Pathophysiological roles of endothelin receptors in cardiovascular diseases

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 119, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 302-313

  Ohkita, Mamoru ^a   Tawa, Masashi ^a,b   Kitada, Kento ^a,c   Matsumura, Yasuo ^a  

^a OSAKA MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Japan)

^b SHIGA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

^c KAGAWA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Endothelial cell; Endothelin receptor; Endothelin 1; Vascular smooth muscle cell

Indexed keywords

4 (1,3 BENZODIOXOL 5 YL) 1 [(2,6 DIETHYLPHENYL)CARBAMOYLMETHYL] 2 (4 PROPOXYPHENYL) 3 PYRROLIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID; 5 (N ETHYL N ISOPROPYL)AMILORIDE; ATRASENTAN; BIG ENDOTHELIN 1; BOSENTAN; DARUSENTAN; ENALAPRIL; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN A RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ENRASENTAN; ESTRADIOL; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; PLACEBO; SARAFOTOXIN S6C; TEZOSENTAN;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DAHL SALT SENSITIVE RAT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIVER TOXICITY; NEOINTIMA; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; REVIEW; SALT SENSITIVE HYPERTENSION; SEX DIFFERENCE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

EID: 84865428817     PISSN: 13478613     EISSN: 13478648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12R01CR     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988;332:411-415.
2. Levin ER. Endothelins as cardiovascular peptides. Am J Nephrol. 1996;16:246-251.
3. Rich S, McLaughlin VV. Endothelin receptor blockers in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003;108:2184-2190.
4. Agapitov AV, Haynes WG. Role of endothelin in cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2002;3:1-15.
5. Matsumura Y, Kuro T, Kobayashi Y, Konishi F, Takaoka M, Wessale JL, et al. Exaggerated vascular and renal pathology in endothelin-B receptor-deficient rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension. Circulation. 2000;102:2765-2773.
6. Murakoshi N, Miyauchi T, Kakinuma Y, Ohuchi T, Goto K, Yanagisawa M, et al. Vascular endothelin-B receptor system in vivo plays a favorable inhibitory role in vascular remodeling after injury revealed by endothelin-B receptor-knockout mice. Circulation. 2002;106:1991-1998.
7. B receptor-deficient rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;44:S7-S10.
8. B receptor in the pathogenesis of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;496:159-165.
9. Yamamoto S, Matsumoto N, Kanazawa M, Fujita M, Takaoka M, Gariepy CE, et al. Differential contributions of endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptors in postischemic cardiac dysfunction and norepinephrine overflow in rat hearts. Circulation. 2005;111:302-309.
10. Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K, Widyantoro B, Adiarto S, Iwasa N, et al. Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;82:143-151.
11. Nunez DJR, Brown MJ, Davenport AP, Neylon CB, Schofield JP, Wyse RK. Endothelin-1 messenger-RNA is widely expressed in porcine and human tissues. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:1537-1541.
12. Resink TJ, Hahn AWA, Scott-Burden T, Powell J, Weber E, Buhler FR. Inducible endothelin messenger RNA expression and peptide secretion in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;168:1303-1310.
13. Firth JD, Ratcliffe PJ. Organ distribution of the 3 rat endothelin messenger RNAs and the effects of ischemia on renal gene expression. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1023-1031.
14. Wilson DB, Dorfman DM, Orkin SH. A nonerythroid GATAbinding protein is required for function of the human preproendothelin-1 promoter in endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10:4854-4862.
15. Hu J, Discher DJ, Bishopric NH, Webster KA. Hypoxia regulates expression of the endothelin-1 gene through a proximal hypoxiainducible factor-1 binding site on the antisense strand. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;245:894-899.
16. Rodriguez-Pascual F, Redondo-Horcajo M, Lamas S. Functional cooperation between Smad proteins and activator protein-1 regulates transforming growth factor-β-mediated induction of endothelin-1 expression. Circ Res. 2003;92:1288-1295.
17. Quehenberger P, Bierhaus A, Fasching P, Muellner C, Klevesath M, Hong M, et al. Endothelin 1 transcription is controlled by nuclear factor κB in AGE-stimulated cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2000;49:1561-1570.
18. Wort SJ, Ito M, Chou PC, Mc Master SK, Badiger R, Jazrawi E, et al. Synergistic induction of endothelin-1 by tumor necrosis factor a and interferon γ is due to enhanced NF-κB binding and histone acetylation at specific κB sites. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:24297-24305.
19. B receptors in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;199:1461-1465.
20. B receptors. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81:1510-1515.
21. Dupuis J, Schwab AJ, Simard A, Cernacek P, Stewart DJ, Goresky CA. Kinetics of endothelin-1 binding in the dog liver microcirculation in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:G905-G914.
22. Tran Duc AT, Schwab AJ, Simard A, Villeneuve L, Dupuis J. Reduction in hepatic endothelin-1 clearance in cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond). 2003;105:227-234.
23. B receptors in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;144:115-122.
24. Iwasa S, Fan J, Shimokama T, Nagata M, Watanabe T. Increased immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 and endothelin B receptor in human atherosclerotic lesions. A possible role in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 1999;146:93-100.
25. Cardillo C, Kilcoyne CM, Waclawiw M, Cannon RO 3rd, Panza JA. Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1999;33:753-758.
26. Dimitrijevic I, Edvinsson ML, Chen Q, Malmsjö M, Kimblad PO, Edvinsson L. Increased expression of vascular endothelin type B and angiotensin type 1 receptors in patients with ischemic heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2009;9:40.
27. Bourque SL, Davidge ST, Adams MA. The interaction between endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in the vasculature: new perspectives. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;300:R1288-R1295.
28. Liu S, Premont RT, Kontos CD, Huang J, Rockey DC. Endothelin-1 activates endothelial cell nitric-oxide synthase via heterotrimeric G-protein βγ subunit signaling to protein kinase B/Akt. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:49929-49935.
29. A receptor-mediated generation of hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;288:L480-L487.
30. Matsuyama K, Yasue H, Okumura K, Saito Y, Nakao K, Shirakami G, et al. Increased plasma level of endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity during coronary spasm in patients with coronary spastic angina. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:991-995.
31. Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Tomizawa T, Sugishita Y, Suzuki N, Fujino M, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1989;2:53-54.
32. Malatino LS, Grassi R, Stancanelli B. Release of immunoreactive endothelin from the heart during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1993;126:700-702.
33. Brunner F, DuToit EF, Opie LH. Endothelin release during ischaemia and reperfusion of isolated perfused rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1992;24:1291-1305.
34. Hasdai D, Kornowski R, Battler A. Endothelin and myocardial ischemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994;8:589-599.
35. ATP channels in the isolated rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;32:920-929.
36. Wang P, Gallagher KP, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Pretreatment with endothelin-1 mimics ischemic preconditioning against infarction in isolated rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:579-588.
37. Hide EJ, Piper J, Thiemermann C. Endothelin-1-induced reduction of myocardial infarct size by activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in a rabbit model of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;116:2597-2602.
38. ATP channel in the rat in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;144:331-337.
39. Brunner F, Opie LH. Role of endothelin-A receptors in ischemic contracture and reperfusion injury. Circulation. 1998;97:391-398.
40. Galiuto L, DeMaria AN, Del Balzo U, May-Newman K, Flaim SF, Wolf PL, et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury at the microvascular level: treatment by endothelin A-selective antagonist and evaluation by myocardial contrast echocardiography. Circulation. 2000;102:3111-3116.
41. Pernow J, Wang QD. Endothelin in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;33:518-526.
42. Reriani M, Raichlin E, Prasad A, Mathew V, Pumper GM, Nelson RE, et al. Long-term administration of endothelin receptor antagonist improves coronary endothelial function in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2010;122:958-966.
43. Intengan HD, Schiffrin EL. Vascular remodeling in hypertension: roles of apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Hypertension. 2001;38:581-587.
44. Callera GE, Montezano AC, Touyz RM, Zorn TM, Carvalho MH, Fortes ZB, et al. ETA receptor mediates altered leukocyteendothelial cell interaction and adhesion molecules expression in DOCA-salt rats. Hypertension. 2004;43:872-879.
45. Braunwald E, Sobel BE. Coronary blood flow and myocardial ischemia. In: Braunwald, E, editor. Heart disease, a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988. p. 1191-1221.
46. Schömig A, Haass M, Richardt G. Catecholamine release and arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia. Eur Heart J. 1991; 12 Suppl F:38-47.
47. Isaka M, Kudo A, Imamura M, Kawakami H, Yasuda K. Endothelin receptors, localized in sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart, modulate norepinephrine release and reperfusion arrhythmias. Basic Res Cardiol. 2007;102:154-162.
48. Oikonomidis DL, Tsalikakis DG, Baltogiannis GG, Tzallas AT, Xourgia X, Agelaki MG, et al. Endothelin-B receptors and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in the rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol. 2010;105:235-245.
49. B receptor in the ischemic/reperfused myocardium of anesthetized rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;44:148-154.
50. Giannessi D, Del Ry S, Vitale RL. The role of endothelins and their receptors in heart failure. Pharmacol Res. 2001;43:111-126.
51. Bohnemeier H, Pinto YM, Horkay F, Tóth M, Juhász-nagy A, Orzechowski HD, et al. Endothelin converting-enzyme-1 mRNA expression in human cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1998;20:417-437.
52. Umekawa K, Hasegawa H, Tsutsumi Y, Sato K, Matsumura Y, Ohashi N. Pharmacological characterization of a novel sulfonylureid-pyrazole derivative, SM-19712, a potent nonpeptidic inhibitor of endothelin converting enzyme. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2000;84:7-15.
53. Martin P, Tzanidis A, Stein-Oakley A, Krum H. Effect of a highly selective endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor on cardiac remodeling in rats after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;36 Suppl 1:S367-S370.
54. Matsumura Y, Hisaki K, Takaoka M, Morimoto S. Phosphoramidon, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, suppresses the hypertensive effect of big endothelin-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;185:103-106.
55. Trapani AJ, De Lombaert S, Kuzmich S, Jeng AY. Inhibition of big ET-1-induced pressor response by an orally active dual inhibitor of endothelin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1995;26:S69-S71.
56. Fecteau MH, Honoré JC, Plante M, Labonté J, Rae GA, D'Orléans-Juste P. Endothelin-1 (1-31) is an intermediate in the production of endothelin-1 after big endothelin-1 administration in vivo. Hypertension. 2005;46:87-92.
57. Grover GJ, Sleph PG, Fox M, Trippodo NC. Role of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in modulating coronary vascular tone, contractile function and severity of ischemia in rat hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;263:1074-1082.
58. Sharif I, Kane KA, Wainwright CL. Endothelin and ischaemic arrhythmias-antiarrhythmic or arrhythmogenic? Cardiovasc Res. 1998;39:625-632.
59. Tawa M, Fukumoto T, Ohkita M, Yamashita N, Geddawy A, Imamura T, et al. Effects of exogenous big endothelin-1 on postischemic cardiac dysfunction and norepinephrine overflow in rat hearts. Hypertens Res. 2011;34:218-224.
60. Khamaisi M, Raz I, Shilo V, Rosenberger C, Dahan R, Abassi Z, et al. Diabetes and radiocontrast media increase endothelin converting enzyme-1 in the kidney. Kidney Int. 2008;74:91-100.
61. Valdenaire O, Lepailleur-Enouf D, Egidy G, Thouard A, Barret A, Vranckx R, et al. A fourth isoform of endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1) is generated from an additional promoter. Eur J Biochem. 1999;264:341-349.
62. Emoto N, Nurhantari Y, Alimsardjono H, Xie J, Yamada T, Yanagisawa M, et al. Constitutive lysosomal targeting and degradation of bovine endothelin-converting enzyme-1a mediated by novel signals in its alternatively spliced cytoplasmic tail. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:1509-1518.
63. Packer M. Multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of long-term endothelin blockade with bosentan in chronic heart failure - results of the REACH-1 trial [Abstract]. Circulation. 1998;98:I-3.
64. Teerlink JR, Massie B, Cleland J, Tzivoni D, for the RITZ-1 Investigators. A double-blind, parallel-group, multi-center, placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of tezosentan in reducing symptoms in patients with acute decompensated heart failure [Abstract]. Circulation. 2001;104:II-526.
65. Torre-Amione G, Young JB, Colucci WS, Lewis BS, Pratt C, Cotter G, et al. Hemodynamic and clinical effects of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:140-147.
66. O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Adams KF Jr, Hasselblad V, Chandler B, Frey A, et al. Randomized Intravenous Tezosentan Study-4 Investigators. Tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure and acute coronary syndromes: results of the Randomized Intravenous TeZosentan Study (RITZ-4). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1452-1457.
67. Kaluski E, Kobrin I, Zimlichman R, Marmor A, Krakov O, Milo O, et al. RITZ-5: randomized intravenous Tezosentan (an endothelin-A/B antagonist) for the treatment of pulmonary edema: a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:204-210.
68. Lüscher TF, Enseleit F, Pacher R, Mitrovic V, Schulze MR, Willenbrock R, et al. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of selective endothelin A (ET(A)) receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: the Heart Failure ET(A) Receptor Blockade Trial (HEAT). Circulation. 2002;106:2666-2672.
69. Anand I, McMurray J, Cohn JN, Konstam MA, Notter T, Quitzau K, et al. Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the Endothelin A Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:347-354.
70. Abraham WT, Ascheim D, Demarco T, Klapholz M, Kukin M, Miller A, et al. Effects of enrasentan, a non selective endothelin receptor antagonist, in class II to III heart failure: results of the Enrasentan Cooperative Randomized (ENCOR) Evaluation [Abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:612.
71. Battistini B, Berthiaume N, Kelland NF, Webb DJ, Kohan DE. Profile of past and current clinical trials involving endothelin receptor antagonists: the novel "-sentan" class of drug. Exp Biol Med. 2006;231:653-695.
72. Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1431-1438.
73. A receptor antagonist BQ123 antagonizes endothelin-1-mediated mitogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;225: 347-350.
74. Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:1774-1777.
75. Shirai N, Naruko T, Ohsawa M, Ikura Y, Sugama Y, Hirayama M, et al. Expression of endothelin-converting enzyme, endothelin-1 and endothelin receptors at the site of percutaneous coronary intervention in humans. J Hypertens. 2006;24:711-721.
76. Takase H, Sugiyama M, Nakazawa A, Toriyama T, Hayashi K, Goto T, et al. Increased endogenous endothelin-1 in coronary circulation is associated with restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Can J Cardiol. 2003;19:902-906.
77. Douglas SA, Louden C, Vickery-Clark LM, Storer BL, Hart T, Feuerstein GZ, et al. A role for endogenous endothelin-1 in neointimal formation after rat carotid artery balloon angioplasty. Protective effects of the novel nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist SB 209670. Circ Res. 1994;75:190-197.
78. Wang X, Douglas SA, Louden C, Vickery-Clark LM, Feuerstein GZ, Ohlstein EH. Expression of endothelin-1, endothelin-3, endothelin-converting enzyme-1, and endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptor mRNA after angioplasty-induced neointimal formation in the rat. Circ Res. 1996;78:322-328.
79. B receptors in resistance artery remodeling in diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56:2753-2758.
80. B receptor system aggravates neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;331:998-1004.
81. Dupuis J, Stewart DJ, Cernacek P, Gosselin G. Human pulmonary circulation is an important site for both clearance and production of endothelin-1. Circulation. 1996;94:1578-1584.
82. Stewart DJ, Levy R, Cernacek P, Langleben D. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease? Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:464-469.
83. Cody RJ, Haas GJ, Binkley PF, Capers Q, Kelley R. Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1992;85:504-509.
84. Iglarz M, Clozel M. At the heart of tissue: endothelin system and end-organ damage. Clin Sci. 2010;119:453-463.
85. Shao D, Park JE, Wort SJ. The role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pharmacol Res. 2011;63:504-511.
86. Frasch HF, Marshall C, Marshall BE. Endothelin-1 is elevated in monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:L304-L310.
87. Miyauchi T, Yorikane R, Sakai S, Sakurai T, Okada M, Nishikibe M, et al. Contribution of endogenous endothelin-1 to the progression of cardiopulmonary alterations in rats with monocrotalineinduced pulmonary hypertension. Circ Res. 1993;73:887-897.
88. Jasmin JF, Cernacek P, Dupuis J. Activation of the right ventricular endothelin (ET) system in the monocrotaline model of pulmonary hypertension: response to chronic ETA receptor blockade. Clin Sci. 2003;105:647-653.
89. Shubeita HE, McDonough PM, Harris AN, Knowlton KU, Glembotski CC, Brown JH, et al. Endothelin induction of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly, and cardiac gene expression in ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:20555-20562.
90. Hill NS, Warburton RR, Pietras L, Klinger JR. Nonspecific endothelin-receptor antagonist blunts monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83:1209-1215.
91. A antagonist in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2001;103:314-318.
92. Tilton RG, Munsch CL, Sherwood SJ, Chen SJ, Chen YF, Wu C, et al. Attenuation of pulmonary vascular hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy with sitaxsentan sodium, an orally active ET(A) receptor antagonist. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2000;13:87-97.
93. Bonvallet ST, Zamora MR, Hasunuma K, Sato K, Hanasato N, Anderson D, et al. BQ123, an ETA-receptor antagonist, attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol. 1994;266:H1327-H1331.
94. ATP channel. Am J Physiol. 2000;278:L434-L442.
95. B receptors in the pathogenesis of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;44:187-191.
96. A receptor in the maintenance of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;114:925-930.
97. Larivière R, Thibault G, Schiffrin EL. Increased endothelin-1 content in blood vessels of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive but not in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1993;21:294-300.
98. Larivière R, Day R, Schiffrin EL. Increased expression of endothelin-1 gene in blood vessels of deoxycorticosterone acetatesalt hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1993;21:916-920.
99. A receptor blockade prevents increased tissue endothelin-1, vascular hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 1998;31(pt2):499-504.
100. Li JS, Larivière R, Schiffrin EL. Effect of a nonselective endothelin antagonist on vascular remodeling in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats: evidence for a role of endothelin in vascular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1994;24:183-188.
101. A-receptor antagonist FR139317 on development of hypertension and cardiovascular hypertrophy in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1996;70:313-319.
102. Matsumura Y, Hashimoto N, Taira S, Kuro T, Kitano R, Ohkita M, et al. Different contribution of endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptors in the pathogenesis of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension in rats. Hypertension. 1999;33:759-765.
103. Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Evidence for endothelin involvement in the response to high salt. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281:F144-F150.
104. B receptor antagonist Ro 46-8443. FEBS Lett. 1996;383:42-45.
105. B receptor-mediated action on systemic and renal hemodynamics and urine formation in deoxycorticosterone acetatesalt-induced hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998;21:800-804.
106. Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E. Noncontraceptive estrogen use and cardiovascular disease. Epidemiol Rev. 1985;7:89-104.
107. Godsland IF, Wynn V, Crook D, Miller NE. Sex, plasma lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis: prevailing assumptions and outstanding questions. Am Heart J. 1987;114:1467-1503.
108. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:756-762.
109. Farhat MY, Lavigne MC, Ramwell PW. The vascular protective effects of estrogen. FASEB J. 1996;10:615-624.
110. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1801-1811.
111. Walsh BW, Schiff I, Rosner B, Greenberg L, Ravnikar V, Sacks FM. Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1196-1204.
112. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:1016-1037.
113. Tolbert T, Oparil S. Cardiovascular effects of estrogen. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:186S-193S.
114. Miller AP, Chen YF, Xing D, Feng W, Oparil S. Hormone replacement therapy and inflammation interactions in cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 2003;42:657-663.
115. Florian M, Freiman A, Magder S. Treatment with 17-β-estradiol reduces superoxide production in aorta of ovariectomized rats. Steroids. 2004;69:779-787.
116. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 1998;280:605-613.
117. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;288:321-333.
118. Akishita M, Kozaki K, Eto M, Yoshizumi M, Ishikawa M, Toba K, et al. Estrogen attenuates endothelin-1 production by bovine endothelial cells via estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;251:17-21.
119. Bilsel AS, Moini H, Tetik E, Aksungar F, Kaynak B, Ozer A. 17β-Estradiol modulates endothelin-1 expression and release in human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;46:579-584.
120. Tan Z, Wang TH, Yang D, Fu XD, Pan JY. Mechanisms of 17β-estradiol on the production of ET-1 in ovariectomized rats. Life Sci. 2003;73:2665-2674.
121. Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Iida K, Ajisaka R, Suzuki N, Fujino M, et al. Age and sex-related variation of plasma endothelin-1 concentration in normal and hypertensive subjects. Am Heart J. 1992;123:1092-1093.
122. Best PJ, Berger PB, Miller VM, Lerman A. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1 levels in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:285-288.
123. Maeda S, Tanabe T, Miyauchi T, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, et al. Aerobic exercise training reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in older women. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95:336-341.
124. Polderman KH, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, Schalkwijk CG, Gooren LJ. Modulation of plasma endothelin levels by the menstrual cycle. Metabolism. 2000;49:648-650.
125. Carbonne B, Mignot TM, Tsatsaris V, Ferré F. Changes in plasma and amniotic fluid endothelin levels during pregnancy: facts or artifacts? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998;76:15-19.
126. Polderman KH, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, Dekker GA, Verheugt FW, Gooren LJ. Influence of sex hormones on plasma endothelin levels. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:429-432.
127. Ergul A, Shoemaker K, Puett D, Tackett RL. Gender differences in the expression of endothelin receptors in human saphenous veins in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;285:511-517.
128. Nuedling S, van Eickels M, Alléra A, Doevendans P, Meyer R, Vetter H, et al. 17β-Estradiol regulates the expression of endothelin receptor type B in the heart. Br J Pharmacol. 2003;140:195-201.
129. David FL, Carvalho MH, Cobra AL, Nigro D, Fortes ZB, Rebouças NA, et al. Ovarian hormones modulate endothelin-1 vascular reactivity and mRNA expression in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001;38:692-696.
130. B receptors, but not in calcium handling mechanisms, in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002;35:1061-1068.
131. Pedersen SH, Nielsen LB, Pedersen NG, Nilas L, Ottesen B. Hormone therapy modulates ET(A) mRNA expression in the aorta of ovariectomised New Zealand White rabbits. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2009;25:175-182.
132. Pedersen SH, Nielsen LB, Mortensen A, Nilas L, Ottesen B. Progestin oppose the effects of estradiol on the endothelin-1 receptor type B in coronary arteries from ovariectomized hyperlipidemic rabbits. Menopause. 2008;15:503-510.
133. B receptor is involved in sex differences in the development of balloon injury-induced neointimal formation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;336:533-539.