Work Motivation: Theory, Practice, and Future Directions

The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology

Volumn 1, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Kanfer, Ruth ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Employee motivation; Goals; Implicit motives; Motivational dynamics; Motivational traits,trait performance relations; Self determination; Self efficacy; Self regulation; Work environment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925089437     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0014     Document Type: Chapter

References (259)

1. Ackerman, P. L., (1996). A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22, 229-259.
2. Ackerman, P. L., (1997). Personality, self-concept, interests, and intelligence: Which construct doesn't fit? Journal of Personality, 65, 171-204.
3. Ackerman, P. L., (2011). 100 years without resting. In P. L. Ackerman (Ed.), Cognitive fatigue: Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications (pp. 11-43). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4. Adams, J. S., (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advanced Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 335-343.
5. Ajzen, I., (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
6. Ambrose, M. L., & Kulik, C. T., (1999). Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25, 231-292.
7. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M., (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
8. Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E., (2003). The effects of mindset on behavior: Self-regulation in deliberative and implemental frames of mind. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 86-95.
9. Ashford, S. J., & Cummings, L. L., (1983). Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies for creating information. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 370-389.
10. Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D., (1970). The dynamics of action. New York: Wiley.
11. Austin, J. T., & Klein, H. J., (1996). Work motivation and goal striving. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations (pp. 209-257). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D., (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 274-284.
13. Baldwin, T. T., Magjuka, R. J., & Loher, B. T., (1991). The perils of participation: Effects of choice of training on trainee motivation and learning. Personnel Psychology, 44, 51-65.
14. Bandura, A., (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
15. Bandura, A., (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
16. Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A., (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 87-99.
17. Bargh, J. A., (2008). Free will is un-natural. In J. Baer, J. Kaufman, & R. Baumeister (Eds.), Are we free? The psychology of free will (pp. 128-154). New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G., (2010). Motivation. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 268-316). New York: Wiley.
19. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K., (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
20. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P., (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Tests of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715-722.
21. Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., & Piotrowski, M., (2002). Personality and job performance: Test of the mediating effects of motivation among sales representatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 43-51.
22. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M., (1998). Ego-depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
23. Beach, L. R., & Mitchell, T. R., (1987). Image theory: Principles, goals, and plans in decision-making. Acta Psychologica, 66, 201-220.
24. Beier, M. E., & Kanfer, R., (2009). Motivation in training and development: A phase perspective. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Salas (Eds.), Learning, training, and development in organizations (pp. 65-97). New York: Psychology Press.
25. Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J., (2002). Adaptive guidance: Enhancing self-regulation, knowledge, and performance in technology-based training. Personnel Psychology, 55, 267-306.
26. Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J., (2008). Active learning: Effects of core training design elements on self-regulatory processes, learning, and adaptability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 296-316.
27. Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J., (2009). Daily performance at work: Feeling recovered in the morning as a predictor of day-level job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 67-93.
28. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A., (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 554-571.
29. Bowler, W. M., & Brass, D. J., (2006). Relational correlates of interpersonal citizenship behavior: A social network perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 70-82.
30. Brunstein, J. C., & Maier, G. W., (2005). Implicit and self-attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 205-222.
31. Button, S. B., Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M., (1996). Goal orientation in organizational research: A conceptual and empirical foundation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 26-48.
32. Campbell, J. P., & Pritchard, R. D., (1976). Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational Psychology (pp. 63-130). Chicago: Rand McNally.
33. Carr, J. Z., DeShon, R. P., & Dobbins, H. W., (2001). A process model of goal orientation. In R. P. DeShon (Chair), New directions in goal orientation: Exploring the construct and its measurement. Presented at 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
34. Carstensen, L. L., (1992). Motivation for social contact across the life span: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 40, 209-254.
35. Chen, G., Bliese, P. D., & Mathieu, J. E., (2005). Conceptual framework and statistical procedures for delineating and testing multilevel theories of homology. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 375-409.
36. Chen, G., & Gogus, C., (2008). Motivation in and of work teams: A multilevel perspective. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 285-318). New York: Routledge.
37. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., Whiteman, J. A., & Kilcullen, R. N., (2000). Examination of relationships among trait-like individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 835-847.
38. Chen, G., & Kanfer, R., (2006). Toward a systems theory of motivated behavior in work teams. Research in Organizational Behavior, 27, 223-267.
39. Chen, G., Kanfer, R., DeShon, R. P., Mathieu, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. J., (2009). The motivating potential of teams: Test and extension of Chen and Kanfer's (2006) cross-level model of motivation in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110, 45-55.
40. Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kanfer, R., Allen, D., & Rosen, B., (2007). A multilevel study of leadership, empowerment, and performance in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 331-346.
41. Chen, G., Webber, S. S., Bliese, P. D., Mathieu, J. E., Payne, S. C., Born, D. H., & Zaccaro, S. J., (2002). Simultaneous examination of the antecedents and consequences of efficacy beliefs at multiple levels of analysis. Human Performance, 15, 381-409.
42. Chiaburu, D. S., & Marinova, S. V., (2005). What predicts skill transfer? Exploratory study of goal orientation, training, self-efficacy, and organizational supports. International Journal of Training and Development, 9, 110-123.
43. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C., & Ng, K. Y., (2001). Justice at the millenium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425-445.
44. Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A., (2000). Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 678-707.
45. Colquitt, J. A., & Simmering, M. J., (1998). Conscientiousness, goal orientation, and motivation to learn during the learning processes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 654-665.
46. Cox, C. B., & Beier, M. E., (2009). The moderating effect of individual differences on the relationship between the framing of training and interest in training. International Journal of Training and Development, 13, 247-261.
47. Creed, P. A., King, V., Hood, M., & McKenzie, R., (2009). Goal orientation, self-regulation strategies, and job-seeking intensity in unemployed adults. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 806-813.
48. Dalal, R. S., & Hulin, C. L., (2008). Motivation for what: A multivariate, dynamic perspective of the criterion. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 63-100). New York: Routledge.
49. Dawis, R. V., & Lofquist, L. H., (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment: An individual-differences model and its applications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
50. Day, E. A., Yeo, S., & Radosevich, D. J., (2003). Comparing two- and three-factor models of goal orientation: A meta-analysis. Paper Presented at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL.
51. DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., (2010) Measuring shared team mental models: A meta-analysis. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14, 1-14.
52. Deci, E. L., (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Publishing.
53. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M., (2000). The "what" and "why" of goals pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
54. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M., (2002). Self-determination research: Reflections and future directions. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 431-441). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
55. DeShon, R. P., & Gillespie, J. Z., (2005). A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1096-1127.
56. DeShon, R. P., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Schmidt, A. M., Milner, K. R., & Wiechmann, D., (2004). A multiple-goal, multilevel model of feedback effects on the regulation of individual and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1035-1056.
57. Diefendorff, J. M., & Lord, R. G., (2008). Goal striving and self-regulation processes. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 151-196). New York: Routledge.
58. Diefendorff, J. M., & Mehta, K., (2007). The relations of motivational traits with workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 967-977.
59. Dweck, C. S., (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
60. Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L., (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
61. Edwards, J. R., (1996). An examination of competing versions of the person-environment fit approach to stress. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 292-339.
62. Elliot, A. J., (2008). Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
63. Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M., (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461-475.
64. Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A., (2001). A 2 X 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 501-519.
65. Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M., (2001). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804-818.
66. Erez, M., (2008). Social-cultural influences on work motivation. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 501-538). New York: Routledge.
67. Ferguson, M. J., Hassin, R., & Bargh, J. A., (2008). Implicit motivation. In J. Y. Shah & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 150-166). New York: Guilford Press.
68. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I., (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
69. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I., (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press.
70. Flavell, J. H., (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.
71. Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R., (1998). Organizational justice and human resource management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Ford, J. K., Smith, E. M., Weissbein, D. A., Gully, S. M., & Salas, E., (1998). Relationships of goal orientation, metacognitive activity, and practice strategies with learning outcomes and transfer. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 218-233.
73. Frayne, C. A., & Latham, G. P., (1987). The application of social learning theory to employee self management of attendance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 387-392.
74. French, J. R. P., Caplan, R. D., & Van Harrison, R., (1982). The mechanisms of job stress and strain. New York: Wiley.
75. Frese, M., & Fay, D., (2001). Personal initiative (PI): An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-187.
76. Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J., (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 37-63.
77. Frese, M., & Zapf, D., (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 271-340). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
78. Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R., (1987). The validity of the job characteristics model: A review and meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 40, 287-322.
79. Fried, Y., Grant, A. M., Levi, A. S., Hadant, M., & Slowik, L. H., (2007). Job design in temporal context: A career dynamics perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 911-927.
80. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S., (2005). Recovery, well-being and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 187-199.
81. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S., (2006). Recovery, well-being, and performance-related outcomes: The role of workload and vacation experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 936-945.
82. Frost, B. C., Ko, C. E., & James, L. R., (2007). Implicit and explicit personality: A test of a channeling hypothesis for aggressive behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1299-1319.
83. Gagne, M., & Deci, E. L., (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362.
84. Gagne, M., & Forest, J., (2008). The study of compensation systems through the lens of self-determination theory: Reconciling 35 years of debate. Canadian Psychology, 49, 225-232.
85. Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z., (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 479-514.
86. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P., (1996). Motivational agendas in the workplace: The effects of feelings on focus of attention and motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 75-109.
87. Gist, M. E., Bavetta, A. G., & Stevens, C. K., (1990). The effectiveness of self-management versus goal setting training in facilitating training transfer. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 117-121.
88. Goldstein, I. L., (1993). Training in organizations (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
89. Gollwitzer, P. M., (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 53-92). New York: Guilford Press.
90. Gollwitzer, P. M., (2003). Why we thought that action mind-sets affect illusions of control. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 259-267.
91. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Kinney, R. F., (1989). Effects of deliberative and implemental mind-sets in the control of action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1119-1127.
92. Greenberg, J., & Cropanzano, R., (1999). Advances in organizational justice. Stanford, CA: Stanford Press.
93. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L., (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
94. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M., (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee attitudes and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 465-477.
95. Guion, R. M., & Gottier, R. F., (1965). Validity of personality measures in personnel selection. Personnel Psychology, 18, 135-164.
96. Guerrero, S., & Sire, B., (2001). Motivation to train from the workers' perspective: Example of French companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 988-1004.
97. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R., (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
98. Heckhausen, H., (1991). Motivation and action. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
99. Heckhausen, J., & Schultz, R., (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
100. Heggestad, E. D., & Kanfer, R., (2005). The predictive validity of self-efficacy in training performance: Little more than past performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11, 84-97.
101. Heimerdinger, S. R., & Hinsz, V. B., (2008). Failure avoidance motivation in a goal-setting situation. Human Performance, 21, 383-395.
102. Higgins, E. T., (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 1-46). New York: Academic Press.
103. Hobfoll, S. E., (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
104. Hollenbeck, J. R., & Klein, H. J., (1987). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Problems, prospects, and proposals for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 212-220.
105. Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P., (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1332-1356.
106. Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J., (2000). Personality and job performance: The big five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-879.
107. Hurtz, G. M., & Williams, K. J., (2009). Attitudinal and motivational antecedents of participation in voluntary employee development activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 635-653.
108. James, L. R., (1998). Measurement of personality via conditional reasoning. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 131-163.
109. James, L. R., McIntyre, M. D., Glisson, C. A., Green, P. D., Patton, T. W., LeBreton, J. M., Frost, B. C., Russell, S. M., Sablynski, C. J., Mitchell, T. R., & Williams, L. J., (2005). A conditional reasoning measure for aggression. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 69-99.
110. James, L. R., & Rentsch, J. R., (2004). JUSTIFY to explain the reasons why: A conditional reasoning approach to understanding motivated behavior. In B. Schneider & D. B. Smith (Eds.), Personality and organizations (pp. 230-250). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
111. Johns, G., (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 386-408.
112. Johnson, R. E., Lord, R. G., Rosen, C. C., & Chang, C. H., (2007). The implicit effects of (un)fairness on motivation: What we aren't aware of might be important! Unpublished manuscript.
113. Johnson R. E., & Steinman L., (2009). The use of implicit measures for organizational research: An empirical example. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41, 202-212.
114. Johnson, R. E., Tolentino, A. L., Rodopman, O. B., & Cho, E., (2010). We (sometimes) know not how we feel: Predicting job performance with an implicit measure of trait affectivity. Personnel Psychology, 63, 197-219.
115. Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E., (2001) Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92.
116. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A., (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 257-268.
117. Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C., (2007). Capitalizing on one's advantages: Role of core self-evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1212-1227.
118. Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R., (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530-541.
119. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C., (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
120. Kanfer, R., (1987). Task specific motivation: An integrative approach to issues of measurement, mechanisms, processes, and determinants. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 237-264.
121. Kanfer, R., (1989). Non-cognitive processes, dispositions, and performance: Connecting the dots within and across paradigms. In R. Kanfer, P. L. Ackerman, & R. Cudeck (Eds.), Abilities, motivation, and methodology: The Minnesota symposium on learning and individual differences (pp. 375-388). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
122. Kanfer, R., (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 75-130). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
123. Kanfer, R., (1992). Work motivation: New directions in theory and research. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 1-53). London: John Wiley.
124. Kanfer, R., (1993). Education from a workplace perspective: Issues of self-management. Resources in Education ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 348-717.
125. Kanfer, R., (2009). Work and older adults: Motivation and performance. In C. J. Czaja & J. Sharit (Eds.), The future of work for an aging population. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
126. Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L., (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 657-690.
127. Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L., (2004). Aging, adult development, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 29, 440-458.
128. Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E., (1996). Motivational skills and self-regulation for learning: A trait perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 185-209.
129. Kanfer, R., Chen, G., & Pritchard, R. D., (2008). The three C's of work motivation: Content, context, and change. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 1-16). New York: Routledge.
130. Kanfer, R., & Heggestad, E., (1997). Motivational traits and skills: A person-centered approach to work motivation. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 19, pp. 1-57). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
131. Kanfer, R., & Kantrowitz, T. M., (2002). Ability and non-ability predictors of performance. In S. Sonnentag (Ed.), Psychological management of individual performance: A handbook in the psychology of management in organizations (pp. 27-50). Oxford: John Wiley.
132. Kanfer, F. H., & Phillips, J. S., (1969). Learning foundations of behavior therapy. Oxford: John Wiley.
133. Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P. L., Murtha, T. C., Dugdale, B., & Nelson, L., (1994). Goal setting, conditions of practice, and task performance: A resource allocation perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 826-835.
134. Kanfer, R., & Stubblebine, P., (2008). Affect and work motivation. In N. M. Ashkansay & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to emotions in organizations (pp. 170-182). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
135. Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C., & Kantrowitz, T. M., (2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 837-855.
136. Kanfer, R., Wolf, M. B., Kantrowitz, T. M., & Ackerman, P. L., (2009). Ability and trait complex predictors of job performance: a person-situation approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59, 40-69.
137. Karasek, R., (1979). Job decision latitude, job demands and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308.
138. Karasek, R., (1989). The political implications of psychosocial work redesign. Internet Journal of Health Services, 19, 481-508.
139. Katzell, R. A., & Thompson, D. E., (1990). Work motivation: Theory and practice. American Psychologist, 45, 144-153.
140. Kehr, H., (2004). Integrating implicit motives, explicit motives and perceived abilities: The compensatory model of work motivation and volition. Academy of Management Review, 29, 479-499.
141. Keith, N., & Frese, M., (2005). Self-regulation in error management training: Emotion control and metacognition as mediators of performance effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 677-691.
142. Keith, N., & Frese, M., (2008). Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 59-69.
143. Klein, H. J., Austin, J. T., & Cooper, J. T., (2008). Goal choice and decision processes. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 101-150). New York: Routledge.
144. Kooij, D. T. A. M., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W., Kanfer, R., & Dikkers, J. S. E.. (2011). Age and work-related motives: Results of a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 197-225..
145. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Bell, B. S., (2006). Disentangling achievement orientation and goal setting: Effects on selfregulatory processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 900-916.
146. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R., (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7, 77-124.
147. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Salas, E., (Eds). (2010). Learning, training, and development in organizations. New York: Routledge/Taylor-Francis Group.
148. Kozlowski, S. W. J., Watola, D. J., Jensen, J. M., Kim, B. H., & Botero, I. C., (2009). Developing adaptive teams: A theory of dynamic team leadership. In E. Salas, G. F. Goodwin, & C. S. Burke (Eds.), Team effectiveness in complex organizations: Cross-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp. 113-155). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
149. Kristof, A. L., (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49, 1-49.
150. Kuhl, J., (1986). Human motivation: From decision making to action control. In B. Rehmer, B. Jungermann, P. Laures, & G. Sevon (Eds.), New directions in research on decision making (pp. 5-28). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
151. Lam, C. F., DeRue, D. S., Karam, E. P., & Hollenbeck, J. R., (2011). The impact of feedback frequence on learning and task performance: Challenging the "more is better" assumption. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116, 217-228.
152. Latham, G. P., (2007). Work motivation: History, theory, research and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
153. Latham, G. P., & Brown, T., (2006). The effect of learning vs. outcome goals on self-efficacy, satisfaction and performance in an MBA program. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 606-623.
154. Latham, G. P., & Frayne, C. A., (1989). Self management training for increasing job attendance: A follow-up and a replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 411-416.
155. Latham, G. P., Erez, M., & Locke, E. A., (1988). Resolving scientific disputes by the joint design of crucial experiments by the antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham dispute re participation in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 753-772.
156. Latham, G. P., & Pinder, C. C., (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the 21st century. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 485-516.
157. Latham, G. P., Stajkovic, A. D., & Locke, E. A., (2010). The relevance and viability of subconscious goals in the workplace. Journal of Management, 36, 234-255.
158. Lewin, K., (1938). Conceptual representation and the measurement of psychological forces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
159. Locke, E. A., (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 3, 157-189.
160. Locke, E. A., (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1319-1328). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
161. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P., (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
162. Locke, E. A., Shaw, K. N., Saari, L. M., & Latham, G. P., (1981). Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 125-152.
163. Locke, E. A., & Schweiger, D. M., (1979). Participation in decision-making: One more look. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 265-340.
164. Lord, R. G., Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Hall, R. J., (2010). Self-regulation at work. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 543-568.
165. Lord, R. G., & Foti, R. J., (1986). Schema theories, information processing and organizational behavior. In H. P. Sims, Jr., & D. A. Gioia (Eds.), The thinking organization: Dynamics of organizational social cognitions (pp. 20-48). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
166. Lord, R. G., & Moon, S. M., (2006). Individual differences in automatic and controlled regulation of emotion and task performance. Human Performance, 19, 327-356.
167. Lubinski, D., (2000). Scientific and social significance of assessing individual differences. "Sinking shafts at a few critical points." Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 405-444.
168. Marks, M. A., DeChurch, L. A., Mathieu, J. E., Panzer, F. J., & Alonso, A., (2005). Teamwork in multiteam systems. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 964-971.
169. Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J., (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26, 35-376.
170. Mathieu, J. E., & Martineau, J. W., (1997). Individual and situational influences on training motivation. In J. K. Ford & Associates (Eds.), Improving training effectiveness in work organizations (pp. 193-222). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
171. McClelland, D. C., (1987). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
172. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J., (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resources Management Review, 1, 61-89.
173. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J., (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
174. Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C., (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 992-1007.
175. Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L., (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326.
176. Meyer, R. D., & Dalal, R. S., (2009). Situational strength as a means of conceptualizing context. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 2, 99-102.
177. Meyer, R. D., Dalal, R. S., & Bonaccio, S., (2009). A meta-analytic investigation into the moderating effects of situational strength on the conscientiousness-performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 1077-1102.
178. Meyer, R. D., Dalal, R. S., & Hermida, R., (2010). A review and synthesis of situational strength in the organizational sciences. Journal of Management, 36, 121-140.
179. Michalak, J., Puschel, O., Joormann, J., & Schulte, D., (2006). Implicit motives and explicit goals: Two distinctive modes of motivational functioning and their relations to psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 81-96.
180. Mischel, W., (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.
181. Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. B., (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 329-337.
182. Mitchell, T. R., (1974). Expectancy models of job satisfaction, occupational preference, and effort: A theoretical, methodological, and empirical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1053-1077.
183. Mitchell, T. R., (1980). Expectancy-value models in organizational psychology. In N. Feather (Ed.), Expectancy, incentive and action (pp. 293-312). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
184. Mitchell, T. R., (1982). Motivation: New directions for theory, research, and practice. Academy of Management Review, 7, 80-88.
185. Mitchell, T. R., & Daniels, D., (2003). Motivation. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, Volume 12, Industrial psychology (pp. 225-254). New York: Wiley.
186. Mitchell, T. R., Harmon, W. S., Lee, T. W., & Lee, D-Y. (2008). Self-regulation and multiple deadline goals. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 197-232). New York: Routledge.
187. Mitchell, T. R., Hopper, H., Daniels, D., George-Falvy, J., & James, L. R., (1994). Predicting self-efficacy and performance during skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 506-517.
188. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F., (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789.
189. Naylor, J. C., Pritchard, R. D., & Ilgen, D. R., (1980). A theory of behavior in organizations. New York: Academic Press.
190. Nicholls, J. G., (1984). Conceptions of ability and achievement motivation. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 1., pp. 39-73). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
191. Noe, R. A., (1986). Trainees' attributes and attitudes: Neglected influences on training effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 11, 736-749.
192. Parker, S. K., & Ohly, S., (2008). Designing motivating jobs: An expanded framework for linking work characteristics and motivation. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 233-284). New York: Routledge.
193. Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., & Beaubien, J. M., (2007). A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 128-150.
194. Pearsall, M. J., Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. J., (2010). Motivating interdependent teams: Individual rewards, shared rewards, or something in between? Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 183-191.
195. Pinder, C. C., (1998). Work motivation in organizational behavior. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
196. Pinder, C. C., (2008). Work motivation in organizational behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
197. Porter, C. O. L. H., Webb, J. W., & Gogus, C. I., (2010). When goal orientations collide: Effects of learning and performance orientation on team adaptability in response to workload imbalance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 935-943.
198. Pritchard, R. D., Harrell, M. M., Diaz Granados, D., & Guzman, M. J., (2008). The productivity measurement and enhancement system: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 540-567.
199. Randel, A. E., & Ranft, A. L., (2007). Motivations to maintain social ties with coworkers: The moderating role of turnover intentions on information exchange. Group and Organization Management, 32, 208-232.
200. Rawsthorne, L. J., & Elliot, A. J., (1999). Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 326-344.
201. Raynor, J. O., & Entin, E. E., (1982). Theory and research on future orientation and achievement motivation. In J. O. Raynor & E. E. Entin (Eds.), Motivation, career striving, and aging (pp. 13-82). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
202. Rico, R., Sanchez-Manzanares, M., Gil, F., & Gibson, C., (2008). Team implicit coordination processes: A team knowledge-based approach. Academy of Management Review, 33, 163-184.
203. Ruud, C., & Aarts, H., (2010). The unconscious will: How the pursuit of goals operates outside of conscious awareness. Science, 329, 47-50.
204. Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J., (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 224-253
205. Salas, E., Cooke, N. J., & Rosen, M. A., (2008). On teams, teamwork, and team performance: Discoveries and developments. Human Factors, 50, 540-547.
206. Schmidt, A. M., & DeShon, R. P., (2007). What to do? The effects of discrepancies, incentives, and time on dynamic goal prioritization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 928-941.
207. Schmidt, A. M., & DeShon, R. P., (2009). Prior performance and goal progress as moderators of the relationship between self-efficacy and performance. Human Performance, 22, 191-203.
208. Schmidt, A. M., & DeShon, R. P., (2010). The moderating effects of performance ambiguity on the relationship between self-efficacy and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 572-581.
209. Schmidt, A. M., Dolis, C. M., & Tolli, A. P., (2009). A matter of time: Individual differences, contextual dynamics, and goal progress effects on multiple goal self-regulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 692-709.
210. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C., (2001). Assessment of implicit motives with a research version of the TAT: Picture profiles, gender differences, and relations to other personality measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 71-86.
211. Schultheiss, O. C., & Pang, J. H., (2007). Measuring implicit motives. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 322-344). New York: Guilford Press.
212. Seo, M., Feldman-Barrett, L. F., & Bartunek, J. M., (2004). The role of affective experience in work motivation. Academy of Management, 29, 423-439.
213. Seijts, G. H., & Latham, G. P., (2005). Learning versus performance goals: When should each be used? Academy of Management Executive, 19, 124-131.
214. Shaw, J. D., & Gupta, N., (2004). Job complexity, performance, and well-being: When does supplies-values fit matter? Personnel Psychology, 57, 847-879.
215. Sheldon, K. M., (2002). The self-concordance model of healthy goal-striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination theory (pp. 65-86). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
216. Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J., (1999). Goal striving, need-satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482-497.
217. Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R., (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 325-343.
218. Shi, J., Lin, H., Wang, L., & Wang, M., (2009). Linking the big five constructs to organizational justice. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(2), 209-222.
219. Shultz, K., & Adams, G. A., (2007). Aging and work in the 21st century. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
220. Simons, J., Dewitte, S., & Lens, W., (2004). The role of different types of instrumentality in motivation, study strategies, and performance: Know why you learn, so you'll know what you learn! British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 343-360.
221. Simons, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Lacante, M., (2004). Placing motivation and future time perspective theory in a temporal perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 121-139.
222. Simpson, P. A., Greller, M. M., & Stroh, L. K., (2002). Variations in human capital investment activity by age. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 109-138.
223. Sitzmann, T., Bell, B. S., Kraiger, K., & Kanar, A. M., (2009). A multilevel analysis of the effect of prompting self regulation in technology-delivered instruction. Personnel Psychology, 62(4), 697-734.
224. Sitzmann, T., & Ely, K., (2010). Sometimes you need a reminder: The effects of prompting self-regualtory processes, learning and attrition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 132-144.
225. Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M., (2003). Stress in organizations. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 453-491). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
226. Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C., (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 204-221.
227. Sonnentag, S., & Kruel, U., (2006). Psychological detachment from work during off-job time: The role of job stressors, job involvement, and recovery-related self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15, 197-217.
228. Spangler, W. D., (1992). Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: Two meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 140-154.
229. Stajkovic, A. D., Locke, E. A., & Blair, E. S., (2006). A first examination of the relationships between primed subconscious goals, assigned conscious goals, and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1172-1180.
230. Steel, P., & Konig, C. J., (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy of Management Review, 31, 889-913.
231. Stokes, D. E., (1997). Pasteur's quadrant. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
232. Taylor, S. E., & Gollwitzer, P. M., (1995). Effects of mindset on positive illusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 213-226.
233. Thorndike, R. L., (Ed.). (1947). Research problems and techniques (Rep. No. 3). Washington, DC: U.S. Printing Office.
234. Tice, D. M., Baumeister, R. F., Shmueli, D., & Muraven, M., (2007). Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 379-384.
235. Tolli, A. P., & Schmidt, A. M., (2008). The role of feedback, causal attributions, and self-efficacy in goal revision. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 692-701.
236. Triandis, H. C., (1980). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1979: Beliefs, Attitudes and Values (pp. 195-259). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
237. Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N., Campion, M. A., & Paronto, M. E., (2006). A field study of the role of big five personality in applicant perceptions of selection fairness, self, and the hiring organization. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14, 269-277.
238. Utman, C. H., (1997). Performance effects of motivational state: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 170-182.
239. Van Hooft, E. A., & Noordzij, G., (2009). The effects of goal orientation on job search and reemployment: A field experiment among unemployed job seekers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1581-1590.
240. Vancouver, J. B., More, K. M., & Yoder, R. J., (2008). Self-efficacy and resource allocation: Support for a nonmonotonic, discontinuous model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 35-47.
241. Vancouver, J. B., & Schmitt, N., (1991). An exploratory examination of person-organization fit: Organizational goal congruence. Personnel Psychology, 44, 333-352.
242. Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J., (2002). Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 506-516.
243. Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., & Williams, A. A., (2001). The changing signs in the relationships between selfefficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 605-620.
244. VandeWalle, D., (1997). Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 8, 995-1015.
245. Vroom, V., (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
246. Walsch, K., & Gordon, J. R., (2008). Creating an individual work identity. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 46-61.
247. Warr, P. B., (2008). Work values: Some demographic and cultural correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 751-775.
248. Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P., (2008). Mechanisms of implementation intention effects: The role of goal intentions, selfefficacy, and accessibility of plan components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 373-395.
249. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R., (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.
250. Whitford, T., & Moss, S. A., (2009). Transformational leadership in distributed work groups: The moderating role of follower regulatory focus and goal orientation. Communication Research, 35, 1026-1046.
251. Winters, D., & Latham, G. P., (1996). The effect of learning versus outcome goals on a simple versus a complex task. Group and Organization Management, 21, 235-250.
252. Wood, R. E., Mento, A. J., & Locke, E. A., (1987). Task complexity as a moderator of goal effects: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 416-425.
253. Wrzesniewski, A., (2003). Finding positive meaning in work. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 296-308). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
254. Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E., (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26, 179-201.
255. Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B., (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People's relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 21-33.
256. Yeo, G., Loft, S., Xiao, T., & Kiewitz, C., (2009). Goal orientations and performance: Differential relationships across levels of analysis and as a function of task demands. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 710-726.
257. Yeo, G., & Neal, A., (2006). An examination of the dynamic relationship between self-efficacy and performance across levels of analysis and levels of specificity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1088-1101.
258. Zaccaro, S. J., Ely, K., & Nelson, J., (2008). Leadership processes and work motivation. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 319-360). New York: Routledge.
259. Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H., (2001). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.