recent Progress in the Development of Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2002; 2: 419-39.
8. Lee CW, Hong DH, Han SB, et al. A novel stereo-selective sulfonylurea, 1-[1-(4-aminobenzoyl)-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-sulfonyl]- 4-phenyl-imidazolidin-2-one, has antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64: 473-80.
9. Chen YL, Lin SZ, Chang JY, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of a novel potential anticancer agent of isochaihulactone on human lung cancer A549 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72: 308- 19.
10. WHO GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide 2012. IARC. (2014). WHO report: Latest world cancer statistics Global cancer burden rises to 14.1 million new cases in 2012: Marked increase in breast cancers must be addressed. Press release N 223IARC. 12, (2013). [accessed January 18, 2104].
11. Isakoff S. Triple negative breast cancer: role of specific chemotherapy. Cancer J 2010; 16: 53.
12. WHO report: Latest world cancer Statistics. IARC. 12, (2013). [accessed January 20, 2014].
13. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64: 9-29.
14. Sikora K, Advani S, Koroltchouk V, Magrath I, Levy L, Pinedo H, Schwartsmann G, Tattersalls M, Yan S. Essential drugs for cancer therapy: A World Health Organization consultation. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 385-90.
15. Eftekhari-Sis B, Zirak M, Akbari A. Arylglyoxals in synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113: 2958-3043.
16. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 69-90.
17. Brayand F, Moller B. Predicting the future burden of cancer. Nat Rev Can 2006; 6: 63-74.
18. Ali I, Rahis-ud-din, Saleem K, Aboul-Enein HY, Rather MA. Cancer Scenario in India with Future Perspectives. Cancer Ther 2011; 8: 6-14.
19. Pereria C, Leao M, Soares J, Bessa C, Sariva L. New therapeutic strategies for cancer and neurodegeneration emerging from yeast cell-based systems. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 4223-35.
20. Haque A. Isolation and Characterization and Applications of Anticancer Compounds from Medicinal Plants. Ph.D. Thesis, New Delhi: Jamia Millia Islamia 2014.
21. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013; 63: 11-30.
22. Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A, Lennan MT. Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(betachloroethyl) amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for hodgkin's disease lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. JAMA 1946; 132: 126- 32.
23. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers CD, Parkin DM, GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 10 [Internet]. Lyon, France: IARC 2010. http://globocan.iarc.fr.
24. Ali I, Haque A, Wani WA, Saleem K, Al Za'abi M. Analyses of anticancer drugs by capillary electrophoresis: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27: 1296-1311.
25. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare & Australasian Association of Cancer Registries 2012. Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2012. Cancer series no. 74, Cat. No. CAN 70, Canberra: AIHW [accessed February 2, 2014].
26. Saleem K, Wani WA, Haque A, Malhotra A, Ali I. Nanodrugs: magic bullets in cancer chemotherapy. Top Anti-Cancer Res 2013; 2: 437-94.
27. The latest cancer Statistics. Cancer Statistics Newsletter January. Cancer Research UK 2014 [accessed March 2, 2014].
28. Rao DN, Ganesh B. Estimate of cancer incidence in India in 1991. Ind J Can 1998; 35: 10-8.
29. Dhillon PK, Yeole BB, Dikshit R, Kurkure AP, Bray F. Trends in breast, ovarian and cervical cancer incidence in Mumbai, India over a 30-year period, 1976-2005: an age-period-cohort analysis. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 723-30.
30. Nandakumar A, National Cancer Registry Programme. Consolidated report of the population based cancer registries 1990-96. Ind Council Med Res 2001.
31. Dikshit R, Gupta PC, Ramasundarahettige CC, et al. Cancer mortality in India: a nationally representative survey. Lancet 2012; 379: 1807-16.
32. Murthy NS, Rajaram D, Gautham MS, Shivaraj N, Nandakumar BS, Pruthvish S. Risk of cancer development in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12: 387-9.
33. Ali I, Rahis-Uddin, Saleem K, Rather MA, Wani WA, Haque A. Advances in Nano Drugs for Cancer Chemotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 11: 135-46.
34. Steven J, Isakoff. Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Role of specific chemotherapy Agents. Cancer J 2010; 16: 53- 61.
35. Gilman A. The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard. Am J Surg 1963; 105: 574-8.
36. Anand P, Sundaram C, Jhurani S, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin and cancer: an old-age disease with an age-old solution. Cancer Lett 2008; 267: 133-64.
37. Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K. Cancer scenario in India with future perspectives. Cancer Ther 2011; 8: 56-70.
38. Nussbaumer S, Bonnabry P, Veuthey JL, Fleury-Souverain S.Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85: 2265- 89.
39. Wani WA. Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-cancer profiles of Glutamic acid Derivatives and their Metal Complexes. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 2013.
40. Katritzky AR, Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, New York: Pergamon Press 1985.
41. Sridharan V, Padmakar A, Suryavanshi, Menendez JC. Advances in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2011; 111: 7157-259.
42. Kashyap SJ, Garg VK, Sharma PK, Kumar NR, Dudhe JK. Thiazoles having diverse biological activities. Med Chem Res 2012; 21: 2123-132.
43. Davyt D, Serra G. Thiazole and oxazole alkaloids: isolation and synthesis. Mar Drugs 2010; 8: 2755-780.
44. A Short History of Drug Discovery Pharmaceutical sciences, University of California March 29, 2011. http://pharmsci.uci.edu/history.ph.
45. Flament I, Chevalier C. Analysis of volatile constituents of coffee aroma. Chem Ind 1988; 592-6.
46. Czerny M, Grosch W. Potent odorants of raw arabica coffee. Their changes during roasting. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 868-72.
47. Shibamoto T. An overview of coffee aroma and flavor chemistry. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, San Francisco, CA, 1991; Paris, France: Association Scientifique Internationale du Cafe 1992; pp. 107-16.
48. Eiserich JP, Wong JW, Shibamoto T. Antioxidative activities of furan and thiophenethiols measured in lipid peroxidation systems and by tyrosyl radical scavenging assay. J Agric Food Chem 1995; 43: 647-50.
49. Shaker ES, Ghazy MA, Shibamoto T. Antioxidative activity of volatile browning reaction products and related compounds in a hexanal/hexanoic acid system. J Agric Food Chem 1995; 43: 1017- 22.
50. Shibamoto, Takayuki. Heterocyclic compounds in browning and browning nitrite model systems: Occurrence, formation mechanisms, flavor characteristics and mutagenic activity. In: Charalambous G, Inglett G Eds. Instrumental Analysis of Foods, New York: Academic Press 1983; Vol. I, pp. 229-78.
51. Eiserich JP, Shibamoto T. Antioxidative activity of volatile heterocyclic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 1994; 42: 1060-63.
52. Kotschy A, Tima´ri G. Heterocycles from transition metal catalysis: Formation and functionalization. USA: Springer 2005.
53. Sharma PC, Sinhmar A, Sharma A, Rajak H, Pathak DP. Medicinal significance of benzothiazole scaffold: an insight view. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 28: 240-66.
54. Sidwell RW, Allen LB, Huffman JH, Witkowski JT, Sinon LN. Effect of 1-beta- D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavarin) on Friend leukemia virus infections in mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975; 148: 854-8.
55. Haber J. Present status and perspectives on antimycotics with systematic effects. Cas Lek Cesk 2001; 140: 596-604.
56. Yuksek H, Demirbas A, Ikizler A, Johansson CB, Celik C, Ikizler AA. Synthesis and antibacterial activities of some 4,5-dihydro-1H- 1,2,4-triazol-5- ones. Arzneimittelforschung 1997; 47: 405-9.
57. Shi Y, Zhou CH. Synthesis and evaluation of a class of new coumarin triazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21: 956-60.
58. Ozyanik M, Demirci S, Bektas H, Demirbas N, Demirbas A, Karaoglu SA. Preparation and antimicrobial activity evaluation of some quinoline derivatives containing an azole nucleus. Turk J Chem 2012; 36: 233-46.
59. Sahin D, Bayrak H, Demirbas A, Demirbas N, Karaoglu SA. Design and synthesis of new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing morpholine moiety as antimicrobial agents. Turk J Chem 2012; 36: 411-26.
60. Castellano S, Stefancich G, Chillotti A, Poni G. Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 3-aryl-1-(1,10-biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(1Himidazol- 1-yl)propanes as ‘carbaanalouges' of the N-arylmethyl-N-[(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-ylmethyl]-1Himidazol- 1-amines, a new class of antifungal agents. Farmaco 2003; 58: 563-8.
61. Al-Saud Y, Al-Dweri MN, Al-Masoudi N. Synthesis, antitumor and antiviral properties of some 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Farmaco 2004; 59: 775-83.
62. Holla BS, Veerendra B, Shivananda MK, Poojary B. Synthesis characterization and anticancer activity studies on some Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38: 759- 67.
63. Demirbas N, Ugurluoglu R. Synthesis of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4- alkylidenamino- 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones and 3-alkyl- 4-alkylamino-4,5 dihydro- 1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones as antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10: 3717-23.
64. Turan-Zitouni G, Kaplancikli ZA, Ozdemir A, Chevallet P, Kandilci HB, Gumusel B. Studies on 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340: 586-90.
65. Emilsson H, Salender H, Gaarder J. Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some 3-substituted 4H-1,2,4-triazoles. Acta Pharm Suec 1987; 24: 123-34.
66. Turan-Zitouni G, Kaplancikli ZA, Erol K, Kilic FS. Synthesis and analgesic activity of some triazoles and triazolothiadiazines. Farmaco 1999; 54: 218-23.
67. Almasirad A, Tabatabai SA, Faizi M, et al. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of new 2-substitued-5-[2(2- fluorophenoxy) phenyl]1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14: 6057-59.
68. Kritsanida M, Mouroutsou A, Marakos P, et al. Synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new 6-substituted 3-(1- adamantyl)-1,2,4-triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. Farmaco 2002; 57: 253-57.
69. Radhika C, Venkatesham A, Sarangapani M. Synthesis and antidepressant activity of di substituted-5-aryl-1,2,4-triazoles. Med Chem Res 2012; 21: 3509-13.
70. Kucukguzel I, Kucukguzel SG, Rollas S, Kiraz M. Some 3- thioxo/alkylthio- 1,2,4-triazoles with a substituted thiourea moiety as possible antimycobacterials. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 11: 1703- 7.
71. Delgado JN, Remers WA. Text Book of Organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 10th ed., Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, p. 189, 1998.
72. Er-Rhaimini A, Mornet R. Synthesis and photochemical degradation of N-arylmethyl derivatives of the herbicide 3-amino-1,2,4- triazole. J Heterocycl Chem 1992; 29: 1561-6.
73. Zhang J, Yang, PL, Gray NS. Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9: 28-39.
74. Miyake H, Harada KI, Imai S, Miyazaki A, Fujisawa M. Nonsignificant impact of proteinuria on renal function in Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with axitinib. Int J Clin Oncol 2014; 26.
75. Thiery Vuillemin A, Theodore C, Jacobasch L, et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential use of everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma previously treated with bevacizumab with or without interferon therapy: results from the european avator study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2014; pii: S1558-7673(14)00212-2.
76. Hill BG, Kota VK, Khoury HJ. Bosutinib: a third generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14: 765-70.
77. Bennouna J, Deslandres M, Senellart H, et al. A phase I open label study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of pazopanib in combination with irinotecan and cetuximab for relapsed or refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33(1): 138-47.
78. Yoneshima Y, Okamoto I, Arimura-Omori M, et al. Infected complex renal cysts during crizotinib therapy in a patient with nonsmall cell lung cancer positive for ALK rearrangement. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33(2): 510-2.
79. Henk HJ, Woloj M, Shapiro M, Whiteley J. Real-world analysis of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment patterns among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the united states. Clin Ther 2015; 37(1): 124-33.
80. Yoshioka M, Watanabe G, Uchinami H, et al. High-dose corticosteroid therapy for erlotinib-induced interstitial lung disease in Japanese patient with advanced pancreatic cancer. JOP 2014; 15: 611-4.
81. Yang XB, Wu WY, Long SQ, Deng H, Pan ZQ. Effect of gefitinib plus Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective case-control study. Complement Ther Med 2014; 22: 1010-8.
82. Herrera AF, Jacobsen ED. Ibrutinib for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 5365-71.
83. Wu L, Zhang Z, Yao H, Liu K, Wen Y, Xiong L. Clinical efficacy of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis of recent clinical trials. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8: 2061-7.
84. Huang W, Wu QD, Zhang M, et al. Novel Hsp90 inhibitor FW-04- 806 displays potent antitumor effects in HER2-positive breast cancer cells as a single agent or in combination with lapatinib. Cancer Lett 2015, 356 (2 PtB): 862-71.
85. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Rosenberg J, et al. Wilding Sunitinib efficacy against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2007; 178: 1883-7.
86. Nagel C, Armeanu-Ebinger S, Dewerth A, Warmann SW, Fuchs J. Anti-tumor activity of sorafenib in a model of a pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2015; 331(1): 97-104.
87. Jeff A, Engle, Jill M, Kolesar. Afatinib: A first-line treatment for selected patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Health-Syst Pharm Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014; 71(22): 1933-8.
88. Al-Said MS, Bashandy MS, Al-qasoumi SI, Ghorab MM. Antibreast cancer activity of some novel 1,2-dihydropyridine, thiophene and thiazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46: 137-41.
89. Park JH, El-Gamal MI, Lee YS, Oh CH. New imidazo[2,1- b]thiazole derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro anticancer evaluation and in silico studies. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46: 5769-77.
90. Banimustafa M, Kheirollahi A, Safavi M, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(trimethoxyphenyl)-2(3H)-thiazole thiones as combretastatin analogs. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70: 692-702.
91. Chavva K, Pillalamarri S, Banda V, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel alkyl amide functionalized trifluoromethyl substituted pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23: 5893-95.
92. Liu H, Li Y, Wang XY, et al. Synthesis preliminary structure- activity relationships, and in vitro biological evaluation of 6-aryl-3- amino-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives as potential antiinflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23: 2349-52.
93. Chan CY, New LS, Ho HK, Chan ECY. Reversible time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes by duloxetine and inertness of its thiophene ring towards bioactivation. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206(3): 314-24.
94. Fazeny-Dorner B, Veitl M, Wenzel C, Piribauer M. Rossler K, Dieckmann K, Ungersbock K, Marosi C. Survival with dacarbazine and fotemustine in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 496-501.
95. Kotteas E, Alamara C, Kiagia M, et al. Safety and efficacy of Zoledronic acid rapid infusion in lung cancer patients with bone metastases: a single institution experience. Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 529.
96. Perez-Ruixo JJ, Piotrovskij V, Zhang S, Hayes S, DePorre P, Zannikos P. Population pharmacokinetics of tipifarnib in healthy subjects and adult cancer patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62: 81- 96.
97. Krezel I. New derivatives of imidazole as potential anticancer agents. II Farmaco 1998; 53: 342-5.
98. Cui B, Zheng BL, He K, Zheng QY. Imidazole alkaloids from Lepidium meyenii. J Nat Prod 2003; 66: 1101-3.
99. Li WT, Der-Ren H, Chen CP, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-heterocyclic indolyl glyoxylamides as orally active anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2003; 46: 1706-15.
100. Huang ST, Hsei IJ, Chen C. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of bis(benzimidazoles), bis(benzooxazoles) and benzothiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14: 6106-19.
101. Zimmerman J, Buchdunger E, Mett H, Meya T, Nicholas B, Lydon. Potent and selective inhibitors of the Abl-kinase: phenylaminopyrimidine (PAP) derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Letts 1997; 7: 187-92.
102. Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Wilkison WO, Willson TM, Kliewer SA. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g (PPAR gamma). J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 12953-6.
103. Bolden A, Bernard L, Jones D, Akinyeke T, Stewart LV. The PPAR gamma agonist troglitazone regulates ERK 1/2 phosphorylation via a PPARg-independent, MEK-dependent pathway in human prostate cancer cells. PPAR Res 2012; 1-9.
104. Liu K, Rao W, Parikh H, et al. 3,5- Disubstituted thiazolidine-2,4- dione analogs as anticancer agents: design, synthesis and biological characterization. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 47: 125-37.
105. Salamone S, Colin C, Grillier-Vuissoz I, et al. Synthesis of new troglitazone derivatives: anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines and preliminary toxicological study. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51: 206-15.
106. Dakin LA, Block MH, Chen H, et al. Discovery of novel benzylidene- 1,3- thiazolidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective inhibitors of the PIM-1, PIM- 2, and PIM-3 protein kinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22: 4599-604.
107. Alegaon SG, Alagawadi KR, New thiazolidine-2, 4-diones as antimicrobial and cytotoxic agent. Med Chem Res 2012; 21: 3214-23.
108. Chen EM, Lu PJ, Shaw AY. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 20- arenesulfonyloxy-5-benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4- diones. J Heterocycl Chem 2012; 49: 792-8.
109. Onen-Bayram FE, Durmaz I, Scherman D, Herscovici J, Cetin- Atalay R. A novel thiazolidine compound induces caspase-9 dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. Bioorgan Med Chem 2012; 20: 5094-102.
110. Isaacs C, Herbolsheimer P, Liu MC, et al. Phase I/II study of sorafenib with anastrozole in patients with hormone receptor positive aromatase inhibitor resistant metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 125: 137-43
111. Mauras N, Bishop K, Merinbaum D, Emeribe U, Agbo F, Lowe E. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anastrozole in pubertal boys with recent-onset gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2975-78.
112. Hawas UW, Al-Omas MA, Amr Abd EGE, Hammam Abu, EFG, Eds. Anti cancer activity of some new synthesized tetrahydroquinoline and tetrahydrochromene carbonitrile derivatives. Am J App Sci 2011; 8: 945-52.
113. Zhang HZ, Kasibhatla S, Kuemmerle J, et al. Discovery and structure- activity relationship of 3-aryl-5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as a new series of apoptosis inducers and potential anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2005; 48: 5215-23.
114. Wadood N, Nisar M, Rashid A, Wadood A, Gul-Nawab, Khan A. Effect of a compound recipe (medicinal plants) on serum insulin levels of alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2007; 19: 32-8.
115. Tripathi L, Tripathi JN. Role of biotechnology in medicinal plants. Trop J Pharm Res 2003; 2: 243-53.
116. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod 2007; 70: 461-77.
117. Bobbarala V, Katikala PK, Naidu KC, Penumaji S. Antifungal activity of selected plant extracts against phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger F2723. Ind J Sci Technol 2009; 2: 87-90.
118. Ali I, Saleem K, Rahis-ud-din, Haque A, El-Azzouny A. Natural products: Human friendly anti-cancer medications. Egypt Pharm J (NRC) 2010; 9: 133-79.
119. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002. J Nat Prod 2003; 66: 1022-37.
120. Saleem K, Wani WA, Haque A, et al. Synthesis, DNA binding, hemolysis assays and anticancer studies of copper(II), nickel(II) and iron(III) complexes of a pyrazoline based ligand. Fut Med Chem 2013; 5: 135-46.
121. Force T, Kerkela R. Cardiotoxicity of the new cancer therapeuticsmechanisms of and approaches to the problem. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13: 778-84.
122. Carlson R. New tubulin targeting agents currently in clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17: 707-22.
123. Markam M. Taxol: an important new drug in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer. Yale J Biol Med 1991; 64: 583-90.
124. Wall ME. Camptothecin and taxol: discovery to clinic. Med Res Rev 1998; 18: 299-314.
125. Cirla A, Mann J. Combretastatins: from natural products to drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 2003; 20: 558-64.
126. Canel C, Moraes RM, Dayan FE, Ferreira D. Podophyllotoxin. Phytochemistry 2000; 54: 115-20.
127. Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, Burnett JP Jr. The vinca alkaloids: a new class of oncolytic agents. Can Res 1963; 23: 1390-427.
128. Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100: 72-9.
129. Goodin S, Kane M, Rubin E. Epothilones: mechanism of action and biological activity. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2015-25.
130. Bugni TS, Richards B, Bhoite L, Cimbora D, Harper MK, Ireland CM. Marine natural product libraries for high-throughput screening and rapid drug discovery. J Nat Prod 2008; 71: 1095-8.
131. Sonali K, Poonam K, Avinash M, Harish L. Dietary source of anticancer agents. Int J Pharm RevRes 2014; 4: 89-94.
132. Falasca M. International PSE Symposium on Natural Products in Cancer Ther. Naples, Italy, 23-26 September 2008.
133. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J Nat Prod 2012; 75: 311-35.
134. Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K, Haque A, Platinum compounds: a hope for future cancer chemotherapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 13: 296-306.
135. Chan DA, Giaccia AJ, Harnessing synthetic lethal interactions in anticancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10: 351-64.
136. Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1830: 3670-95.
137. Colvin M. Alkylating Agents. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al. Eds. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th Ed. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker 2003. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK12772.
138. Cragg GM, Kingston DGI, Newman DJ. Anticancer agents from natural products. 2nd Ed. USA: CRC Press. 2005.
139. Usui T, Watanabe H, Nakayama H, Tada Y, Kanoh N, Kondoh M, Asao T, Takio K. The anticancer natural product pironetin selectively targets Lys352 of alpha-tubulin. Chem Biol 2004; 11: 799-806.
140. Cragg GM, Kingston DGI, Newman DJ. Anticancer agents from natural products. 2nd Ed. USA: CRC Press 2005.
141. Ling YH, Yang Y, Tornos C, Singh B, Perez-Soler R. Paclitaxelinduced apoptosis is associated with expression and activation of c- Mos gene product in human ovarian cancer SKOV3. Can Res 1998; 58: 3633-40.
142. Ali I, Haque A, Saleem K, Hsieh MF. Curcumin-I Knoevenagel's condensates and their Schiff's bases as anticancer agents: Synthesis, pharmacological and simulation studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3808-20.
143. Nelson SM, Ferguson LR, Denny WA. Non-covalent ligand/DNA interactions: minor groove binding agents. Mutat Res 2007; 623: 24-40.
144. Haque A. Isolation and Characterization and Applications of Anticancer Compounds from Medicinal Plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 2014.
145. Gao XL, Mirau P, Patel DJ. Structure refinement of the chromomycin dimer-DNA oligomer complex in solution. J Mol Biol 1992; 223: 259-79.
146. Kamitori S, Takusagawa F. Crystal structure of the 2:1 complex between d(GAAGCTTC) and the anticancer drug actinomycin D. J Mol Biol 1992; 225: 445-56.
147. Guan Y, Sakai R, Rinehart KL, Wang AHL. Molecular and crystal structures of ecteinascidins: potent antitumor compounds from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1993; 10: 793-818.
148. Simonsson S, Samuelsson T, Elias P. The herpes simplex virus type 1 origin binding protein. Specific recognition of phosphates and methyl groups defines the interacting surface for a monomeric DNA binding domain in the major groove of DNA. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 24633-9.
149. Singh NN, Lambowitz AM. Interaction of a group II intron ribonucleoprotein endonuclease with its DNA target site investigated by DNA footprinting and modification interference. J Mol Biol 2001; 309: 361-86.
150. Hurley LH. DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy. Nature Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 188-200.
151. Antoine J. Le M, Borgne M, et al. Discovery of 7-aryl-substituted (1, 5-naphthyridin-4-yl) ureas as aurora kinase inhibitors. Chem Med Chem 2014; 9: 217-32.
152. Basanagouda M, Jambagi VB, Barigidad NN, Laxmeshwar SS, Devaru V, Narayanachar. Synthesis structure-activity relationship of iodinated-4-aryloxymethyl-coumarins as potential anti-cancer and anti-mycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 11: 225-33.
153. Visco, C, Finotto S, Zambello R, Paolini R, Menin A, Zanotti R, Zaja F, Semenzato G, Pizzolo G, D'Amore ES, Rodeghiero F. Combination of rituximab, bendamustine, and cytarabine for patients with mantle-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma ineligible for inten sive regimens or autologous transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 1442-9.
154. Alam S, Khan F. QSAR and docking studies on xanthone derivatives for anticancer activity targeting DNA topoisomerase Iiα. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 31: 183-95.
155. Ferreira M, Assuncao LS, Filippin-Monteiro FB, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Sa MM. Synthesis of 1,3-thiazine-2,4-diones with potential anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70: 411-8.
156. Marwa F, Ahmed, Youns M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of 6,8-dibromo-4(3H)quinazolinone derivatives as anticancer agents. Arch Pharm Chem Life Sci 2013; 346: 610-7.
157. Li MY, Tian Y, Shen L, et al. 3-O-methylthespesilactam, a new small-molecule anticancer pan-JAK inhibitor against A2058 human melanoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86: 1411-8.
158. Insalaco L, Di Gaudio F, Terrasi M, et al. Analysis of molecular mechanisms and anti-tumoural effects of zoledronic acid in breast cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16: 2186-95.
159. Yurtta L, Tay F, Demirayak S. Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of new2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole derivatives bearing different heterocyclic rings. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014: 1-8.
160. Demirayak S, Yurtta L. Synthesis and anticancer activity of some 1,2,3-trisubstituted pyrazinobenzimidazole derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29(6): 811-22.
161. Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K, Wesselinova D. Syntheses, DNA binding and anticancer profiles of L-glutamic acid ligand and its copper(II) and ruthenium(III) Complexes. Med Chem 2013; 9: 11-21.
162. Sochacka J. Docking of thiopurine derivatives to human serum albumin and binding site analysis with molegro virtual docker. Acta Pol Pharm 2014; 71: 343-9.
163. Langroudi MY. Review of studies focused on heterocyclic compounds containing a heteroatom and aromaticity evaluation methods. Indian J Sci Res 2014; 7: 724-31.
164. Ali I, Saleem K, Wesselinova D, Haque A. Synthesis, DNA binding, hemolytic, and anti-cancer assays of curcumin I-based ligands and their ruthenium(III) complexes. Med Chem Res 2013; 22: 1386-98.
165. Wani WA, Al-Othmanb Z, Ali I, Saleem K. Hsieh MF. Copper(II), nickel(II), and ruthenium(III) complexes of an oxopyrrolidinebased heterocyclic ligand as anticancer agents. J Coord Chem 2014; 67: 2110-30.
166. Balderas-Renteria I, Gonzalez-Barranco P, Garcia A, Banik BK, Rivera G. Anticancer drug design using scaffolds of β-lactams, sulfonamides, quinoline, quinoxaline and natural products. Drugs advances in clinical trials. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19: 4377-98.
167. Lonardo Enza, Hermann PC, Heeschen C. Pancreatic cancer stem cells update and future perspectives. Mol Oncol 2010; 4: 431- 42.
168. Hsieh HP, Liou JP, Mahindroo N. Pharmaceutical design of antimitotic agents based on combretastatins. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11: 1655-77.
169. Kumar D, Patel G, Chavers AK, Chang KH, Shah K. Synthesis of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazoles and analogues as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46: 3085-92.
170. Pan X, Wang C, Wang F, et al. Development of 5-fluorouracil derivatives as anticancer agents. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18: 4538- 56.
171. Duvaz NI.Recent advances in anticancer drugs. IDrugs. 1998; 1: 408-11.
172. Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K, Hsieh MF. Anticancer metallodrugs of glutamic acid sulphonamides: In silico, DNA binding, hemolysis and anticancer studies. RSC Adv 2014; 4: 29629-41.
173. Pereria C, Leao M, Soares J, Bessa C, Sariva L. New therapeutic strategies for cancer and neurodegeneration emerging from yeast cell-based systems. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 4223-35.
174. Lourenco AM, Ferreira LM, Branco PS. Molecules of natural origin, semi- synthesis and synthesis with anti-inflammatory and anticancer utilities. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 3979-4046.