The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in inflammatory response and sepsis

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 41-52

  Kowalczyk, Agata ^a   Kleniewska, Paulina ^a   Kolodziejczyk, Michal ^a   Skibska, Beata ^a   Goraca, Anna ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

Author keywords

Endothelin receptor antagonists; Endothelins; Inflammation; Reactive oxygen species; Sepsis

Indexed keywords

AMBRISENTAN; ATRASENTAN; AVOSENTAN; BOSENTAN; CLAZOSENTAN; CYCLO(DEXTRO TRYPTOPHYL DEXTRO ASPARTYLPROLYL DEXTRO VALYLLEUCYL); DARUSENTAN; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; MACITENTAN; N (2,6 DIMETHYLPIPERIDINOCARBONYL) 4 METHYLLEUCYL DEXTRO (1 METHOXYCARBONYLTRYPTOPHANYL) DEXTRO NORLEUCINE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RO 61 7790; TEZOSENTAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIBOTENTAN; CYCLO(TRP-ASP-PRO-VAL-LEU); CYCLOPEPTIDE; CYTOKINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; OLIGOPEPTIDE; PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVE; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; SULFONAMIDE; SUPEROXIDE; TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVE;

CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEPSIS; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ENDOTHELIN-1; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; NF-KAPPA B; OLIGOPEPTIDES; PEPTIDES, CYCLIC; PIPERIDINES; PYRIDINES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SULFONAMIDES; SUPEROXIDES; TETRAZOLES;

EID: 84926673223     PISSN: 0004069X     EISSN: 16614917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0310-1     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Andersson A, Fenhammar J, Frithiof R et al (2008) Mixed endothelin receptor antagonism with tezosentan improves intestinal microcirculation in endotoxemic shock. J Surg Res 149:138-147
2. Andersson A, Fenhammar J, Weitzberg E et al (2010) Endothelinmediated gut microcirculatory dysfunction during porcine endotoxaemia. Br J Anaesth 105:640-647
3. Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K et al (2009) Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation. Cardiovasc Res 82:143-151
4. Barton M, Traupe T, Haudenschild CC (2003) Endothelin, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis 14:477-490
5. Bellisai F, Morozzi G, Scaccia F et al (2011) Evaluation of the effect of bosentan treatment on proinflammatory cytokine serum levels in patients affected by systemic sclerosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24:261-264
6. Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L (2003) Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 170:191-203
7. Bomberg H, Bierbach B, Flache S et al (2013) Endothelin and vasopressin influence splanchnic blood flow distribution during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 145:539-547
8. Braun L, Sood V, Hogue S et al (2012) High burden and unmet patient needs in chronic kidney disease. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 5:151-163
9. Briyal S, Philip T, Gulati A (2011) Endothelin-A receptor antagonists prevent amyloid-b-induced increase in ETA receptor expression, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 23:491-503
10. Callera GE, Touyz RM, Teixeira SA et al (2003) ETA receptor blockade decreases vascular superoxide generation in DOCAsalt hypertension. Hypertension 42:811-817
11. Carducci MA, Saad F, Abrahamsson PA et al (2007) A phase 3 randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of atrasentan in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 110:1959-1966
12. Cerrato R, Cunnington C, Crabtree MJ et al (2012) Endothelin-1 increases superoxide production in human coronary artery bypass grafts. Life Sci 91:723-728
13. Chen Y, Hanaoka M, Droma Y et al (2010) Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists prevent the development of pulmonary emphysema in rats. Eur Respir J 35:904-912
14. Chin A, Radhakrishnan J, Fornell L et al (2002) Effects of tezosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, on the cardiovascular and renal systems of neonatal piglets during endotoxic shock. J Pediatr Surg 37:482-487
15. Chouaid C, Nathan F, Pemberton K et al (2011) A phase II, randomized, multicenter study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 67:1203-1208
16. Cognetti F, Bagnato A, Colombo N et al (2013) A Phase II, randomized, double-blind study of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel versus placebo in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with advanced ovarian cancer sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy (AGOOVAR 2.14). Gynecol Oncol 130:31-37
17. Corte TJ, Keir GJ, Dimopoulos K et al (2014) Bosentan in pulmonary hypertension associated with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (BPHIT). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190:208-217
18. Cozzi F, Pigatto E, Rizzo M et al (2013) Low occurrence of digital ulcers in scleroderma patients treated with bosentan for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a retrospective case-control study. Clin Rheumatol 32:679-683
19. Dai X, Galligan JJ, Watts SW et al (2004) Increased O2_ production and upregulation of ETB receptors by sympathetic neurons in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 43:1048-1054
20. Dashwood MR, Tsui JC (2011) Further evidence for a role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in critical limb ischaemia. J Cell Commun Signal 5:45-49
21. Denault AY, Pearl RG, Michler RE et al (2013) Tezosentan and right ventricular failure in patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing cardiac surgery: the TACTICS trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 27:1212-1217
22. Dilshara MG, Lee KT, Jayasooriya RG et al (2014) Downregulation of NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by trans-isoferulic acid via suppression of PI3 K/Akt-dependent NF-jB and activation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1. Int Immunopharmacol 18:203-211
23. Donate PB, Cunha TM, Verri WA Jr et al (2012) Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis: the role of TNF-a in the induction of endothelin system genes. Inflamm Res 61:337-348
24. Dong F, Zhang X, Wold LE et al (2005) Endothelin-1 enhances oxidative stress, cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: role of ETB receptor, NADPH oxidase and caveolin-1. Br J Pharmacol 145: 323-333
25. Duan J, Xu H, Dai S et al (2008) Phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol inhibits homocysteine-induced endothelin-1 expression and oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 197:549-555
26. Dupuis J, Hoeper MM (2008) Endothelin receptor antagonists in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 31:407-415
27. Ehrenreich H, Burd PR, Rottem M et al (1992) Endothelins belong to the assortment of mast cell-derived and mast cell-bound cytokines. New Biol 4:147-156
28. Elmarakby AA, Loomis ED, Pollock JS et al (2005) NADPH oxidase inhibition attenuates oxidative stress but not hypertension produced by chronic ET-1. Hypertension 45:283-287
29. Elshaboury SM, Anderson JR (2013) Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: improving outcomes. Patient Prefer Adherence 7:401-409
30. Endo T, Uchida Y, Matsumoto H et al (1992) Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis in cultured guinea pig airway epithelial cells by various cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186:1594-1599
31. Erdem A, Meltem Sevgili A, Akbiyik F et al (2007) Tezosentan attenuates organ injury and mesenteric blood flow decrease in endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture. J Surg Res 141:211-219
32. Fang Y, Sang H, Yuan N et al (2013) Ethanolic extract of propolis inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout mice. Lipids Health Dis 12:123
33. Fenhammar J, Andersson A, Frithiof R et al (2008) The endothelin receptor antagonist tezosentan improves renal microcirculation in a porcine model of endotoxemic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:1385-1393
34. Fenhammar J, Andersson A, Forestier J et al (2011) Endothelin receptor A antagonism attenuates renal medullary blood flow impairment in endotoxemic pigs. PLoS ONE 6:e21534
35. Ford RL, Mains IM, Hilton EJ et al (2008) Endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiopulmonary bypass: cytokines and receptor activation. Ann Thorac Surg 86:1576-1583
36. Forni M, Mazzola S, Ribeiro LA et al (2005) Expression of endothelin-1 system in a pig model of endotoxic shock. Regul Pept 131:89-96
37. Freund-Michel V, Guibert C, Dubois M et al (2013) Reactive oxygen species as therapeutic targets in pulmonary hypertension. Ther Adv Respir Dis 7:175-200
38. Gonon AT, Gourine AV, Middelveld RJ et al (2001) Limitation of infarct size and attenuation of myeloperoxidase activity by an endothelin A receptor antagonist following ischaemia and reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 96:454-462
39. Grassi G (2011) Selective endothelin receptor blockade in resistant hypertension: results of the DORADO trial. Expert Opin Pharmacother 12:153-155
40. Hansen PR (1995) Role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 91:1872-1885
41. Haque SU, Dashwood MR, Heetun M et al (2013) Efficacy of the specific endothelin A receptor antagonist zibotentan (ZD4054) in colorectal cancer: a preclinical study. Mol Cancer Ther 12:1556-1567
42. Haug C, Voisard R, Lenich A et al (1996) Increased endothelin release by cultured human smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Cardiovasc Res 31:807-813
43. Hirata Y, Ishimaru S (2002) Effects of endothelin receptor antagonists on endothelin-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes in a rat endotoxic shock model. Clin Sci 103(48):332S-335S
44. Hukovic N, Hadziselimovic R (1998) Endothelin 1 action on isolated rat stomach and the role of calcium ions in ET 1 induced depolarization of smooth muscle cells BC3H1. Biochem Mol Biol Int 46:877-886
45. Hynynen MM, Khalil RA (2006) The vascular endothelin system in hypertension-recent patents and discoveries. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 1:95-108
46. Imhof AK, Glück L, Gajda M et al (2011) Potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in monoarthritic mice. Arthritis Res Ther 13:R97
47. Iskit AB, Senel I, Sokmensuer C et al (2004) Endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves survival in a murine caecal ligation and puncture model of septic shock. Eur J Pharmacol 506:83-88
48. Jesmin S, Shimojo N, Yamaguchi N et al (2014) Effects of protease activated receptor (PAR)2 blocking peptide on endothelin-1 levels in kidney tissues in endotoxemic rat mode. Life Sci 102:127-133
49. Kaddoura S, Curzen NP, Evans TW et al (1996) Tissue expression of endothelin-1 mRNA in endotoxaemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 218:641-647
50. Kaszaki J, Wolfárd A, Boros M et al (1997) Effects of antiendothelin treatment on the early hemodynamic changes in hyperdynamic endotoxemia. Acta Chir Hung 36:152-153
51. Kawanabe Y, Nauli SM (2011) Endothelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 68:195-203
52. Keller S, Karaa A, Paxian M et al (2006) Inhibition of endothelin-1-mediated up-regulation of iNOS by bosentan ameliorates endotoxin-induced liver injury in cirrhosis. Shock 25:306-313
53. Khalil RA (2011) Modulators of the vascular endothelin receptor in blood pressure regulation and hypertension. Curr Mol Pharmacol 4:176-186
54. Kim SJ, Kim JS, Kim SW et al (2011) Macitentan (ACT-064992), a tissue-targeting endothelin receptor antagonist, enhances therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel by modulating survival pathways in orthotopic models of metastatic human ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 13:167-179
55. Kim SJ, Kim JS, Kim SW et al (2012) Antivascular therapy for multidrug-resistant ovarian tumors by macitentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist. Transl Oncol 5:39-47
56. Kitada K, Yui N, Matsumoto C et al (2009) Inhibition of endothelin ETB receptor system aggravates neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 331:998-1004
57. Kitada K, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y (2012) Pathological importance of the endothelin-1/ET(B) receptor system on vascular diseases. Cardiol Res Pract 2012:731970
58. Kleniewska P, Piechota-Polanczyk A, Michalski L et al (2013) Influence of block of NF-kappa B signaling pathway on oxidative stress in the liver homogenates. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013:308358
59. Kohan DE, Pollock DM (2013) Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 76:573-579
60. Kohan DE, Pritchett Y, Molitch M et al (2011) Addition of atrasentan to renin-angiotensin system blockade reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:763-772
61. Konieczka K, Meyer P, Schoetzau A et al (2011) Effect of avosentan (SPP-301) in porcine ciliary arteries. Curr Eye Res 36:118-124
62. Krejci V, Hiltebrand LB, Erni D et al (2003) Endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves microcirculatory blood flow in splanchnic organs in septic shock. Crit Care Med 31:203-210
63. Kuklin V, Kirov M, Sovershaev M et al (2005) Tezosentan-induced attenuation of lung injury in endotoxemic sheep is associated with reduced activation of protein kinase C. Crit Care 9:R211-R217
64. Leonard MG, Briyal S, Gulati A (2011) Endothelin B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, reduces neurological damage following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res 1420:48-58
65. Leonard MG, Briyal S, Gulati A (2012) Endothelin B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, provides long-term neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1464:14-23
66. Li L, Chu Y, Fink GD et al (2003) Endothelin-1 stimulates arterial VCAM-1 expression via NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in mineralocorticoid hypertension. Hypertension 42:997-1003
67. Li W, Sachidanandam K, Ergul A (2011) Comparison of selective versus dual endothelin receptor antagonism on cerebrovascular dysfunction in diabetes. Neurol Res 33:185-191
68. Li MW, Mian MO, Barhoumi T et al (2013) Endothelin-1 overexpression exacerbates atherosclerosis and induces aortic aneurysms in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33:2306-2315
69. Lima VV, Giachini FR, Hardy DM et al (2011) O-GlcNAcylation: a novel pathway contributing to the effects of endothelin in the vasculature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300:R236-R250
70. Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Shih RH et al (2013) Up-regulation of COX-2/PGE2 by endothelin-1 via MAPK-dependent NF-jB pathway in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 11:8
71. Liu B, Zhou J, Chen H et al (1997) Expression and cellular location of endothelin-1 mRNA in rat liver following endotoxemia. Chin Med J 110:932-935
72. Loomis ED, Sullivan JC, Osmond DA et al (2005) Endothelin mediates superoxide production and vasoconstriction through activation of NADPH oxidase and uncoupled nitric-oxide synthase in the rat aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315:1058-1064
73. Lopez-Sepulveda R, Gomez-Guzman M, Zarzuelo MJ et al (2011) Red wine polyphenols prevent endothelial dysfunction induced by endothelin-1 in rat aorta: role of NADPH oxidase. Clin Sci 120:321-333
74. Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E et al (2013) Randomised trial of clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping (CONSCIOUS-2). Acta Neurochir Suppl 115:27-31
75. Maemura K, Kurihara H, Morita T et al (1992) Production of endothelin-1 in vascular endothelial cells is regulated by factors associated with vascular injury. Gerontology 38(1):29-35
76. Maron BA, Waxman AB, Opotowsky AR et al (2013) Effectiveness of spironolactone plus ambrisentan for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (from the [ARIES] study 1 and 2 trials). Am J Cardiol 112:720-725
77. Mercier O, Sage E, Izziki M et al (2010) Endothelin A receptor blockade improves regression of flow-induced pulmonary vasculopathy in piglets. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 140:677-683
78. Mian MO, Idris-Khodja N, Li MW et al (2013) Preservation of endothelium-dependent relaxation in atherosclerotic mice with endothelium-restricted endothelin-1 overexpression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 347:30-37
79. Miller K, Moul JW, Gleave M et al (2013) Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily oral zibotentan (ZD4054) in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 16:187-192
80. Montani D, Gunther S, Dorfmuller P et al (2013) Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Orphanet J Rare Dis 8:97
81. Motte S, McEntee K, Naeije R (2006) Endothelin receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 110:386-414
82. Naito Y, Yoshioka K, Tanaka K et al (2014) Endothelin B receptormediated encephalopathic events in mouse sepsis model. Life Sci. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.012
83. Nelson JB, Fizazi K, Miller K et al (2012) Phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled study of zibotentan (ZD4054) in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer metastatic to bone. Cancer 118:5709-5718
84. Nitescu N, Grimberg E, Ricksten SE et al (2008) Endothelin B receptors preserve renal blood flow in a normotensive model of endotoxin-induced acute kidney dysfunction. Shock 29:402-409
85. Noshad H, Argani H, Nezami N et al (2009) Arterial atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease and its relationship with serum and tissue endothelin-1. Iran J Kidney Dis 3:203-209
86. Ohkita M, Tawa M, Kitada K et al (2012) Pathophysiological roles of endothelin receptors in cardiovascular diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 119:302-313
87. Oktar BK, Coskun T, Bozkurt A et al (2000) Endothelin-1-induced PMN infiltration and mucosal dysfunction in the rat small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279:G483-G491
88. Ozdemir R, Parlakpinar H, Polat A et al (2006) Selective endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist (BQ-123) reduces both myocardial infarct size and oxidant injury. Toxicology 219:142-149
89. Pan C, Wang J, Liu W et al (2012) Low tidal volume protects pulmonary vasomotor function from ‘‘second-hit’’ injury in acute lung injury rats. Respir Res 13:77
90. Patel T, McKeage K (2014) Macitentan: first global approval. Drugs 74:127-133
91. Persson BP, Halldorsdottir H, Lindbom L et al (2014) Heparinbinding protein (HBP/CAP37): a link to endothelin-1 in endotoxemia-induced pulmonary oedema? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:549-559
92. Piechota A, Goraca A (2011) Influence of nuclear factor-jB inhibition on endothelin-1 induced lung edema and oxidative stress in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 62:183-188
93. Piechota A, Polanczyk A, Goraca A (2011) Protective effects of endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 against LPS-induced oxidative stress in lungs. Pharmacol Rep 63:494-500
94. Piechota-Polanczyk A, Goraca A (2012) Influence of specific endothelin-1 receptor blockers on hemodynamic parameters and antioxidant status of plasma in LPS-induced endotoxemia. Pharmacol Rep 64:1434-1441
95. Piechota-Polanczyk A, Kleniewska P, Goraca A (2012) The influence of ETA and ETB receptor blockers on LPS-induced oxidative stress and NF-jB signaling pathway in heart. Gen Physiol Biophys 31:271-278
96. Quinn DI, Tangen CM, Hussain M et al (2013) Docetaxel and atrasentan versus docetaxel and placebo for men with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (SWOG S0421): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14:893-900
97. Raghu G, Behr J, Brown KK et al (2013a) Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with ambrisentan: a parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 158:641-649
98. Raghu G, Million-Rousseau R, Morganti A et al (2013b) Macitentan for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the randomised controlled MUSIC trial. Eur Respir J 42:1622-1632
99. Reriani M, Raichlin E, Prasad A et al (2010) Long-term administration of endothelin receptor antagonist improves coronary endothelial function in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 122:958-966
100. Rodriguez MR, Soria LR, Ventimiglia MS et al (2013) Endothelin-1 and -3 induce choleresis in the rat through ETB receptors coupled to nitric oxide and vagovagal reflexes. Clin Sci 125:521-532
101. Rodriguez-Pascual F, Redondo-Horcajo M, Lamas S (2003) Functional cooperation between Smad proteins and activator protein-1 regulates transforming growth factor-b-mediated induction of endothelin- 1 expression. Circ Res 92:1288-1295
102. Ross EA (2012) Congestive renal failure: the pathophysiology and treatment of renal venous hypertension. J Card Fail 18:930-938
103. Roth J, De Souza GE (2001) Fever induction pathways: evidence from responses to systemic or local cytokine formation. Braz J Med Biol Res 34:301-314
104. Rullman E, Gustafsson T, Ahlborg G (2010) The impact of the endothelin type A receptor on regional endothelin-1 turnover, in particular renal endothelin-1 release, in humans. J Appl Physiol 108:1625-1630
105. Ryu SM, Kim HJ, Cho KR et al (2009) Myocardial protective effect of tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, for ischemiareperfusion injury in experimental heart failure models. J Korean Med Sci 24:782-788
106. Sagy M, Al-Qaqaa Y, Kim P (2013) Definitions and pathophysiology of sepsis. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 43:260-263
107. Sanchez-Etayo G, Borrat X, Escobar B et al (2012) Effect of intraabdominal pressure on hepatic microcirculation: implications of the endothelin-1 receptor. J Dig Dis 13:478-485
108. Scalera F, Dittrich R, Beckmann MW et al (2002) Effect of endothelin-1 on intracellular glutathione and lipid peroxide availability and on the secretion of vasoactive substances by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Clin Invest 32:556-562
109. Schelman WR, Liu G, Wilding G et al (2011) A phase I study of zibotentan (ZD4054) in patients with metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 29:118-125
110. Schuuring MJ, Vis JC, van Dijk AP et al (2013) Impact of bosentan on exercise capacity in adults after the Fontan procedure: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 15:690-698
111. Sengul O, Ferah I, Polat B et al (2013) Blockade of endothelin receptors with bosentan limits ischaemia/reperfusion-induced injury in rat ovaries. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 170:458-463
112. Shao D, Park JE, Wort SJ (2011) The role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pharmacol Res 63:504-511
113. Shen J, Pan JW, Fan ZX et al (2013) Dissociation of vasospasmrelated morbidity and outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with clazosentan: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg 119:180-189
114. Sidharta PN, van Giersbergen PL, Dingemanse J (2013) Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of macitentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in an ascending multiple-dose study in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 53:1131-1138
115. Simeone SM, Li MW, Paradis P et al (2011) Vascular gene expression in mice overexpressing human endothelin-1 targeted to the endothelium. Physiol Genomics 43:148-160
116. Singh G, Sharma B, Jaggi AS et al (2014) Efficacy of bosentan, a dual ETA and ETB endothelin receptor antagonist, in experimental diabetes induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and associated dementia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 124C:27-35
117. Sugiura M, Inagami T, Kon V (1989) Endotoxin stimulates endothelin-release in vivo and in vitro as determined by radioimmunoassay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:1220-1227
118. Takatsuki S, Rosenzweig EB, Zuckerman W et al (2013) Clinical safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ambrisentan therapy in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol 48:27-34
119. Thakali K, Demel SL, Fink GD et al (2005) Endothelin-1-induced contraction in veins is independent of hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289:H1115-H1122
120. Thakkar SG, Choueiri TK, Garcia JA (2006) Endothelin receptor antagonists: rationale, clinical development, and role in prostate cancer therapeutics. Curr Oncol Rep 8:108-113
121. Tirapelli CR, Legros E, Brochu I et al (2008) Chronic ethanol intake modulates vascular levels of endothelin-1 receptor and enhances the pressor response to endothelin-1 in anaesthetized rats. Br J Pharmacol 154:971-981
122. Tonari M, Kurimoto T, Horie T et al (2012) Blocking endothelin-B receptors rescues retinal ganglion cells from optic nerve injury through suppression of neuroinflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:3490-3500
123. Vaneckova I, Kramer HJ, Backer A et al (2005) Early endothelin-A receptor blockade decreases blood pressure and ameliorates endorgan damage in homozygous Ren-2 rats. Hypertension 46:969-974
124. Virdis A, Schiffrin EL (2003) Vascular inflammation: a role in vascular disease in hypertension? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12:181-187
125. Viswanatha Swamy AH, Wangikar U, Koti BC et al (2011) Cardioprotective effect of ascorbic acid on doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 43:507-511
126. Wanecek M, Weitzberg E, Rudehill A et al (2000) The endothelin system in septic and endotoxin shock. Eur J Pharmacol 407:1-15
127. Wang RF, Podos SM, Serle JB et al (2011) Effect of SPP 301, an endothelin antagonist, on intraocular pressure in glaucomatous monkey eyes. Curr Eye Res 36:41-46
128. Wedgwood S, Dettman RW, Black SM (2001) ET-1 stimulates pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation via induction of reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281:L1058-L1067
129. Wong F, Moore K, Dingemanse J et al (2008) Lack of renal improvement with nonselective endothelin antagonism with tezosentan in type 2 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 47:160-168
130. Wort SJ, Ito M, Chou PC et al (2009) Synergistic induction of endothelin-1 by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon c is due to enhanced NF-jB binding and histone acetylation at specific jB sites. J Biol Chem 284:24297-24305
131. Xie K, Liu L, Yu Y et al (2014) Hydrogen gas presents a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis. Biomed Res Int 2014:807635
132. Xu H, Lin L, Yuan WJ (2003) Antiarrhythmic effect of endothelin-A receptor antagonist on acute ischemic arrhythmia in isolated rat heart. Acta Pharmacol Sin 24:37-44
133. Yamashita J, Ogawa M, Nomura K et al (1993) Interleukin 6 stimulates the production of immunoreactive endothelin 1 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 53:464-467
134. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S et al (1988) A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332:411-415
135. Yeager ME, Belchenko DD, Nguyen CM et al (2012) Endothelin-1, the unfolded protein response, and persistent inflammation: role of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 46:14-22
136. Yoon MH, Reriani M, Mario G et al (2013) Long-term endothelin receptor antagonism attenuates coronary plaque progression in patients with early atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 168:1316-1321
137. Yoshizumi M, Kurihara H, Sugiyama T et al (1989) Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:859-864
138. Zhang Y, Zhao C, He W et al (2014) Discovery and evaluation of asymmetrical monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin as antiinflammatory agents. Drug Des Devel Ther 8:373-382