Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) signaling: Implications for Parkinson's disease

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 97, Issue , 2015, Pages 16-26

  Golpich, Mojtaba ^a   Amini, Elham ^a   Hemmati, Fatemeh ^a   Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed ^a   Rahmani, Behrouz ^b   Mohamed, Zahurin ^c   Raymond, Azman Ali ^b   Dargahi, Leila ^b   Ghasemi, Rasoul ^b   Ahmadiani, Abolhassan ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA MEDICAL CENTER   (Malaysia)

^b SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Alpha Synuclein; ER stress; Glycogen synthase kinase 3; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Neuroinflammation; Parkinson's disease; Tauopathy

Indexed keywords

1 (4 METHOXYBENZYL) 3 (5 NITRO 2 THIAZOLYL)UREA; 2 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 3 (1 METHYL 3 INDOLYL)MALEIMIDE; 2 (3 CHLORO 4 HYDROXYANILINO) 3 (2 NITROPHENYL)MALEIMIDE; ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; BETA CATENIN; BIP 135; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 INHIBITOR; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDIRUBIN 3' MONOXIME; INDIRUBIN 3' OXIME; INTERLEUKIN 10; KENPAULLONE; L 803 MTS; LITHIUM; LITHIUM CHLORIDE; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; ROTTLERIN; SC 001; STAT PROTEIN; TACRINE(2) FERULIC ACID; TDZD 8; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; ENZYME INHIBITOR; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 BETA;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TAUOPATHY; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; DRUG EFFECTS; ENZYMOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84928608814     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: 10961186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.010     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. N. Embi, D.B. Rylatt, and P. Cohen Glycogen synthase kinase-3 from rabbit skeletal muscle. Separation from cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase Eur. J. Biochem. 107 1980 519 527
2. K. MacAulay, B.W. Doble, S. Patel, T. Hansotia, E.M. Sinclair, D.J. Drucker, A. Nagy, and J.R. Woodgett Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha-specific regulation of murine hepatic glycogen metabolism Cell Metab. 6 2007 329 337
3. S. Guha, J.P. Cullen, D. Morrow, A. Colombo, C. Lally, D. Walls, E.M. Redmond, and P.A. Cahill Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta positively regulates Notch signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells: role in cell proliferation and survival Basic Res. Cardiol. 106 2011 773 785
4. J.A. Diehl, M. Cheng, M.F. Roussel, and C.J. Sherr Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization Genes Dev. 12 1998 3499 3511
5. S. Shin, L. Wolgamott, Y. Yu, J. Blenis, and S.O. Yoon Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 promotes p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity and cell proliferation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 2011 E1204 E1213
6. T. Forceand, and J.R. Woodgett Unique and overlapping functions of GSK-3 isoforms in cell differentiation and proliferation and cardiovascular development J. Biol. Chem. 284 2009 9643 9647
7. P. Watcharasit, G.N. Bijur, L. Song, J. Zhu, X. Chen, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) binds to and promotes the actions of p53 J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 48872 48879
8. W.Y. Kim, X. Wang, Y. Wu, B.W. Doble, S. Patel, J.R. Woodgett, and W.D. Snider GSK-3 is a master regulator of neural progenitor homeostasis Nat. Neurosci. 12 2009 1390 1397
9. J. Ahn, J. Jang, J. Choi, J. Lee, S.H. Oh, J. Lee, K. Yoon, and S. Kim GSK3beta, but not GSK3alpha, inhibits the neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells as a downstream target of mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 Stem Cells Dev. 23 2014 1121 1133
10. J. Wei, W. Liu, and Z. Yan Regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking and function by glycogen synthase kinase 3 J. Biol. Chem. 285 2010 26369 26376
11. J.R. Woodgett Molecular cloning and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3/factor A EMBO J. 9 1990 2431 2438
12. S.F. Moore, M.T. van den Bosch, R.W. Hunter, K. Sakamoto, A.W. Poole, and I. Hers Dual regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)alpha/beta by protein kinase C (PKC)alpha and Akt promotes thrombin-mediated integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation and granule secretion in platelets J. Biol. Chem. 288 2013 3918 3928
13. B.M. Ku, Y.K. Lee, J.Y. Jeong, J. Ryu, J. Choi, J.S. Kim, Y.W. Cho, G.S. Roh, H.J. Kim, G.J. Cho, W.S. Choi, and S.S. Kang Caffeine inhibits cell proliferation and regulates PKA/GSK3beta pathways in U87MG human glioma cells Mol. Cells 31 2011 275 279
14. D. Cook, M.J. Fry, K. Hughes, R. Sumathipala, J.R. Woodgett, and T.C. Dale Wingless inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via an intracellular signalling pathway which involves a protein kinase C EMBO J. 15 1996 4526 4536
15. S. Frameand, and P. Cohen GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery Biochem. J. 359 2001 1 16
16. F. Hernandez, E. Langa, R. Cuadros, J. Avila, and N. Villanueva Regulation of GSK3 isoforms by phosphatases PP1 and PP2A Mol. Cell Biochem. 344 2010 211 215
17. M.H. Liangand, and D.M. Chuang Regulation and function of glycogen synthase kinase-3 isoforms in neuronal survival J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 3904 3917
18. F. Götschel, C. Kern, S. Lang, T. Sparna, C. Markmann, J. Schwager, S. McNelly, F. von Weizsäcker, S. Laufer, and A. Hecht Inhibition of GSK3 differentially modulates NF-κB, CREB, AP-1 and β-catenin signaling in hepatocytes, but fails to promote TNF-α-induced apoptosis Exp. Cell Res. 314 2008 1351 1366
19. B.P. Zhou, J. Deng, W. Xia, J. Xu, Y.M. Li, M. Gunduz, and M.C. Hung Dual regulation of snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition Nat. Cell Biol. 6 2004 931 940
20. S.-y. Li, X. Chen, Y.-l. Chen, L. Tan, Y.-l. Zhao, J.-t. Wang, Q. Xiang, and A.-l. Luo Role of GSK-3β in isoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in aged rats J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci. 33 2013 530 535
21. I. Azoulay-Alfaguter, R. Elya, L. Avrahami, A. Katz, and H. Eldar-Finkelman Combined regulation of mTORC1 and lysosomal acidification by GSK-3 suppresses autophagy and contributes to cancer cell growth Oncogene 2014
22. C. Gao, C. Holscher, Y. Liu, and L. Li GSK3: a key target for the development of novel treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer disease Rev. Neurosci. 23 2012 1 11
23. P. Lei, S. Ayton, A.I. Bush, and P.A. Adlard GSK-3 in neurodegenerative diseases Int. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011 2011 189246
24. F. Hemmati, R. Ghasemi, N. Mohamed Ibrahim, L. Dargahi, Z. Mohamed, A.A. Raymond, and A. Ahmadiani Crosstalk between insulin and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in the central nervous system Mol. Neurobiol. 50 2014 797 810
25. S. Gumruand, and F. Aricioglu Antipsychotics: neurobiological bases for a therapeutic approach Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 23 2013 91 98
26. M. Saraivaand, and A. O'Garra The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10 2010 170 181
27. M. Lyman, D.G. Lloyd, X. Ji, M.P. Vizcaychipi, and D. Ma Neuroinflammation: the role and consequences Neurosci. Res. 2013
28. Y.C. Liand, and W.J. Gao GSK-3 beta activity and hyperdopamine-dependent behaviors Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35 2011 645 654
29. H. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Fang, Y. Yang, X. Li, J. He, X. Jiang, W. Wang, S. Liu, J. Hu, A. Liu, U. Dahmen, and O. Dirsch GSK-3beta inhibition attenuates CLP-induced liver injury by reducing inflammation and hepatic cell apoptosis Mediators Inflamm. 2014 2014 629507
30. M. Martin, K. Rehani, R.S. Jope, and S.M. Michalek Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokine production is differentially regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 Nat. Immunol. 6 2005 777 784
31. E. Beureland, and R.S. Jope Differential regulation of STAT family members by glycogen synthase kinase-3 J. Biol. Chem. 283 2008 21934 21944
32. R. Cortés-Vieyra, A. Bravo-Patiño, J.J. Valdez-Alarcón, M.C. Juárez, B.B. Finlay, and V.M. Baizabal-Aguirre Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta in the inflammatory response caused by bacterial pathogens J. Inflamm. 9 2012 23 31
33. E. Beurel Regulation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 of inflammation and T cells in CNS diseases Front. Mol. Neurosci. 4 2011
34. F. Demarchi, C. Bertoli, P. Sandy, and C. Schneider Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta regulates NF-kappa B1/p105 stability J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 39583 39590
35. L. Die, P. Yan, Z. Jun Jiang, T. Min Hua, W. Cai, and L. Xing Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitor suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced CD40 expression by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B activation in mouse osteoblasts Mol. Immunol. 52 2012 38 49
36. K.A. Steinbrecher, W. Wilson 3rd, P.C. Cogswell, and A.S. Baldwin Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta functions to specify gene-specific, NF-kappaB-dependent transcription Mol. Cell Biol. 25 2005 8444 8455
37. R. Cortes-Vieyra, A. Bravo-Patino, J.J. Valdez-Alarcon, M.C. Juarez, B.B. Finlay, and V.M. Baizabal-Aguirre Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta in the inflammatory response caused by bacterial pathogens J. Inflamm. (London, England) 9 2012 23
38. J.-Y. Choi, H.-J. Park, Y.-J. Lee, J. Byun, Y.-S. Youn, J.H. Choi, S.-Y. Woo, and J.L. Kang Upregulation of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase signaling attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 344 2013 447 458
39. J.D. Holland, A. Klaus, A.N. Garratt, and W. Birchmeier Wnt signaling in stem and cancer stem cells Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2013
40. F. Fagotto Looking beyond the Wnt pathway for the deep nature of β-catenin EMBO Rep. 14 2013 422 433
41. C. Epifanoand, and M. Perez-Moreno Crossroads of integrins and cadherins in epithelia and stroma remodeling Cell Adhes. Migr. 6 2012 261 273
42. J. Deng, S.A. Miller, H.Y. Wang, W. Xia, Y. Wen, B.P. Zhou, Y. Li, S.Y. Lin, and M.C. Hung beta-catenin interacts with and inhibits NF-kappa B in human colon and breast cancer Cancer Cell 2 2002 323 334
43. N.J. Armstrong, F. Fagotto, C. Prothmann, and R.A. Rupp Maternal Wnt/β-catenin signaling coactivates transcription through NF-κB binding sites during xenopus axis formation PLoS One 7 2012 e36136
44. R. Prasadand, and S.K. Katiyar Ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation activates beta-catenin signaling in mouse skin and skin tumors Int. J. Oncol. 44 2014 1199 1206
45. Y. Li, J. Shi, J. Yang, Y. Ma, L. Cheng, J. Zeng, X. Hao, C. Ma, Y. Wang, and X. Liu A Wnt/beta-catenin negative feedback loop represses TLR-triggered inflammatory responses in alveolar epithelial cells Mol. Immunol. 59 2014 128 135
46. Y. Duan, A.P. Liao, S. Kuppireddi, Z. Ye, M.J. Ciancio, and J. Sun beta-Catenin activity negatively regulates bacteria-induced inflammation Lab. Invest. 87 2007 613 624
47. Q. Li, M. Michaud, S. Canosa, A. Kuo, and J.A. Madri GSK-3β: a signaling pathway node modulating neural stem cell and endothelial cell interactions Angiogenesis 14 2011 173 185
48. J. Li, J. Li, and B. Chen Oct4 was a novel target of Wnt signaling pathway Mol. Cell. Biochem. 362 2012 233 240
49. W.S. Samowitz, M.D. Powers, L.N. Spirio, F. Nollet, F. van Roy, and M.L. Slattery Beta-catenin mutations are more frequent in small colorectal adenomas than in larger adenomas and invasive carcinomas Cancer Res. 59 1999 1442 1444
50. T. Hagenand, and A. Vidal-Puig Characterisation of the phosphorylation of beta-catenin at the GSK-3 priming site Ser45 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294 2002 324 328
51. S. Amit, A. Hatzubai, Y. Birman, J.S. Andersen, E. Ben-Shushan, M. Mann, Y. Ben-Neriah, and I. Alkalay Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser 45: a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway Genes Dev. 16 2002 1066 1076
52. H.Y. Wangand, and C.C. Malbon Dishevelled C-terminus: prolyl and histidinyl motifs Acta Physiol. 204 2012 65 73
53. O. Tacchelly-Benites, Z. Wang, E. Yang, E. Lee, and Y. Ahmed Toggling a conformational switch in Wnt/β-catenin signaling: regulation of axin phosphorylation BioEssays 35 2013 1063 1070
54. S.S. Ng Unravelling the Molecular Mechanisms of the Canonical Wnt Signalling Pathway 2010 Utrecht University Repository
55. V.S.C. Wong Role of R-Spondin-1 in the Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Behaviour 2011 University of Toronto
56. P. Ratchasanmuang Retrograde Transport Mediated ER Recycling of Wntsess 2011 University of Delaware
57. T.-Y. Eomand, and R. Jope GSK3β N-terminus binding to p53 promotes its acetylation Mol. Cancer 8 2009 14
58. A. Alayevand, and M.K. Holz mTOR signaling for biological control and cancer J. Cell. Physiol. 228 2013 1658 1664
59. J.L. Jewelland, and K.-L. Guan Nutrient signaling to mTOR and cell growth Trends Biochem. Sci. 2013
60. H.H. Zhang, A.I. Lipovsky, C.C. Dibble, M. Sahin, and B.D. Manning S6K1 regulates GSK3 under conditions of mTOR-dependent feedback inhibition of Akt Mol. Cell 24 2006 185 197
61. H. Wang, J. Brown, Z. Gu, C.A. Garcia, R. Liang, P. Alard, E. Beurel, R.S. Jope, T. Greenway, and M. Martin Convergence of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1- and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta-signaling pathways regulates the innate inflammatory response J. Immunol. (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 186 2011 5217 5226
62. W.L. Yang, C.Y. Wu, J. Wu, and H.K. Lin Regulation of Akt signaling activation by ubiquitination Cell Cycle (Georgetown, TX) 9 2010 487 497
63. A. Subramaniam, M.K. Shanmugam, E. Perumal, F. Li, A. Nachiyappan, X. Dai, S.N. Swamy, K.S. Ahn, A.P. Kumar, and B.K. Tan Potential role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling pathway in inflammation, survival, proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma Biochim. Biophy. Acta 2012
64. K. Kang, G.W. Robinson, and L. Hennighausen Comprehensive meta-analysis of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) genomic binding patterns discerns cell-specific cis-regulatory modules BMC Genomics 14 2013 4
65. C.S. Nicolas, M. Amici, Z.A. Bortolotto, A. Doherty, Z. Csaba, A. Fafouri, P. Dournaud, P. Gressens, G.L. Collingridge, and S. Peineau The role of JAK-STAT signaling within the CNS JAK-STAT 2 2013 17-16
66. J. Banchereau, V. Pascual, and A. O'Garra From IL-2 to IL-37: the expanding spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines Nat. Immunol. 13 2012 925 931
67. M.M. Shull, I. Ormsby, A.B. Kier, S. Pawlowski, R.J. Diebold, M. Yin, R. Allen, C. Sidman, G. Proetzel, and D. Calvin Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease Nature 359 1992 693 699
68. J. Fuxeand, and M.C. Karlsson TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a link between cancer and inflammation Semin. Cancer Biol. 22 2012 455 461
69. K. Hermans, E.P. Daskalopoulos, and W.M. Blankesteijn Interventions in Wnt signaling as a novel therapeutic approach to improve myocardial infarct healing Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 5 2012 16
70. S.M. Centuori, M. Trad, C.J. LaCasse, D. Alizadeh, C.B. Larmonier, N.T. Hanke, J. Kartchner, N. Janikashvili, B. Bonnotte, and N. Larmonier Myeloid-derived suppressor cells from tumor-bearing mice impair TGF-β-induced differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Tregs from CD4+ CD25- FoxP3- T cells J. Leukoc. Biol. 92 2012 987 997
71. J.P. Edwards, H. Fujii, A.X. Zhou, J. Creemers, D. Unutmaz, and E.M. Shevach Regulation of the expression of GARP/latent TGF-β1 complexes on mouse T cells and their role in regulatory T cell and Th17 differentiation J. Immunol. 190 2013 5506 5515
72. M.R. Hassuneh, M. Nagarkatti, and P.S. Nagarkatti Role of interleukin-10 in the regulation of tumorigenicity of a T cell lymphoma Leuk. Lymphoma 54 2013 827 834
73. P.J. Murrayand, and S.T. Smale Restraint of inflammatory signaling by interdependent strata of negative regulatory pathways Nat. Immunol. 13 2012 916 924
74. D.-L. Su, Z.-M. Lu, M.-N. Shen, X. Li, and L.-Y. Sun Roles of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of SLE J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012 2012
75. E. Beurel, O. Kaidanovich-Beilin, W.-I. Yeh, L. Song, V. Palomo, S.M. Michalek, J.R. Woodgett, L.E. Harrington, H. Eldar-Finkelman, and A. Martinez Regulation of Th1 cells and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by glycogen synthase kinase-3 J. Immunol. 190 2013 5000 5011
76. B. Over, S. Ziegler, S. Foermer, A.N. Weber, K.A. Bode, K. Heeg, and I. Bekeredjian-Ding IRAK4 turns IL-10+ phospho-FOXO+ monocytes into pro-inflammatory cells by suppression of protein kinase B Eur. J. Immunol. 2013
77. S. Agrawal, S. Gollapudi, S. Gupta, and A. Agrawal Dendritic cells from the elderly display an intrinsic defect in the production of IL-10 in response to lithium chloride Exp. Gerontol. 48 2013 1285 1292
78. J.M. Kyriakisand, and J. Avruch Mammalian MAPK signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation: a 10-year update Physiol. Rev. 92 2012 689 737
79. M.A. Nieto The ins and outs of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in health and disease Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 27 2011 347 376
80. M. Morissette, P. Samadi, A.H. Tahar, N. Belanger, and T. Di Paolo Striatal Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in the development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 34 2010 446 454
81. S. Minguez-Minguez, J. Solis-Garcia Del Pozo, and J. Jordan Rasagiline in Parkinson's disease: a review based on meta-analysis of clinical data Pharmacol. Res. 74 2013 78-86
82. M.M. Goldenberg Medical management of Parkinson's disease P & T 33 2008 590 606
83. M.H. Yan, X. Wang, and X. Zhu Mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease Free Radic. Biol. Med. 62 2013 90 101
84. S. Vivekanantham, S. Shah, R. Dewji, A. Dewji, C. Khatri, and R. Ologunde Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: role in neurodegeneration and tissue repair Int. J. Neurosci. 2014 1 17
85. G. Chen, K.A. Bower, C.L. Ma, S.Y. Fang, C.J. Thiele, and J. Luo Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 beta) mediates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death FASEB J. 18 2004 1162 1164
86. A.M. Malfitano, G. Marasco, M.C. Proto, C. Laezza, P. Gazzerro, and M. Bifulco Statins in neurological disorders: an overview and update Pharmacol. Res. 88 2014 74 83
87. A. Petit-Paitel GSK-3 beta: a central kinase for neurodegenerative diseases? Med. Sci. 26 2010 516 521
88. M. Nagaoand, and H. Hayashi Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is associated with Parkinson's disease Neurosci. Lett. 449 2009 103 107
89. J. Wills, J. Jones, T. Haggerty, V. Duka, J.N. Joyce, and A. Sidhu Elevated tauopathy and alpha-synuclein pathology in postmortem Parkinson's disease brains with and without dementia Exp. Neurol. 225 2010 210 218
90. T. Duka, V. Duka, J.N. Joyce, and A. Sidhu alpha-Synuclein contributes to GSK-3 beta-catalyzed Tau phosphorylation in Parkinson's disease models FASEB J. 23 2009 2820 2830
91. J.B. Kwok, M. Hallupp, C.T. Loy, D.K. Chan, J. Woo, G.D. Mellick, D.D. Buchanan, P.A. Silburn, G.M. Halliday, and P.R. Schofield GSK3B polymorphisms alter transcription and splicing in Parkinson's disease Ann. Neurol. 58 2005 829 839
92. G. Das, A.K. Misra, S.K. Das, K. Ray, and J. Ray Role of tau kinases (CDK5R1 and GSK3B) in Parkinson's disease: a study from India Neurobiol. Aging 33 2012 1485 e9-e15
93. J. Infante, I. García-Gorostiaga, P. Sánchez-Juan, M. Sierra, J. Martín-Gurpegui, J. Terrazas, I. Mateo, E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J. Berciano, and O. Combarros Synergistic effect of two oxidative stress-related genes (heme oxygenase-1 and GSK3β) on the risk of Parkinson's disease Eur. J. Neurol. 17 2010 760 762
94. K. Kalinderi, L. Fidani, Z. Katsarou, J. Clarimon, S. Bostantjopoulou, and A. Kotsis GSK3beta polymorphisms, MAPT H1 haplotype and Parkinson's disease in a Greek cohort Neurobiol. Aging 32 2011 546.e1 546.e5
95. I. Garcia-Gorostiaga, P. Sanchez-Juan, I. Mateo, E. Rodriguez-Rodriguez, C. Sanchez-Quintana, S.C. del Olmo, J.L. Vazquez-Higuera, J. Berciano, O. Combarros, and J. Infante Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and tau genes interact in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases Ann. Neurol. 65 2009 759 761 author reply 761-762
96. A. Goris, C.H. Williams-Gray, G.R. Clark, T. Foltynie, S.J. Lewis, J. Brown, M. Ban, M.G. Spillantini, A. Compston, D.J. Burn, P.F. Chinnery, R.A. Barker, and S.J. Sawcer Tau and alpha-synuclein in susceptibility to, and dementia in, Parkinson's disease Ann. Neurol. 62 2007 145 153
97. C. Wider, C. Vilarino-Guell, M.G. Heckman, B. Jasinska-Myga, A.I. Ortolaza-Soto, N.N. Diehl, J.E. Crook, S.A. Cobb, J.A. Bacon, J.O. Aasly, J.M. Gibson, T. Lynch, R.J. Uitti, Z.K. Wszolek, M.J. Farrer, and O.A. Ross SNCA, MAPT, and GSK3B in Parkinson disease: a gene-gene interaction study Eur. J. Neurol. 18 2011 876 881
98. D.M. Zhao, N.N. Li, J.H. Zhang, X.L. Chang, X.Y. Mao, Q. Liao, E.K. Tan, and R. Peng GSK3β reduces risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese Am. J. Med. Gene. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 159 2012 718 721
99. D. Hernandez-Baltazar, M.E. Mendoza-Garrido, and D. Martinez-Fong Activation of GSK-3beta and caspase-3 occurs in Nigral dopamine neurons during the development of apoptosis activated by a striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine PLoS One 8 2013 e70951
100. Y. Li, F. Luo, L. Wei, Z. Liu, and P. Xu Knockdown of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells Neurosci. Lett. 487 2011 41 46
101. A. Petit-Paitel, F. Brau, J. Cazareth, and J. Chabry Involvment of cytosolic and mitochondrial GSK-3beta in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death of MPTP/MPP-treated neurons PLoS One 4 2009 e5491
102. H. Zhang, S.H. Mak, W. Cui, W.M. Li, R.W. Han, S.Q. Hu, M.Z. Ye, R.B. Pi, and Y.F. Han Tacrine(2)-ferulic acid, a novel multifunctional dimer, attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by activating Akt pathway Neurochem. Int. 59 2011 981 988
103. S. Timmons, M.F. Coakley, A.M. Moloney, and C. O'Neill Akt signal transduction dysfunction in Parkinson's disease Neurosci. Lett. 467 2009 30 35
104. C. Malagelada, Z.H. Jin, and L.A. Greene RTP801 is induced in Parkinson's disease and mediates neuron death by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation/activation J. Neurosci. 28 2008 14363 14371
105. B.G. Garcia, Y. Wei, J.A. Moron, R.Z. Lin, J.A. Javitch, and A. Galli Akt is essential for insulin modulation of amphetamine-induced human dopamine transporter cell-surface redistribution Mol. Pharmacol. 68 2005 102 109
106. J.M. Beaulieu, R.R. Gainetdinov, and M.G. Caron The Akt-GSK-3 signaling cascade in the actions of dopamine Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 28 2007 166 172
107. J.H. Lim, K.M. Kim, S.W. Kim, O. Hwang, and H.J. Choi Bromocriptine activates NQO1 via Nrf2-PI3K/Akt signaling: novel cytoprotective mechanism against oxidative damage Pharmacol. Res. 57 2008 325 331
108. O. Weinreb, T. Amit, O. Bar-Am, Y. Sagi, S. Mandel, and M.B. Youdim Involvement of multiple survival signal transduction pathways in the neuroprotective, neurorescue and APP processing activity of rasagiline and its propargyl moiety J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2006 457 465
109. X. Cen, A. Nitta, S. Ohya, Y. Zhao, N. Ozawa, A. Mouri, D. Ibi, L. Wang, M. Suzuki, K. Saito, Y. Ito, T. Kawagoe, Y. Noda, Y. Ito, S. Furukawa, and T. Nabeshima An analog of a dipeptide-like structure of FK506 increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression through cAMP response element-binding protein activated by heat shock protein 90/Akt signaling pathway J. Neurosci. 26 2006 3335 3344
110. I.G. Onyango, J.B. Tuttle, and J.P. Bennett Jr. Brain-derived growth factor and glial cell line-derived growth factor use distinct intracellular signaling pathways to protect PD cybrids from H2O2-induced neuronal death Neurobiol. Dis. 20 2005 141 154
111. R. Gomez-Sintes, A. Bortolozzi, F. Artigas, and J.J. Lucas Reduced striatal dopamine DA D2 receptor function in dominant-negative GSK-3 transgenic mice Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 24 2014 1524 1533
112. N.M. Urs, J.C. Snyder, J.P. Jacobsen, S.M. Peterson, and M.G. Caron Deletion of GSK3β in D2R-expressing neurons reveals distinct roles for β-arrestin signaling in antipsychotic and lithium action Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109 2012 20732 20737
113. J.M. Beaulieu, T.D. Sotnikova, S. Marion, R.J. Lefkowitz, R.R. Gainetdinov, and M.G. Caron An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior Cell 122 2005 261 273
114. J.M. Beaulieu, T.D. Sotnikova, W.D. Yao, L. Kockeritz, J.R. Woodgett, R.R. Gainetdinov, and M.G. Caron Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 2004 5099 5104
115. X.H. Li, K.M. Rosborough, A.B. Friedman, W.W. Zhu, and K.A. Roth Regulation of mouse brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 by atypical antipsychotics Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 10 2007 7 19
116. E.S. Emamian, D. Hall, M.J. Birnbaum, M. Karayiorgou, and J.A. Gogos Convergent evidence for impaired AKT1-GSK3beta signaling in schizophrenia Nat. Genet. 36 2004 131 137
117. R. Willi, A. Harmeier, S. Giovanoli, and U. Meyer Altered GSK3 beta signaling in an infection-based mouse model of developmental neuropsychiatric disease Neuropharmacology 73 2013 56 65
118. E. Bychkov, M.R. Ahmed, K.N. Dalby, and E.V. Gurevich Dopamine depletion and subsequent treatment with L-DOPA, but not the long-lived dopamine agonist pergolide, enhances activity of the Akt pathway in the rat striatum J. Neurochem. 102 2007 699 711
119. W.S. Kim, K. Kagedal, and G.M. Halliday Alpha-synuclein biology in Lewy body diseases Alzheimer's Res. Ther. 6 2014 73
120. M.G. Spillantiniand, and M. Goedert The alpha-synucleinopathies: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 920 2000 16 27
121. Y.H. Yuan, J. Jin, B. Yang, W. Zhang, J.G. Hu, Y. Zhang, and N.H. Chen Overexpressed alpha-synuclein regulated the nuclear factor-kappaB signal pathway Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 28 2008 21 33
122. Y.H. Yuan, W.F. Yan, J.D. Sun, J.Y. Huang, Z. Mu, and N.H. Chen The molecular mechanism of rotenone-induced alpha-synuclein aggregation: emphasizing the role of the calcium/GSK3beta pathway Toxicol. Lett. 2014
123. M. Gassowska, G.A. Czapski, B. Pajak, M. Cieslik, A.M. Lenkiewicz, and A. Adamczyk Extracellular alpha-synuclein leads to microtubule destabilization via GSK-3beta-dependent Tau phosphorylation in PC12 cells PLoS One 9 2014 e94259
124. E. Avraham, R. Szargel, A. Eyal, R. Rott, and S. Engelender Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta modulates synphilin-1 ubiquitylation and cellular inclusion formation by SIAH: implications for proteasomal function and Lewy body formation J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 42877 42886
125. E. Lai, T. Teodoro, and A. Volchuk Endoplasmic reticulum stress: signaling the unfolded protein response Physiology (Bethesda, MD) 22 2007 193 201
126. V.P. Nakka, P. Prakash-Babu, and R. Vemuganti Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and autophagy: potential therapeutic targets for acute CNS injuries Mol. Neurobiol. 2014
127. K.M. Doyle, D. Kennedy, A.M. Gorman, S. Gupta, S.J. Healy, and A. Samali Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders J. Cell. Mol. Med. 15 2011 2025 2039
128. E.J. Ryu, H.P. Harding, J.M. Angelastro, O.V. Vitolo, D. Ron, and L.A. Greene Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in cellular models of Parkinson's disease J. Neurosci. 22 2002 10690 10698
129. L. Song, P. De Sarno, and R.S. Jope Central role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced caspase-3 activation J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 44701 44708
130. A.J. Kim, Y. Shi, R.C. Austin, and G.H. Werstuck Valproate protects cells from ER stress-induced lipid accumulation and apoptosis by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 J. Cell Sci. 118 2005 89 99
131. G. Han, R.J. Casson, G. Chidlow, and J.P. Wood The mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of GSK-3beta in cultured rat retinal cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55 2014 5616 5628
132. K.-Y. Lee, S.-H. Koh, M.Y. Noh, K.-W. Park, Y.J. Lee, and S.H. Kim Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity plays very important roles in determining the fate of oxidative stress-inflicted neuronal cells Brain Res. 1129 2007 89 99
133. A.I. Rojo, M.R.d. Sagarra, and A. Cuadrado GSK-3β down-regulates the transcription factor Nrf2 after oxidant damage: relevance to exposure of neuronal cells to oxidative stress J. Neurochem. 105 2008 192 202
134. R. Anne Stetler, R.K. Leak, W. Yin, L. Zhang, S. Wang, Y. Gao, and J. Chen Mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to ischemic neuroprotection afforded by LPS preconditioning J. Neurochem. 123 2012 125 137
135. J. Weise, T. Engelhorn, A. Dörfler, S. Aker, M. Bähr, and A. Hufnagel Expression time course and spatial distribution of activated caspase-3 after experimental status epilepticus: contribution of delayed neuronal cell death to seizure-induced neuronal injury Neurobiol. Dis. 18 2005 582 590
136. E. Hattingen, J. Magerkurth, U. Pilatus, A. Mozer, C. Seifried, H. Steinmetz, F. Zanella, and R. Hilker Phosphorus and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates mitochondrial dysfunction in early and advanced Parkinson's disease Brain 132 2009 3285 3297
137. G.N. Bijurand, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is highly activated in nuclei and mitochondria Neuroreport 14 2003 2415 2419
138. T.D. King, B. Clodfelder-Miller, K.A. Barksdale, and G.N. Bijur Unregulated mitochondrial GSK3β activity results in NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase deficiency Neurotox. Res. 14 2008 367 382
139. S.H. Koh, Y.B. Lee, K.S. Kim, H.J. Kim, M. Kim, Y.J. Lee, J. Kim, K.W. Lee, and S.H. Kim Role of GSK-3beta activity in motor neuronal cell death induced by G93A or A4V mutant hSOD1 gene Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 2005 301 309
140. T.C. Somervaille, D.C. Linch, and A. Khwaja Growth factor withdrawal from primary human erythroid progenitors induces apoptosis through a pathway involving glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Bax Blood 98 2001 1374 1381
141. R. Wang, L. Xia, J. Gabrilove, S. Waxman, and Y. Jing Downregulation of Mcl-1 through GSK-3beta activation contributes to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells Leukemia 27 2013 315 324
142. T. Ishizawa, P. Mattila, P. Davies, D. Wang, and D.W. Dickson Colocalization of tau and alpha-synuclein epitopes in Lewy bodies J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 62 2003 389 397
143. T. Duka, M. Rusnak, R.E. Drolet, V. Duka, C. Wersinger, J.L. Goudreau, and A. Sidhu Alpha-synuclein induces hyperphosphorylation of tau in the MPTP model of parkinsonism FASEB J. 20 2006 2302 2312
144. T. Dukaand, and A. Sidhu The neurotoxin, MPP+, induces hyperphosphorylation of tau, in the presence of alpha-Synuclein, in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells Neurotox. Res. 10 2006 1 10
145. G. Das, A.K. Misra, S.K. Das, K. Ray, and J. Ray Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) influences the risk of Parkinson's disease among Indians Neurosci. Lett. 460 2009 16 20
146. W. Satake, Y. Nakabayashi, I. Mizuta, Y. Hirota, C. Ito, M. Kubo, T. Kawaguchi, T. Tsunoda, M. Watanabe, A. Takeda, H. Tomiyama, K. Nakashima, K. Hasegawa, F. Obata, T. Yoshikawa, H. Kawakami, S. Sakoda, M. Yamamoto, N. Hattori, M. Murata, Y. Nakamura, and T. Toda Genome-wide association study identifies common variants at four loci as genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease Nat. Genet. 41 2009 1303 1307
147. J. Simon-Sanchez, C. Schulte, J.M. Bras, M. Sharma, J.R. Gibbs, D. Berg, C. Paisan-Ruiz, P. Lichtner, S.W. Scholz, D.G. Hernandez, R. Kruger, M. Federoff, C. Klein, A. Goate, J. Perlmutter, M. Bonin, M.A. Nalls, T. Illig, C. Gieger, H. Houlden, M. Steffens, M.S. Okun, B.A. Racette, M.R. Cookson, K.D. Foote, H.H. Fernandez, B.J. Traynor, S. Schreiber, S. Arepalli, R. Zonozi, K. Gwinn, M. van der Brug, G. Lopez, S.J. Chanock, A. Schatzkin, Y. Park, A. Hollenbeck, J. Gao, X. Huang, N.W. Wood, D. Lorenz, G. Deuschl, H. Chen, O. Riess, J.A. Hardy, A.B. Singleton, and T. Gasser Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson's disease Nat. Genet. 41 2009 1308 1312
148. J.E. Tobin, J.C. Latourelle, M.F. Lew, C. Klein, O. Suchowersky, H.A. Shill, L.I. Golbe, M.H. Mark, J.H. Growdon, G.F. Wooten, B.A. Racette, J.S. Perlmutter, R. Watts, M. Guttman, K.B. Baker, S. Goldwurm, G. Pezzoli, C. Singer, M.H. Saint-Hilaire, A.E. Hendricks, S. Williamson, M.W. Nagle, J.B. Wilk, T. Massood, J.M. Laramie, A.L. DeStefano, I. Litvan, G. Nicholson, A. Corbett, S. Isaacson, D.J. Burn, P.F. Chinnery, P.P. Pramstaller, S. Sherman, J. Al-hinti, E. Drasby, M. Nance, A.T. Moller, K. Ostergaard, R. Roxburgh, B. Snow, J.T. Slevin, F. Cambi, J.F. Gusella, and R.H. Myers Haplotypes and gene expression implicate the MAPT region for Parkinson disease: the GenePD study Neurology 71 2008 28 34
149. M. Farrer, L. Skipper, M. Berg, G. Bisceglio, M. Hanson, J. Hardy, A. Adam, K. Gwinn-Hardy, and J. Aasly The tau H1 haplotype is associated with Parkinson's disease in the Norwegian population Neurosci. Lett. 322 2002 83 86
150. E.R. Martin, W.K. Scott, M.A. Nance, R.L. Watts, J.P. Hubble, W.C. Koller, K. Lyons, R. Pahwa, M.B. Stern, A. Colcher, B.C. Hiner, J. Jankovic, W.G. Ondo, F.H. Allen Jr., C.G. Goetz, G.W. Small, D. Masterman, F. Mastaglia, N.G. Laing, J.M. Stajich, R.C. Ribble, M.W. Booze, A. Rogala, M.A. Hauser, F. Zhang, R.A. Gibson, L.T. Middleton, A.D. Roses, J.L. Haines, B.L. Scott, M.A. Pericak-Vance, and J.M. Vance Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the tau gene with late-onset Parkinson disease JAMA 286 2001 2245 2250
151. J.B. Kwok, E.T. Teber, C. Loy, M. Hallupp, G. Nicholson, G.D. Mellick, D.D. Buchanan, P.A. Silburn, and P.R. Schofield Tau haplotypes regulate transcription and are associated with Parkinson's disease Ann. Neurol. 55 2004 329 334
152. K. Spittaels, C. Van den Haute, J. Van Dorpe, H. Geerts, M. Mercken, K. Bruynseels, R. Lasrado, K. Vandezande, I. Laenen, T. Boon, J. Van Lint, J. Vandenheede, D. Moechars, R. Loos, and F. Van Leuven Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phosphorylates protein tau and rescues the axonopathy in the central nervous system of human four-repeat tau transgenic mice J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 41340 41349
153. T.A. Yacoubianand, and D.G. Standaert Targets for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1792 2009 676 687
154. A. Wada GSK-3 inhibitors and insulin receptor signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics Front. Biosci. 14 2009 1558 1570
155. G. Klamer, E. Song, K. Ko, T. OBrien, and A. Dolnikov Using small molecule GSK3 inhibitors to treat inflammation Curr. Med. Chem. 17 2010 2873 2881
156. N. Coant, M. Simon-Rudler, T. Gustot, M. Fasseu, S. Gandoura, K. Ragot, W. Abdel-Razek, D. Thabut, P. Letteron, E. Ogier-Denis, R. Ouziel, J. Deviere, G. Lizard, Z. Tellier, D. Lebrec, and R. Moreau Glycogen synthase kinase 3 involvement in the excessive proinflammatory response to LPS in patients with decompensated cirrhosis J. Hepatol. 55 2011 784 793
157. J.A. Morales-García, C. Susín, S. Alonso-Gil, D.I. Pérez, V. Palomo, C. Pérez, S. Conde, A. Santos, C. Gil, and A. Martínez Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors as potent therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson disease ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4 2012 350 360
158. S. Javadov, V. Rajapurohitam, A. Kilic, A. Zeidan, A. Choi, and M. Karmazyn Anti-hypertrophic effect of NHE-1 inhibition involves GSK-3beta-dependent attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 46 2009 998 1007
159. L.J. Martin, S. Semenkow, A. Hanaford, and M. Wong Mitochondrial permeability transition pore regulates Parkinson's disease development in mutant alpha-synuclein transgenic mice Neurobiol. Aging 35 2014 1132 1152
160. C.T. Chiu, L. Scheuing, G. Liu, H.M. Liao, G.R. Linares, D. Lin, and M. Chuang The mood stabilizer lithium potentiates the antidepressant-like effects and ameliorates oxidative stress induced by acute ketamine in a mouse model of stress Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014
161. P.C. Chen, I.N. Gaisina, B.F. El-Khodor, S. Ramboz, N.R. Makhortova, L.L. Rubin, and A.P. Kozikowski Identification of a maleimide-based glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, BIP-135, that prolongs the median survival time of delta7 SMA KO mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy ACS Chem. Neurosci. 3 2012 5 11
162. G.P. Meares, M.A. Mines, E. Beurel, T.Y. Eom, L. Song, A.A. Zmijewska, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced CHOP expression in neuronal cells Exp. Cell Res. 317 2011 1621 1628
163. T.Y. Eomand, and R.S. Jope Blocked inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha/beta impairs in vivo neural precursor cell proliferation Biol. Psychiatry 66 2009 494 502
164. P. Desplats, B. Spencer, L. Crews, P. Pathel, D. Morvinski-Friedmann, K. Kosberg, S. Roberts, C. Patrick, B. Winner, J. Winkler, and E. Masliah alpha-Synuclein induces alterations in adult neurogenesis in Parkinson disease models via p53-mediated repression of Notch1 J. Biol. Chem. 287 2012 31691 31702
165. M.B. Youdimand, and Z. Arraf Prevention of MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice by chronic lithium: involvements of Bcl-2 and Bax Neuropharmacology 46 2004 1130 1140
166. W. Wang, Y. Yang, C. Ying, W. Li, H. Ruan, X. Zhu, Y. You, Y. Han, R. Chen, and Y. Wang Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β protects dopaminergic neurons from MPTP toxicity Neuropharmacology 52 2007 1678 1684
167. Y. Yong, H.Q. Ding, Z.Q. Fan, J. Luo, and Z.J. Ke Lithium fails to protect dopaminergic neurons in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease Neurochem. Res. 36 2011 367 374
168. D. Lecamwasam, B. Synek, K. Moyles, and K. Ghose Chronic lithium neurotoxicity presenting as Parkinson's disease Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 9 1994 127 129
169. G. Basile, A. Epifanio, R. Mandraffino, and G. Trifiro Parkinsonism and severe hypothyroidism in an elderly patient: a case of lithium toxicity due to pharmacological interactions J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 39 2014 452 454
170. R. Gomez-Sintesand, and J.J. Lucas NFAT/Fas signaling mediates the neuronal apoptosis and motor side effects of GSK-3 inhibition in a mouse model of lithium therapy J. Clin. Invest. 120 2010 2432 2445
171. R. Gomez-Sintes, F. Hernandez, A. Bortolozzi, F. Artigas, J. Avila, P. Zaratin, J.P. Gotteland, and J.J. Lucas Neuronal apoptosis and reversible motor deficit in dominant-negative GSK-3 conditional transgenic mice EMBO J. 26 2007 2743 2754
172. L. Song, T. Zhou, and R.S. Jope Lithium facilitates apoptotic signaling induced by activation of the Fas death domain-containing receptor BMC Neurosci. 5 2004 20
173. P.J. Hampton, R. Jans, R.J. Flockhart, G. Parker, and N.J. Reynolds Lithium regulates keratinocyte proliferation via glycogen synthase kinase 3 and NFAT2 (nuclear factor of activated T cells 2) J. Cell Physiol. 227 2012 1529 1537
174. T. Ohteki, M. Parsons, A. Zakarian, R.G. Jones, L.T. Nguyen, J.R. Woodgett, and P.S. Ohashi Negative regulation of T cell proliferation and interleukin 2 production by the serine threonine kinase GSK-3 J. Exp. Med. 192 2000 99 104
175. T.L. Sudduth, J.G. Wilson, A. Everhart, C.A. Colton, and D.M. Wilcock Lithium treatment of APPSwDI/NOS2-/- mice leads to reduced hyperphosphorylated tau, increased amyloid deposition and altered inflammatory phenotype PLoS One 7 2012 e31993
176. K. Leroy, K. Ando, C. Heraud, Z. Yilmaz, M. Authelet, J.M. Boeynaems, L. Buee, R. De Decker, and J.P. Brion Lithium treatment arrests the development of neurofibrillary tangles in mutant tau transgenic mice with advanced neurofibrillary pathology J. Alzheimer's Dis. 19 2010 705 719
177. S. Patel, B. Doble, and J.R. Woodgett Glycogen synthase kinase-3 in insulin and Wnt signalling: a double-edged sword? Biochem. Soc. Trans. 32 2004 803 808
178. R.F. Schwabeand, and D.A. Brenner Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis in hepatocytes Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 283 2002 G204 G211
179. K.P. Hoeflich, J. Luo, E.A. Rubie, M.S. Tsao, O. Jin, and J.R. Woodgett Requirement for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in cell survival and NF-kappaB activation Nature 406 2000 86 90